VERBS

= KATA KERJA

PEMBAGIAN KATA KERJA

Kata kerja atau dalam bahasa Inggris disebut dengan verb adalah semua kata yang
menunjukkan perbuatan atau kegiatan. Dengan kata lain , kata kerja ini dapat dipahami
sebagai kata –kata yang mengandung makna untuk melakukan suatu perbuatan atau
kegiatan. Di dalam bahasa Inggris, kata kerja (verbs) dibagi menjadi 2 jenis yaitu  sbb :
1. Ordinary Verbs,
2. Auxiliary Verbs

PEMBAHASAN
1. Action verbs
Kata kerja yang mengekspresikan sebuah tindakan ataupun kepemilikan.
Contoh:
– Raise:  Andrew raises his hand.
– Build: Andrew gave Randy the ballpoint.

2. Modal verbs
Dikenal juga sebagai helping verbs, Modal verbs adalah kata yang digunakan
sebelum action  maupun auxiliary verbs untuk memperjelas ataupun memberikan informasi
tambahan mengenai suatu kemungkinan ataupun keterangan waktu.
Contoh:
– Celia is (modal verb)  going (action verb) to New York.

3. Auxiliary verbs
Disebut juga sebagai Linking verbs,  Kata ini digunakan untuk menghubungkan suatu subjek
dengan kata benda atau kata sifat yang menggambarkan subjek tersebut.
Contoh:
– We are  your new neighbors.

Modal Verbs (Kata Kerja Modal)

Modal verbs (kata kerja modal) merupakan bagian dari auxiliary verbs (kata kerja bantu),
memiliki fungsi yang sama dengan auxiliary verbs yaitu sebagai pelengkap kata kerja biasa.
Perbedaannya dengan auxiliary verbs adalah pada kata kerja yang digunakan. Jika kata kerja yang
digunakan pada auxiliary verbs adalah be, do dan have maka kata kerja yang digunakan pada
modal verbs yaitu can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will dan would.
Beberapa verbs lainnya seperti ought to, used to, need, dan dare dikenal sebagai semi-
modal karena terkadang verbs tersebut dapat berfungsi seperti kata kerja modal dan terkadang
sebagai kata kerja biasa.
Contoh kata kerja modal:
 She can speak English (“speak” berfungsi sebagai kata kerja biasa dan “can” digunakan
sebagai modal verb untuk melengkapi “speak”).
 Tidza should be in Jakarta by now (“be” berfungsi sebagai kata kerja biasa dan “should”
digunakan sebagai modal verb untuk melengkapi “be”).
Catatan: Kata modal pada modal verbs berasal dari modality yang memiliki pengertian ekspresi
untuk menyatakan sesuatu seperti kemungkinan, dugaan, kemampuan, keperluan, permintaan dan
lain sebagainya.

Can
1. Can digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan melakukan sesuatu:
1. Picky can play tennis really well. He’s champion of his club. (“play” berfungsi sebagai
kata kerja biasa dan “can” digunakan sebagai modal verb untuk melengkapi “play”).
2. Rezki can’t speak French.
3. Ricky can write poetry very well.
4. Tuty can speak three languages.
5. Mega can’t play the piano. She has never studied it.

2. Can digunakan untuk mempertanyakan kemampuan melakukan sesuatu:

1. Can you speak Spanish?
2. Can you work a forklift?

3. Can digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan yang sangat mungkin benar:

1. American automobile makers can make better cars if they think there’s a profit in it.
2. Any child can grow up to be president.
3. Anyone can become rich and famous if they know the right people.
4. Children can be difficult sometimes.

4. Can digunakan untuk meminta/memberi/menolak izin (lebih sopan menggunakan could dan may):
1. Dewi, you can play outside if you like (memberi izin).
2. Can I ask a question, please? (meminta izin).
3. Can I ask you a question? (meminta izin).
4. Can I borrow your pen? (meminta izin).
5. Can I call you later tonight? (meminta izin).

5. Can digunakan untuk menyatakan izin untuk melakukan sesuatu:

1. I can drive Rani’s car when she is out of town.
2. I can drive Rani’s car while she is out of town next week.
3. I can’t drive Rani’s car when she is out of town.
4. I can’t drive Rani’s car while she is out of town next week.
5. She cannot stay out after 10 PM.

6. Can digunakan untuk meminta bantuan/sesuatu atau meminta seseorang melakukan sesuatu
(kurang sopan bila dibandingkan dengan could):
1. Can I have a glass of water? (meminta sesuatu)
2. Can I have another piece of cake please? (meminta sesuatu)
3. can you come this afternoon? (meminta seseorang melakukan sesuatu)
4. Can you give me a lift to school? (meminta bantuan)
5. Can you hand me the stapler? (meminta bantuan).

7. Can digunakan untuk menawarkan bantuan (kurang sopan bila dibandingkan dengan could):
1. Can I carry that bag for you?
2. Can I carry your bags for you?
3. Can I do that for you?
4. Can I get your bags?
5. Can I help you?
8. Can’t have digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan yang sangat tidak mungkin terjadi pada masa
lampau:
1. Nurul can’t have much money or she would buy a new car. Her old one is falling apart.
2. Where was Dira last night? She can’t have stayed at home.

9. Can bisa digunakan dalam quesion tag:

 You can’t live like that, can you?

Could
1. Could digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan seseorang melakukan sesuatu pada masa
lampau (bentuk past dari can):
1. Alim could not help his little brother with his homework yesterday (“help” berfungsi
sebagai kata kerja biasa dan “could” digunakan sebagai modal verb untuk melengkapi
“help”).
2. Amadeo could speak Japanese when he lived in Japan, but he’s forgotten most of it now.
3. Arsya could ski like a pro by the age of 10.
4. Danu could play excellent golf when he was only ten.
5. Farah couldn’t hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.

2. Could digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan yang mungkin benar pada masa lampau (bentuk
past dari can):
1. He said that he could come today.
2. He was obviously joking. He could not be serious.
3. I could fly via Surabaya if I leave the day before.
4. It could be very hot in summer.
5. Our teacher could be very strict when we were at school.

3. Could digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan yang mungkin terjadi di masa depan:
1. I think we could go to war again.
2. It could rain tomorrow!
3. It could rain. Take an umbrella.

4. Could digunakan untuk memberikan saran:

1. He could try and fix it himself.
2. We could go to the movies if you are interested.
3. We could meet at the weekend.
4. We could meet on Friday.
5. We could try to fix it ourselves.

5. Could digunakan untuk menawarkan bantuan secara sopan (lebih sopan daripada can dan will):
1. Could I get you anything else?
2. Could I give you a lift?
3. I could carry that for you.

6. Could digunakan untuk meminta izin/bantuan/sesuatu atau meminta seseorang melakukan

sesuatu secara sopan (lebih sopan daripada can): ok
1. Could I ask a question please?
 2. Could I borrow your dictionary?
3. Could I borrow your stapler?
4. Could I bury my cat in your back yard?
5. Could I go now please? (meminta izin)

7. Untuk menyatakan izin yang ada pada masa lampau:

1. In high school, we couldn’t leave the classroom without a pass.
2. He couldn’t go to the concert because his mother wouldn’t let him.

8. Could have digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin dilakukan pada masa lampau
namun tidak jadi dilakukan:
1. Jhon could have gone to Cambridge University, but he decided to travel instead (“could”
adalah modal verb, “have” adalah auxiliary verb dan “gone” adalah kata kerja biasa.
“could” dan “have” berfungsi sebagai kata kerja yang melengkapi “gone”).
2. Farina could have bought the book, but she borrowed it from the library instead.
3. Rizki could have passed the exam if he’d studied a bit more.
4. He could have studied harder, but he was too lazy and that’s why he failed the exam.
5. I could have bought bread but I didn’t know we needed it.

9. Could have digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan mengenai sesuatu yang mungkin sudah
terjadi yang dilihat dari masa kini/lampau:
1. It’s nine o’clock. They could have arrived now.
2. The roads were very bad this evening. They could have been stuck in the snow.
3. Where was Maryani last night? She could have taken the wrong bus.
4. Why is Carya late? He could have forgotten that we were meeting today.
5. Why is Carya late? He could have got stuck in traffic.

10. Couldn’t have digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang tidak mungkin terjadi pada masa
lampau:
1. He couldn’t have broken the classroom window. He wasn’t even in school today.
2. I couldn’t have arrived any earlier. There was a terrible traffic jam.
3. I couldn’t have arrived on time, even if I’d left earlier. There were dreadful traffic jams
all the way.
4. The race was really difficult. She couldn’t have won because she’s not fit enough.
5. The weather couldn’t have been any worse!

1st conditional (If + present simple, … could + infinitive): Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang
mungkin akan terjadi berdasarkan kondisi tertentu:
1. If he doesn’t do his work, he could get fired.
2. If we don’t hurry we could be late.
3. We could go on the trip if I didn’t have to work this weekend.
2nd conditional (if + past simple, … could + infinitive): Untuk menyatakan sesuatu di masa
kini/depan yang kemungkinan tidak akan terjadi atau tidak mungkin akan terjadi:
1. If he trained every day, he could represent his country
2. If I had a little more money, I could buy a car.
3. If I had more time this Summer, I could travel around the world.
4. If I had more time, I could travel around the world.
5. If we had some oranges I could make you some fresh juice.

May
1. May digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan/ketidakpastian:
 1. Adib may be coming to see us tomorrow (“may” adalah modal verb, “be” adalah
auxiliary verb dan “coming” adalah kata kerja biasa. “may” dan “be” berfungsi sebagai
kata kerja yang melengkapi “coming”).
2. Djali and Anna may not buy that house. It’s very expensive.
3. Iesa may be upset. I can’t really tell if he is annoyed or tired.
4. Juni may be at home, or perhaps at work.
5. Shandi may get upset if you don’t tell him the truth.

2. May digunakan untuk meminta izin/sesuatu secara sopan (lebih sopan dari can):
1. May I ask a question please? (“ask” berfungsi sebagai kata kerja biasa dan “May”
digunakan sebagai modal verb untuk melengkapi “ask”).
2. May I borrow the car tomorrow?
3. May I borrow your eraser?
4. May I borrow your pen?
5. May I come in?

3. May digunakan untuk memberi izin secara sopan dan formal (lebih sopan dari can):
1. Dika, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner.
2. You may choose what you like.
3. You may go home now, if you like.
4. You may go now.
5. You may leave the room.

4. May not digunakan untuk menolak memberi izin:

1. You may not borrow the car until you can be more careful with it.
2. You may not leave the table until you are finished with your dinner.
3. You may not leave the table. You’re not finished with your dinner yet.
4. You may not park your car here. It’s reserved for guests of the hotel only.
5. You may not park your car in front of the gate.

5. May digunakan untuk menawarkan bantuan:

 May I help you?
6. May digunakan untuk mengundang:
 You may as well come inside. Yoga will be home soon.
7. May digunakan untuk menyatakan harapan (wishes):
1. May all your wishes come true.
2. May the Force be with you.
3. May the New Year bring you love and happiness.
4. May the odds be ever in your favor.
5. May you both live a long and happy life together.

8. May have digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin sudah terjadi pada masa
kini/lampau:
1. I can’t see your train on the board. It may have been cancelled.
2. I may have left my wallet at home.
3. It may have already been broken before you bought it.
4. She is late. I think she may have missed her plane.
5. She may have eaten the cake.
1st conditional (if + present simple, … may + infinitive): Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang
mungkin akan terjadi berdasarkan kondisi tertentu:
1. Drivers may feel tired if they do not take a break every 3 hours.
2. Adults may find it difficult to sleep if they use technology before going to bed.
3. If you are nice to me, I may buy you a gift when I’m in Australia.

Might
1. Might digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan/ketidakpastian (might lebih tidak pasti
dibandingkan may):
1. Djali is late. He might be sleeping.
2. Nita might not have got your message.
3. Satri might not have the key.
4. Tri might come later.
5. He might be the love of my life.

2. Might digunakan untuk meminta izin/sesuatu secara sangat sopan (lebih sopan daripada may):
1. Might I ask you a question?
2. Might I borrow the stapler?
3. Might I borrow your pen?
4. Might I have a word in private?
5. Might I have something to drink? (meminta sesuatu)

3. Might digunakan untuk memberi izin:

 You might go now if you feel like it.
4. Might digunakan untuk memberikan saran/rekomendasi (lebih sopan daripada may):
1. We might as well take Monday off. There’s no work to be done anyway.
2. You might like to try the chicken sandwich. It’s our special today.
3. You might try the cheesecake.
4. You might visit the the museum during your visit.
5. You might want to stop by the museum gift shop on your way out.
5. Might have digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin sudah terjadi pada masa
kini/lampau:
1. I might have left the keys in the kitchen.
2. It’s nine o’clock. They might have arrived now.
3. She might have known about the accident.
4. She might have taken the bus. I’m not sure how she got to work.
5. They might have done the homework yesterday.

2nd conditional (if + past simple, … might + infinitive): Untuk menyatakan sesuatu di masa
kini/depan yang kemungkinan tidak akan terjadi atau tidak mungkin akan terjadi:
1. If I didn’t have to work, I might go with you.
2. If I entered the contest, I might actually win.
Must
1. Must digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan yang sangat mungkin benar berdasarkan bukti atau
alasan tertentu:
1. Bluher has lived in Paris for years. His French must be very good.
2. Chandra always does really well on exams. She must study a lot.
3. Haryo must drink a lot of coffee. He’s finished two packets already this week.
4. Luthfi must be home. I heard a noise coming from his room.
 5. Orig and Dini must be very tired. They have a new baby.

2. Must digunakan untuk menyatakan perintah/aturan/kebutuhan:

1. Ninda, you must not play in the street! (menyatakan perintah)
2. A dog must get special training in order to be a guide dog (menyatakan aturan).
3. Children must do their homework.
4. Children mustn’t tell lies. It’s very naughty.
5. Drivers must stop at red lights.
3. Must digunakan untuk mengundang secara sangat sopan (lebih sopan daripada would):
1. We must go out for a drink.
2. We must meet again soon.
3. You must come round and see us.
4. You must try this coffee. It’s excellent.

4. Must digunakan untuk memberikan saran/rekomendasi (lebih kuat dibandingkan should):

1. The ice cream here is delicious. You must try some.
2. We really must get together for dinner sometime.
3. You must meet my best friend.
4. You must see the new Keanu Reeves movie, it’s fantastic.

5. Must digunakan untuk meminta saran/nasihat:

1. Must I do it?
2. Must they punished?

6. Must have digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan yang sangat mungkin benar yang dilihat dari
masa kini/lampau:
1. Aisyah is so late! She must have missed the train!.
2. Lucky must have eaten all the biscuits! There are none left.
3. Saras couldn’t find her glasses. She thought she must have left them at her office.
4. He must have won the lottery with the new house and car he has just bought.
5. It must have rained a lot in the night. There are puddles everywhere.
7. Must bisa diganti dengan have to dengan sedikit perubahan arti:
1. He must finish the report by Monday -> He has to finish the report by Monday.
2. I must leave -> I have to leave.
3. you must study -> You have to study.

Shall
1. Shall digunakan untuk menyatakan perintah/aturan/larangan:
1. A record shall be kept of all students arriving late to class (aturan sekolah).
2. I shall be replaced by someone from the Jakarta office.
3. Members of the board of directors shall be elected annually (aturan perusahaan).
4. Students shall not enter this room (aturan sekolah).
5. The board of directors shall be responsible for payment to stockholders (aturan
perusahaan).

2. Shall digunakan untuk menawarkan saran/bantuan jika kita cukup yakin mendapatkan jawaban
positif (lebih sopan menggunakan could):
1. It’s cold. Shall I close the window? (menawarkan bantuan)
2. Let’s drink, shall we? (menawarkan saran)
3. Shall I call a doctor for you? (menawarkan bantuan)
4. Shall I call you on your mobile? (menawarkan saran)
 5. Shall I get a pizza for dinner tonight? (menawarkan saran)

3. Shall digunakan untuk meminta saran/nasihat:

1. Shall I do that or will you?
2. Shall I go now?
3. Shall I read now?
4. What shall I do with your mail when it arrives?
5. What shall we wear?
4. Shall digunakan untuk memberikan janji/konfirmasi:
1. I shall be here at 9 tomorrow.
2. I shall be there by 8:00.
3. I shall get you a new bike for your birthday.
4. I shall make the arrangements for you.
5. I shall make the travel arrangements. There’s no need to worry (memberikan janji).

5. Shall digunakan untuk menyatakan tekad/keinginan:

1. I shall never forget where I came from.
2. I shall overcome all the hindrances in my way.
3. Man shall explore the distant regions of the universe.
4. We shall overcome oppression.

6. Shall digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan yang mungkin benar:

1. He shall be the CEO of the company by next year.
2. He shall become our next king.
3. I’m afraid Mr. Abe shall become our new director.
4. We shall know the results of the exam next week.

7. Shall bisa digunakan dalam quesion tag:

 Let’s go to the beach, shall we?

Should
1. Should digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan yang mungkin benar pada masa kini/depan:
1. Adyati should be at home by now. Give her a call.
2. Ask Imlati. She should know.
3. By now, they should already be in Bandung.
4. Diah said she would come over right after work, so she should be here by 7:00.
5. Everybody should arrive by 7 pm.

2. Should digunakan untuk memberikan saran/nasihat/petunjuk:

1. Adit shouldn’t teach him words like those.
2. Are you tired? You shouldn’t work so much (memberikan nasihat).
3. Dian shouldn’t smoke so much. It’s not good for her health.
4. Does your tooth still hurt? You should make an appointment with the dentist
(memberikan nasihat).
5. He should be more thoughtful in the decision-making process.

3. Should digunakan untuk menawarkan bantuan secara sopan jika tidak yakin akan mendapatkan
jawaban positif:
 Should I call a doctor?

4. Should digunakan untuk meminta saran:

1. Should I go to the beach with them?
 2. Should I have discussed it with you before making the decision?
3. Should I have returned the form before I came here?
4. Should I send the letter now?
5. Should we continue our meeting?

5. Should have digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan mengenai sesuatu yang mungkin sudah
terjadi pada masa lampau:
1. His plane should have arrived by now.
2. It’s nearly nine o’clock. They should have arrived by now.
3. Rati should have arrived by now.
4. The room should have been cleaned yesterday.
5. The train should have left by now.

6. Should have digunakan untuk menyatakan nasihat yang seharusnya dilakukan pada masa
lampau namun tidak dilakukan:
1. Adji should have been more careful!
2. Anna should have left earlier. She missed her flight (nasihat yang tidak dilakukan: pergi
lebih cepat, hasil: ketinggalan pesawat).
3. Krisna should have left early, then he wouldn’t have missed the plane.
4. He forgot that he should have submitted the homework today.
5. I should have been cleaning the room instead of watching TV.

7. Should be verb-ing berguna untuk menyatakan nasihat yang seharusnya dilakukan pada masa
kini namun tidak dilakukan:
1. We should be studying for the test.
2. You should be wearing your seatbelt.

8. Pada beberapa kasus, ought to bisa menggantikan should (ought to terkesan lebih formal):
1. He should go home -> He ought to go home.
2. They should stop doing that -> They ought to stop doing that.
3. you should study more -> You ought to study more.

Will
1. Will digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan yang sangat mungkin akan terjadi pada masa depan:
1. Adhiet will not be there. He has a previous obligation.
2. Aini won’t be happy with the results of the exam.
3. Arie will be there by 8:00.
4. Kaisar will be a footballer some day.
5. Sherly will come later.

2. Will digunakan untuk memberi janji/bantuan (lebih sopan menggunakan could):

1. Don’t worry, I won’t tell anyone (memberi janji).
2. I can assure you sir, the order will be shipped out tonight (memberi janji).
3. I promise I won’t tell anyone.
4. I promise that I will write you every single day (memberi janji).
5. I will come again tomorrow.

3. Will digunakan untuk mengundang:

 We’re going to the movies. Will you join us?
4. Will digunakan untuk menyatakan keputusan melakukan sesuatu:
1. I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk.
2. I think we’ll go right now.
3. I will go to school tomorrow.
4. I will go to the cinema tonight.
5. I’ll do my exercises later on.

5. Will digunakan untuk menyatakan kerelaan (willingness):

1. His mother won’t let him go to the party.
2. Perhaps dad will lend me the car.
6. Will digunakan untuk meminta bantuan atau meminta seseorang melakukan sesuatu (lebih
sopan menggunakan could dan would):
1. Will you carry this for me please?
2. Will you please help me lift this box?
3. Will you please help me?
4. Will you please take the trash out?
5. Will you give me some money?
7. Will digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan (habit):
1. My daughter will fall asleep as soon as she is put into bed.
2. He will give up if he starts losing. He always does that.
3. Erwin will always be late!
8. Will digunakan untuk menyatakan kapasitas:
1. This airplane will take 100 passengers.
2. This bucket will hold three gallons of water.
9. Won’t digunakan untuk menyatakan penolakan melakukan sesuatu:
1. I told him to clean his room but he won’t do it.
2. She won’t listen to anything I say.
10. Will have digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan yang sangat mungkin sudah terjadi yang
dilihat dari masa sekarang/depan:
1. By the end of the decade scientists will have discovered a cure for influenza.
2. By the time we get there, Satri will have left.
3. By this time next year I will have been learning English for 25 years!
4. Don’t phone them just yet, they won’t have got up.
5. I will phone at five o’clock. He will have got home by then.

1st conditional (if + present simple, … will + infinitive): Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang sangat
mungkin akan terjadi berdasarkan kondisi tertentu:
1. If he comes, I’ll be surprised.
2. If he pays you back, I’ll eat my hat.
3. If I don’t go to bed early, I’ll be tired tomorrow.
4. If I go out tonight, I’ll go to the cinema.
5. If I go to Paris next month for work, I’ll visit the Eiffel Tower.

Would
1. Would digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang sering dilakukan pada masa lampau
(habit):
1. Before internet people would send letters to each other.
2. Indrawan wouldn’t eat broccoli when he was a kid. He loves it now.
3. Normally, we would work until 7 p.m.
 4. She would cause the whole family to be late, every time.
5. When he got older, he would never do his homework.

2. Would digunakan untuk menyatakan kerelaan pada masa lampau (willingness):

1. Dad wouldn’t lend me the car, so we had to take the train.
2. He said he wouldn’t help us.
3. He told me he would be here before 7:00.
4. He told me he would not be here before 7:00.
5. His mother wouldn’t let him go to the party.

3. Would digunakan untuk mengundang/menawarkan sesuatu:

1. I would be happy to help you with preparation for your exam (menawarkan bantuan).
2. What would you like to eat?
3. Would you like a cup of tea?
4. Would you like another drink?
5. Would you like some more tea?

4. Would digunakan untuk meminta bantuan atau meminta seseorang melakukan sesuatu secara
sopan (lebih sopan daripada can dan will):
1. I would like to order the onion soup please.
2. Would you call me tonight? Yes, I will.
3. Would you carry this for me please?
4. Would you help me with this homework?
5. Would you help me? Yes, I would.

5. Would digunakan untuk meminta izin secara sopan (lebih sopan daripada will):
1. Would it be okay if I slept here tonight?
2. Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me?
3. Would you mind if I sat here?

6. Would digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan:

1. I would like some coffee.
2. I would like to have one more pencil.
3. I’d like that one please.
4. I’d like to go home now.

7. Would digunakan untuk menyatakan pilihan:

1. I would rather go shopping today.
2. I’d rather go home now.
3. I’d rather have that one.
4. She would rather go to the beach.
5. We would prefer to leave immediately.
.
8. Would digunakan untuk menyatakan harapan:
 It would be nice if a rainbow appeared.
9. Would digunakan untuk menyatakan ketidak-setujuan secara sopan:
1. I would like to point out that you need to review those numbers.
2. I wouldn’t agree with that.
10. Would digunakan untuk membicarakan sesuatu di masa lalu:
 When I was in Bandung last year I would spend hours sitting at coffee shops writing
ideas for my novel.
11. Would digunakan untuk menyatakan dugaan yang mungkin benar:
  I hear a whistle. That would be the six o’clock train.
12. Would have digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang sudah terjadi yang dilihat dari masa
lampau:
1. I phoned at five o’clock. I knew he would have got home by then.
2. I thought you would have cooked dinner by the time I arrived.
3. It was half past four. Dad would have finished work.
13. Would have digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan pada masa lampau yang tidak
dilakukan/terlaksana:
1. Cindy would have finished the work, but she felt ill and had to go home.
2. Robert would have called Nastiti, but he didn’t have her number (“would” digunakan
sebagai modal verb, “have” sebagai auxiliary verb, dan “called” sebagai kata kerja biasa)
3. I would have called you, but I didn’t know your number.
4. I would have come to see you! I didn’t know you were ill.
5. I would have gone to the party, but I was really busy.

2nd conditional (if + past simple, … would + infinitive): Untuk menyatakan sesuatu di masa
kini/depan yang kemungkinan tidak akan terjadi atau tidak mungkin akan terjadi:
1. If he got a new job he would probably make more money.
2. If he was younger, he’d travel more.
3. If he were an actor, he would be in adventure movies.
4. If he were taller, he’d be accepted into the team.
5. If I became President, I would reduce the salaries of all politicians.

3rd conditional (If + Past Perfect, … would have + past participle): Untuk menyatakan sesuatu
yang tidak terjadi pada masa lampau dan hasilnya:
1. If he had asked me, I would have helped him (tidak terjadi: dia bertanya, yang terjadi: dia
tidak bertanya, hasilnya: tidak ditolong).
2. If he had become a musician, he would have recorded a CD.
3. If he hadn’t taken the job, he would have gone travelling (tidak terjadi: dia tidak
mengambil pekerjaan, yang terjadi: dia mengambil pekerjaan, hasilnya: dia tidak
berjalan-jalan).
4. If I had been born in a different country, I would have learned to speak a different
language.
5. If I had been president, I would have cut the cost of education.

1. He _____ his homework by the time the teacher come to the class.
a. Will finish
b. Will be finished
c. Will have finished
d. Would finish

2. Why didn’t Charly apply for the job? He _____ gotten it.
a. Can
b. Could
c. Could have
d. Can have

3. A : I wonder why Jenny didn’t answer the doorbell.

B : Well, i suppose she _____ been a sleep
a. Could have
b. May have
 c. Will have
d. Would have

4. I can’t find my bag anywhere. I’m sure i _____ left it in my room.

a. Could have
b. Must have
c. Will have
d. Might have

5. A lot of students didn’t pass the English test yesterday. The test _____ difficult.
a. Must
b. Must have
c. Must have been
d. Must been 

6. If i have problems with my teeth, i think i _____ go to a dentist, not a veterinarian.

a. Should
b. May
c. Could
d. Can

7. I have lived in England for two years, si i _____ speak English fluently.
a. Can
b. Will
c. May
d. Shall 

8. You _____ T-shirt school. That is prohibited.

a. Must wear
b. Must be worn
c. Must not wear
d. Must not be worn

9. He went by bus, but he _____ by motorcycle.

a. Should gone
b. Could have gone
c. Might gone
d. Must have gone

10. My brother break a glass in the kitchen , so he _____ clean it or he will be punished.
a. Must
b. Can
c. Will
d. May

11. You _____ so noisy. The baby was sleeping

a. Will not have been
b. Should not have been
c. Might not have been
d. Could not have been
12. By the end of 2010, you _____ from your school
a. Will graduate
b. Will have graduate
c. Will be graduated
d. Will be graduate

13. Why did you stay at hotel in Jakarta? You _____ stayed with your uncle
a. Could have
b. Will have
c. May have
d. Must have 

14. A : Why didn’t he say hello when he passed us on street?

B : He _____ been day dreaming.
a. Might have
b. Could have
c. Will have
d. Would have

15. This bag is very heavy. Please help me, I _____ take it by myself.
a. Can not
b. Will not
c. Must not
d. May not

1. The police officer warned the crowd that he ……………… order shooting, if
they created trouble.
a could
b would
c might

2. Passengers ……………… not smoke inside the bus.

a will
b should
c must

3. ………………. I have a word with you?

a will
b shall
c can

4. Parents ……………….. not accompany their children to the school.

a must
b can
c would
5. There was a time when I ……………… stay up late, but these days I go to
bed early.
a used to
b ought to
c should

6. The Principal said that candidates without hall tickets ………………. not be
permitted inside the examination hall.
a could
b would
c should

7. You ………………….. tell me. I know everything.

a must not
b need not
c canno

8. Even if he had come a little earlier , he ………………… have got a seat in

the front row.
a should not
b might not
c would not

9. This building _________ been built recently.

a. Has
b. Have
c. Could

10. I ______a great solution to this problem.

a. have
b. has
c. Had

11. The class _______ started when we reached.

a. has not
b. have not
c. had not

12. It _______ not matter.

a. do
b. does
c. Is
13. Robin’s car _______ stolen yesterday.
a. was
b. were
c. Has

14. Radha _______ participate in the competition tomorrow.

a. will not
b. is not
c. was not
15. ______ you carry your mobile phone to school?
a. Do
b. Did
c. Does

16. _______ you been out of town?

a. Haven’t
b. Hasn’t
c. Wasn’t

17. Where ______ you from?

a. is
b. are
c. Am

18. ______ they happy to see you?

a. Were
b. Was
c. Had