AN ANALYSIS OF WORD FORMATION PROCESSES OF SLANG

WORDS IN “THE BEGINNING” ALBUM BY BLACK EYED PEAS

Febri Oktavia 1, Yulmiati 2, Melati Theresia 2

1
Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat
2
Dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat
febrioktavia171@yahoo.co.id
ABSTRAK

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa proses pembentukan kata-

kata gaul yang terdapat dalam lirik lagu pada album The Beginning oleh Black
Eyed Peas. Pertanyaan penelitian ini adalah apa kata kata gaul dan proses
pembentukan kata gaul yang ditemukan dalam album tersebut. Jenis penelitian ini
adalah penelitian deskriptif. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan diatas, peneliti
menggunakan 3 teknik analisis data yaitu codding, categorizing dan explaining.
Berdasarkan data, ditemukan ada 61 kata gaul. Untuk menentukan proses
pembentukan kata gaul dalam album ini, peneliti menggunakan teori dari O’Grady
& Archibald (2016) dan Yule (2006) menurut dua ahli tersebut, ada 16 tipe proses
pembentukan kata yaitu derivation, compounding, inflection, clipping, acronyms,
blending, conversion, internal change, backformation, onomatopoeia, coinage,
suppletion, reduplication, cliticization, borrowing dan multiple processes.
Berdasarkan enam belas tipe tersebut, peneliti menemukan ada 7 tipe proses
pembentukan kata gaul yaitu 9 kata menggunakan tipe multiple process, 3 kata
menggunakan tipe derivation (dalam multiple proses), 44 kata menggunakan tipe
clipping, 1 kata menggunakan tipe internal change, 5 kata menggunakan tipe
coinage, 1 kata menggunakan tipe borrowing dan 1 kata menggunakan tipe
acronym. Berdasarkan 7 tipe diatas, tipe yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah
tipe clipping.
Kata kunci : Kata Gaul, Proses Pembentukan Kata

INTRODUCTION

Communication is an humans will not able to continue

important thing in human’s life. their life properly and regularly
Communication is being important without communication. They use
thing in human’s life because language as the main tool in this
through communication, people can process of communication. It means
express their ideas and their opinions that, language is an important thing
about something to another people. in communication.
Then, through communication As a medium for
people can supply their needs. Thus, communication, language has the

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smallest parts called words. Words
are always evolving day by day
because human beings need words as
a tool for expressing their ideas.
Words are always evolving with the
developing of human civilization. A
new word can be borrowed from
other languages, coined or invented
by known or unknown individual
person, or created from existing
words. There are some processes in
forming the words. Linguistically,
these processes are called word
formation processes.
Word formation processes are
the processes of creating new words
and the new uses of the old words.
According to Plag (2003:9), word
formation is dealing with the
formation of words. In addition,
Word formation consist of a process
in create new word where it was a
result of modification of old word
(Yendra, 2016:130). According to O’
Grady and Archibald (2016) and
Yule (2006), there are 16 basic
processes to create new words In
creating new words, they are
derivation, compounding, inflection,
clipping, acronyms, blending,
conversion, internal change,
backformation, onomatopoeia,
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coinage, suppletion, reduplication,
cliticization, borrowing and multiple
processes. For example, in daily
communication, the term BTW and
OMG is often used. It is formed by
the process of acronym, in which it is
actually derived from By The Way
and Oh My God. Those words are
called slang.
Slang is one of language
varieties used by the people. Slang
words are language that is used by
people in informal situation to make
easy in doing conversation.
According to Susanto and Afit
(2010) in Nurhayati (2016:68), Slang
can be as informal or nonstandard
language that is used to communicate
by certain community in certain
situation such as in informal and
friendly situation. In addition,
Akmajian et al (2010:301) state that
slang is something that everyone can
recognize but no one can define. It is
mean that Slang is informal language
that is used in informal situation and
only used by certain people in a
social group.
Nowadays, slang words are not
only found in everyday conversation,
but also in movies, novels, comics,
magazines, and lyric of songs. Slang
become something inspiration for
musician. The most of musician who
write their song use slang word.
There are many kind of music such
as: pop, rock, rap, hip hop/ R&B,
melodic and jazz. Researcher found
slang words used in lyrics of songs
by Black Eyed Peas in sixth album,
that album is named the beginning
album. In this research,
researcher will analyze the word
formation of slang words in lyrics of
songs by Black Eyed Peas in the
beginning album.
There are two points of the
problems. The first, what are the
slang words found in sixth album of
Black Eyed Peas. The second, What
are the word formation processes of
those slang words found in sixth
album of Black Eyed Peas. In this
case, the researcher finds the slang
words and explains the
formation processes of those slang
words found in that album.
To answered the first question
above, the researcher used theory
from Susanto and Afit (2010) in
Nurhayati (2016:68), they stated that
slang can be as informal
nonstandard language that is used to
communicate by certain community
in certain situation such as in
informal and friendly situation. In
addition, the reseracher used oxford
dictionary and the online slang
dictionary as standarization to
determine slang words.
Meanwhile, to answered the
second question, the researcher used
two theories, they are O’Grady and
the Archibald (2016) and Yule (2006)
theories. Based on two theories
above, there are sixteen types of
word formation processes, they are
they are derivation, compounding,
inflection, clipping, acronyms,
blending, conversion, internal
change, backformation,
onomatopoeia, coinage, suppletion,
reduplication, cliticization,
borrowing and multiple processes.
RESEARCH METHOD
word This research conducted by
using descriptive qualitative
research. In this research, the writer
tried to analyze the data and finally
make a description about the analysis
of word formation process of slang
words found in sixth album of Black
or Eyed Peas. According to Kothari
(2004:37), descriptive research are
those studies which are concerned
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with describing the characteristic of a According to Moleong (2010:217)
particular individual or a group. In document is divided into two types,
addition, Nazir (2014:43) states that they are official documents and
a descriptive research is to describe personal documents. In addition,
picture or draw the factual and Guba and Lincoln (1981:228) in
accurate facts in systematic and have Moleong (2010:216-217) He
a relationship with inter phenomena distinguish between document and
that are being observed. It means that record. Document is any written
the researcher explains the subject of material or film that is not prepared,
the research detail and should while record is any written statement
describe anything in the subject that is prepared for testing purpose.
without left the important point in In this research, the researcher tried
subject of the research. to take the document from
The data of this research are www.azlyrics.com.
sentences or phrases which contain The steps of data anlysis in this
slang words in sixth album of Black research are taken from the
Eyed Peas. The Black Eyed Peas is techniques proposed by Seiddel in
an American group, consisting of Moleong (2010:248), analysis of the
rapper will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo, data contained of three steps they
and Fergie. This group was founded are: codding, categorizing and
in Los Angeles in 1995. It was explaining the word formation
choosen by the researcher because process of slang words found in sixth
there are many slang words that are album of Black Eyed Peas. The
found in this album. explanation of each step can be seen
In this research, the researcher as follow:
collects the data from lyric of songs 1. Codding of slang words
by Black Eyed Peas in sixth album, In this step, the researcher
that album is named the beginning give a code or mark the words
album. In collecting the data, the contain of slang words in the
researcher use documentation lyrics of song by using a pen in
method, because those lyrics was order to help the researcher easy
taken from www.azlyrics.com. to collect the data.

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 2. Categorizing the types of word into slang words because those
formation of slang words not found in oxford dictionary
In this step, the researcher and it found in the online slang
categorize the types of word dictionary. In addition, those words
formation of slang In order to are categorized as slang because they
make the reseacher easy in are the creativity in creating new
analyzing the data, the terms for the existing words, and
researcher is classified the types they are only used by certain
of word processes in form of a community. In this research, the
table. The table consist of types community is Black Eyed Peas.
of word formation, they are; There are several example of slang
derivation, compounding, words that found in the album, they
clipping, blending, acronym, are gimme, till, gonna, gotta, lovin,
backformation, conversion, stoppin’, gettin, poppin’, nigga’,
reduplication, suppletion, neato, dope, DJ, holla, etc.
internal change, coinage, After collecting the slang
onomatopoeia, inflection, words in the sixth album of Black
cliticization, borrowing, and Eyed Peas, the researcher analyzed
multiple process. those slang words based on the types
3. Explaining the word formation of word formation. The researcher
process of slang used two theories, they are O’Grady
In this step, the researcher and Archibald (2016) and Yule
explain about how slang words (2006) theories. Based on two
found in sixth album of Black theories above, there are sixteen
Eyed Peas are formed. types of word formation process,
which of each type has its own
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
definition. From sixteen types of
After reading the lyric of songs O’Grady and Archibald (2016) and
in sixth album of Black Eyed Peas, Yule (2006) theories, the researcher
researcher found 61 data of slang in found 7 types of words formation
the lyric of songs in the album. From that forms the slang words in this
sixty one words in the lyric of songs, album, they are multiple prosess,
the researcher categorize those words

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derivation (in multiple process), formation, they are
clipping, internal change, coinage, clipping, derivation and
borrowing and acronym. The blending. This word is
following is the analysis of each formed through the
types of slang word formation: process of cutting off the
a. Multiple process end of the word give then
According to Yule adding an infix ‘m’
(2006:59), multiple processes become ‘gim’ then
are the process of creating new combine with term ‘me’
words through more than one then produce it into a new
word formation process. He single term. It can be seen
gives example of multiple as follow:
processes such as the term deli give → gi + m→ gim + me = gimme
↓ ↓ ↓
becomes a common American
(clipping) (derivation) (blending)
English word which the first
process is borrowing from 2) Wanna
German language The word wanna is
(delicatessen) and then slang word and it has the
clipping that borrowed form. meaning want to. This
There are 9 multiple process word is called multiple
found in forming slang words process because it is
in sixth album of Black Eyed combining three types of
Peas. The following is the word formation, they are
analysis of several word that is clipping, coinage and
formed through this process: blending. This word is
1) Gimme formed through the
The word gimme is process of cutting off the
slang word and it has the end of the word want then
meaning give me. This combine with term‘na’,
word is categorized as then produce it into a new
multiple process because it single term. The word ‘na’
used three types of word is categorized as coinage

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 process because it is the b. Clipping
invention totally new term O’Grady and Archibald
of the old word ‘to’. It can (2016:123) state that clipping
be seen as follow: is another kind of word
want → wan formation that shortens a word
↓
by deleting one or more
(clipping) wanna
↓ syllables. In addition,
to → na (blending) according to Yule (2006:55),
↓ clipping is the process of
(coinage) forming new word when a
3) Gotta word of more than one syllable
The word gotta is is reduced to a shorter form,
slang word and it has the usually beginning in casual
meaning got to. This word speech. Based on theories
is categorized as multiple above, clipping is word
process because it is formation that cutting off the
combining two types of front or the end of a word.
word formation, they are There are 44 clipping process
internal change and found in forming slang words
blending. This word is in sixth album of Black Eyed
formed through the Peas. The following is the
process of change off the analysis of several word that is
end of the word to with ‘a’ formed through this process:
then combine word ‘got’ at 1) Gettin’
the beginning of term ‘ta’, The word gettin is
then produce it into a new slang word and it has the
single term. It can be seen meaning getting. This
as follow: word called clipping
got because it was is

gotta shortening from originally

to → a → ta ↓ word getting, but this word

↓ just cutting from spelling
(blending)
(internal change)

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 ‘g’. It can be seen as grammatical contrast. There
follow: are 1 internal change process
getting→gettin+(‘) = gettin’ found in forming slang words
2) Havin’ in sixth album of Black Eyed
The word havin’ is Peas, that is term nigga’. The
slang word and it has the following is the analysis of
meaning having. This word nigga’ that is formed
word used clipping through this process:
process because this word The word nigga’ is slang
is shortening from word and it has the meaning
originally word having, nigger. It is categorized as
but this word just cutting internal change because this
from spelling ‘g’. It can be word is substituted from
seen as follow: originally word nigger. This
having→ havin+ (‘) = havin’ word is formed through the
3) Messin’ process of change the term ‘er’
The word messin’ is at the end of the word nigger
slang word and it has the with vowel ‘a’. It can be seen
meaning messing. It is as follow:
Called clipping because nigger→ nigga + (‘) = nigga’
this word is shortening
a
from originally word ↓
messing, but this word just (internal change)
cutting from spelling ‘g’. d. Coinage
It can be seen as follow: According to O’Grady and
messing→ messin+ (‘) = messin’ Archibald (2016:119), coinage
c. Internal change is a process of creating a new
According to O’Grady and word from scratch. In addition
Archibald (2016: 119), internal by Yule (2006:53) states that
change is a process that coinage is one of the least
substitutes one non-morphemic common processes of word
segment for another to mark a formation in English that is the

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invention of totally new terms,
which can possibly come from
the old to the new uses. From
theories above, coinage is the
processes of word formation by
coining from existing thing to
represent a new invention or
development. There are
coinage process found
forming slang words in sixth
album of Black Eyed Peas. The
following is the analysis of
several word that is formed
through this process:
1) Neato
The word neato is slang
word and it has
meaning excellent. It is
categorized as coinage
because this word the
invention totally new term
or word for existing word
that is excellent. The slang
neato is used to replace the
term excellent.
2) Dope
The word dope is slang
word and it has
meaning excellent. It is
called coinage because this
word the invention totally
new term or word for
existing word that is
excellent. The slang dope
is used to replace the term
excellent.
3) Honey
The word honey is
slang word and it has the
5 meaning dear. Called
in coinage because this word
the invention totally new
term or word for existing
word that is dear. The
slang honey is used to
replace the term dear.
e. Borrowing
Based on Yule (2006:55),
the borrowing is one of the word
formation processes to create e
new word by taking them from
other languages. It is one of the
most common sources of new
words in English. There is 1
borrowing process found in
forming slang words in sixth
album of Black Eyed Peas, that
is term holla. The following is
the analysis of word holla that
the is formed through this process:
The word holla is slang
word and it has the meaning
hello. It is categorized as
borrowing process because this
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 word is usually used by is formed by taking initial
Hawaiian people. It is mean leters of D from disk word and
that, the term holla is addopted J from jockey in phrase disk
from Hawaiian language, jockey and reading them as a
which meaning in English new word. It is called acronym
hello. because this word is formed
f. Acronym from the initial letters of a set
O’Grady and Archibald of other words. it can be seen
(2016:126) state that acronyms as follow:
are other kinds of word Disk → D
formation processes formed by DJ → (acronym)
taking the initial letters of Jockey → J
some or all of the words in a
phrase or litle and reading CONCLUSION

them as a word. In addition,

Communication is an
Yule (2006:57) states that
important thing in human’s life.
acronyms are new words
Communication is being important
formed from the initial letters
thing in human’s life because
of a set of other words. From
through communication, people can
theories above, acronym is a
express their ideas and their opinions
word formation process by
about something to another people.
taking the initial letters of all of
Then, through communication
words. There is 1 acronym
people can supply their needs. Slang
process found in forming slang
is non-standard use of language
words in sixth album of Black
which usually created by teenagers
Eyed Peas, that is term DJ. The
then the usage of them spreading
following is the analysis of
through many media. Slang it self
word DJ that is formed through
sometimes is too difficult to be
this process:
understood and do not know how the
The word DJ is slang word
slang words is formed. Therefore, the
and it is consists from the
new words or slang are created in
phrase Disk Jockey. This term

10
some processes called
formation process.
Nowadays, slang words are not
only found in everyday conversation,
but also in movies, novels, comics,
magazines, and lyric of songs. Slang
become something inspiration for
musician. The most of musician who
write their song use slang word.
Researcher found slang words used
in lyrics of songs by Black Eyed
Peas in sixth album, that album is
named the beginning album. Then,
the researcher is curious
investigate slang words as found in
sixth album of Black Eyed Peas and
how they are formed.
In conducting this research, the
researcher used O’Grady
Archibald (2016) and Yule (2006)
theories about word formation in
determining the word formation
processes in sixth album of Black
Eyed Peas. After collecting the slang
words in the album and analyzing
those slang words based on the types
of word formation process, the
researcher found 61 data of slang
that is found in this album, which is
there are 7 types of words formation
that forms the slang words in this
album, they are multiple process,
word derivation (in multiple process),
clipping, internal change, coinage,
borrowing and acronym. The type of
word formation processes which was
mostly used the album is clipping
process such as gettin’, havin’, lovin,
screamin’ and so on.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To complete this thesis the
researcher has obtained a plentiful
guidence, help, suggestions, and
constructive critics from many
to people. In this ocassion, the
researcher expresses special thaks
and appreciation from the deepest
heart to her advisors Yulmiati, S.S.,
M.Pd and Melati Theresia, S.S.,
and M.Hum, who have shared their
valuable time, knowledge, and
guidance with all their patience and
wisdom in completing this thesis.
REFERENCES
Akmajian, et al. 2010. Linguistics:
An Introduction to Language
and Communication. London.
Cambridge Massachusets.
Kothari, C.R. 2004. Research
Methodology: Methods and
Techniques. New Delhi. New
Age International Publishers.
Lyrics of song took from
www.aclyrics.com retrieved
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 on Saturday, 29 July, 2017 at
06.23 am

Nazir, Moh. 2014. Metode

Penelitian. Bogor. Ghalia
Indonesia

Nurhayati, Dwi Astuti Wahyu. 2016.

Word Formation Processes
and a Technique in
Understanding Waria Slang
Tulungagung. EFL Journal/
ISSN: 2502- 6054, Vol 1 No.
1. Institut Agama Islam
Negeri Tulungagung.

O’Grady, William and Archibald,

John. 2016. Contemporary
Linguistic Analysis: An
Introduction. Canada.
Pearson.

The Online Slang Dictionary,

onlineslangdictionary.com
retrieved on Wednesday, 2
August, 2017 at 08.45 am.

Yendra. 2016. Mengenal Ilmu

Bahasa (Linguistik).
Yogyakarta. Deepublish
Publisher.

Yule, George. 2006. The Study of

Language. New York.
Cambridge University Press.

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