TIM KALIN
TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL KHUSUS
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Surabaya, 3 September 2012 KALKULUS DAN ALJABAR LINEAR Page 2
Ruang-n Euclidean
(Euclidean n-space)
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Review: Bab 3 membahas Ruang-2 dan Ruang-3
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Norma sebuah vektor:
Norma Euclidean (Euclidean norm) di Ruang-n :
u = (u1, u2, u3, … , un)
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Example:
||u|| =
(1) + (3) + ( −2) + (7)=
2 2 2 2
= 63 3 7
And
d(u,v) = (1−0)2 +(3−7)2 +(−2−2)2 +(7=−2)2 58
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Penambahan vektor: di Ruang-n
u = (u1, u2 , u3, …, un); v = (v1, v2 , v3, …, vn)
w = (w1, w2 , w3, …, wn) = u + v
w = (u1, u2 , u3, …, un) + (v1, v2 , v3, …, vn)
w1 = u1 + v1
w2 = u2 + v2
………..
w2 = un + vn
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Negasi suatu vektor:
u = (u1, u2 , u3, …, un)
– u = (– u1, – u2 , – u3, …, – un)
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Perkalian skalar dengan vektor:
…..…
wn = kvn
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Perkalian titik: (perkalian Euclidean)
u . v = skalar
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Example:
u.v = (-1)(5)+(3)(-4)+(5)(7)+(7)(0) = 18
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Aritmatika vektor di Ruang-n:
Teorema 4.1.1.: u, v, w vektor-vektor di Ruang-n
k, l adalah skalar (bilangan real)
• u+v=v+u
• (u + v) + w = u + (v + w)
• u+0=0+u=u
• u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0
• k(lu) = (kl)u
• k(u + v) = ku + kv
• (k + l) u = ku + lu
• 1u = u
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Teorema 4.1.2:
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Example 2 Theorem 4.1.2 allows us to perform computation
with Euclidean inner products in much the same way that we
perform them with ordinary arithmetic products. For Exmple,
(3u + 2v).(4u + v) = (3u).(4u + v) + (2v).(4u + v)
= (3u).(4u) + (3u).v + (2v).(4u) + (2v).(v)
= 12(u.u) + 3(u.v) + 8(v.u) + 2(v.v)
= 12(u.u) + 11(u.v) + 2(v.v)
The reader should determine which parts of Theorm 4.1.2 were
used in each step
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Teorema 4.1.3 - 4.1.5:
| u . v | ≤ || u || || v ||
|| u || ≥ 0
|| u || = 0 jika dan hanya jika u = 0
|| ku || = | k | || u ||
|| u + v || ≤ || u || + || v ||
d(u, v) ≥ 0
d(u, v) = 0 jika dan hanya jika u = v
d(u, v) = d(v, u)
d(u, v) ≤ d(u, w) + d(w, v)
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Pembuktian Bahwa ||u + v || ≤ || u || || v ||
kv
v u+v v
(a) (b)
||kv|| = ||k||||v|| ||u+v|| ≤ ||u|| +
||v||
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Teorema 4.1.6 – 4.1.7:
u . v = ¼ || u + v || 2 – ¼ || u – v || 2
Teorema Pythagoras
|| u + v || 2 = || u || 2 + || v || 2
v u+v
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Example : In the Euclidean space R4 the vectors
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Perkalian Titik (dot product) dikerjakan dengan
perkalian matriks
u = (u1, u2 , u3, …, un); v = (v1, v2 , v3, …, vn)
u . v = u1v1 + u2v2 + u3v3 + … + unvn
vn
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u = (u1, u2 , u3, …, un); v = (v1, v2 , v3, …, vn)
u . v = u1v1 + u2v2 + u3v3 + … + unvn
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Matriks A (n x n), u dan v masing-masing vektor kolom
Au . v = u . (ATv) ?
(Au) . v = v . (Au) perkalian titik bersifat komutatif (T.4.1.2)
= vT(Au) v vektor kolom
= (vTA)u perkalian matriks asosiatif (T.1.4.1)
= (ATv)T u (MN)T = NTMT & (MT)T = M (T.1.4.9)
ATv merupakan vektor kolom; maka (ATv)T vektor baris
= u . (ATv) persamaan (7)
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Diketahui matriks A (n x n), u dan v masing-masing vektor kolom
u . Av = ATu . v ?
u . (Av) = (Av) . u perkalian titik bersifat komutatif
= v . (ATu) baru dibuktikan
di slide sebelum ini: Au . v = u . (ATv)
= (ATu) . v perkalian titik komutatif
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Contoh:
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Surabaya, 3 September 2012 KALKULUS DAN ALJABAR LINEAR Page 27
Let’s Try !