Arjaty Daud
AGENDA
Pendahuluan
Strategi mitigasi risiko Covid 19
COVID-19 Manajemen risiko dimasa Covid 19
• Risiko Covid 19 di Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan
1 • Enterprise Risk Management
2 • Risk Management dan Crisis Management
• Manajemen risiko dalam Manajemen kedaruratan (HVA, HSI)
3 • Strategi PPI mencegah, membatasi risiko transmisi covid 19,
• Rekomendasi penggunaan APD
4 • Strategi Keselamatan Pasien di masa Pandemi Covid 19
• Asesmen risiko dan Petugas kesehatan yang terpapar Covid 19
5 Pelayanan klinis di masa Covid 19
• Akses, Kesinambungan Pelayanan
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• Mitigasi risiko di pelayanan klinis : Care pathway
7 Komunikasi risiko Covid 19 di Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan
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Pendahuluan
HOLISTIK – Dalam situasi emergensi : KESELAMATAN
01
BUAT SEMUA (SAFETY FOR ALL) : Ekstensi
Keselamatan pasien kepada Keselamatan staf,
Keselamatan masyarakat, Keselamatan lingkungan
dan Keamanan rantai pasokan
Pendahuluan
BALANCING SAFETY RISKS OPTIMALLY IN DYNAMIC SITUATION
1. Current Protocol vs Infection risk (covid 19)
2. Resource Constraints
3. Distancing and Activities Constraints
4. Patient & Social Factors
5. New Protocols Risks
NEW NORMAL
Kondisi dimana Fasyankes harus beradaptasi
dalam memberikan pelayanan untuk
mengantisipasi penularan Covid-19 baik
kepada Petugas, Pasien dan Lingkungan
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The C
by scr
staff a
Elimination
implement control measures to mitigate risks by
+ COVID-19 tidak dapat sepenuhnya dihilangkan.
reducing hazards to the lowest possible degree.
If a hazard can not be fully eliminated such as
Efektif COVID-19:
Eliminasi risiko : Physical Distancing, Skrining,
Elimination • Use a combination of controls to mitigate risk
• Continuously review hazards and assess risk to
Teleworking, Mengurangi / mengatur jumlah
ensure controls remain effective
• Make hazards and controls visual through
staf yang dapat bekerja dari jarak jauh.
signage and labels so everyone is aware
• Consult with local Occupational Health and
Safety and Infection Prevention and Control
teams to assist in hazard identification and
Walaupun tidak ada kontrol substitusi yang
Substitution controls, and share new ideas for controls
Risiko pada
Risiko pada Tenaga Medis
pasien
Risiko rantai
Risiko pasokan
Keuangan perbekalan
MANAJEMEN RISIKO
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Human
Human • Kuantitas SDM
Capital
Strategic capital • Kualitas SDM
Strategic
• Bussiness Plan
• Master Plan
Recovery
Impact
assessment
Reponse
RECOVERY
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
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Monitor Analisa
hasil risiko
MANAJEMEN
RISIKO Pandemi
Recovery Kesiapan
(MR) COVID 19
Pertimbangkan
Implementasi potensial
teknik MR teknik MR
Pilih
teknik Respon
MR
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2. Fase 2 – KESIAPAN
• Pengorganisasian & mobilisasi sumber daya esensial
• Plan / Program Emergency Preparadness
• TIndakan kesiapan meliputi:
• Inventori sumber daya : buat inventori sumberdaya yang
diperlukan saat emergensi, termasuk perjanjian awal
dengan vendor dan jaringan untuk memenuhi inventori tsb
• Latihan / simulasi : uji coba Program
• Orientasi staf : Tindakan respon dasar
• Program lanjutan : Maintain Program berkesinambungan
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3. Fase 3 – RESPON
• Fase saat terjadi kejadian emergensi / selama simulasi.
• Implementasikan Program Disaster dan Prosedur yang dibuat pada
fase kesiapan, aktivasi SKI / ICC (incident commander centre).
• Fase ini meliputi:
• Treatment / Penanganan klinis : Triage, Perawatan, Pengobat
an, dan layanan untuk pasien / korban emergensi,,
• Reduksi Dampak sekunder mis, PLN padam, Genset tidak ber
fungsi, AC tidak berfungsi . Udara panas, berdampak pada layan
an mis. tertudanya operasi, suhu tubuh pasien meningkat yang
berdampak negatif pada kesehatannya, dll
• Minimalisasi dampak negatif situasi emergensi. Khususnya
meminimalkan ketidaknyamanan pada pasien, pengunjung,
staf dll (kebocoran dari atap dll)
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4. FASE PEMULIHAN
Fase ini mencakup pemulihan RS kembali ke situasi normal. Faktor
penting yang perlu dipertimbangkan :
a. Finansial: apa implikasi finansial saat emergensi?
• bisakah anda melanjutkan layanan yang ada saat ini sesuai
yang direncanakan untuk beberapa waktu ke depan?
b. Layanan: dampak apa yang terjadi terhadap ruang lingkup & skala
layanan?
• anda perlu bantuan dari luar / pihak ketiga dengan melakukan
kontrak?
c. Ketenagaan: anda memiliki semua staf yang diperlukan untuk
menjaga pelayanan yang aman, perawatan, tretament dan layanan
bermutu tinggi?
• apakah ada staf yang cedera selama kondisi emergensi?
• apakah jalan ke fasilitas terhambat?
• anda perlu mengatur kembali jadwal staf?
d. Perhatian staf: apa yang menjadi perhatian staf?
• apakah mereka memerlukan perawatan anak, geriatri,
perawatan kesehatan mental, atau perawatan khusus lainnya?
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1. Triase, deteksi suspect COVID-19, isolasi 2. Pencegahan standard (Standard precautions) untuk
semua pasien;
• Asesmen semua pasien saat masuk, isolasi (kontrol
Kewaspadaan standar mencakup :
sumber).
• kebersihan tangan dan pernapasan,
• Identifikasi awal suspect COVID-19 dengan cara
sbb : • penggunaan alat pelindung diri (APD) yang
sesuai menurut penilaian risiko,
• HCW kecurigaan klinis yang tinggi (high
level of clinical suspicion) • praktik keselamatan injeksi,
• Lokasi triase di pintu masuk, dengan staf • manajemen limbah yang aman,
terlatih; • linen yang tepat,
• kuesioner skrining COVID-19 • kebersihan lingkungan,
• poster / banner di area publik yang bergejala • sterilisasi peralatan untuk perawatan pasien.
Covid 19 beritahu petugas kesehatan.
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b. Tindakan pencegahan di udara untuk prosedur penghasil aerosol. (Airborne precautions for aerosol-
generating procedures).
Prosedur tindakan menghasilkan aerosol, mis. intubasi trakea, ventilasi non-invasif, trakeotomi, resusitasi
kardiopulmoner, ventilasi manual sebelum intubasi, dan bronkoskopi, dapat meningkatkan risiko penularan corona virus.
Petugas kesehatan yang melakukan prosedur yang menghasilkan aerosol harus :
• Melakukan prosedur di ruangan berventilasi cukup : ventilasi alami, aliran udara minimal 160 L / s per pasien atau
Ruang tekanan negatif : 12 perubahan udara / jam dan arah aliran udara terkontrol saat menggunakan ventilasi
mekanis ;
• Menggunakan N95.
• Menggunakan pelindung mata (mis. goggles or a face shield);
• Kenakan gown dan sarung tangan bersih, tidak steril. Jika gaun tidak tahan cairan, harus menggunakan apron
waterproof untuk prosedur yang dapat menyebabkan banyak cairan
• Batasi jumlah orang yang ada di ruangan
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Table 1. Recommended PPE during the outbreak of COVID-19 outbreak, according to the setting, personnel, and type of
activity a
i The screening procedure refers to prompt identification of patients with signs and symptoms of COVID-19.
ii AGP: tracheal intubation, non-invasive ventilation, tracheotomy, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, manual ventilation before intubation, bronchoscopy.
-4-
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Asesmen risiko
Petugas kesehatan (HCW) yang terpapar Covid 19
• COVID 19 : risiko infeksi. Asesmen ini untuk mengidentifikasi inkonsistensi / pelanggaran PPI dan menetapkan kebijakan
untuk mengurangi paparan pada petugas kesehatan.
• Formulir harus diisi semua petugas kesehatan yang telah terpapar dengan pasien COVID-19 terkonfirmasi
Tujuan :
1. Menentukan kategorisasi risiko Petugas kesehatan setelah terpapar dengan pasien COVID-19
2. Menginformasikan tata laksana petugas kesehatan yang terpapar berdasarkan risikonya.
Pertanyaan :
1. Informasi Pewawancara (Jika jawaban “Ya” pada 1D - 1E, dianggap terpapar COVID-19 di komunitas).
Pertanyaan 2-7 : Tata laksana petugas kesehatan yang terpajan COVID-19 di di fasyankes :
2. Informasi petugas kesehatan
3. Interaksi petugas kesehatan dengan informasi pasien COVID-19
4. Kegiatan petugas kesehatan dilakukan pada pasien COVID-19 di fasyankes (Jika jawaban ‘Ya’ pada 4A - 4D, petugas
harus dianggap terpapar COVID-19)
5. Kepatuhan pada prosedur PPI selama interaksi perawatan kesehatan
6. Ketaatan terhadap tindakan IPC saat melakukan prosedur penghasil aerosol (mis. Intubasi trakea, pengobatan nebuliser,
penyedotan jalan nafas terbuka, pengumpulan dahak, trakeotomi, bronkoskopi, resusitasi kardiopulmoner (CPR), dll).
7. Kecelakaan dengan bahan biologis
PELAYANAN KLINIS
AKSES, KESINAMBUNGAN PELAYANAN
Manajemen:
• Plan Disaster Pandemi -> SKI
Akses point,
• HVA
Skrining, Triage • HSI
• Indikator outcome
Asesmen Pasien • Komunikasi
• Bisnis Plan
• RBA / RKA Fasilitas, Sar Pras :
Pemeriksaan Penunjang • IT • Zonasi : (MKH)
• Ruang Isolasi
Perawatan pasien /
• Desain / Barrier
Operasi / Tindakan • Lingkungan
• Limbah
Transfer internal SDM :
• Kuantitas
Discharge • Kualitas Administrasi
• Pelatihan / Training • PPK
Pemulasaran • Drill / Simulasi • CP
jenazah • Algoritme
Supply chain : • Checklist
Rujuk • APD • SPO
• Obat • Form2
Ambulance • Alat medis
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Screen COVID-19 Triase Primer, Sekun Asesmen klinis Perawatan COVID-19 Keluar dari Pathway
• Akses masuk Fasyankes der untuk keparahan penyakit, termasuk Rawat dan isolasi di ruang perawatan Hentikan transmission based
• Kuesioner terstandarisasi Covid 19, penilaian faktor risiko covid-19, precautions, termasuk isolasi
Pasien symptomatic : 10 hari setelah ada
jaga jarak 1-2 m Risiko rendah / sedang (Termasuk gejala, + 3 hari tanpa gejala (Demam &
OTG)Rawat dan isolasi di fasyankes / fasilitas Respiratory symptoms).
komunitas / rumah sesuai pedoman WHO Pasien asymptomatic : 10 hari setelah
tes positif
RS
Farmasi
Ambulans Masyarakat
Masyarakat
Klinik
Risiko tinggi atau berat / kritis
Rawat dan isolasi di RS
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4. PPE According to
1. Preparing for COVID-19 at COVID-19
Managing
confirmed 3. Protecting yourself at work
patients with suspected or
COVID-19 at your healthcare facility
suspected or confirmed COVID- Healthcare Activities
Novel
your healthcare facility
Coronavirus
FOR: HEALTHCARE FACILITY MANAGEMENT
5. For Healthcare 6. My 5 Moments for 7. Information sheet about 8. Communicating with patients with
Facility Staff Hand Hygiene
Novel
Coronavirus
FOR: HEALTHCARE FACILITY STAFF
Novel
Coronavirus
COVID-19 FOR HEALTHCARE FACILITY PATIENTS AND VISITORS
suspected or confirmed COVID-19
Coping with stress
Novel
FOR HEALTHCARE FACILITY STAFF
COVID-19 My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene COVID-19 Information sheet about COVID-19
Novel
Coronavirus
FOR: HEALTHCARE WORKERS
My 5 Moments for
What is COVID-19? Wash your hands frequently.
COVI D-19 is a disease caused by a new Wash your hands wit h soap and wat er or, if ▪ Be aw are that suspected and confirmed
coronav irus, which has not been prev iously your hands are not v isibly dirt y, use an cases, and any v isitors accompanying them,
It is normal to feel sad, stressed,
Hand Hygiene
ident ified in humans. Coronav iruses are a alcohol-based hand rub. T his will remov e may be stressed or afraid
or overwhelmed during a crisis large family of v iruses found in bot h animals t he v irus if it is on your hands.
and humans. ▪ The most important thing you can do is to
Cover your m outh and nose with a flexed l isten careful l y to questions and concerns
What are the sym ptom s of COVID-19? elbow or tissue when coughing and
sneezing. ▪ Use l ocal l anguage and speak sl ow ly
Use alcohol-based hand rub or wash I n most cases, COVI D-19 causes mild
sympt oms including a runny nose, sore T hrow away t he used t issue immediat ely ▪ Answ er any questions and prov ide correct
Talk to people you and wash your hands wit h soap and wat er information about COV ID-19
hands with soap and water:
t hroat , cough and fev er. I t can be more
trust or a counsellor sev ere for some people and can lead t o or use an alcohol-based hand rub. T his
pneumonia or breat hing difficult ies. I n way you prot ect ot hers from any v irus ▪ Y ou may not hav e an answ er for ev ery
some cases, infect ion can lead t o deat h. released t hrough coughs and sneezes. question: a l ot is stil l unknow n about COV ID -
19 and it is okay to admit that
How does COVID-19 spread? If possible, keep a distance of 1-m etre
1
Before COVI D-19 appears t o spread most easily
between yourself and som eone who ▪ If av ail able, share information pamphl ets or
Maintain a healthy lifestyle: proper diet, is coughing, sneezing or has a fever. handouts w ith your patients
2 Before engaging touching a t hrough close cont act wit h an infect ed
COVI D-19 appears t o spread most easily
sleep, exercise and social contacts person. When someone who has COVI D-19 ▪ It is okay to touch, or comfort suspected and
in clean/aseptic patient coughs or sneezes, small droplet s are t hrough close cont act wit h an infect ed
confirmed patients w hen w earing PPE
with friends and family released and, if you are t oo close, you can person.
procedures breat he in t he v irus. ▪ Gather accurate information from the
Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth patient: their name, date of birth, trav el
Who is most at risk? Hands t ouch many surfaces which can history, l ist of symptoms…
We st ill need t o learn more about be cont aminat ed with t he v irus. I f you
Don’t use alcohol, smoking or other how COVI D-19 affect s people. Older t ouch your eyes, nose or mout h wit h ▪ Expl ain the heal thcare facil ity’s procedure for
drugs to deal with your emotions people, and people wit h ot her medical your unclean hands, you can t ransfer t he COV ID-19, such as isol ation and l imited
5 condit ions, such as diabet es and heart v irus from t he surface t o yourself. v isitors, and the next steps
3 4 disease, appear t o be more at risk of
dev eloping sev ere disease. If you have fever, cough AND difficulty ▪ If the patient is a chil d, admit a famil y
After touching breathing, seek m edical care. Phone member or guardian to accompany them –
After body fluid After touching patient What is the treatm ent for COVID-19? ahead and inform the health center when the guardian shoul d be prov ided and use
exposure risk a patient surroundings T here is no current ly av ailable t reat ment or
you will visit. appropriate personal protectiv e equipment
If you have concerns, talk with your
v accine for COVI D-19. Howev er, many of A lways follow t he guidance of your healt h
supervisor, and if you start feeling t he sympt oms can be t reat ed. care professional or nat ional healt h
▪ Prov ide updates to v isitors and famil y w hen
unwell tell your doctor immediately adv isories. possibl e
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- 1 hospital staff (transporter of patients) • Prepare the ward for Covid-19 confirmed patients
• Education of hand hygiene, PPE and new guidelines
- 1 caregiver of other patient in the
same room of patient#1 • Mock training for various situation
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Leasson learnt
After reopening
at OPD
Cek suhu tubuh dan kuesioner
Masuk
(KIOSK / form gejala respiratory
Leasson learnt
Triage for COVID-19
Sumber : WHO Global Patient Safety Network Webinar, 8 May 2020,, Prof. Jung-Hyun Choi , St Mary Hospital, South of Korea,
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Leasson learnt
After reopening
at wards Ward for Covid-19
• Pre-admission RT-PCR & chest PA within
confirmed patients
72 hr before admission • 4 negative-pressure single rooms
(with anteroom) in restricted ward
• Ward for patients who has respiratory
diseases with negative Covid-19 RT-PCR • Educated and dedicated medical
staff
• Permitted only 1 caregiver who tested
• 5 patients (4 discharged, 1 in
RT-PCR
hospital) treated
• No in-patient visits
• Educate and monitoring donning
• In-patient management (including & doffing of PPE
caregivers) who has new fever or • Enforced management of
respiratory symptoms or pneumonia environment
- immediately isolate and RT-PCR and 1.5 m between beds • Periodic RT-PCR and antibody test
chest X-ray again for health-care personnel
Sumber : WHO Global Patient Safety Network Webinar, 8 May 2020,, Prof. Jung-Hyun Choi , St Mary Hospital, South of Korea,
Leasson learnt
After reopening
PPE education & mock training
• Staff :
• Wear mask properly! Always!
• Wash hands as frequently as you can!
• Immediate report if fever or respiratory symptom
- exclude from work and test (RT-PCR & chest PA) at triage
clinic promptly
• Repeat educate and training
• Postpone or stop all conferences in the hospital
Environment manage
• Keep social distancing out side the hospital Cleaning and disinfection
• Educated and dedicated medical staff
• Educate and monitoring donning & doffing of PPE
• Enforced management of environment
• Periodic RT-PCR and antibody test for health-care personnel
• IPCN ronde 2x /seminggu : monitoring dan feed back
Sumber : WHO Global Patient Safety Network Webinar, 8 May 2020,, Prof. Jung-Hyun Choi , St Mary Hospital, South of Korea,
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Leasson learnt
Training Staff
SingHealth Duke-NUS IPSQ
Singapore
Leasson learnt
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Leasson learnt
…or collect them from
M edi cat i on Del i ver y Ser vi ce selected bluPort lockers
across the island
• As more patients are opting for their medication to be l or atPrescription in a Locker Box
delivered to their homes, SGH Pharmacy has been (Pilbox) locker stations at
SingHealth Polyclinics.
transformed to enhance the capacity for the
Medication Delivery Service (MDS).
Females suffers Acute Stress 1.7 times more than males N=861
on behalfmeasures
Recommended of thetoSpanish
address withSecond Victims
Moral Injury, of and
Acute stress SARS-CoV-2 Research
Affective Responses Group
caring COVID-19 patients.
2m
Sumber : WHO Global Patient Safety Network Webinar, 8 May 2020, Prof Kok Hian TAN SingHealth Duke-NUS IPSQ SIngapura,
Leasson learnt
Sumber : WHO Global Patient Safety Network Webinar, 8 May 2020, Prof Kok Hian TAN SingHealth Duke-NUS IPSQ SIngapura,
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Sumber : WHO Global Patient Safety Network Webinar, 8 May 2020, Prof. Jung-Hyun Choi , St Mary Hospital, South of Korea, Prof Kok Hian TAN SingHealth Duke-NUS IPSQ SIngapura,
Tujuan : meminimalkan kekhawatiran dadengan komunikasi langkah2 keselamatan (strategi mitigasi risiko).
• Broadcasting di area RS 4x/hari Instruksi Rutin COVID19 yang diperbarui dan diedarkan setiap hari:
1. Definisi Kasus Tersangka
memastikan semua karyawan dan
2. Skrining
pengunjung memakai masker dan HH. 3. Tata Laksana Kasus Tersangka & Terkonfirmasi-
• Survei risiko ketahanan petugas 4. Manajemen Pasien
kesehatan untuk memahami dan 5. Tata laksana Ruang rawat khusus pasien COVID-19
memantau persepsi risiko tentang tingkat 6. PPI
ketahanan, merancang dan meninjau 7. Pemasangan Masker N95
efektivitas program intervensi, 8. Materi Pelatihan Koleksi Swab
mengevaluasi hasil lembur 9. Kebijakan Pengunjung
10. Perpindahan staf
• Survei fokus pada :
11. Staf yang tidak sehat
• kualitas tidur, 12. Pengawasan Staf (Pemantauan Suhu dan Gejala)
• depresi, 13. Penjagaan Jarak Aman
• kelelahan, 14. Cuti Staf
• perawatan penuh kasih.. 15. Pelatihan Staf
16. Pertanyaan dan jawaban yang sering ditanyakan untuk
membantu Staf berkomunikasi dengan pasien dan publik
Staf yang sadar adalah staf yang aman
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Key Lessons
Balanced resource allocation including staff, medical resources, essential health
services and the COVID response should be well considered
H ealth worker
E veryday
R escue
O ur live
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Dear,
Dokter, Perawat dan Petugas Kesehatan
Di - Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan
Terima Kasih
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