NDT TRAINING PROGRAM

LIQIUD PENETRANT METHOD

(Dual Language)

ASNT
Continuing
Education
In Nondestructive
Testing

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing

Rev. 02-071410
 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
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LESSON – 1
Liquid penetrant testing is a Pengujian cairan penetrant adalah salah
nondestructive means of locating satu metode pengujian tanpa merusak
surface discontinuities based on untuk melokalisasi (menemukan) cacat-
capillarity or capillary action. cacat permukaan berdasarkan pada
kapilaritas atau capillary action.
In the liquid penetrant method, the Dalam metoda liquid penetrant, cairan
liquid is applied to the surface of the diaplikasikan pada permukaan benda uji
specimen and sufficient time is allowed dan diberikan waktu yang cukup untuk
for penetration of surface penetrasi pada cacat permukaan.
discontinuities. If the discontinuity is Jika cacat kecil atau sempit seperti retak
small or narrow as in a crack or pinhole, atau lobang kecil (pinhole), kapilaritas
capillarity assists the penetration. membantu penetrasi

After sufficient time has passed for the Setelah waktu yang cukup untuk
penetrant to enter the discontinuity, the penetrant masuk dalam cacat,
surface of the part is cleaned, capillary permukaan benda uji dibersihkan,
action is again employed to act as a capillary action terjadi lagi sebagai blotter
blotter to draw penetrant from the yang menarik penetrant dari cacat
discontinuity.

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
To insure visibility, the liquid penetrant
contains either a colored dye easily seen
in white light. or a fluorescent dye
visible under black (ultraviolet) light.
Discontinuities that are subsurface in
one stage of production could be open
to the surface at another stage. such as
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Untuk dapat dilihat, cairan penetrant
berisi salah satu, cairan berwarna yang
bisa dilihat dengan sinar biasa atau
warna fluorescent yang bisa dilihat
dengan lampu ultraviolet
Cacat yang di bawah permukaan dalam
satu proses produksi dapat dibuka pada
permukaan, pada proses berikutnya.
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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
after grinding or machining.
Non-metallic inclusions and porosity in
the ingot may cause stringers, seams.
forging laps. cold shuts, and the like as
the billet or slab is processed in the
manner shown below
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seperti setelah penggerindaan atau
pengerjaan dengan mesin.
Inklusi non-metallic dan porositas pada
ingot dapat menyebabkan stringers,
seams, forging laps, cold shuts, dan juga
pada billet atau slab yang diproses sbb :
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Anything that could block the penetrant Semua yang dapat menghalangi
from entering the discontinuity must be penetrant memasuki cacat harus
removed. dibersihkan
A list of contaminants that must be Daftar contaminant yang harus
removed would include dirt, grease, dibersihkan termasuk kotoran, oli, karat,
rust. Scale. Acids. And even water. kerak, acid dan air.
The cleaning solvent used must be Pembersih solvent yang digunakan harus
volatile (readily vaporized) so that it mudah menguap, sehingga dengan
easily evaporates out of the mudah menguap keluar dari cacat dan
discontinuity and does not dilute the tidak mengencerkan penetrant.
penetrant.

Surface preparation by the shot or Persiapan permukaan dengan shot atau

sandblasting is not recommended sandblasting tidak direkomendasi
Discontinuities that were open to the Cacat yang terbuka pada permukaan
surface may be closed by the shot or dapat tertutup oleh shot atau
sandblasting sandblasting

Historically. Penetrant inspection was Menurut sejarah, inspeksi penetrant

called the “oil and whiting method”, as disebut metoda “oil and whiting" seperti
it used kerosene and white powder for digunakan minyak tanah dan bedak putih
the inspection of railroad parts. untuk inspeksi rel kereta api.
However, in the past 40 years the Bagaimanapun. setelah 40 tahun proses
process has been improved telah ditingkatkan pada tingkat menjadi
tremendously to the point where it is a suatu teknik inspeksi yang dapat
reliable and accurate inspection dipercaya dan akurat
technique.
The liquid penetrants used in Cairan penetrants yang digunakan dalam
nondestructive testing can be pengujian tanpa merusak digolongkan
categorized by the type of the dye oleh jenis kandungan warnanya.
they contain.
1. Visible dye penetrants contain a 1. Visible dye penetrants berisi cairan
colored (usually red) dye. berwarna ( pada umumnya merah)
2. Fluorescent penetrants berisi
2. Fluorescent penetrants contain a cairan fluorescent (berpendar)
fluorescent dye. 3. Dual sensitivity penetrants berisi
3. Dual sensitivity penetrants kombinasi cairan visible dan
contain a combination of visible and fluorescent
fluorescent dyes.
Penetrants can be further categorized Penetrants selanjutnya digolongkan

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
by the processes used to remove the
excess penetrant from the specimen
1. Water washable penetrants are
either self-emulsifying or removable
with plain water.
2. Post emulsified penetrants require
a separate emulsifier to make the
penetrant water washable.
3. Solvent-removable penetrant must
be removed with a solvent which is
typical when using visible dye in
pressurized spray cans.
The flow chart below illustrates the
processing sequence with visible dye
and fluorescent penetrants.
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sesuai proses yang digunakan untuk
membersihkan kelebihan penetrant
pada benda uji
1. Water washable penetrants adalah
salah satu self-emulsifying atau
dapat dibersihkan dengan air
2. Post emulsified penetrants
memerlukan emulsifier terpisah
emulsifier untuk membuat penetrant
dapat dibersihkan dengan air
3. Solvent-removable penetrant yang
harus dibersihkan dengan solvent
(bahan pelarut) yang sejenis dengan
penggunaan visible dye dalam kaleng
bertekanan
Diagram alur di bawah menggambarkan
langkah proses dengan visible dye dan
fluorescent penetrants.
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Dual sensitivity penetrants would Dual sensitivity penetrant akan

follow a processing sequence similar to mengikuti urutan proses sama dengan
that shown below yang ditunjukkan di bawah
PRECLEAN

APPLY
PENETRANT

WATER WASH SOLVENT WIPE

DRY

APPLY APPLY DRY

NONAQUEOUS POWDER
DEVELOPER DEVELOPER

INSPECT

POST CLEAN

The selection of the best process. As
listed on pages 6 and 7. depends on
1. Sensitivity required
2. Number of articles to be tested
3. Surface condition of part being
inspected
4. Configuration of test specimen
5. Availability of water. Electricity.
Compresses air. Suitable testing.
Penetrant testing is success fully used
on metals such as aluminum.
Magnesium. Brass. Copper. Cast iron.
Stainless steel. Titanium. And most
other common alloys.
It can also be used to test other
materials. Including ceramics. Plastics.
Molded rubber. Powdered metal products
or glass.
Penetrant testing is limited by its
inability to test materials with
discontinuities that are not open to the
surface or having an extremely porous
surface.
Pemilihan proses yang terbaik seperti
yang terdaftar pada halaman 6 dan 7.
tergantung pada
1. Sensitivitas yang diperlukan
2. Jumlah benda uji yang diuji
3. Kondisi permukaan benda uji
4. Bentuk benda uji
5. Ketersediaan air. listrik. kompresor.
area pengujian yang sesuai
Pengujian penetrant berhasil digunakan
pada metal seperti aluminum.
magnesium. kuningan. tembaga. besi
cor. baja tahan-karat. titanium. dan
hampir semua logam campuran umum.
Juga dapat digunakan untuk menguji
material lain, termasuk keramik. plastik.
karet. produk metal (powder) atau kaca
Pengujian penetrant terbatas pada
ketidakmampuan pengujian material
dengan cacat yang tidak terbuka pada
permukaan atau mempunyai permukaan
yang poros (berpori-pori)

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Quiz 1

____ 1. Nonmetallic inclusions and porosity in the steel ingot are commonly found
using liquid penetrant inspection techniques.
____ 2. Type II penetrants, according to our test, are those containing a
fluorescent dye.
____ 3. Because of the capillary action of penetrants, this process of inspection
works well on parts with very porous surfaces
____ 4. When doing a liquid penetrant test. the configuration of the specimen has
littl effect on the effectiveness of the test.
____ 5. Liquid penetrant inspection can be used only metals such as aluminium
and steel.
____ 6. The penetrant inspection method is used only on the finished product
____ 7. Oil and whiting are the names of the two men who invented the penetrant
test method.
____ 8. The first important step in penetrant testing is surface preparation.
____ 9. One of the most common contaminants in the penetrant method is water.
____ 10. The most common method of surface preparation testing is sandblasting.
____ 11. Chemical etching is sometimes used to remove smeared metal from a
surface to open discontinuities.
____ 12. Some subsurface defects can be located with the highly sensitive type II
penetrants
____ 13. Blow holes and gas porosity may be detected with the penetrant method.
____ 14. Solvent cleaning is a common method of surface cleaning parts before
penetrant testing.
____ 15. The one major limitation to penetrant testing is that the part must be
metallic
____ 16. Grease and rust would usually be considered a contaminant on the surface
of a test piece.
____ 17. To locate a defect with penetrant testing, the defect must be open to the
surface.
____ 18. It is considered advantageous for a liquid penetrant material to have low
tension and high capillarity.

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LESSON-2
This lesson discusses the equipment and Pelajaran ini mendiskusikan peralatan
material required to perform the various dan material yang diperlukan untuk
penetrant tests and the required pre and melaksanakan berbagai pengujian
post-test cleaning. penetrant dan pembersihan yang
diperlukan sebelum. dan setelah
pengujian
Proper cleaning is essential to liquid Pembersihan yang tepat adalah
penetrant testing for two reasons. penting pada pengujian penetrant
dengan dua pertimbangan.
1. If the specimen is not clean and dry. 1. Jika benda uji tidak bersih dan
Penetrant testing is ineffective kering, pengujian penetrant tidak
2. If all traces of penetrant materials efektif
are not removed after the test, they 2. Jika sisa penetrant tidak dibersihkan
may have a harmful effect on the setelah pengujian, dapat berdampak
specimen (chlorine and sulfur may merusak benda uji (khlor dan
affect some alloys) belerang dapat berdampak pada
beberapa logam campuran)
Immersion tanks and detergent Tangki perendam dan air sabun
solutions are common means of umum untuk meyakinkan permukaan
assuring that a specimen surface is both benda uji telah bersih secara fisik dan
physically and chemically clean. dari chemical
Vapor degreasing is particularly Uap solvent sangat efektif untuk
effective in the removal of oil, grease membersihkan minyak, stempet dan
and similar organic contamination kotoran organik, bagaimanapun.
however, certain alloys have an affinity campuran logam tertentu mempunyai
for specific elements used in vapor kepekaan dengan unsur-unsur tertentu
degreasing and if exposed to them may yang digunakan dalam penguapan dan
become structurally damaged. jika digunakan dapat menimbulkan
kerusakan struktur
Steam cleaning is particularly Pencucian dengan uap dapat
adaptable to the cleaning of large, digunakan untuk pembersihan benda uji
unwieldy articles. yang besar dan susah
Solvent cleaning may be used in Bahan pelarut solvent dapat
immersion tanks or may be used in a digunakan dalam tangki perendam atau
wipe-on and wipe-off technique. Solvent dengan teknik pengelapan. Bahan
cleaning is usually less effective than the pelarut pada umumnya kurang efektif
previous methods of cleaning. dibanding metoda pembersihan
sebelumnya
Rust and surface scale can be Karat dan kerak permukaan dapat
removed by any good commercially dibersihkan dengan acid atau pembersih
available acid or alkaline rust remover alkali dengan mengikuti petunjuk pabrik
following manufacturer`s directions. pembuat
Paint removal is often done in Pembersih cat sering dilakukan dalam
dissolving-type hot-tank paint strippers, dissolving-type hot-tank pelepas cat,

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bond release, or solvent paint strippers. pelepasan lapisan atau bahan pelarut
cat.
Etching is effective for use on articles Pengetsaan (etsa) efektif untuk
that have been ground or machined. digunakan pada benda uji yang telah
digerinda halus atau dimachining. Proses
This process uses an acid or an alkaline ini menggunakan cairan acid atau alkali
solution to open up grinding burrs and untuk membuka grinding burrs dan
remove metal from surface membersihkan metal dari permukaan
discontinuities. cacat
Surface cleaning processes to be Proses pembersihan permukaan
avoided include blast (shot. Sand. Rit. yang dihindari termasuk blast (shot,
Or pressure). Liquid honing, emery sand, grit atau tekanan). Cairan honing
cloth, wire brushes and metal crapers. (pengasah), ampelas, sikat kawat dan
These processes tend to close scraper. Proses ini cenderung menutup
discontinuities by peening or cold cacat dengan pukulan atau cold working
working the surface of the specimen. pada permukaan benda uji.
Penetrant test equipment Peralatan pengujian penetrant
(stationary) (duduk/stationary)
Stationary equipment used in liquid Peralatan duduk/stationary untuk
penetrant testing varies in size and pengujian penetrant bervariasi dalam
largely dependent upon the size of the ukuran dan besarnya bergantung pada
test specimen, depending on the type ukuran benda uji, bergantung pada jenis
and processes used. A stationary system dan proses yang digunakan. Sistem
could include the following: duduk dapat termasuk sbb :
1. Pre-cleaning station (usually in 1. Tempat pre-cleaning (umumnya
remote area) tempat terbuka)
2. Penetrant station (tank) 2. Tempat penetrant (tangki)
3. Drain station 3. Tempat pengatusan
4. Emulsification station (tank) 4. Tempat emulsifikasi (tangki)
5. Rinse station (tank) 5. Tempat pembilasan (tangki)
6. Developing station (tank) 6. Tempat developing (tangli)
7. Drying station (usually oven) 7. Tempat pengeringan (open)
8. Inspection station (enclosed booth or 8. Tempat inspeksi (meja dengan
table with proper lighting) penerangan yang cukup)
9. Post-cleaning station (usually in 9. Tempat pembersihan akhir (tempat
remote area) terbuka)

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Penetrant test equipment (portable) Peralatan penetrant (portable)

Both visible and fluorescent dye Keduanya visible dan fluorescent
penetrants are available in kits which penetrant tersedia dalam paket yang
can be used at a remote location or dapat digunakan pada area terbuka atau
when testing a small portion of a large jika pengujian sebagian dari benda uji
article. yang besar
A Visible dye penetrant kit usually Visible penetrant umumnya berisi:
contains:
1. Pressurized spray cans of cleaning or 1. Kaleng semprot bertekanan berisi
removal fluid. cairan pembersih
2. Pressurized spray cans of visible dye 2. Kaleng semprot bertekanan berisi
penetrant. visible penetrant.
3. Pressurized spray cans of non- 3. Kaleng semprot bertekanan berisi
aqueous developer. non-aqueous developer.
4. Wiping cloths and brushes. 4. Kain lap dan sikat.
A fluorescent dye penetrant kit Paket fluorescent penetrant
usually contains: umumnya berisi:
1. A portable black light and 1. Lampu ultraviolet dengan trafo
transformer 2. Kaleng semprot bertekanan berisi
2. pressurized spray cans of cleaning or cairan pembersih
removal fluid 3. Kaleng semprot bertekanan berisi
3. Pressurized spray cans of fluorescent fluorescent penetrant
dye penetrant 4. Kaleng semprot bertekanan berisi
4. Pressurized spray cans of non- non-aqueous developer
aqueous developer 5. Kain lap dan sikat
5. wiping cloths and brushes
Black light equipment is required in Lampu ultraviolet diperlukan dalam
fluorescent penetrant testing since it pengujian fluorescent penetrant karena
supplies light of correct wavelength to mengeluarkan/memancarkan sinar
cause the penetrant to fluoresce. dengan panjang gelombang yang sesuai
sehingga menyebabkan penetrant
A deep red-purple filter is used to pass berpendar. Filter warna ungu-merah
only those wavelengths of light that will gelap digunakan untuk dilalui sinar

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activate the fluorescent material. dengan panjang gelombang tertentu,

yang akan mengaktifkan material
At least a five-minute heat-up time is fluorescent. Sedikitnya diperlukan
required to reach the correct arc pemanasan selama 5 menit untuk
temperature when using mercury arc mencapai temperatur yang benar, jika
lamps. menggunakan lampu mercury.
The black light emits a special light with Black light memancarkan sinar dengan
wavelengths that fall between visible panjang gelombang antara visible dan
and ultraviolet, provided that the filter is ultraviolet, asalkan filter tidak pecah
not broken or cracked. atau retak

There is no danger of injury to the Tidak ada bahaya kerusakan pada mata,
human eye, it is suggested that the filter disarankan filter dicek sebelum
be checked prior to each use. pemakaian
Penetrant testing materials can be used Material penetrant dapat digunakan
in a variety of combinations. Most dengan berbagai kombinasi. Kebanyakan
materials are available in either material tersedia dalam kaleng semprot
pressurized spray cans or in bulk bertekanan atau dalam bak besar.
quantities. Diagram alur di bawah menggambarkan
The flow chart below illustrates the kombinasi material yang berbeda,
different material combinations, however bagaimanapun perhatian selalu diambil
care should always be taken to assure untuk meyakinkan bahwa spesifikasi
that manufacturers specifications or pabrikan atau prosedur perusahaan
company procedures are closely diikuti.
followed.

Penetrant testing materials Material penetrant

Penetrant materials are often restricted Material penetrant dibagi dalam
to specific groups. The established kelompok tertentu. Kelompok material
groups of penetrant materials will use penetrant akan menggunakan berbagai
the following in a variety of kombinasi untuk memperoleh hasil yang

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combinations to obtain the best results. terbaik.

1. Water-washable penetrants – 1. Water-washable penetrant –
contain an emulsifying agent which mengandung pengemulsi yang
makes them easily removable by a membuat penetrant mudah
water rinse or wash. This penetrant dibersihkan dengan air pembilas atau
material can be obtained with either dicuci. Material penetrant ini dapat
a visible or fluorescent dye. diperoleh dengan visible atau
fluorescent
2. Post-emulsifiable penetrants –
are highly penetrating. Oily visible or 2. Post-emusifiable penetrant – daya
fluorescent penetrant which are not penetrasi dalam. Penetrant visible
soluble in water. These penetrants dengan bahan dasar minyak atau
must be treated with an emulsifier flourecent yang tidak larut dalam air.
before they can be removed by a Penetrant ini harus diberi dengan
water rinse or wash. emulsifier sebelum dapat dibersihkan
dengan air pembilas atau dicuci
3. Solvent-removable penetrants – 3. Solvent-removable penetrant-
are oily penetrants that do not penetrant dengan bahan dasar
contain an emulsifying agent and are minyak yang tidak berisi pengemulsi
removable only by solvent specifically dan dapat dibersihkan hanya dengan
designed for that purpose bahan pelarut yang dirancang khusus
untuk maksud pembersihan.
4. Emulsifiers – when applied a 4. Emulsifiers- jika dilapiskan pada
penetrants coated specimen make benda uji berpenentrant, membuat
the resultant mixture removable by campuran yang dapat dibersihkan
water rinse or wash. dengan air pembilas atau dicuci.
Emulsifiers have low penetrant Pengemulsi mempunyai karakteristik
characteristics and do not remove penetrant rendah dan tidak
indications from the specimen membersihkan indikasi dalam
surface. permukaan benda uji.
5. Removers (solvent) – are designed 5. Remover (solvent) - dirancang
to be used in conjunction with untuk digunakan bersamaan dengan
specific penetrants. Typical removers penetrant tertentu. Pembersih ini
are available in bulk or pressurized tersedia dalam jumlah besar (cairan)
spray containers atau dalam kaleng semprot
bertekanan.
6. Dry Developers – are a fluffy, 6. Dry Developers – bubuk putih halus
absorbent white powder that is used penyerap yang digunakan pada
in both fluorescent and visible dye pengujian penetrant visible dan
penetrant tests. It functions to draw fluorescent. Fungsinya untuk menarik
the penetrant indications to the penetrant ke permukaan sehingga
surface thus making them visible. membuat terlihat (terbaca)
7. Wet Developers – function similarly 7. Wet Developers – fungsinya sama
to dry developers except that they dengan dry developer, merupakan
are a mixture of a developing powder campuran bubuk developer dengan air
and water.
8. Non-aqueous wet developers – 8. Non-aqueous wet developers –
differ from wet developers in that berbeda dengan wet developer, dalam
the developer powder is mixed with a hal ini bubuk developer dicampur

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
rapid-drying liquid solvent
9. Liquid Oxygen (LOX) compatible
materials – must be used when
articles inspected are subjected to
contact with either liquid or gaseous
oxygen. These materials are
specifically designed to be inert when
in the presence of lox
10.Low sulfur and low chlorine –
penetrant materials must be
specifically designed to avoid the
harmful effects caused on some
nickel and titanium alloys by the
sulfur and chlorine content.
Safety precautions
An general the materials used in
penetrant inspection can be flammable
and can cause skin irritations
An addition, the ultraviolet spectrum of
light rays generated from the mercury
arc lamp can cause sunburn and may be
injurious to the eyes.
However. If the proper filter for
fluorescent dye inspection is used, the
harmful rays will be filtered out.
Fire – many penetrant materials are
flammable. Safe practice requires that
penetrant materials used in open tanks
have a flashpoint pf greater than 120˚ F
Skin Irritation – skin irritation can be
avoided by preventing unnecessary
contact and by the use of gloves,
aprons, and protective hand creams.
Air Pollution – the developing powders
are considered nontoxic, but excessive
inhalation must be avoided. Exhaust
fans should be installed in any confined
area where dry developers or vapors
from the penetrants are present.
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dengan cairan pelarut (solvent) cepat
kering
9. Liquid Oxygen (LOX) compatible
materials – harus digunakan jika
benda uji berhubungan (contact)
dengan cairan atau gas oxygen.
Material ini dirancang untuk tidak
bereaksi ketika ada lox
10.Low sulfur and low chlorine –
material penetrant harus dirancang
untuk menghindari efek yang
berbahaya terhadap campuran nikel
dan titanium oleh kandungan belerang
dan khlor.
Tindakan pencegahan
Pada umumnya material yang digunakan
dalam inspeksi penetrant dapat mudah
terbakar dan dapat menyebabkan iritasi
kulit
Juga, spektrum sinar ultraviolet
ditimbulkan dari lampu mercury dapat
menyebabkan kulit terbakar dan
mungkin berbahaya pada matanya.
Bagaimanapun, jika filter benar yang
digunakan untuk inspeksi fluorescent,
sinar yang berbahaya akan dihilangkan.
Kebakaran – kebanyakan material
penetrant mudah terbakar. Praktek yang
aman memerlukan bahwa material
penetrant digunakan dalam tangki
terbuka mempunyai titik bakar lebih
besar dari 120˚ F
Iritasi Kulit – iritasi kulit dapat dihindari
dengan mencegah kontak yang tidak
perlu dan menggunaan sarung tangan,
celemek, dan krim pelindung tangan
Polusi Udara – bubuk developer tidak
beracun, tetapi menghirup berlebihan
harus dihindarkan. Kipas penghisap
udara dipasang pada area tertutup
dimana ada bubuk developer atau uap
penetrant.
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Quiz 2

_____ 1. Wire brushing is a common and acceptable method of surface cleaning a

test part that is to be penetrant inspected.
_____ 2. A good exhaust system is recommended when working with cleaning
solvents.
_____ 3. Vapor degresing is often used to remove oxidation, rust and scale before
a part is penetant inspected.
_____ 4. Parts that have been painted usually cannot be inspected with penetrants
because suitable paint removing techniques have not been developed.
_____ 5. Detergent cleaning is acceptable for postcleaning but should neveer be
used for precleaning because it may affect the emulsifier during the the
penetrant test.
_____ 6. Etching is often effective in precleaning a part that has been machined to
a specific tolerance by surface ginding.
_____ 7. Only visible dye penetants are available in portable kits because
fluorescent dyes will not function in pressurized spray cans.
_____ 8. Dry developers are usually only used with visible dye penetrants.
_____ 9. Emulsifiers and solvents are both commonly used in penetrant testing as
postcleaners.
_____ 10. Wet developers should never be used when they will come into contact
with gaseous or liquid oxygen because of the results caused by oxygen
and water mixing.
_____ 11. Emulsifiers must have high penetrating characterstics to emulsify
penetrants that lie in fillets and cornes.
_____ 12. The black light used in fluorescent penetrant inspection is not hazardous
to the human eyes if the correct filter is in place and not broken or
cracked.
_____ 13. Penetrant materials are often placed in groupings that will assure a valid
test with materials that ae compatible with each other.
_____ 14. Nonaqueous developer refers to a powder that is applied dry.
_____ 15. Post-emulsifiable penetrants are usually soluble in water after the
application of an emulsifier.
_____ 16. Water-washable penetrants are commonly used with either a visible or
fluorescent dye.
_____ 17. Flashpoint refers to the lowest temperature at which vapors will ignite
when exposed to flame.

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Page 16 of 49

LESSON – 3
This lesson discusses surface Pelajaran ini mendiskusikan persiapan
preparation and penetrant application permukaan dan aplikasi penetrant

Cleaning Pembersihan
The effectiveness of liquid penetrant Efektivitas pengujian cairan penetrant
testing is based upon the ability of the didasarkan pada kemampuan penetrant
penetrant to enter surface untuk masuk ke dalam cacat permukaan.
discontinuities. All paint, carbon, oil, Semua cat, karbon, minyak, pernis,
varnish, oxide, plating, water, dirt, and oksida, lapisan, air, kotoran, dan lapisan
similar coating must be removed before sejenis harus dibersihkan sebelum
application of the penetrant. aplikasi penetrant.
Liquid penetrant placed on the surface of Cairan penetrant pada permukaan
a specimen does not merely seep into benda uji tidak merembes ke dalam
discontinuities. It is pulled into them by cacat. Penetrant ditarik ke dalam cacat
capillary action this is reason one can dengan tindakan kapiler (capillary
cover the under surface of an item with action), ini satu alasan dapat
a penetrant and still have a valid test. mengungkap penetrant di bawah
permukaan benda uji dan masih
mempunyai pengujian masih dipercaya.

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
The following are typical cleaning
methods discussed earlier.
1. Detergent cleaning
2. Vapor degreasing
3. Steam cleaning
4. Ultrasonic cleaning
5. Rust and surface scale removal
6. Paint removal
7. Etching
Application of penetrants
Almost any liquid could be considered a
penetrant, but modern penetrants must
have
1. The ability to hold a dye material in
suspension
2. The ability to spread the dye evenly
over the surface
3. The ability to carry the dye into any
discontinuity open the surface
4. The ability to bring up the dye as it is
coaxed back to the surface
5. The ability when desired to be easily
removed
There are two types of dye used in
modern penetrants
1. Visible – a brightly colored dye that
is highly visible under normal lighting
conditions. This type of dye is
normally called visible dye
2. Fluorescent – an almost colorless
dye which emits visible light rays
when reviewed under black light
A dye with dual sensitivity contains both
a visible dye for examination in white
light and a fluorescent dye for a more
sensitive evaluation of small
discontinuities
Penetrants either fluorescent or visible
can be applied by any one of the
following means
1. Spraying – usually using a low
pressure circulation pumps or from
pressurized spray cans.
2. Brushing – usually applied with
rags, cotton waste. or brushes
Rev: 02
Page 17 of 49
Berikut adalah jenis metoda
pembersihan yang telah dibahas di awal.
1. Pembersihan dengan detergent
2. Pembersihan dengan penguapan
3. Pembersihan dengan uap
4. Pembersihan dengan ultrasonic
5. Pembersihan karat dan kerak
permukaan.
6. Pembersihan cat
7. Pengetsaan
Aplikasi penetrant
Hampir setiap cairan disebut penetrant,
tetapi penetrant modern harus
mempunyai
1. Kemampuan untuk menahan material
(warna) dalam suspensi
2. Kemampuan untuk menyebar cairan
di atas permukaan
3. Kemampuan untuk membawa cairan
ke dalam setiap cacat permukaan
yang terbuka
4. Kemampuan untuk membawa naik
cairan kembali ke permukaan
5. Kemampuan ketika diinginkan mudah
dihilangkan
Ada dua jenis cairan digunakan dalam
penetrant modern
1. Visible – cairan berwarna terang
yang mudah kelihatan di bawah
kondisi penerangan normal. Cairan
jenis ini disebut visible dye
2. Fluorescent – umumnya cairan
tanpa warna yang memancarkan
sinar cahaya (terlihat), ketika dilihat
di bawah lampu ultraviolet
Cairan dengan dua sensitivitas berisi
visible dye (terlihat) untuk pengujian di
cahaya normal dan fluorescent dye
(berpendar) untuk evaluasi yang lebih
sensitip pada cacat kecil
Penetrant baik fluorescent atau visible
dapat diaplikasikan dengan salah satu
berikut:
1. Spraying–umumnya menggunakan
sirkulasi pompa tekanan rendah atau
dari kaleng semprot bertekanan.
2. Brushing – umumnya dengan kain
lap, katun atau kuas
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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
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3. Immersion – the entire part is 3. Immersion – seluruh bagian dicelup

dipped into a tank of penetrant dalam tangki penetrant
4. Pouring – the penetrant is simply 4. Pouring – penetrant dituangkan di
poured over the surface atas permukaan

Penetration (dwell) time Waktu Penetrasi

The period of time during which the
penetrant is permitted to remain on the
specimen is a vital part of the test
Tight crack-like discontinuities may
require in excess of 30 minutes for
penetration that will give an adequate
indication. However. gross
discontinuities may be suitably
penetrated in 3 to 5 minutes
The temperature of the specimen and
temperature of the penetrant can affect
the required dwell time
Warming the specimen to 70˚F or higher
accelerates penetration and shortens
dwell time.
However, care should be taken not to
overheat the specimen since too much
heat may cause evaporation of the
penetrant from the discontinuity
Dwell times are based on
assumption that the penetrant will
remain wet on the part surface,
additional penetrant may be applied
during dwell time
The penetrant manufacturer will provide
suggested dwell times for the various
penetrants that it produces.
Penetrant testing processes
We previously mentioned the two types
of penetrants visible and fluorescent. For
both categories there is a further
breakdown.
1. Water-washable (visible
fluorescent)
2. Post-emulsification (visible
fluorescent)
3. Solvent-removable (visible
fluorescent)
Periode waktu selama penetrant
dibiarkan untuk tinggal pada benda uji
adalah bagian penting pengujian
Cacat retak halus bisa memerlukan lebih
dari 30 menit untuk penetrasi yang akan
memberi indikasi yang cukup. Tetapi,
cacat yang besar dipenetrasi dalam 3
sampai 5 menit
Temperatur benda uji dan temperatur
penetrant dapat mempengaruhi waktu
(dwell) yang diperlukan
Benda uji 70˚F atau lebih, mempercepat
penetrasi dan memendekkan dwell time.
Bagaimanapun, perhatian diperlukan
untuk tidak panas berlebih pada benda
uji, terlalu panas dapat menyebabkan
penguapan penetrant dalam cacat
the Dwell time didasarkan pada asumsi
bahwa penetrant akan tetap basah pada
permukaan, tambahan penetrant boleh
diaplikasikan selama dwell time
Pabrikan penetrant akan memberikan
saran dwell time untuk berbagai
penetrant yang diproduksi
Proses pengujian penetrant
Kita sebelumnya menyebutkan dua jenis
penetrant visible dan fluorescent. Untuk
kedua kategori ada uraian lebih lanjut
or 1. Water-washable (visible atau
fluorescent)
or 2. Post-emulsification (visible atau
fluorescent)
or 3. Solvent-removable (visible atau
fluorescent

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Water-washable penetrants have a
built-in emulsifier and the penetrant is
easily removed by a water rinse. Care
must be taken to insure that the spray
volume and force does not wash
penetrant out of the discontinuity.
Water temperatures above 110˚F are
not recommended because this may
speed up the evaporization of the
penetrant.
The sketch below represent the steps in
a water-washable penetrant test.
Water-washable penetrants are
usually preferred for use on articles with
a rough surface or if they contain
threads or keyways.
The built-in emulsifier provides the best
penetrant removal from blind holes and
other hard-to-reach locations but has
the disadvantage of poor reliability in
detecting wide or shallow discontinuities
(see page 20 for advantages and
disadvantages)
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Page 19 of 49
Water-washable penetrant sudah
dicampur emulsifier dan penetrant
mudah dibersihkan dengan air pembilas.
Perhatian diperlukan untuk meyakinkan
bahwa volume dan tekanan semprotan
tidak membersihkan penetrant ke luar
dari cacat
Temperatur air di atas 110˚F tidak
direkomendasi sebab hal ini dapat
mempercepat evaporisasi penetrant.
Sket di bawah menggambarkan langkah-
langkah pengujian water washable
penetrant
Water-washable penetrants pada
umumnya lebih baik untuk digunakan
pada benda uji dengan permukaan kasar
atau jika terdapat ulir atau keyways.
Dibuat dengan emulsifier menyediakan
pembersihan penetrant lebih baik dari
lubang dan lokasi yang sulit dijangkau,
tetapi mempunyai kelemahan dalam
mendeteksi cacat lebar dan dangkal
(lihat halaman 20 untuk keuntungan dan
kerugian)
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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Page 20 of 49

Solvent-removable penetrants – they Solvent removable penetrants –

have the advantage of portability and mempunyai keuntungan dari portabilitas
can be used outdoors without using dan dapat digunakan di luar ruangan
heavy, complex equipment. tanpa menggunakan peralatan yang
berat dan kompleks
They are excellent for many Sangat sempurna untuk inspeksi
maintenance inspections and for pemeliharaan dan untuk mengecek
checking portions of a larger structure. bagian suatu konstruksi besar.
Penetrant is often applied from a Penetrant diaplikasikan dari kaleng
pressurized spray can which makes the semprot bertekanan yang membuat
system very portable. sistem sangat portable
After the specified dwell time, the excess Setelah dwell time yang ditetapkan,
penetrant is first removed by wiping with kelebihan penetrant, pertama
absorbent towels and then cleaned with dibersihkan dengan menyeka dengan
towels dampened with solvent. handuk penyerap dan kemudian
dibersihkan dengan handuk yang
dilembabkan dengan Solvent.
Solvent is never applied directly to the Solvent tidak diaplikasikan secara
specimen as it might wash out or dilute langsung ke benda uji yang mungkin
the penetrant in the discontinuity. membersihkan atau mengencerkan
penetrant dalam cacat
(see page 20 for advantages and (lihat halaman 20 untuk keuntungan dan
disadvantages of solvent-removable kerugian-kerugian dari solvent-
penetrants) removable penetrants)

Post-emulsification penetrants Post-emulsification penetrant

require a two-step removal process. The memerlukan dua langkah pembersihan.
emulsifier is usually applied by dipping Emulsifier umumnya diaplikasikan
or immersion. The amount of dwell time dengan mencelupkan atau direndam.
in the emulsifier is in the range of one to Dwell time dalam emulsifier sekitar satu

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Page 21 of 49

four minutes in accordance with sampai empat menit berdasarkan

manufacturers recommendations and rekomendasi pabrikan dan jenis cacat
the type of defects expected. yang diharapkan.
The resultant emulsifier-penetrant Resultan campuran emulsifier-penetrant
mixture is removed by water rinse dibersihkan dengan air pembilas
(emulsification will be covered in more (emulsifikasi akan dibahas secara detil di
detail in lesson 4) pelajaran 4)
1. WATER-WASHABLE 1. WATER-WASHABLE
Advantages Keuntungan
− Easily washed with water − Mudah dicuci dengan air
− Good for quantities of small specimens − Baik untuk jumlah banyak, benda uji
kecil
− Good on rough surfaces − Baik untuk permukaan kasar
− Good on keyways and threads − Baik untuk keyways dan ulir
− Good on wide range of discontinuities − Baik untuk berbagai cacat
− Fast, single step process − Cepat, dengan satu langkah proses
− Relatively inexpensive − Relatif murah
− Available in oxygen compatible form − Tersedia dalam bentuk oxygen
compatible
Disadvantages Kerugian
− Not reliable for detecting scratches and − Tidak dapat dipercaya untuk
similar shallow surface discontinuities mendeteksi scratch dan sejenis cacat
permukaan yang dangkal
− Not reliable on reruns of specimens − Tidak dapat dipercaya pada
pengulangan benda uji
− Not reliable on anodized surfaces − Tidak dapat dipercaya pada
permukaan yang dianodize
− Acids and chromates effect sensitivity − Acid dan khromat mempengaruhi
kepekaan
− Easily over-washed − Mudah pembersihan berlebih
− Penetrant subject to water − Penetrant rentan terkena kontaminasi
contamination dengan air
2. SOLVENT-REMOVABLE 2. SOLVENT-REMOVABLE
Advantages Keuntungan
− Portability − Portabilitas
− No water required − Tidak diperlukan air
− Good on anodized specimens − Baik untuk benda uji dianodize
− Good for spot checking − Baik untuk pengecekan spot
− Specimens can be rerun − Benda uji dapat diulang
Disadvantages Kerugian
− Flammable materials − Material mudah terbakar
− Removal of excess surface penetrant is − Pembersihan kelebihan penetrant
time consuming diperlukan waktu
− Materials cannot be used in open tanks − Material tidak dapat digunakan dalam
− Difficult to use on rough surfaces such tangki terbuka
as cast magnesium − Sulit digunakan pada permukaan
kasar, seperti coran magnesium

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
3. POST-EMULSIFICATION
Advantages
− High sensitivity for very fine
discontinuities
− Good on wide shallow discontinuities
− Easily washed with water after
emulsification
− Short penetration time
− Cannot be easily over washed
Disadvantages
− Two step process
− Equipment required for emulsifier
application
− Difficult to remove penetrant from
threads, keyways, blind holes and
rough-surfaces
Leak-through technique – the use of
liquid penetrant in this method is suited
for finding leaks in such articles as
tanks, piping, tubing, and hollow
castings. The sketch below illustrates the
leak-through technique.
Fixing and recording indications
1. Photographs – typical black and
white and color film are used with the
self-developing films providing the
most convenience.
2. Special wax and plastic film
developers – have been
developed to absorb and fix the
penetrant indication to form a
permanent record :
A. Strippable lacquers are sprayed in
several coats over the indication and
when dry can be “lifted” to provide a
permanent record.
B. Special “fixers” are sprayed over
the indication and when dry are lifted
with transparent tape.
Rev: 02
Page 22 of 49
3. POST-EMULSIFICATION
Keuntungan
− Sensitifitas tinggi untuk cacat sangat
kecil
− Baik untuk cacat lebar dan dangkal
− Mudah dicuci dengan air setelah
emulsifisikasi
− Waktu penetrasi pendek
− Tidak mudah dicuci berlebih
Kerugian
− Dua langkah proses
− Peralatan diperlukan untuk aplikasi
emulsifier
− Sulit membersihkan penetrant dari ulir,
keyways, lubang dan permukaan kasar
Leak-through technique –
menggunaan cairan penetrant dalam
metoda ini, cocok untuk mencari
kebocoran pada artikel seperti tangki,
pipa, tubing dan pipa cor. Sket di bawah
menggambarkan leak-through teknik
Rekaman indikasi
1. Photo – jenis photo hitam putih dan
warna digunakan dengan self-
developing film, lebih sesuai
2. Lilin khusus dan plastik film
developer – telah dikembangkan
untuk menyerap dan menentukan
indikasi penetrant ke bentuk
rekaman permanen.
A. Pernis strippable disemprotkan
pada indikasi dan setelah kering
dapat " diangkat" untuk rekaman
permanen.
B. Fixer khusus disemprotkan pada
indikasi dan setelah kering diangkat
dengan isolasi transparan.
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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Page 23 of 49

Quiz 3

______ 1.A dual sensitivity penetrant contains a special dye that is visible in
while light and will fluorsce without the use of a black light.
______ 2. A part eing penetrant inspected must stay immersedin the penetrant
tank for the entire specified dwell time.
______ 3. The liquid penetrant leak-through test eers to the ability of penetrant to
spread through the dry developer evenly.
______ 4. Visible dye penterants are usually considered o be less sensitive than
fluorescent penetrants.
______ 5. Water-washable pnetrants have built-in emulsifier that permits good
results in penetrant rremoval from parts suspected of having wide or
shallow discontinuitis.
______ 6. Solvent-removable penetrants are available in both visible and
fluorescent dye.
______ 7. Excess post-emulsifiable penetrant is commonly removed bay spraying
the surface of the part with cleaner (solvent) and then wiping with a
lint-free towel.
______ 8. Water-washable penetrant systems arre usualy very portable because
the mateials are commonly used in pressurized spray cans.
______ 9. Warming the specimen to tempetaues up to about 700F tends
accelerate penetration and shortens dwell time.
______ 10. For the dwell tim to e accurate, the surface of the specimen must stay
et with penetrant for entire time specified.
______ 11. The typical dwell time for most penetrant inspections is about 20 – 30
minutes.
__________________ 12. List two (2) of the commonly used methods of applying
__________________ penetrant to the specimen is to be inspected.
__________________ 13. List four of he commonly used methods of precleaning
__________________ the specimen before penetrant inspection.
__________________
__________________
______ 14. If you were asked to examine 200 steel bolts, each ¾ x 3 inches with
rolled threads, which penetrant method would you choose?
(a) post-emulsification (b) water-washable

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Page 24 of 49

Lesson – 4
This lesson discusses emulsification, Pelajaran ini mendiskusikan emulsifikasi,
penetrant removal, and developer pembersihan penetrant, dan aplikasi
application. developer
WET
WATER DEVELOPER
WASHABLE
DRYER

P.E STEP 3
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 4
EMULSIFIER EXCESS
SURFACE PENETRANT DEVELOPER
APPLICATION PENETRANT
PREPARATION APPLICATION APPLICATION
REMOVAL

DRYER
SOLVENT DRY
REMOVABLE DEVELOPER

Post – emulsification penetrant Post-Emulsification Penetrant

(P.E.Penetrant) (P.E.Penetrant)
This type of penetrant emulsification is Emulsifikasi penetrant jenis ini
accomplished by dipping the part in a dikerjakan dengan mencelupkan benda
chemical emulsifier prior to washing. The uji dalam chemikal emulsifier sebelum
emulsifier will break down the penetrant dicuci. Emulsifier akan membuat
and make it water soluble. penetrant dapat larut dalam air.
The emulsifier can be applied by dipping Emulsifier dapat diaplikasikan dengan
or spraying, but not by brushing. The pencelupan atau peyemprotan, tetapi
bristles of the brush may enter the tidak dengan kuas (bristle). Bulu kuas
discontinuity. dapat masuk dalam cacat.

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
The sketch below represents the steps in
a post-emulsification penetrant test.
If too short an emulsification time is
used, not all penetrant will be removed,
which will cloud over discontinuities.
If too long a time is used, penetrant
within the discontinuities will also
become water soluble and be washed
away with excess penetrant.
The P.E.Penetrant makes the water wash
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Page 25 of 49
Sket di bawah menggambarkan langkah-
langkah dalam pengujian post-
emulsification penetrant
Jika terlalu pendek waktu emulsifikasi
yang digunakan, tidak semua penetrant
akan dibersihkan, yang akan menutupi
cacat.
Jika terlalu lama waktu yang digunakan,
penetrant di dalam cacat akan menjadi
larut dalam air dan dihanyutkan dengan
kelebihan penetrant.
P.E.Penetrant membuat pencucian
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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
less critical.
The sketches below compare the effects
of water-washable and post-emulsificatin
penetrants.
Developer application
Some indications may be visible prior to
the application of a developer but this
step will ensure that all discontinuities
are visible to the naked eye.
Developing is accomplished when a
highly absorbent powder is applied to
the item being tested after excess
penetrant is removed.
The penetrant is actually drawn out of
the discontinuity by the strong capillary
action of the developer.
Rev: 02
Page 26 of 49
dengan air lebih kritis.
Sket di bawah membandingkan efek
water-washable dan post-emulsificatin
penetrants.
Aplikasi developer
Beberapa indikasi (cacat) mungkin
kelihatan sebelum aplikasi developer
tetapi langkah ini akan memastikan
bahwa semua cacat kelihatan oleh mata
biasa.
Developing terjadi ketika bedak (serbuk)
penyerap diaplikasikan pada item yang
akan diuji setelah kelebihan penetrant
dibersihkan.
Penetrant ditarik keluar dari cacat
dengan tindakan kapiler yang kuat
(capillary action) dari developer.
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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
As shown above, the image of the
discontinuity in the developer will
actually be larger than the actual size of
the discontinuity.
There are two common types of
developers in use today – wet and dry,
both use a white powder and the
primary difference is in the method of
application.
1. Wet developers
A. The nonaqueous developer is held
in suspension in a solvent base and is
usually supplied in pressurized cans.
B. Another type of wet developer
holds the white powder in suspension
in a water base.
This type of wet developer is generally
used with water-washable or
P.E.Penetrants and is applied by dipping
or spraying. After application, a short
time is allowed for the water to
evaporate leaving a thin layer of white
powder. If an oven is used, the
temperature should not exceed about
225˚ F as this could evaporate penetrant
in the disconituity.
2. Dry developers
A dry developer is a fluffy white powder
that is not carried in a liquid.
Dry developers are applied directly to
the article as a powder. This is usually
done with slight air pressure or articles
may be dipped into a container of dry
developer.
It is very necessary to have a dry
Rev: 02
Page 27 of 49
Ditunjukkan di atas, gambar cacat di
dalam developer akan menjadi lebih
besar dari ukuran cacat yang sebenarnya
Ada dua jenis developer saat ini – basah
dan kering, dan kering, keduanya
menggunakan bedak putih dan
perbedaan yang utama adalah di dalam
metoda aplikasinya
1. Wet developer (basah)
A. Developer nonaqueous dibuat
campuran dengan bahan pelarut dan
umumnya disediakan dalam kaleng
bertekanan
B. Jenis lain wet developer dibuat
campuran bedak putih dengan air
Jenis wet developer ini, biasanya
digunakan dengan water-washable atau
P.E.Penetrants dan diaplikasikan dengan
pencelupan atau penyemprotan. Setelah
aplikasi, waktu yang singkat diberikan
untuk air menguap menyisakan lapisan
tipis bedak putih. Jika pemanas
digunakan, temperatur tidak melebihi
225˚ F hal ini dapat menguapkan
penetrant di dalam cacat.
2. Dry developer (kering)
Developer kering adalah bedak putih
halus yang tidak dicampur cairan.
Developer kering diaplikasikan secara
langsung ke artikel. Pada umumnya
dilakukan dengan tekanan udara rendah
atau dicelupkan dalam wadah developer
kering
Sangat penting permukaan harus kering
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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Page 28 of 49

surface prior to application of a dry sebelum aplikasi developer kering.

powder. A wet surface will result in
uneven layers of powder.
Dry developer is usually used on
fluorescent penetrants.
Advantages of “Wet” developers
Better on smooth surfaces where the dry
developer will not adhere.
When a wide, shallow discontinuity is
sought, a wet developer will leave a
more even coat of developer.
Advantages of “dry” developers
On rough surfaces, and on sharp fillets,
holes, and threaded articles, the wet
developer tends to leave too much
developer.
Permukaan basah akan mengakibatkan
lapisan bedak tidak merata
Developer kering pada umumnya
digunakan pada fluorescent penetrants.
Keuntungan " Developer basah ”
Sangat baik pada permukaan halus
dimana developer kering tidak akan
melekat.
Jika cacat yang lebar dan dangkal dicari,
developer basah akan menghasilkan
lapisan developer yang merata
Keuntungan " Developer kering "
Pada permukaan kasar, sudut yang
tajam, lubang, artikel berulir, developer
basah cenderung meninggalkan banyak
developer

quiz 4

1. When using a post-emulsified penetrant, if too long a time is used for

emulsification, penetrant within the discontinuities will be washed away with the
excess penetrant
2. During the rinse cycle, an emulsifier is added to a solvent-removeable penetrant
to make it water soluble
3. Water-washable penetrants have a bulit-in emulsifier
4. Post-emulsification penetrants are commonly available in both visible and
fluorescent dyes
5. Post-emulsification penetrants usually require a two-step penetrant removal
process
6. The penetrant removal process with water-washable penetrants is very critical
because of the danger of over-wash
7. Solvent-removable penetrants are commonly used because they will wihstand a
very forceful water wash without the danger of aver-wash
8. An advantage of the solvent-removable penetrant is that th excess penetrant is
easily removed by dipping the part in a tank of solvent solution
9. Wet developers are usually chosen over a dry developer for use on a smooth
surface
10. A major advantage of the dry devloper over is that it will not leave the same
amount of excess build-up in threads and fillets
11. The emulsification time required to detect wide or shallow discontinuites is
usually longer than for finding narrow and deep discontinuities
12. To avoid over-wash when using water-washable penetrants the waterr spray
nozlle is usually held at a 900 angle to the surface
13. When using a water-washable penetrant, the part must be completely dried in
an oven (not in excess of 2250F) before th wet developer can be applied
14. A major advantage of a nonaqueous developer is that it can be applied to a part
is heated above 2250F wihout evaporation on the developer vehicle
15. Solvent-removable fluorecent penetrants require the use of a rather time
consumming method of excess penetrant removal
16. Post-emulsified visible dye penetrants commonly use both wet and dry
developers

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Page 29 of 49

Lesson – 5
This lesson discusses the final steps in Pelajaran ini mendiskusikan langkah-
the penetrant process inspection, langkah akhir di dalam proses inspeksi
evaluation, post-cleaning, and material penetrant, evaluasi, pembersihan akhir,
control. dan pengendalian material.
WET
WATER DEVELOPER
WASHABLE
DRYER

P.E STEP 3
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 4
EMULSIFIER EXCESS
SURFACE PENETRANT DEVELOPER
APPLICATION PENETRANT
PREPARATION APPLICATION APPLICATION
REMOVAL

DRYER
SOLVENT DRY
REMOVABLE DEVELOPER

Inspection
Proper lighting should be the first
consideration in the inspection of an
article.
1. If a fluorescent dye penetrant is
used, a room or booth with dim light
and a black light with proper intensity
are required.
2. If a visible dye penetrant is used,
adequate normal lighting
necessary.
Typical indications in penetrant
inspection
All indications found with the liquid
penetrant method will be surface
discontinuities, but the indications may
or may not affect the usefulness of the
article.
False indications
The most common source of false
indication is poor washing.
The operator can easily tell when a good
rinse is obtained by using a black light
during and after the fluorescent
penetrant removal process.
Inspeksi
Pencahayaan yang cukup harus
merupakan pertimbangan yang pertama
di dalam inspeksi artikel (barang)
1. Jika penetrant fluorescent digunakan,
ruangan gelap dan lampu ultraviolet
dengan intensitas yang sesuai
diperlukan.
2. Jika penetrant visible digunakan,
is pencahayaan normal yang cukup
adalah perlu.
Jenis indikasi di dalam inspeksi
penetrant
Semua indikasi yang ditemukan dengan
metoda penetrant metoda adalah cacat
permukaan, tetapi indikasi - indikasi
dapat atau tidak dapat mempengaruhi
kegunaan artikel (barang)
Indikasi palsu
Sumber yang umum indikasi palsu
adalah pembersihan yang kurang baik.
Operator dapat memberitahukan jika
pembilasan yang baik dicapai dengan
menggunakan lampu ultraviolet selama
dan setelah proses pembersihan
penetrant fluorescent

To avoid false indications, care should Untuk menghindari indikasi palsu,

be taken so that no outside perhatian harus diambil sehingga tidak
contamination such as the following ada pencemaran dari luar seperti yang
occurs. berikut terjadi.
1. Penetrant on operator’s hands 1. Penetrant ditangan operator

Rev: 02 Prepared by: Arif 071410

 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
2. Contamination of developer
3. Contamination transferred to clean
specimen from other indication.
4. Penetrant on inspection table
Non-relevent indications
Non-relevent indications are actual
surface discontinuities that in most cases
are there by design.
They are caused by some feature of
assembly such as articles that are
pressfitted, keyed, splined, or riveted.
Non- relevant indications could also
include loose scale or a rough surface on
a forging or casting.
True Indications
True indications are those caused by
surface discontinuities that have been
interpreted as not being false or non-
relevant.
True indications are subject to evalution
as to the cause and the effect they eill
have on the service life of the article.
True indications could be divided into
Rev: 02
Page 30 of 49
2. Pencemaran developer
3. Pencemaran yang ditransfer ke
spesimen bersih dari indikasi lainnya
4. Penetrant pada meja inspeksi
Indikasi non-relevant
Indikasi non-relevant adalah cacat
permukaan nyata yang dalam banyak
kasus adalah karena perencanaan. Itu
disebabkan oleh beberapa cara perakitan
seperti artikel yang disambung dengan
tekanan, disetem, splined, atau dikeling.
Indiksi non-relevant dapat juga termasuk
kerak yang lepas atau permukaan kasar
pada tempaan atau tuangan (cor)
Indikasi asli
Indikasi asli adalah yang disebabkan oleh
cacat permukaan yang telah
diinterprestasi tidak palsu atau non-
relevant.
Indikasi asli harus dievaluasi bisa jadi
penyebab dan dampaknya terhadap
umur operasi dari artikel (barang).
Indikasi asli dapat dibagi menjadi lima
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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
five basic categories:
1. Continuous line- this type of
indication is often caused by cracks,
cold shuts, forging laps, scratches,
or die marks.
2. Intermittent line- these indications
could be caused by any of the3
discontinuities mentioned above
provided they were very tight or
where the part had been peened,
machined, or ground.
3. Round –usually caused by porosity
open to the surface.
4. Small dots- tiny round indications
caused by the porous nature of the
specimen, coarse grain structure, or
microshrinkage.
Diffused or weak – these indications are
difficult to interpret and often the part
must be cleaned and retested. In may
cases the diffused or weak indications
turn out to be false indications caused
by an improper penetrant procedure.
Depth determination of penetrant
discontinuities
The greater the depth of a discontinuity,
the more penetrant it will hold and the
larger and brighter the indication.
Post- cleaning
After the specimen has been inspected it
is very important that it be thoroughly
cleaned. Post-cleaning usually will
involve the same types of cleaning
operations as were used in pre-cleaning.
Quality control of penetrant test
materials
Aluminum test blocks – they provide
a good means of evaluating general
purpose penetrants.
They should be used for comparisons
only and not for absolute evaluations.
These blocks are non-uniform, and the
depth and width of cracks are
uncontrolled.
The size of the blocks may vary but are
Rev: 02
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kategori dasar:
1. Garis tidak terputus- jenis indikasi ini
sering disebabkan oleh retak, celah,
lapisan tempaan, goresan, atau
bekas press.
2. Garis terputus putus – indikasi ini
dapat disebabkan oleh cacat tersebut
di atas, tetapi sangat rapat atau
telah dipukuli, dimachining atau
diratakan.
3. Bulat – umumnya disebabkan oleh
porositas permukaan yang terbuka.
4. Titik kecil-kecil – indikasi bulat kecil
disebabkan oleh porositas alami dari
specimen, struktur butiran kasar,
atau microshrinkage.
5. Samar – indikasi ini sulit untuk
diinterpretasi dan sering benda uji
harus dibersihkan dan diuji kembali.
Dalam banyak hal indikasi samar
adalah indikasi palsu disebabkan oleh
prosedur penetrant yang tidak
sesuai.
Penentuan keadalaman cacat
penetrant
Semakin besar kedalaman cacat,
semakin banyak penetrant di dalamnya
dan lebih besar dan lebih terang
indikasinya.
Pembersihan akhir
Setelah specimen diinspeksi, sangat
penting untuk dibersihkan. Pembersihan
akhir pada umumnya sama dengan
operasi pembersihan yang digunakan
pada pre-cleaning.
Pengendalian mutu material
pengujian penetrant
Blok alumunium – alat yang baik untuk
mengevaluasi penetrant secara umum.
Blok harus digunakan untuk
membandingkan saja dan bukan untuk
evaluasi absolute.
Blok ini tidak uniform, dan kedalaman
dan lebar retak tidak dikendalikan.
Ukuran blok bervariasi tetapi antara 3/8
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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
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about 3/8 by 2 inches of 2024-T-3 x 2 inchi dari Aluminium 2024-T-3

Aluminum about 3 inches long. panjang 3 inchi.
The blocks are heated and quenched to Blok dipanaskan (quenching) untuk
produce an overall crack pattern. They membuat retak. Blok dapat digunakan
can be reused by reheating, quenching, kembali dengan pemanasan ulang
and careful cleaning. (quenching), dan pembersihan.

Sensitivity tests – while there have Uji sensitivitas – sementara tidak ada
been no simple quantitative tests uji kwantitatif sederhana yang
developed for measuring penetrant dikembangkan untuk mengukur
sensitivity. A simple comparative test is sensitivitas penetrant. Uji perbandingan
usually adequate. sederhana pada umumnya cukup.

A small sample of penetrant from the
testing area is placed on one side of an
aluminum test block, and a small sample
of new penetrant on the other side. By
visual observation it is determined if the
old penetrant is contaminated to the
point where it must be discarded.
Meniscus test – provides a practical
test for evaluating the dye concentration
in thin-liquid films.
The test utilizes a flat glass platen and a
convex lens. When a drop of solution is
placed between the lens and platen, a
colorless or non-fluorescent spot is
formed around the point of contact. The
resultant contact angel simply indicates
the ability of the liquid to wet a surface.
The diameter of the remaining “spot” of
colorless penetrant provides a measure
of film thickness which can be used to
compare the dye concentration of
penetrants.
Contoh sedikit penetrant dari area
pengujian ditempatkan pada satu sisi
blok alumunium, dan contoh sedikit
penetrant baru di sisi lain. Dengan
pengamatan visual, ditentukan penetrant
lama tercemar pada tingkat dimana
harus dibuang.
Uji Meniskus – menyediakan uji praktis
untuk mengevaluasi konsentrasi cairan di
dalam lapisan tipis.
Uji menggunakan kaca dan lensa-
cembung. Ketika setetes cairan
ditempatkan antara lensa dan kaca, titik
tanpa warna atau non-fluorescent
dibentuk di sekitar titik kontak. Resultan
sudut kontak menandai kemampuan
cairan membasahi permukaan.
Sisa diameter titik penetrant tanpa
warna menyediakan ukuran ketebalan
lapisan yang dapat digunakan untuk
membandingkan konsentrasi penetrant.

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Prolonged exposure of a film to
ultraviolet light or accidental
contaminations by acids or alkalis will
affect the dye concentration and
therefore change the spot diameter.
Ceramic block test – consist of an
unglazed ceramic disc which has
thousands of micro pores and cracks on
its surface.
A pencil mark is made on the block and
a small amount of a test penetrant is
placed on one side and a reference
penetrant is applied to the other side.
After the correct dwell time. The two
penetrants are compared in a side-by-
side visual examination.
A reduction in the number or apparent
brightness of pore indications should be
observed when comparing a fresh and
old batch of penetrant.
Water content test – the ASTM
standard D-95 describes a test where
100 ml of penetrant is placed in a boiling
flask with a similar quantity of moisture-
free xylene. The condensate is collected
in a graduated tube to show percent of
water by volume.
If percent of water exceeds
manufacturers recommendations, the
penetrant is discarded.
Viscosity test – a viscometer tube is
used to measure the viscosity in
centistokes to determine if the penetrant
is within the range recommended by the
manufacturer. A typical standard is
ASTM D-445.
Fluorescent penetrant fade test –
this test involves the use of the
Rev: 02
Page 33 of 49
Lama penyinaran dengan sinar
ultraviolet atau pencemaran oleh acid
atau alkali akan mempengaruhi
konsentrasi cairan dan oleh karenanya
merubah diameter titik.
Uji blok keramik – terdiri dari piring
keramik tanpa lapisan cat yang
mempunyai beribu-ribu pori-pori mikro
dan retak permukaan
Tanda pensil dibuat pada blok dan sedikit
contoh penetrant ditempatkan pada satu
sisi dan penetrant acuan diaplikasikan
pada sisi lain.
Setelah dwell time cukup. Dua penetrant
dibandingkan secara visual satu sisi ke
satu sisi lainnya
Pengurangan kecerahan pada indikasi
pori-pori harus diamati ketika
membandingkan penetrant baru dan
lama
Uji kandungan air – standar ASTM D-
95 menjelaskan dimana 100 ml
penetrant ditempatkan dalam guci didih
dengan jumlah yang sama dari moisture-
free xylene. Air kondensasi dikumpulkan
dalam tabung untuk menunjukkan
persentasi air dengan volume.
Jika persentasi air melebihi rekomendasi
pabrikan, penetrant dibuang.
Uji kekentalan – tabung viscometer
digunakan untuk mengukur kekentalan
dalam centistokes untuk menentukan
jika penetrant dalam rentang yang
direkomendasi oleh pabrikan. Standar
adalah ASTM D-445.
Uji kepudaran penetrant fluorescent
– uji ini menggunakan blok aluminium
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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
aluminum test blocks in a side by side
comparison test.
The fluorescent penetrant is placed on
both sides of the block and processed
normally. One half of the block is then
exposed to a standard black light for one
hour. While the other side is covered
with paper.
The fluorescent brilliance of the two
sides is observed and, if one side is
noticeably less brilliant, the penetrant is
discarded.
Water washability test – this test
evaluates the efficiency of the emulsifier
by comparing two different percentage
blends of penetrant and emulsifier.
A special steel block is placed at a 75˚
and the two blends are allowed to flow
separately down the block. After five
minute waiting period, the block is
washed and examined for traces of
remaining penetrant
Developers – dry developers are simply
visually inspected to see that they are
not lumpy or caked instead of fluffy and
light.
Wet developers are often checked
using a hydrometer to assure that the
density of the powder in the vehicle is
within the range recommended by the
manufacturer.
Filtered particle method of
penetrant inspection – when testing a
porous surface with filtered particles, the
increased area created by a crack will
“filter” the penetrant, leaving the
particles on the surface.
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Page 34 of 49
dalam uji perbandingan satu sisi ke sisi
lain
Penetrant fluorescent ditempatkan pada
dua sisi blok dan diproses secara normal.
Separuh blok kemudian disinari cahaya
ultraviolet untuk satu jam. Sementara
sisi lain ditutup kertas.
Kecerahan fluorescent dari dua sisi
diamati dan, jika satu sisi kelihatan
kurang cerah, penetrant dibuang.
Uji kemampuan cuci dengan air – uji
ini mengevaluasi efisiensi emulsifier
dengan membandingkan dua campuran
persentase penetrant berbeda dan
emulsifier.
Blok baja khusus ditempatkan pada 75°
dan dua campuran dialirkan secara
terpisah ke blok. Setelah lima menit,
blok dicuci dan diuji untuk sisa penetrant
Developer – developer kering (dry)
hanya diinspeksi secara visual untuk
melihat bahwa tidak bergumpal merubah
halus dan ringan.
Developer basah (wet) – sering dicek
menggunakan hidrometer untuk
meyakinkan bahwa density bedak dalam
cairan masih dalam rentang yang
direkomendasikan oleh pabrikan.
Metoda penyaringan partikel pada
inspeksi penetrant – jika pengujian
permukaan berpori-pori dengan saringan
partikel, penambahan area yang
dibentuk oleh retak akan " menyaring "
penetrant, meninggalkan partikel pada
permukaan
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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
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Quiz 5
1. A typical false indication could be caused by an assembly that requires the
components to be press-fitted
2. Nonrelevant indications could be caused by rough surface on casting
3. Postcleaning is necessary only when the part must be retested by the liquid
penetrant method
4. A typical true indication producing round indications is commonly caused by
porosity
5. Diffused or weak indications are often caused by subsurface discontionuites, and
the part must be retested using a highly sensitive penetant that will penetrae
grain structure
6. True indications are usually those that require evaluation to determine their effect
on the service life of the part
7. The aluminium test block used in penetrant evaluaion are heated and quenched in
water to produce a pattern of cracks on the surface
8. The sensitivity tests used in penetrant inspection ae relatively simple,
nonquaniative, and rrequie side-by-side visual observaion
9. The meniscus test utilizes a flat glass platen and convex lens to determine the
concentration of a visible or fluorescent penetrant
10. The ceramic block test uses an unfired ceramic disc to determine the apparent
brighness of t he spot diameter
11. A special steel block, placed at a 750 angle, is used to check the effectiveness of
the emulsier
12. Dry developers are often checked with a hydrometer to insure that they are still
light and fluffy and not settled into a dense mixture
13. The fluorescent penetrant fade test ussually makes use of thee aluminium test
blocks to perform the test
14. The filtered particle method of penetrant inspection used extra fine fluorecent
particles that will not pass through a #120 sieve
15. The depth of a discontinuity can be compared by observing the relative side of
brightness of the indication
16. Penetrant that has been transferred to a clean article from th indication on
another aticle can cause a false indication
17. Nonrelevant indications often are actual surface discontinuity
18. If a discontinuity evaluated as being a true indication, the article should
automatically be rejected.

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
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Lesson – 6
This lesson discusses types of Pelajaran ini mendiskusikan jenis cacat
discontinuities that can be evaluated yang dapat dievaluasi dengan metoda
with the liquid penetrant method. penetrant
Discontinuities can be divided into three Cacat dapat dibagi menjadi tiga kategori
general categories inherent, processing, umum inherent, processing, dan service.
and service.
1. Inherent – they are usually related 1. Inherent – pada umumnya
to discontinuities found in the molten dihubungkan dengan cacat yang
metal. ditemukan dalam cairan metal.
Inherent wrought discontinuities Inherent wrought discontinuities
– relate to the melting and – berhubungan dengan peleburan
solidification of the original ingot dan pembekuan ingot (batang
before it is formed into slabs, blooms, logam) sebelum dibentuk ke dalam
and billets. slab, bloom, dan billet.
Inherent cast discontinuities – Inherent cast discontinuities –
relate to the melting, casting, and berhubungan dengan peleburan,
solidification of a cast article, usually casting, dan pembekuan artikel
caused by inherent variables such as coran, umumnya disebabkan oleh
inadequate feeding, gating, excessive berbagai inherent seperti pengisian
pouring temperature, and entrapped tidak sempurna, gating, temperatur
gases. berlebihan saat menuang, dan gas
terperangkap.
2. Processing discontinuities – they 2. Processing discontinuities –
are usually related to the various umumnya dihubungkan dengan
manufacturing processes such as berbagai proses pabrikasi seperti
machining, forming, extruding, pengerjaan dengan messin,
rolling, welding, heat treating, and pembentukan, extruding, rolling,
plating. pengelasan, perlakuan panas, dan
pelapisan.
3. Service discontinuities – they are 3. Service discontinuities –
related to the various service dihubungkan dengan berbagai
conditions such as stress corrosion, kondisi operasi seperti karatan,
fatigue, and erosion. kelelahan, dan erosi.
Remember; when you use the liquid Ingat, jika anda menggunakan metoda
penetrant method, you can find only cairan penetrant, anda dapat temukan
those discontinuities which are open to hanya cacat-cacat yang terbuka di
the surface. permukaan.
However, during the manufacturing Bagaimanapun, selama proses
process, many discontinuities that were pabrikasi, banyak cacat sub permukaan
subsurface can be made open to the dapat dibuat terbuka ke permukaan oleh
surface by machining, grinding, and the pengerjaan dengan messin,
like. penggerindaan, dan semacamnya.
Remember that discontinuities are Ingat bahwa cacat tidak selalu
not necessarily defects, any indication defect, setiap cacat yang ditemukan
that is found by the inspector is called a oleh inspektur disebut cacat sampai

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Page 37 of 49

discontinuity until it can be identified and
evaluated as to the effect it will have on
the service of the part.
Listed below are some typical
discontinuities that should be recognized
when doing any type of nondestructive
test
Discontinuities trapped in the ingot
during the steel-making process may
cause additional types of discontinuities
as the steel is used in the manufacture
of an article.
There are three main types of
discontinuities found in ingots.
1. Porosity – caused by in trapped gas
in the molten metal.
2. Non-metallic inclusions – caused
by impurities accidentally included in
the molten metal.
3. Pipe – caused by shrinkage at the
center of the ingot as the molten
metal solidifies.
dapat diidentifikasi dan dievaluasi efek
pada operasional alat
Daftar di bawah adalah beberapa jenis
cacat yang harus dikenali ketika
melakukan setiap jenis pengujian
Cacat terperangkap dalam ingot
selama proses pembuatan baja dapat
menyebabkan tambahan jenis cacat
seperti baja digunakan dalam
pembuatan artikel (alat)
Ada tiga jenis utama cacat yang
ditemukan dalam ingot
1. Porositas – disebabkan oleh gas
terperangkap dalam cairan metal
2. Inklusi non-metalic – disebabkan
kejadian ketidak murnian masuk
dalam dalam cairan metal
3. Pipe – disebabkan oleh penyusutan
di tengah (pusat) ingot saat cairan
metal mengeras

The “hot top” is usually cropped off to " Bagian atas " pada umumnya dipotong
remove most of the above untuk menghilangkan cacat di atas
discontinuities. Kapan ingot/batang logam adalah lebih

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Page 38 of 49

When in ingot is further processed into Jika ingot dipeoses lebih lanjut menjadi
slabs, blooms, and billets, it is possible slab, bloom, dan billet, kemungkinan
for the discontinuities to change size and cacat berubah ukuran dan bentuk.
shape.
As a billet is flattened and spread out, Seperti billet diratakan dan dibentangkan
nonmetallic inclusions may cause a (dirol), inklusi nonmetallic dapat
lamination. Pipe and porosity could also menyebabkan laminasi. Pipe dan
cause laminations in the same manner porositas dapat juga menyebabkan
as shown below. laminasi dalam cara yang sama seperti
ditunjukkan di bawah.

As a billet is rolled into bar stock, Billet dirol menjadi batangan, inklusi non
nonmetallic inclusions are squeezed out metalik ditekan menjadi lebih panjang
into longer and thinner discontinuities dan cacat tipis disebut stringer
called stingers.

As a billet is rolled into round bar stock, Billet dirol menjadi batangan bulat,
surface irregularities may cause seams. ketidak beraturan permukaan dapat
menyebabkan seam.
Seams are caused by folding of metal Seam disebabkan oleh lipatan metal

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Page 39 of 49

due to improper rolling or by a crack in dikarenakan ketidak sempurnaan saat

the billet as shown below. ngerol atau retak dalam billet seperti
ditunjukkan di bawah.

A seam could also occur when the billet Seam dapat juga terjadi ketika billet
is formed into a rectangular bar as dibentuk menjadi batangan segi-empat
shown below: seperti ditunjukkan di bawah:

Forging discontinuities occur when metal Cacat tempaan terjadi ketika metal
is hammered or pressed into shape, ditempa atau ditekan ke dalam bentuk,
usually while the metal is very hot. umumnya saat metal sangat panas.
A forged part gains strength due to the Barang tempaan semakin kuat karena

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Page 40 of 49

grain flow taking the shape of the die,
and the process is shown below.
A forging lap is caused by folding of
metal on the surface of the forging,
usually when some of the forging metal
is squeezed out between the two dies.
butiran menjadi bentuk tempaan, dan
proses ditunjukkan di bawah.
Lipatan tempaan disebabkan oleh lipatan
metal pada permukaan tempaan,
umumnya ketika sebagian metal ditekan
antara dua die.

A forging burst is a rupture caused by Forging burst adalah pecahan

forging at improper temperatures. Bursts disebabkan oleh tempaan pada
may be either internal or open to the temperatur tidak tepat. Burst mungkin
surface as shown below. internal atau terbuka pada permukaan
seperti ditunjukkan di bawah.

Casting discontinuities occur when Cacat tuangan terjadi ketika cairan

molten metal is poured into a mold and
allowed to solidify.
A cold shut is caused when molten metal
is poured over solidified metal as shown
below:
metal dituangkan ke dalam cetakan dan
dibiarkankan untuk mengeras.
Cold shut disebabkan ketika cairan metal
dituangkan di atas metal keras seperti
ditunjukkan di bawah:

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 LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
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Hot tears (shrinkage cracks) occur when Hot tear (retak susut) terjadi ketika ada
there is unequal shrinkage between light penyusutan berbeda antara bagian yang
and heavy sections as shown below: tipis dan tebal seperti ditunjukkan di
bawah:

Shrinkage cavities are usually caused by Rongga penyusutan pada umumnya

lack of enough molten metal to fill the disebabkan oleh ketiadaan cairan metal
space created by shrinkage, similar to yang cukup untuk mengisi ruang yang
pipe in the ingot. diciptakan oleh penyusutan, serupa
dengan pipe pada ingot

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Micro shrinkage is usually many small Penyusutan mikro pada umumnya

subsurface holes that appear at the gate banyak lubang kecil di bawah
of the casting. permukaan yang muncul di pintu
tuangan.
Micro shrinkage can also occur when the Penyusutan mikro dapat juga terjadi
molten metal must flow from a thin ketika cairan metal harus mengalir dari
section into a thicker section of a bagian tuangan tipis ke bagian yang
casting. lebih tebal
Blow holes are small holes at the surface Blow hole adalah lubang kecil di
of the casting caused by gas which permukaan tuangan disebabkan oleh gas
comes from the mold itself. Many molds dari cairan sendiri. Banyak cetakan
are made of sand, and when molten dibuat dari pasir, dan ketika cairan metal
metal comes into contact with the mold, berhubungan dengan cetakan, air dalam
the water in the sand is released as pasir hilang sebagai uap air.
steam.
Porosity is caused by entrapped gas. Porositas disebabkan oleh gas
terperangkap.
Porosity is usually subsurface but can Porositas pada umumnya di bawah
occur on the surface depending on the permukaan, tetapi dapat terjadi pada
design of the mold. permukaan yang tergantung pada
rancangan cetakan.
Grinding crack, are a processing-type Retak gerinda adalah jenis cacat proses
discontinuity caused by stresses which disebabkan oleh tekanan yang
are built up from excess heat created menciptakan panas berlebihan batu
between grinding wheel and metal. gerinda dan metal.
Grinding cracks will usually occur at right Retak gerinda umumnya terjadi pada
angles to the rotation of the grinding sudut 90˚ terhadap putaran gerinda
wheel.

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Heat treat cracks are often caused by Heat treat cracks (retak) sering
the stresses built up during heating and disebabkan oleh tegangan selama
cooling. Unequal cooling between light pemanasan dan pendinginan. Perbedaan
and heavy sections may cause heat treat pendinginan antara bagian yang tipis
cracks. dan bagian yang tebal dapat
menyebabkan heat treat cracks
Heat treat cracks have no specific Heat treat crack tidak punya arah
direction and usually start at sharp spesifik dan pada umumnya mulai pada
corners which act as stress concentration sudut yang tajam yang bertindak
points. sebagai titik konsentrasi tegangan.
Fatigue cracks are service-type Fatique cracks (lelah) adalah jenis cacat
discontinuities that are usually open to service pada umumnya terbuka pada
the surface where they start from permukaan dimana retak dimulai dari
concentration points. titik konsentrasi.
Fatigue cracks are possible only after the Fatique cracks (lelah) hanya mungkin
part is placed into service. But may be setelah barang digunakan. Tetapi
the result of porosity, inclusions or other mungkin porositas, inklusi atau cacat
discontinuities in a highly stressed metal lain pada barang dengan tegangan tinggi
part.

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Welding discontinuities – the Cacat las – berikut adalah jenis cacat

following are types of processing proses
discontinuities.

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Quiz 6

1. The general category of processing discontinuities relates to discontinuities caused

during manufacturing processes such as welding, extruding, and heat trating
2. During the steel-making process the top of the ingot is usually removed to help
eliminate such discontinuities as pipe, porosity and nonmetallic inclusions
3. When a billet as rolled into bar stock, a nonmetallic inclusion could be formed into a
longer and thinner discontinuity called a stringer
4. Porosity an a billet could cause a lamination if the etal were formed into a flat plate
5. Seams are usually subsurface discontinuities caused by improper rolling of a billet
into round stock
6. During the rolling of a billet into round bar stock, the grain in the metal forms
perpendicular to the direction of rolling
7. In the forging operation, underheated metal will not allow the metal to flow properly
and may cause “forging seams”
8. Forging bursts are considered subsurface discontinuities found in the forging process
and are caused by inadequate heating of the forged part
9. Cold shuts are common disontinuities found in the forging process and are caused
by inadequate heating of the forged part
10. Blow holes are subsurface discontinuities commonly found in the cast parts
11. Because cold metal occupies more space than hot metal, there is the danger of “hot
tears” duing in the casting process
12. Porosity is often caused by entrapped gas that is expanded during th heating and
pressing in the forging process.
13. Microshrinkage is often found at the gate of a casting and is usually subsurface.
14. Grinding cracks are usually at right angles to the direction of grinding and are
caused by the heat build up between the grinding wheel and metal.
15. Heat treat cracks are often associated with stress concentration points of the part
being heat treated.
16. Porosity may lead to a fatigue crack in a highly stress part
17. Crater cracks and tungsten inclusions are both associated with discontinuities
formed during the welding process.
18. Lack of penetration and lack of fusion both refer to the same type of working
discontinuity

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Lesson – 7
Identification and comparison of Identifikasi dan perbandingan cacat yang
discontinuities that can be found with the dapat ditemukan dengan proses cairan
liquid penetrant process. penetrant
The student is asked to study the Siswa diminta untuk mempeljari foto dan
photographs and descriptions of typical uraian jenis cacat seperti dicetak dalam
discontinuities as printed in the PT PT classroom training hand book ( CT-6-
classroom training handbook (CT-6-2) 2)
Each of the specific discontinuities Setiap cacat spesifik yang digambarkan
illustrated are divided into three general dibagi menjadi tiga kategori umum:
categories: inherent, processing, and inherent, process, dan service.
service.
Cold shut Page 7 – 10
Fillet crack Page 7 – 12
Grinding crack Page 7 – 15
Heat affected zone cracking Page 7 – 19
Heat treat cracks Page 7 – 21
Shrinkage cracks Page 7 – 24
Thread cracks Page 7 – 26
Hydrogen flake Page 7 – 31
Lack of penetration Page 7 – 40
Laminations Page 7 – 42
Laps and seams Page 7 – 44
Laps and seams Page 7 – 46
Microshrinkage Page 7 – 49
Stress corrosion Page 7 – 55
Hot tears Page 7 – 63
Intergranular corrosion Page 7 – 65
After reviewing the photographs and Setelah melihat foto dan uraian jenis
descriptions of typical discontinuities, it cacat jenis bahwa inspeksi cairan
should be obvious that liquid penetrant penetrant bukanlah metode yang terbaik
inspection is not the best method in all dalam semua kasus
cases.
The selection of one testing method over Pemilihan satu metode pengujian dengan
another is based upon variables such as: yang lain didasarkan pada variable
seperti:
1. Type and origin of discontinuity. 1. jenis dan asal cacat
2. Material manufacturing process. 2. proses pabrikasi material
3. Accessibility of article. 3. akses ke artikel
4. Level of acceptability desired. 4. Tingkat penerimaan yang diinginkan.
5. Equipment available. 5. Ketersediaan peralatan
6. Cost. 6. Biaya.
Training and certification. Pelatihan dan sertifikasi.
It is important that the technician and Adalah penting bahwa teknisi dan
supervisor be qualified in the liquid penyelia dikualifikasi metode cairan
penetrant method before the technique penetrant sebelum teknik digunakan dan
is used and test result evaluated. hasil pengujian dievaluasi.

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The American society for nondestructive ASNT merekomendasikan menggunakan

testing recommends the use of its dokumen recommended practice no.
document recommended practice no. SNT-TC-1A.
SNT-TC-1A.

This document provides the employer Dokumen ini menyediakan petunjuk

with the necessary guidelines to properly kepada perusahaan dalam
qualify and certify the NDT technician in mengkualifikasi dan mensertifikasi
all methods. teknisi NDT untuk semua metode.
To comply with this document the Untuk mematuhi dokumen ini
employer must establish a “written perusahaan harus membuat
practice” which describes in detail how (menetapkan) “written practice “ yang
the technician will be trained, examined, menguraikan secara detil bagaimana
and certified. teknisi akan dilatih, diuji, dan
disertifikasi.
The student is advised to study page 6 of Siswa disarankan untuk membaca
the June 1975 edition of SNT-TC-1A to halaman 6, SNT-TC-1A edisi Juni 1975
determine the recommended number of untuk menentukan jumlah jam pelatihan
hours of classroom instruction and yang direkomendasikan dan beberapa
months of experience necessary to be bulan bulan pengalaman yang diperlukan
certified as a liquid penetrant testing untuk disertifikasi sebagai teknisi
technician. pengujian cairan penetrant.
Certification of NDT personnel is the Sertifikasi personil NDT adalah tanggung
responsibility of the employer and is jawab perusahaan dan pada umumnya
usually at three levels. pada tiga level.

Level-I – is qualified to perform specific Level-I mampu untuk melaksanakan

calibrations, specific tests, and specific kalibrasi spesifik, pengujian spesifik, dan
evaluations according to written evaluasi spesifik sesuai instruksi tertulis.
instructions.

Level-II – is qualified to set up and Level-II mampu untuk set-up dan

calibrate equipment and to interpret and
evaluate results with respect to codes,
standards, and specifications. Must be
able to prepare written instructions and
report test results.
kalibrasi peralatan dan untuk interpretasi
dan evaluasi hasil sesuai dengan kode,
standard, dan spesifikasi. Harus mampu
menyiapkan instruksi tertulis dan
melaporkan hasil pengujiannya.

Level-III – must be capable and Level–III harus mampu dan

responsible for establishing techniques, bertanggung jawab untuk menetapkan
interpreting codes, and designating the teknik, interprestasi kode, dan
test method and technique to be used. menentukan metode pengujian dan
teknik yang digunakan.

Must have a practical background in the Harus mempunyai latar belakang praktis
technology and be familiar with other dalam teknologi dan terbiasa dengan
commonly used methods of NDT. metode NDT lain yang umum digunakan.

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The SNT-TC-1A document recommends Dokumen SNT-TC-1A

that the NDT technician be examined in merekomendasikan bahwa teknisi NDT
the following areas: diuji dalam area berikut:
A. general examination A. Ujian pengetahuan umum
B. specific examination B. Ujian spesifik
C. practical examination C. Ujian praktek

ASNT provides a service to the industry
by providing level III examinations in the
general and practical areas. Because of
the individual requirements of the many
industries using NDT, the specific
examination is still the responsibility of
the employer. The following flow chart
indicates the paths that can be taken to
be certified according to the SNT-TC-1A
document.
ASNT menyediakan jasa kepada industri
dengan menyediakan ujian level –III
dalam area pengetahuan umum dan
praktek. Karena persyaratan masing-
masing industri yang menggunakan
NDT, ujian spesifik masih tanggung
jawab perusahaan. Diagram alur yang
berikut menjelaskan alur yang dapat
diambil untuk disertifikasi sesuai
dokumen SNT-TC-1A.

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Quiz 7

1. The selection of one test method over another is usually the decision of the Level I
technician performing the test.
2. ASNT provides a service for examining Level I, II, and III personnel in the General
and Specific areas
3. The responsibility of issuing a certificate to the NDT technician is always given to
th employer if the SNT-TC-1A document is to be complied with.
4. If the SNT-TC-1A document is to be used as a recommended guideline, the
Written Practice must be submitted to ASNT for approval.
5. If the SNT-TC-1A guidelines are to be followed. The Level III technician should
have a knowledge of other commonly used methods of NDT eventhough
certification is needed only in the lilquid penetrant area.
6. A Level I technician performing a liquid penetrant test is permitted to accept or
reject the part provided that written instructions or procedures are given to him by
a level II or a level III certified individual
7. To comply with th guidelines of SNT-TC-1A, all three level of technicians must take
a general. practical, and specific test if examinations are used to determine
certification.
8. The June 1965 edition of SNT-TC-1A permits the employer to waive an
examination for level III personnel provided that documentation is on file showing
the technician’s qualifications
9. It is essential that every employer using the SNT-TC-1A document establish a
Written Practice
10. If an employer does not have a Level III technician in his company, he can retain
the services of an outside agency to perform these functions.

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