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ABSTRACT- The purpose of this study is to design a railroad type of passenger railroad to determine the transfer of forces up to the contact
area and is influenced by overlapping forces and is useful for determining the improvement of subgrade conditions if they do not meet the
requirements, using the philosophy of equilateral triangles and Pythagoras. This research method is not to use the equation used for railroad
planning in general but will use the philosophy of the isosceles right triangle and Pythagoras will be used to plan the railroad and determine
the force acting and transferred in the area of contact to the carrying capacity land, assuming moderate soft soil and hard soil/rock, this design
uses the hand method or the manual method by utilizing the help of the goodness of Microsoft Excel. In this study, only looking for forces that
occur in contact fields that are affected by overlapping forces, based on these forces, it will be useful to improve the condition of subgrade if
it does not meet the requirements. What's new in this study is a railroad design using hand methods or manual methods and is only aided by
the goodness of Microsoft Excel and uses the philosophy of the isosceles right triangle and Pythagoras. The results of the study are based on
the transformation of the load that forms the trapezoid to widen the contact area, then the railroad can pass through the fields, agricultural
fields with the carrying capacity of the subgrade must be greater than the load received by the contact area if no two ways are achieved: first,
just add thickness to selected embankment; and the second to improve the subgrade so that the carrying capacity can increase. However,
what happens in the field is to add the selected embankment thickness not to widen the contact area but to elevate the height so that it is not
flooded. Others only occur in mountains with hard and rocky subgrade conditions, so the use of selected embankment is no longer needed,
the reason being that the soil carrying capacity is very high and there is no flooding, just by making drainage on both sides of the rainwater
road will not form rainwater inundation.
Keywords: Railroad. Loads. Force. Hand Method. Manual Method. Formula Text. Microsoft Excel.
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R
ailroad modeling is still very much needed in-depth discussion, conditions of the foundation soil above it and there is also a result of the vertical
especially in fast trains and the condition of the infrastructure used which is related to resonance response [2]. To determine these parameters, a capital system is
the structure of the sleeper, ballast, sub-ballast construction, and reinforcement used which involves finite element analysis and the use of SAP2000 software.
construction underneath [1], this is strongly influenced by speed conditions train However, what is used to complete the design of the railroad will ultimately lead to
height which causes vibrations and greatly affects the construction of the existing how the condition of the strengthening of the foundation structure, starting from the
pavement structure, but in the studyitisonly dottedin thefirst layerabove the top to the bottom and then the subgrade is still the main study. All components in
subgrade, which stillusesordinarypiles that areusedassupport andfitincontact completing the railroad are the unity that cannot be separated from one another,
with the contact area, not using selected embankment as the initial construction the interrelationships of each component determine the treatment that must be
or the so-called contact area, It is possible the unavailability of selected done. The speed of the train greatly influences the dynamic response that will
embankment or deliberately not to use. All railroad construction structures, be used to design the bridge and the foundation structure of the bridge.
designed by anyone in general, still range not far from the basic soil conditions The design of a high-speed railroad, using a conventional
and the conditions of reinforcement in the contact area that will carry the trackbed ballast model with a thickness of 15 cm, is useful to be able to give up
burden on it. high sound [3][4][5] and most importantly can control vibration, because it can
do high vibration attenuation. With the use of the trackbed in addition to the
benefits as above, it will also continue to be useful to reduce the peak load received
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by the subgrade will be small and reduced, thus the foundation design can be
Sunaryo, Lecturer in Civil Engineering, Sulawesi Tenggara University, Kendari,
designed more economical and inexpensive, for areas that experience material
Indonesia. 1@sunaryocim.com
difficulties for railroad pavement.
La Ode M Magribi, Lecturer in Civil Engineering, Sulawesi Tenggara
The use of train vibration dampers by using ballasts with a mixture of
University, Kendari, Indonesia, obi_magribi@yahoo.com
aggregate and recycled used rubber tires, can reduce soil vibrations caused by the
Minson Simatupang, Lecturer in Civil Engineering, Sulawesi Tenggara
movement of trains can be damped [6], laboratory tests show that the use of an
University, Kendari, Indonesia, minson.simatupang@uho.ac.id
aggregate mixture with recycled used tire rubber can reduce vibrations caused by
Adris A Putra, Lecturer in Civil Engineering, Sulawesi Tenggara
trains to 12 dB for frequencies above 31.5 Hz. Thus, it turns out that the harsh
University, Kendari, Indonesia, putra_adris@yahoo.com
subgrade conditions in the railroad design do not
M Thahir Azikin, Lecturer in Civil Engineering, Sulawesi Tenggara
University, Kendari, Indonesia, thahir.azikin@uho.ac.id
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The speed of the train crossing the Yangtze river bridge according to the
necessarily guarantee that the structural construction will be strong, but instead
results of the study is limited to 200km/h [11], trains exceeding that speed will affect
the waste rubber tires whose hardness is not as hard as rock can be used as railroad
the condition of the railroad bridge and if not then it needs to be strengthened or
construction, primarily functioning as a vibration damper, which over time
redesigned cantilever decks. This is not possible, so it is best to only limit the speed
if not addressed will damage other construction.
so that it does not exceed specified conditions. Thus the need for additional
The use of the disc brake system on trains is very modern progress,
criteria in the planning of the railroad bridge and include the speed factor as an
compared to the use of the previous brake system [7], but all types of train braking
additional that needs to be considered, if these criteria are met then the speed of
systems also cause an added force called traction force, this force will arise when
the train crossing the river is no longer necessary to be limited.
the train braking. It's just that in the disk system all parameters can be determined
Due to the size of Bogie trains produced by various industries which have
and measured and in this braking system does not cause slippage, it's just that the
many types and sizes, and the irregularity of the bogies will affect the increased
method and method of braking are not used suddenly. The added force when
force on loading and affect the strength of the subgrade, due to the increased force
braking a train is very influential when designing a railroad design, but all can be
of the train itself [12][13], this is very possible because there is a difference in the size
overcome by the designer using a mathematical system.
of the railroad bogie so that the rail is forced to change size and can be permanent
Due to mechanical behavior that occurs on the railroad which has been
or temporary, but the lateral force occurs on the rail. To overcome this, it is
overcome by a variety of methods but still exists and is a very serious problem that
necessary to have a tolerance value when planning a railroad, this value will be
must be faced by planners and maintain periodic railroad [8], railroad design is the
useful to anticipate the possibility of differences in the size of the train bogie.
most work difficult compared to designing highways in general, and the most
The operational safety of high-speed trains is strongly influenced by
difficult is designing cableway. On trains of all sizes must be precise, this size will
aerodynamic conditions that withstand wind loads [14], wind loads must be given
change due to excessive train loads, extreme hot and cold weather, the use of wheels
special treatment to overcome
thatare not appropriate and the most important is irregular periodic maintenance
and supervision.
When designing a railroad, all parameters that can affect railroad them, wind loads are also very dangerous especially crosswind
construction have been taken into account, except for non- mathematical models and wind turbulence models, but to overcome this, train body structure
matters which are rather difficult to input unless it is noted in the description, such models are made in such a way especially the front to overcome wind loads that can
as periodic maintenance and supervision. endanger train travel. In addition to the treatment of the train body design, it is also
Railroad without a ballast is a very modern dream in the present and important to include the wind factor as a burden that must be taken into
future [9], this is an extraordinary progress, but a deeperstudyisneededtosolveit, account.
arailroadwithoutaballastmay be possible it can be made only that it is still limited The Wuhan-Guangzhou China high-speed rail transportation, and carrying
to light-type trains that can pass while luxury passenger-type trains and heavy loads or loads, it is necessary to have the reliability of the rail brake
container cars may still need to be reviewed. A train is a vehicle that is used to bracket both the disc system and the old system (clamp brake system) need to receive
transport passengers or goods in bulk and the number of carriages is by the special attention especially to the material of the rail incubation system [15], the
ability of the towing or driving locomotive, if you have to walk on the highway train in driving at high speed and then make an ideal braking or perfect is not
then the road will be seriously damaged, thus the train is the solution used to sudden, then in addition to causing braking or traction forces that affect the
overcome this. Thus the need for more in-depth studies and research to design loading plan, also very important is that the material or components must be made
a better railroad and increase working capacity becomes larger and longer from the material that has been tested and get good characteristics. The use of
planning life. railroad braking components that use materials that are not goodwill cause
In electric trains, it turns out to have an impact on traction power, this is danger and high risk.
strongly influenced by the interaction conditions between the catenary and The use of clothoid curves is more beneficial than using
pantograph [10], this is because along the electric railroad the distance conditions Symmetrically Projected Transition Curve (SPTC) [16], this is very possible
of the catenary and pantograph interactions have the same distance value, thus the because the use of clothoid curves is smaller. This method is mostly used on
conditions this is very influential on other systems, especially on high-speed railroad lines during horizontal alignment conditions, in this condition, there
electric trains. For this reason, a deeper study needs to be carried out and is an will be a transition or change fromnormal conditions to super-elevation conditions
issue and a problem that must be considered by planners of the electric fast which are useful to hold or overcome the centrifugal force and overcome the risk
railroad tracks, especially those relating to wind forces, aerodynamics are made of a train being rolled over. In this condition, the pie rail planner must include
in such a way so as not to have an impact on the catenary and pantograph. this factor as part of the geometric planning of the railroad at a predetermined
speed, because the speed of the planned railroad determines the super- elevation
slope of the railroad tracks.
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comfort factor and speed (dynamic factor) affect the load that occurs on each axle;
The superior technical and economic capabilities that are produced by
c. Carriage style (wagon), In principle, loading on the caris the same as the locomotive
high-speed trains that use the electromagnetic hybrid compensation system andtrain.It'sjustthatthe most important load capacity of each type of car must
(EHCS) [17] are the development of trains using the railway static power be considered in the planning process.
conditioners (RPC) and with Magnetic static var compensators (MSVC) if The mathematical model or calculation of the vertical force generated by the
compared to traditional compensation methods. It has advantages according to the load that occurs on the axle by locomotives, trains, and carriages is a static load,
results of experiments based on the work of the digitalsignal processor (DSP). whereas what happens is real, that the load that occurs on the railroad structure is a
dynamic load that is influenced by aerodynamic factors (air resistance and wind
2 LITERATURE REVIEW load), including geometric conditions and speed of movement of the train
circuit [20]. Therefore, there needs to be a transformation of static force into a
Loads and forces on the railroad: Railroad roads are very complex construction of dynamic force in more realistic load planning. Talbot equation in 1918 is a
civil buildings or in other words not as simple as civil buildings in general, if in mathematical equation as a transformation of the force in the form of dynamic
other civil buildings the size of the enlargement occurs will not be a problem, but factor multiplier as follows:
if the building
civilian railroad going enlargement then that is a problem. For that, we need
= 1 + 0.001 (1.609 − 5) ................................................(1)
very careful handling in planning and building a
railroad. In railroad planning that must be considered is the load that will turn into where, IP = dynamic factor, V = Plan speed (km/h)
force, the forces are vertical, transverse (lateral) and longitudinal forces [18][19]. Transverse force (Lateral) is the force that occurs as a result of centrifugal force
Here is an illustration of Figure 1 about the forces on the railroad that occurred: (when the train circuit is in horizontal curvature), snake motion coupled with
the circuit (snake motion) and the railroad geometric unevenness at each elevation,
so that at the same point with the force vertical [22]. In this force will cause nails
or bolts pulled out, due to lift force (uplift force), shifting sleeperandallows the
occurrenceofderailment (dropor
release of the train wheels from the rail). Thus there are conditions for limiting the
amount of lateral force so that no drop occurs:
< 0.75,forwornrailsandwheels .......................... (2)
Thus mathematically the lateral force can be described in Figure 2 below:
Information:
Q = vertical force
Y = lateral force
T = longitudinal force
N = Force due to temperature
As a result of the forces thatoccur the force will be distributed up to the subgrade
which will be transferred by ballast, sub-ballast and selected embankment, the meeting
between the subgrade and the layer above it is called the contact plane, this contact
area is the highlight of the value obtained from the load transfer and carrying
capacity of the subgrade.
Vertical force is a burden that occurs very large on the railroad, the force needs to
be planned because with this force will occur deflection or vertical deflection
which is the best instrument or indicator for determining the quality of a material Fig.2. The vertical and lateral forces on rail
or even the behavior of railroad development, including in the depth and
strength of the railroad. In general, the most influential is the large vertical force by Longitudinal force is the force caused by changes in temperature on the
loading by locomotives, trains and passenger cars [20][21]. a. The force due to the rail (thermal stress). This force is very important in the analysis of forces,
locomotive, model and type of locomotive will determine the load acting on the especially for railroad construction using long welded rails. The longitudinal force
locomotive, this is largely determined by many bogies and axles that will carry the is also the adhesion force (due to wheel friction and headrails) and the force due to
weight of the load by the axle on the rail. The more number of wheels in each wheel braking on the rail.
bogie, the lighter the axle load and vice versa; b. Train style (car, coach), The general model of vertical load distribution train transfer model is described
Characteristics of train carriage loads will determine the load acting on a train car, this as follows: 1. The dynamic load model between railroad wheel and rail
is largely determined by many bogies and axles that will carry the weight of the load interaction is a function of the characteristics of a railroad track, operating
by the axle on the rail. Besides the load on the axle, the passenger conditions, and its environment. The load force model on a track by railroad
movement is a combination of static load and dynamic component given to static
load.At the dynamic load received by the rail there
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Based on Figures 3 and 4, then the size and quantity are needed for railroad study according to the version that is owned by the Research Team.
planning, the rest, if there are sizes and quantities sourced from other references, 4.2 Load distribution on Locomotive
canalso beused to be complete.
Locomotive loading is adjusted to Locomotive conditions, each manufacturer
There are differences in size and size issued by railroad producers, but in has different characteristics, but that is not an obstacle for planners to do their job,
this study, it does not refer to where the producers are referred to, but in in this study Locomotive uses only 2x4 wheels and the working load is 4x225kN,
general in this study will only look for how the burdens that are received by the this load will be distributed on the railroad and continued to the subgrade. In more
subgrade, both soft subgrade, are and hard or rock, all will be described in this detail, it will be described in the following table:
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TABLE 2
Distribution of loading at Locomotive
Based on table 2, column d is an input data, the value is directly input in that significant and zero (0) before arriving on wheels A and B. If you look at the chart's
column, in the processed data column or the results 6 cells are colored blue is a sign style and the trip, you can see that the change in the line is very linear even if it is
that the cell is the starting point for the calculation, calculation or formula must start slopingupor slopingdown, this indicates that the calculation done by hand method
at that point or cell, then copy to the left and right, but don't forget to adjust the is correct, if it is incorrect then the chart line occurs inconsistently or
percentage, the farther from the wheel the percentage will be smaller and the disheveled.
farthest will be zero (0). Data processing using hand method which is assisted by Wheel load distribution A and B will be zero (0) if it reaches the wheels C and D
using Microsoft Excel with stacking formula as shown in the formula text in the and viceversa, the zero value willapply to the left andrightdirection.In thetotalload
table. In the bottom row of the table there is a total of the results of the load distribution in each segment is depicted on the red line, the lowest value is in
distribution, then all the columns will be added up and this value reflects the load wheels A and B followed by wheels E and F then the highest is C and D. Why are
distribution ineach segmentof the length of the railroad. the A and B wheels lowest when the load value is equal to C and D are 225kN while
At the bottom, a row is the largest total value is in column o with a value of the E and F wheels are only 110kN. This is because the E and F wheels get extra
186.7kN and the smallest value is in column u equal to 119.4kN, overall the load weight from the C and D wheels which are so significant that logically this will
distribution can be seen in chart on Figures 5. be and mathematically correct.
Based on Figure 5, that the main and most important thing in the
chart is that the total value is depicted in thick red
Locomotive load distribution chart analysis lines,it turnsoutthat the highest force is located on the
Wheels A Wheels B Wheels C Wheels D
wheels C and D then followedbywheels A andB then
Wheels E Wheels F Total
200 E and F, this logically it makes sense. Thus, the
resultsobtained fromthehand-method or the manual
method are correct, because the chart line is not
150 random or inconsequential.
4.3 Load distribution on passenger trains
100 The loading on passenger trains is adjusted
according to conditions such as model, size and size,
each passenger train manufacturer has different
50
characteristics, but this does not become an obstacle
for planners to do their job, in this study
0 Locomotive uses only 2x4 wheels and
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 loads15
14 work16
is equal
17 to 4x110kN, this load will be distributed on the railroad and
continued to the subgrade. In more detail, it will be described in the following
Fig.on5.
Based Locomotive
Figure 5, the wheelsload distribution
A, B, chart
C and D initially get the same load, but after table:
distribution, the load is not the same, this is due to the addition of loads from
wheels E and F which are very
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TABLE 3
Distribution of loading at passenger trains
Based on table 3, column d is an input data, the value is directly input in that F wheels, is because the wheel gets extra weight from theC and D wheels which is
column, in the processed data column or the results 8 cells are colored blue is a sign very significant so logically this will be and mathematically correct.
that the cell is the starting point for the calculation, calculation or formula must start Based on Figure 6, that the main and most important thing in the chart is that the
at that point or cell, then copy to the left and right, but don't forget to adjust the total value isdrawn in a thick red line, it turns out that the highest force is located on
percentage, the farther from the wheel the percentage will be the wheels E and F then
smaller and the farthest will be zero (0). Data processing using hand method followedby the wheelsKandL then I andJ thenfollowed byG and H, this makes very
which is assisted by using Microsoft Excel with stacking formula as shown in logical sense. Thus, the results obtained from the hand-method or the manual
the formula text in the table. In the bottom row of the table there is a total of method arecorrect, becausethe
theresultsof theloaddistribution,then all thecolumns Passenger train load distribution chart analysis
will be added up and this value reflects the load 250
distribution in each segment of the length of the Wheels C Wheels D WHeels E WHeels F
railroad. At the bottom, a row is the largest totalvalue is WHeels G WHeels H WHeels I WHeels J
WHeels K WHeels L Wheels M Wheels N
in column e with a value of 198kN and the smallest 200 Wheels O Wheels P Total
value is in column o 81.48kN, overall the load
distributioncan beseen in chart on Figures 6.
150
Based on Figure 6, the wheels G, H, I, J, K, and L
initially have the same load, but afterdistribution,the
load is not the same, this is due to the additional load of 100
the C, D, and M, N wheels which are very significant
and zero (0) before arriving at the wheels G, H and I,
If you look at the chart and chart, you 50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
can see that the line changes very linearly Fig. 6. Passenger train load distribution chart
even if the pitch is up or down, this indicates that the calculation is done by hand- chart line is not random or inconsequential.
method is true, if not true then the chart line occurs inconsistent or disheveled.
4.4 Sleeper load distribution to subgrade type soft soil on
Wheel load distribution I and J will be zero (0) if it reaches the wheels K and L passenger trains
and vice versa, the zero value willapply to the left andrightdirection.Inthetotalload
distributionin eachsegment is depicted on the red line, the lowest value is in the All loads that have been received by the sleeper will be transformed up to the
G and H wheels followed by the wheels I and J then the highest is E and F. Why are subgrade, to transform the load many
the G and H wheels lowest when the load values are the same with I up to N which is
ways and conditions that must be done, especially the main
110kN. Thehighestvalueof theE and requirement is about how the condition of the subgrade itself, soft soil, medium soil
or rock hard soil/rock, these conditions will be considered technically to take
action.
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To prove thata passenger train is lighter than a locomotive, it helps us try it and
can be seen in the explanation in table 4.
TABLE 4
Distribution of sleepers to soft soil on passenger trains
Based on table 4, we obtain the highest load stress against the surface area with a arising from earthquake forces, vibration forces, traction forces, moment forces
value of 4.1072kN/cm2 or 0.4187kg/cm2 and the smallest value of 1.6669kN/cm2 or and other forces that may occur.
0.1699kg/cm2, the value if later is stated to be the largest will be used, and if it turns 4.5 Distribution of Sleeper load to locomotives of soft soils at the
out to be the smallest then it is not used. locomotive
In column q is SF (Safety Factor), in this section, there is an increase in the The load will be transferred to subgrade type medium soil, but what differs from
load from the actual, in this study intentionally SF was given a value of 3, this the type of soft soil is only the thickness of the selected embankment, all layers
means that the actual load was increased to 3 times, it is possible to anticipate above it remain the same, for more details can be seen in the description in table
the safety factor 5.
TABLE 5
Distribution of sleepers to soft soil on locomotive
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Based on table 6, we obtain the highest load stress on the ground surface plantations),inthese conditions so thatthe loadfrom the sleeper is transferred to the
area with a value of 9.0773kN/cm2 or 0.9253kg/cm2 and the smallest subgrade and so that the load can be reduced, the contact surface area is expanded,
value of 5.1229kN/cm2 or 0.5222kg/cm2, and it turns out that this value is the how to simply adjust the thickness of the selected embankment, taking into
largest, then this valuewill beused up tothe condition ofhardsoil types. account cheaper and technically eligible, with the addition to expanding the
Based on the Figure 8, the railroad design is obtained with conditions on contact area can also be used to avoid flooding in agricultural areas (fields and
medium soil/agricultural soil (fields and plantations).
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TABLE 8
Summary of research results
that occur, in full presented and illustrated in figure 10. for kg/cm2 itis not possible to display butgraphically the sameor similar and
identical, only the units used are different.
6 CONCLUSION
Based on the Figure 10, then there are 3 (three) lines at the bottom of the chart The load is transformed downward through arodof concrete and steel material,
is the value of the load stress on soft soil, the middle part is the value of the load then the amount of downward pressure will be adjusted by starting from the closest
stress on medium soil and at the top is the load threshold value on hard soil/rock. distance to the farthest distance, the closer the greater and the smaller and even
However, in depicting this chart using values derived from units of kN/cm2 and equalto zero (0). This is caused by a rigid stem and given a centralized
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load, the load will propagate along the stem to form a value of zero (0), and the stem is supported evenly or sporadically, but still, up to the
subgrade, the burden will overlap.
The load is transformed downward through a rod, as mentioned above and through several layers of material such as ballasts, sub-
ballasts, and selected embankments, the thicker the layer, the smaller the value of the load received by the subgrade and vice versa the thinner the
layer, then the greater the value of the load received by the subgrade. This is because the contact area, if the layer is getting thicker then the
width of the pedestal or sleeper will be tethered to be twice (2x) the thickness of the layer, thus the contact area is not only as wide as the sleeper
but becomes 3 fields (sleeper width, height left and right height) This happens because there is a load propagation through the material layer at an
angle of 45°.
The load acting on the sleeper when transforming into a subgrade is trapezoidal at an angle of 45°. In the contact area of the subgrade,
the area of the contact area is not only suppressed by the sleeper itself but is still burdened by 8 (eight) other sleepers with different load
positions according to distance. Thus the contact area on the side of the trapezoid base is pressed by 9 (nine) trapezoid.
Based on the transformation of the load that forms the trapezoid to widen the contact area, then the railroad can pass through the
rice fields, agricultural fields with the carrying capacity of the subgrade must be greater than the load received by the contact area, if not
achieved there are two ways to overcome them: the first, simply add to the thickness of the selected embankment; and the second to
improve the subgrade so that the carrying capacity can increase. However, what happens in the field is to add the selected embankment thickness not
to widen the contact area but to elevate the height so that it is not flooded. Others only occur in mountains with hard and rocky subgrade
conditions, so the use of selected embankment is no longer needed, the reason being that the carrying capacity of the soil is very high and
there is no flooding, simply by making drainage on both sidesof therainwaterroad will notformrainwater puddles.
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Volume 4 Nomor 2, Desember 2015 ISSN 2302-4240
ABSTRAK
ANALISIS KOEFISIEN DEBIT MODEL ALAT UKUR CELAH SEGIEMPAT DI
LABORATORIUM HIDROLIKA TEKNIK SIPIL UNIVERSITAS IBN KHALDUN BOGOR.
Rumusan hidrolika sebagian besar merupakan rumusan empiris yang diperoleh dari hasil
serangkaian pengujian di laboratorium. Untuk menambah wawasan pengetahuan mahasiswa
terhadap ilmu hidrolika, laboratorium merancang bangun model saluran terbuka yang dilengkapi
oleh alat ukur, salah satunya adalah alat ukur celah segiempat. Dengan persamaan Kindsvater-
Carter, diperoleh nilai Cd 0.9729 Berdasarkan nilai penyimpangan baku hasil percobaan dengan
dua metode pengukuran, nilai koefisien Cd yang digunakan adalah nilai hasil metode volumetrik.
Kata kunci: celah ukur segiempat, debit, koefisien debit (Cd)
Mulai
Studi pustaka
Pengukuran Pengukuran
debit dengan debit dengan
metode metode
volumetrik pelampung
Penulisan Data
Pelaporan
Selesai
Dengan Q adalah debit (m3/dtk), V adalah jaringan irigasi teknis, untuk mengukur
kecepatan pelampung (m/detik), dan A debit aliran yang masuk ke dalam satu
adalah luas penampang basah (m 2). saluran. Prinsip kerja alat ukur celah
3.3 Alat Ukur Celah Segiempat segiempat adalah dengan cara merintangi
Cara lain untuk mengukur debit adalah aliran yang berada di belakangnya
menggunakan alat ukur, salah satunya sehingga air menjadi tergenang dan
adalah alat ukur celah segiempat. Alat ini mengalir melalui celah dengan ketinggian
umumnya digunakan pada sistem tertentu gambar 3.
a 3H a 3H
b 3H
p 6H
Dengan Q = debit (m 3/dtk), Cd = koefisien nilai b/B yang lain, LMNO Engineering
debit, g = percepatan gravitasi (m/dtk 2), b menyiapkan persamaan untuk
= lebar celah (m), h = tinggi muka air di atas menghitung seluruh nilai b/B, dan bila
ambang (head) (m), Kb dan Kh adalah nilai diplotkan ke grafik yang dibuat oleh ISO
yang berhubungan dengan viskositas dan sangat sesuai gambar 5.
tegangan permukaan. Jumlah dari b+Kb Selain itu ISO (1980) juga
disebut lebar efektif dan jumlah dari h+Kh mengeluarkan nilai Kb untuk b/B = 0, 0.2,
disebut head efektif. Nilai untuk g = 9.81 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, dan 1.0, dan oleh LMNO
m/dtk2 dan Kh = 0.001 Engineering digunakan untuk
m. Nilai koefisien Cd merupakan fungsi menyesuaikan persamaan dalam mencari
rasio dari b/B dan H/p. nilai b (gambar 6).
ISO (1980) menyiapkan grafik Cd vs
H/p untuk nilai b/B = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6,
0.7, 0.8, 0.9 dan 1.0. Untuk menghitung
Tabel 1 Data Hasil Uji Debit Metode volumetrik, pelampung dan Nilai Cd
Setelah divalidasi, maka pengujian dari grafik pada gambar 6. diperoleh nilai
berikutnya adalah mengukur debit Kb = 2.5 mm = 0.25 cm = 0.0025 m b+Kb
dengan menggabungkan metode = 0.6 + 0.0025 = 0.0625 m
pelampung, metode volumetrik dan Hasil perhitungan Cd keseluruhan
pembacaan muka air di atas ambang alat tersaji pada tabel 3. Dari data Cd
ukur celah segiempat. keseluruhan tersebut diketahui bahwa
Diketahui : nilai Cd nilai tersebut tidak masuk dalam
b/B = 0.06/0.18 = 0.333 kisaran nilai standar USBR yaitu antara
0.66 sampai 0.8.
Tabel 2 Data Cd keseluruhan
volumetrik pelampung
Q Cd Q Cd
No. Sekat Hilir
Standar standar Standar standar
Rata-rata rata-rata Rata-rata rata-rata
Deviasi deviasi Deviasi deviasi
5. SIMPULAN
Alat ukur celah segiempat ini hanya dapat untuk mengukur aliran dengan kisaran debit dari
0.00130387 m3/detik sampai 0.00172 m3/detik, karena tinggi muka air di atas ambang
sama, yaitu 4,9 cm. Nilai koefisein debit (Cd) yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 0.893 sampai
1.181 dan memiliki persamaan hubungan linier antara debit dengan koefisien debit
y = 685,3x + 4E-14
Judul Design the guyed-tension structure of the influence of the wind load on
the radio antenna height of 40 meters
Jurnal International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research
Tahun 2020
Vol. Hal. Volume 11, Issue 1 January-2020, Hal 344-355
Penulis Sunaryo, Adris A Putra, Arsetyo, Eso Sulasman
Rewiewer LAODE MOHAMAD APRILYAN YAMIN DOKE
Permasalahan Struktur konstruksi menara antena pemancar radio ditentukan oleh
perencana yang andal untuk dapat berdiri tegak dan akan mampu menahan
beban angin, jadi biasanya, perancang menggunakan metode elemen
hingga, metode ini dapat menentukan kekuatan dari kabel penarik antena
untuk dapat menahan beban angin.
Tujuan Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk hanya menghitung beban angin
pada menara antena radio, perhitungan beban angin hanya dilihat dari sudut
0°, 30° dan 60° ke kabel penarik utama pada setiap bagian dengan paling
banyak. sudut pada dua jenis bingkai menara antena, tipe segitiga, dan tipe
persegi.
Isi Struktur antena segitiga konstruksi menara radio sangat dianjurkan, ini
wajar karena beban angin yang terjadi dari semua arah tidak bertambah,
sedangkan pada model kuadrat telah meningkat, ini dibuktikan dengan
gaya vertikal ternyata lebih berat persegi model dengan nilai 2064.453N
dibandingkan dengan model segitiga hanya untuk 2919.577N.
Dengan mengurangi luas penampang di setiap segmen, akan ada
pengurangan beban angin, sehingga peningkatan kurva beban angin sangat
non-linier di setiap segmen dan sangat linier di setiap segmen. Dengan
demikian mengurangi luas penampang sangat dianjurkan untuk
mengurangi beban angin.
Kekuatan yang terjadi pada sebuah tiang, maka tiang tersebut berdiri
tegak dipegang oleh sekelompok kabel sesuai dengan ruasnya, maka kabel
tersebut akan membentuk sudut yang berbeda. Gaya yang bekerja pada
kabel yang menyatu pada satu titik (jangkar), maka semua gaya ini akan
ditransformasikan menjadi gaya vertikal atau gaya angkat dan gaya angkat
ini harus dipegang oleh jangkar dengan gaya jangkar yang harus lebih besar
dari gaya angkat gaya atau gaya vertikal.
Kelebihan Penyajian jurnal ditulis dengan bahasa yang cukup sulit dipahami bagi
beberapa orang yang kekurangan kosa kata karena menggunakan Bahasa
Inggris
Kekurangan Masih terdapat kesalahan pengetikan kata dalam jurnal
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341251783
4 authors, including:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Port Infrastructure Development Strategy in Supporting Development Islands Areas View project
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ABSTRACT- The purpose of this study is to only calculate the wind load on the radio antenna tower, the calculation of the wind load is only
viewed from the angle of 0, 30 and 60 to the main towing cable on each section to the most angles on the two types of antenna tower
frames, triangle type, and square type. In both of these types will suffer due to wind loads that will work based on the angle of arrival, thus it
can be seen which angle is greatest. The research method is to use the empirical analysis method, only calculating the consequences of wind
loads that occur, for other loads not included. As a result of the influence of the wind load, the retaining cable at each segment of the voltage
and then will be collected at a point that will result in the amount of the resultant force and direction of the force. At the end of the forces will
change to lift, this lift must be resisted using an anchor, this anchor will be calculated how much area and depth. The results obtained were
based on two types of towers, based on the wind direction from the 0 direction on the triangle tower of 1688.4091N and on the square tower
of 2387.7711N, and based on the wind direction coming from the 60 direction and it turns out that due to the influence of the lighter wind load,
this is due to the fact that the influence of the wind load is held by the two sides of the towing cable. Based on the calculation of the two types,
then the triangle type the amount of vertical force or lift force that arises is relatively lighter that is equal to 2064.4530N and to the heavier
square type that is equal to 2919.5774N. Then it can be concluded that the triangle type is highly recommended.
Keywords: Guyed tension, wind loads, antenna towers, triangle model, square model.
—————————— ——————————
1 INTRODUCTION that forms including the vertical frame model, horizontal and
A
n antenna tower structure will fail to withstand the wind diagonal frames, in addition to continuing to use the triangle and
load that occurs, the failure is calculated using the square models as the main construction model, the use of other
maximum stress theory [1], this structure is assumed to models has not been specifically calculated.
accept wind loads at maximum conditions. Thus the higher a The balance of the guyed-tension structure on the antenna
construction eats the influence of a greater wind load, and the tower basically remains in the balance of axial forces [3], but the
wind load is also strongly influenced by a wider cross-section of balance on the guyed-tension structure changes very
the construction, the greater the wind load to be received, as well insignificantly, a balance will increase where when the structure
as the aerodynamic conditions of the construction greatly affect is in dynamic conditions. In fact, the structure of the construction
the wind load to be received by a construction. of the radio antenna mast is actually the biggest one, only the wind
The structure of the radio transmitter antenna tower load, whereas other loads are not a problem. In research on the
construction is determined by a reliable planner to be able to influence of wind, swings have been predicted starting from 0, 60
stand upright and will be able to withstand wind loads, so usually, and 90, this direction is crucial to calculate the condition of the
the designer uses the finite element method [2], this method can cable that will withstand wind loads, if it comes from 0 then the
determine the strength of the antenna towing cable to be able to cable will withstand 100% of the wind load that occurs and the
withstand wind loads. And still, use where the wind comes from cable will receive a load a very mild wind if only the wind came at
0, 60 and 90, this direction is the basis for determining the a large angle.
strength of the cable that can provide balance frame-press and Telecommunication transmitter tower structure made of steel
pull-frame, this antenna tower still takes into account the truss construction with a guyed-tension model is an antenna tower
structure that uses tension cables that will provide balance [4], in
———————————————— this study remains based on a combination of dead load and wind
Sunaryo, Student at Post Graduate, Engineering Management Science, Halu Oleo load that will become a burden and is a major factor in
University, and as a lecturer in civil engineering, University of Sulawesi Tenggara, determining the strength of construction that will occur. The
Kendari, Indonesia, 1@sunaryocim.com strength of the structure is also largely determined by the main
Adris A Putra, Associate Professor, Engineering Management Science, construction of the tower, this concerns the strength of the steel
Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia, aputra_adris@yahoo.com used, the connection at the vertex, the condition of the steel profile
Arsetyo, Professional Structure Engineering, Jakarta, Indonesia, used and most importantly the aerodynamic model that will
arsetyo777@gmail.com withstand the wind strength. The segment of each vertex
Eso Sulasman, Professional physics explorers, Konawe, Indonesia, coefficient node becomes the main priority in determining the
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the sum of a vector P and Q, then added to P + Q. Then the + sign vectors. For a vector, the reduction is defined as the addition of an
is used to indicate a vector and the addition of a scalar, this proves appropriate negative vector. Then a P + Q vector represents the
that a vector and a scalar will be very different. Thus, the
magnitude of a P + Q vector is generally not the same as the
number of P + Q of the size of a vector P and Q. So a parallelogram
formed of P and Q is very independent of the cumulative selection
sequence P and Q, mathematically explained as follows:
P+Q=Q+P
4 RESULTS
This research focuses on the analysis of the structural design
of the radio transmitter tower that uses a reinforcing cable as
a towing dam giving the stand to the main pillar, the main pillar
will stand upright due to the cable working. The main pillar has
two types, namely triangle type, and square type, each type has
advantages and disadvantages so that in this design it will be
known which one is more recommended. In Figure 5 and 6
illustrate the type of tower to be used as well as the height of the
tower to be designed, the height of the tower is planned to be
as high as 40 meters and the dimensions of the tower are 40 cm
x 40 cm in the first 5 sections, and the next segment the tower
dimensions become 30 cm x 30 cm. For the length of each
segment of 3 meters, while this design is planned to be 4
segments, the first segment consists of 5 segments, the second
segment consists of 4 segments, the third segment consists of 3
segments and the fourth segment consists of 2 segments. Each
segment is useful to distinguish the dimensions of the structure
and cross-section of the structure, the more cross-section the
more slender.
The model and dimensions used for tower design are very
influential on wind loads, the smaller the dimensions the
smaller
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certainly very strong. For this reason, this design will know and
the wind load that occurs, it's just that the strength of the tower is
determine the ideal design.
very doubtful, while the greater the dimensions of the tower will
be large wind loads that occur only the tower pole structure is
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Figure 6 The model construction of guyed-tension antenna towers and cross sections
Referring to Figure 6.a, the radio antenna tower with a height advantages and disadvantages. Thus these advantages are
of 40 meters, basically has two types of models, the first is the explained in Table 1, as follows:
Triangle type and the square type. Each type or model has several
TABLE 1
Wind load distribution
area of the pole that will withstand wind loads, as in table 1 of the
Based on table 1, the tower type or square model with a height
of 40 meters consisting of 4 segments, where the lowest segment
of the cross-section of the pole is larger and the top of the section
is the leanest pole. Thus there is a difference in the cross-sectional
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third column, then in that column is the first section that has a
value or variable with the name CSC (cross-section-
coefficient). This value is calculated based on the cross-
sectional area contained in each segment.
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The wind load is calculated to come from all directions starting if the wind direction is at 0, then this cross-section is the widest
because it uses the diagonal of the square, while for the wind from
from W0 0 to W10 45. Based on table 1, the wind load from W0
the direction of the 45 cross-section that holds the wind is as
0 values 49.928N, 62.409N, 75.891N and 99.855N, at this value
wide as the side of the square, this can be seen in Figure 6.c, where
the wind load is directly grounded by one towing cable because it
d is the diagonal of the square and r is the radius.
fits in the direction of the towing cable, thus the cable is 100%
In the tower triangle model, the wind that comes from all
withstand wind loads.
angles and is held by 35.304, 44.13N, 52.956N and 70.508N. This
At wind loads from the direction of 22.5 or W5, values of
is because the triangle model from which direction the wind does
42.759N, 53.224N, 63.868N and 85,158N were obtained. And the
not change the cross-sectional area, this can be seen in Figure 6.b.
last from the 45 or W10 direction obtained values of 35,230N,
From any direction all sides can be considered diagonal.
44,038N, 52.845N and 70,460N.
Primary moments in the triangle model: Winds that come
The direction of the wind coming from various directions will
from varying directions and are resisted by the cross-section of
be received by the cross-section of the tower starting from 0 at
the radio antenna tower, both the triangle model and the square
W0 to 45 at W10. Wind from 0 direction at W0, thus the cable will model, with the results shown in table 1, then this is the first step
hold 100% and the other cable cannot help to hold it because the in this analysis, the next is based on the load the wind described
angle of arrival of the wind is not at the working angle of the cable. in table 1 will then be used to determine the primary moment in
Winds originating from the direction of 22.5 on W5 and wind the triangle model. Next described in the following table:
originating from the direction of 45 on W10 this is the smallest
load. This difference is caused by a square tower antenna model,
TABLE 2
Primary moments in the triangle model
Based on table 3, at a tower height of 42 meters, the greatest The force that occurs due to wind loads on a cross-s ection
force occurs, that is 125.433N and at a height of 3 meters the force of a triangle: The force that occurs due to wind loads coming from
occurs at 42,397N and at an altitude of 0 (zero) meters the force various directions, and for from 0 the wind load will be held by only
does not occur then the force is expressed as 0 as well. Graphically one cable, more fully explained in the following table:
shown in figure 7.b.
TABLE 4
The triangle tower cable-strength influence on the direction of the wind load
Cable The triangle tower cable-strength influence on the direction of the wind load
Segment
strength, 6° 12 ° 18 ° 24 ° 30 ° 36 ° 42 ° 48 ° 54 ° 60 °
(b)
N 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
42 125.433 119.161 112.890 106.618 100.346 94.075 87.803 81.532 75.260 68.988 62.717
39 116.747 110.910 105.072 99.235 93.398 87.560 81.723 75.886 70.048 64.211 58.374
36 135.104 128.349 121.594 114.838 108.083 101.328 94.573 87.818 81.062 74.307 67.552
33 124.309 118.094 111.878 105.663 99.447 93.232 87.017 80.801 74.586 68.370 62.155
30 113.559 107.881 102.203 96.525 90.847 85.169 79.491 73.814 68.136 62.458 56.780
27 123.441 117.269 111.097 104.925 98.753 92.581 86.409 80.236 74.064 67.892 61.720
24 110.703 105.168 99.633 94.098 88.563 83.028 77.492 71.957 66.422 60.887 55.352
21 98.093 93.189 88.284 83.379 78.475 73.570 68.665 63.761 58.856 53.951 49.047
18 85.662 81.379 77.096 72.813 68.530 64.247 59.964 55.681 51.397 47.114 42.831
15 97.991 93.091 88.192 83.292 78.393 73.493 68.594 63.694 58.795 53.895 48.995
12 82.294 78.179 74.064 69.950 65.835 61.720 57.606 53.491 49.376 45.262 41.147
9 67.426 64.055 60.683 57.312 53.941 50.569 47.198 43.827 40.456 37.084 33.713
6 53.883 51.189 48.495 45.801 43.107 40.412 37.718 35.024 32.330 29.636 26.942
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ISSN 2229-5518 3 42.397 40.277 38.158 36.038 33.918 31.798 29.678 27.558 25.438 23.319 21.199
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Based on table 4, at a tower height of 42 meters, the greatest section of the radio antenna tower, both triangle and
force occurs, that is 119.161N and at a height of 3 meters the force square models, with the results shown in table 1, then
occurs at 40.397N and at an altitude of 0 (zero) meters the force this is the first step in this analysis, the next is based on
does not occur then the force is expressed as 0 as well. Graphically the wind load described in table 1 then it will then be
shown in figure 7.c. used to determine the primary moment in the square
Primary moments in the square model: Winds that come model. Next described in the following table:
from various directions and are resisted by the
cross-
TABLE 5
Primary moments in the square model
Based on table 5, at a tower height of 42 meters, the greatest e The force that occurs due to wind load on a square sec tion:
forcoccurs, that is 177.389N and at a height of 3 meters the force Force that occurs due to wind loads coming from va directions, rious
occurs at 50.959N and at an altitude of 0 (zero) meters the force and for from 0 the wind load will be held by onl y one
does not occur then the force is expressed as 0 as well. cable, more fully explained in the following table:
TABLE 6
Force influence of wind direction on a square tower,
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TABLE 7
Force influence of wind direction on a square tower
Based on table 6, at a tower height of 42 meters, the greatest Based on the calculation results and the description in tables
force occurs, that is 168.520N and at a height of 3 meters the force 1 to 7, it can be explained in an illustration in accordance with the
occurs at 56.961N and at an altitude of 0 (zero) meters the force following figure:
does not occur then the force is expressed as 0 as well. Graphically
shown in figure 7.b.
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Based on table 6.a, it is an actual tower height model with a a height of 15 meters the graph is relatively linear, this is evident
height of 40 meters and an analysis height of 42 meters, divided that in this segment the cross-sectional area and the frame width
into 4 segments, each of which has a different cross-section of the are designed the same. It's just that on the graph all wind loads
frame cross-section. The distance of the pole and anchor 9 meters. from 0 to 60 value occur simultaneously there is no intersection,
Based on table 6.b, it is an illustration or illustration due to the this indicates that the calculation is correct because there are no
wind load on the tower triangle model. At a height of 3 meters to inconsistent curves.
a height of 15 meters the graph is relatively linear, it is evident Resultant forces in the triangle model: The forces due to wind
that in this segment the cross-sectional area and frame width are loads from various directions and held by each cable, will be
designed the same. transformed into forces, in detail will be described in the
Based on table 6.c, it is an illustration or illustration due to the following table:
wind load on the tower triangle model. At a height of 3 meters to
TABLE 8
The resultant force for triangle models
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TABLE 9
The vertical force anchor dimensions for triangle models
Based on table 9, the diagonal force that occurs will be changed anchor depth of 1 meter. Due to the lift dimensions, the lifts cannot
to a vertical force or lift force with a value of 2064.453N or be lifted because the anchor strength has a value of 20643N>
2.064kN with an angle of 89.988 to the X-axis and 0.012 to the 5516.269N, thus the construction structure is declared safe.
Y-axis, both of these angles when added to an angle of 90, thus Resultant forces on the square model: The forces due to wind
the calculation done is true because it has been controlled by loads from various directions and held by each cable, will be
using a right angle. The vertical force must be resisted or resisted transformed into forces, in detail will be described in the
by using an anchor with an anchor area of 0.5625cm 2 with an following table:
TABLE 10
The resultant force for square models
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TABLE 11
The vertical force anchor dimensions for square models
Based on table 11, the diagonal force that occurs will be an anchor with an anchor area of 0.5625cm2 with an anchor depth
changed to a vertical force or lift force with a value of 2919.577N of 1 meter. Due to the lift dimensions, the lifts cannot be lifted
or 2.919kN with an angle of 89.992 to the X-axis and 0.008 to the because the anchor strength has a value of
Y-axis, both of these angles when added to an angle of 90, thus the 2919.577N>5516.269N, thus the construction structure is
calculation done is true because it has been controlled by using a declared safe, the anchor dimension is declared safe. More can be
right angle. The vertical force must be resisted or resisted by using seen in Figure 8.
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The force that occurs on a pole, then the pole stands upright [5] A. M. Angadi and A. S. Prashanth, “Design And Analysis Of
held by a group of cables according to the segment, then the cable
Steel Tower Attachments For Domestic Wind Tower,” rnal
will form a different angle. The force acting on the cables that
Eng. Technol., pp. 422–428, 2017.
converge at one point (anchor), then all these forces will be [6] I. Barsoum and F. Barsoum, “Structural Analysis of a
transformed into a vertical force or lift force and this lift force New Generation of Guyed Telecom Mast with a Wind
must be held by the anchor with the anchor force that must be Turbine,” Int. J. Eng. Technol., vol. 2, no. 9, 2012.
greater than the lift force or vertical style.
[7] B. Xiaowei, B. Yongtao, and S. Qing, “Numerical
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS simulation on wind-induced responses of steel guyed
Special thanks to Mr. Prof. DR. Ir. R. Marsuki Iswandi, MS as the transmission tower-line coupling systems,” 2016 World
Postgraduate Director of the University of Halu Oleo, who has Congr. Adv. Civil, Environ. Mater. Res., 2016.
provided much guidance, motivation and by promoting local [8] M. Marjanović and M. Petronijević, “Design Of 120m
wisdom and originating locally to build an era of 4 point zero that Guyed Steel Mast In Alibunar According To Eurocode,”
is more creative and innovative. ДГКМ ДРУШТВО НА ГРАДЕЖНИТЕ КОНСТРУКТОРИ НА
Special thanks to Mr. Prof. DR. Ir. H. Andi Bahrun, MSc.Agric МАКЕДОНИЈА, 2019.
as the Rector of the University of Sulawesi Tenggara, who has
provided much guidance, encouragement, motivation and the [9] R. T. Erdem, “Analysis of guyed steel lattice mast
motto that is known for being creative and innovative. subjected to environmental loads,” GRAĐEVINAR, vol. 67,
pp. 681–689, 2015.
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[2] S. Alshurafa, H. Alhayek, and D. Polyzois, “Finite element method for the static and dynamic analysis of
FRP guyed tower,” J. Comput. Des. Eng., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 436–446, 2019.
[3] A. C. Luzardo, V. E. Parnás, and P. M. Rodríguez, “Guy tension influence on the structural behavior of a guyed
mast,” J. Int. Assoc. Shell Spat. Struct. J. Iass, no. February 2015, 2012.
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6 authors, including:
Adris Putra
Universitas Haluoleo
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Abstract
The rapid development of commercial activity center in Kendari City caused the high level of
travel that occurred between Kendari City with several regencies in Muna Island, especially Muna
Regency and West Muna Regency. Where in the nodal region system the relation of nucleus and
hinterland regions is an uncoordinated entity so that the role of the core and hinterland regions is
an important element of the regional system.
The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of users of the speedboat modes and
night vessels. Another goal is to model the selection of modes between the two, identify the factors
that influence the mode selection and test the sensitivity of the traveler when a change is made to
one of its attributes, and compare the sensitivity between the binary binary curve model and the
binary probit. From these two models can be known the probability of choosing the mode of
transportation of Fast Ship and Night Ship.
The result of the analysis of the selection of modes obtained by the equation of the function of the
difference of the Quick Ship and Ship Utility as follows: UKC - KM = -1,468 - 0,0000579 X1 -
0,609 X2 + 0,435 X3 + 0,439 X4, with X1 (attribute cost), X2 (time attribute) , X3 (frequency
attribute), X4 (service attribute).
Keywords:
stated preference, binary logit, binary probit, attribute, modal selection
I. Introduction
Transportation and regional development is a two-way interaction. Transport services provide encouragement and
service to various activities to enhance regional development. While the development of the region requires the
availability of effective and efficient transportation services throughout the region (Adisasmita, 2011).
Along with the increase and development of the population and the increasingly tight competition tendency in
economic and other aspects of social causes the high level of activity/ movement that occurs and the variety of travel
behavior in choosing a mode to achieve a goal of meeting the needs. Fulfillment of the various needs where the need
is not met where he is located but fulfilled elsewhere. For that reason moves between two places, where the goods/
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services are needed to the place where the goods / services are available. This means that inter-regional or inter-island
interconnection is very instrumental in creating travel.
The model of selection of sea transportation modes and characteristics of inter-island passengers is a very decisive
variable in understanding and developing the concept of the relationship model between demand and supply of
transportation within a region. If in the planning of transportation of a region is not known the characteristics of
travelers and the model of the choice of travel modes of the community, it will have a disruptive impact on the
transportation system in an area due to the mismatch of community needs with the availability of existing
transportation facilities in a planning (Adiputra, B, P, 2013) .
Southeast Sulawesi Province is one of the areas in Indonesia which has several urban centers and some are buffer
areas. The trend in Southeast Sulawesi Province is the existence of a centralized travel pattern, especially the trip from
several districts in the archipelago to the capital of Southeast Sulawesi province namely Kendari. This is due to the
rapid development of commercial centers in the capital while at the same time newly developed residential areas in
some of the districts of the archipelago or new regions are not receiving adequate services. In the nodal region system
the relationship between the center and hinterland is an uncoordinated entity so that the role of some core and
hinterland regions in Southeast Sulawesi Province is an important element of the regional system.
Muna Island is one of the largest islands in Southeast Sulawesi Province whose territory consists of several districts.
Muna Regency and West Muna Regency is a district in Muna island that has a considerable amount of movement to
the city of Kendari through the archipelago Raha vice versa. The means of transportation connecting the two zones is
a means of sea transportation where the dominance of social, economic and political activities in the region of Muna
and West Muna is influenced by the activities in Kendari City.
Increased travel between island routes Raha and Kendari City is marked by the average movement in the last 4 (four)
years of departure of 71,187 inhabitants/ year and the arrival of 90.300 inhabitants/ year (Raha Port Management Unit
Office, 2009-2015), the figure is certainly larger, because some passengers are not buying tickets so they are not listed
in the ship's manifest data. Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Muna Regency and West Muna
Regency in 2016, the population in Muna Regency is 211,622 people and West Muna Regency as many as 77,084
people. Muna Regency and West Muna Regency have different characteristics of the community, both in terms of
social, cultural, occupation, and income level, can make this District as the origin of the largest inter-island travel to
get to the center of activity in the Capital of Southeast Sulawesi Province.
B. Modeling Concepts
The activity of summarizing and simplifying the realistic (real) condition is the modeling activity. Thus we can define
the model as follows:
1) The model is a concise representation of the real condition and the form of a design which may describe or
represent the real condition for a particular purpose (Black, 1981, Miro 2004).
2) A model is a representation or formulation in a particular language agreed from a real condition (Simatupang,
1995, Miro 2004)
3) The model is a main framework or formulation of information / data about the actual conditions collected to study/
analyze the real system (Gordon, 1978, Miro 2004).
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travel expenses or knowing the number (in terms of proportion) of persons and or goods that will use or select the
various modes of transportation available to serve a particular point of origin, for some specific travel purposes (Miro,
2002).
B. Research Variables
In the primary data collection, the variables that influence the making of the Characteristics of Travel Actors and the
Model of Inter-island Passenger Passenger Mode are:
1) Respondent Characteristic Variables
(Name, gender, age, education, occupation, origin-purpose, mode used, reason using mode, travel intent, total
travel, and income).
2) Variables Attribute Stated Preference mode selection are Cost, Time, Frequency and Service)
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Figure 1. Competing Sea Transport Modes (Fast Ships and Night Ship)
The data stated preference is processed in order to be used as input data in the analysis process, where the
qualitative data analysis of field survey results presented in the semantic scale is transformed into a numerical scale (a
value expressing the individual response to the choice statement). Numeric scale values are used as non-free variables
and as independent variables are the difference in the value of fast ship attributes and night ships.
Table 3.2 Numerical scale values
Scale Standard
Numeric Scale
Rating Point
Pr (Quick Ship) = [ ]
−
1. Definitely Choose QS 0,9 R1 = 2,1972
2. Maybe choose QS 0,7 R2 = 0,8473
3. Balanced Choose 0,5 R3 = 0,0000
4. Maybe choose NS 0,3 R4 = -0,8473
5. Definitely Choose NS 0,1 R5 = -2,1972
Source: Permain et al (1991) in Rudi Aziz, et al
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60%
Persentase
30% 50%
40%
20% 30%
(%)
(%)
10% 20%
10%
0%
0% <20 21-35 36-50 51-65 > 66 SD SLT SLT
Akad Diplo
S1 S2 >
e mi ma
P A
Kapal Cepat 4% 53% 32% 11% 0% Kapal Cepat 1% 5% 34% 3% 5% 49% 3%
Kapal Malam 3% 54% 30% 9% 4% Kapal Malam 5% 5% 29% 7% 0% 46% 8%
Figure 2.Graph of User Respondents Age and Education Distribution Fast Ship Modes (Kapal Cepat) And Night
Vessels (Kapal Malam) Routes Raha-Kendari And Kendari-Raha
Source: Data Anlasis Result, 2017
Where:
SD = elementary School Akademi = Academy
SLTP = Junior High School S1 = Graduate
SLTA = Senior Hihg Scholl S2 = Post Graduate
2. Education
Education is one index of socioeconomic status. In some studies found a significant relationship between education
and mobility of a person, although generally not directly meaning, education is more closely related to income with
work. The higher a person's education will have an impact on the increase of position (occupation) and income.
Although this does not take place automatically and in absolute terms it can be considered to represent real conditions.
Based on the education of the respondents who travel, it can be seen that the characteristics of fast boat users and
larger night ships with S1 education background is 49% for fast vessels and 46% for night ships. Further followed by
high school education background with percentage of 34% for fast boat and 29% for night ships. The percentage of
educational background of respondent users of fast ship mode or night boat can be seen in Figure 2.
3. Job
Job is one of the socioeconomic status index where due to the varying status of one's work will affect the higher
mobility of a person in the activity or travel. Although this does not take place automatically and in absolute terms it
can be considered to represent real conditions.
Based on the work of respondents who travel can be seen that the characteristics of fast ship users dominant with civil
servant background is with a percentage of 31% while for the larger vessel users with a background of self-
employment with a percentage of 32%. The percentage of educational background of respondents of fast ship mode
users or night ships can be seen in Figure 3.
5. Purpose of Travel
Measurement of respondent intent variable in this study, intended to get a picture of how the movement conditions
that occur in people who travel with fast boat modes and night vessels.
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Based on the intentions of the respondents can be seen that the characteristics of fast ship users more dominant with
the intention of travel affairs family and and official affairs with a percentage of 34% and 18%. While the user of the
night boat mode with the intention of the biggest trip is with the intention of family affairs and business / work trip
intent with a percentage of 29% and 20%. The percentage of travel intentions of respondents of users of fast ships or
night ships can be seen in Figure 4.
30% 50%
Persentase
25% 40%
20% 30%
(%)
15% 20%
(%)
10% 10%
5%
Wiras TNI/Po Lain- 0%
0% Pegaw PNS
wasta lri Pelajar
ai Petani /Maha Rp.1.000.000
Lain Rp.500.000 - >
Swasta < Rp.500.000 -
siswa Kapal Cepat Rp.1.000.000 Rp.2.000.00
Rp.2.000.000
31% 22% 3% 12% 16% Kapal 0
Kapal Cepat 7% 9% 8% 14% 20% 58%
24% 32% 3% 5% 14% Malam
Kapal Malam 9% 13% 8% 17% 18% 57%
Figure 3. Distribution Chart Job and Income of Respondents User Fast Ship Modes (Kapal Cepat) And Night Vessels
(Kapal Malam) Routes Raha-Kendari And Kendari-Raha
Source: Data Anlasis Result, 2017
Where:
PNS = Government Employee Pegawai Swasta = Private employee
Wiraswasta = Entrepreneur Petani = Farmers
TNI/Polri = National Army and State Police Pelajar/Mahasiswa = Students/College Students
Lain-Lain = the other jobs
% %
30 50
% %
(%)
40
(%)
25
% %
Kecepat
20 30 an/Wa
Kenya Lain Kemu Harga
m - d (
Urusa Pulang k tu
anan Lain ahan Murah
% Bisnis/B Pendidik Urusan
ekerja an Keluarga
n
Kedinasa
n
Lain-Lain Belanja
Berlibur/ Urusan
rekreasi Politik
Kampu
ng )
Kapal
Cepat
14
%
7% 34
%
18
%
4% 0% 4% 4% 16
%
Kapal Cepat 61% 26% 3% 9% 1%
Kapal 20 14 29 8% 3% 0% 4% 4% 18
Malam % % % % Kapal 34% 38% 3% 24% 1%
Malam
Figure 4. Distribution Charts The Purpose and Reason to Use Mode of Travel User Respondents Fast Ship Modes
(Kapal Cepat) And Night Vessels (Kapal Malam) Routes Raha-Kendari And Kendari-Raha
Source: Data Anlasis Result, 2017
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Where:
Travel Purpose
Bisnis/Bekerja = Business Lain-lain = the Others Purpose
Pendidikan = Education Belanja = Shoping
Urusan Keluarga = Family Affairs Berlibur/Rekreasi = On Holiday/Recreation
Urusan Dinas = Official Affair Urusan Politic = Political Affair
Pulang Kampung = Back to Hometown
Figure 5. Map of the Origin of the Raha and Kendari Route Movement
Source: Data Anlasis Result, 2017
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Based on the output of Table 4.1 above, it is known that the chi-square value of the four characteristic variables Xcount
<Xtable it can be concluded that H0 is accepted, which means there is no difference in the frequency of age, education,
employment and income in choosing the mode of transportation.
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Washington DC, USA, September 27-29, 2018
0,9
0,8
Probability
S 0,6 Cepat)
T
A
IL
0,5
BAB
Night Ship
I 0,4
Pr (Kapal
Malam)
0,3
0,2
0,1
-50.000 -40.000 -30.000 -20.000 -10.000 0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000
0,8
0,7
0,6 Pr
Probability
(Ka
S
T 0,5
Fast Ship
p
al
A
IL Cep
t)
BAB 0,4
I Pr
(Ka
0,3 Night Ship
p
al
Mala
m)
0,2
0,1
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
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0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
Probability
S 0,5
T
A Pr
IL (Kapal
Fast Ship
Cepat)
BAB
0,4
I
0,3
0,2 Pr
(Kapal Malam)
Night Ship
0,1
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
a) Shows the direction of the slope of the ship Probability line Fast, indicating the direction of the positive slope,
i.e. the greater the difference between the service level between the fast boat and the vessel night will further
increase the probability of choosing a fast ship.
b) From the above graph it can be seen that the probability of selection of modes will be balanced when the
probability is at the number 0.5. So the probability of choosing a speedboat will be greater than the probability
of choosing a night vessel if the service difference is greater than - 4%.
0,9
0,8
0,7
S
Probability
0,6
T
A
IL Pr
0,5
BAB Fast Ship
(Kap
al
Cepat
I 0,4
Pr
0,2
0,1
0
-50.000 -40.000 -30.000 -20.000 -10.000 0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000
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0,9
0,8
0,7
S 0,6 Pr
Probability
T (Ka al
A
IL
0,5
Fast ShippCep t
a
BAB
I 0,4
0,3 Pr
(Kap
0,2
Night Ship
al
Mala
m)
0,1
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0,9
0,8
0,7 Pr
(Kap
Fast Ship
Probability
S 0,6 a
l
T
A
IL )Cepa
0,5
BAB
I 0,4
Pr
(Ka a
0,3
Night Ship
p
l
0,2 Mala
m)
0,1
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Difference
SELISIH FREKUENSIin
MALAM) PER HARI
Travel(KAPAL
PERJALANAN Frequency
CEPAT - KAPAL per Day
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0,9
0,8
0,7
Probability
S 0,6
T
A
IL Pr
0,5 (Kap
BAB
Fast Ship
a
l
0,4 Cepa
I )
0,3 Pr
Night Ship
Kap
al
0,2 m
Mala
0,1
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
V. CLOSING
A. Conclusions
1) From the results of descriptive and inferential analysis, the characteristics of fast vessel and overnight boat
users are:
a) The result of descriptive analysis of user characteristics of inter-island sea transport modes; Based on age
of 21-35 year old traveler with fast ship percentage of 53% and night vessel 54%; Based on the education
of travelers is S1, with the percentage of fast vessels by 49% and night vessels 46%; Based on the work
of travelers for fast vessels are civil servants with a percentage of 31% while the night ships are 32% self-
employed; Based on the dominant traveling traveler's income is> Rp.2.000.000 with the percentage of
fast vessels of 58% and night vessels of 57%; Based on the intention of travel is a family affair with the
percentage of fast ships by 34% and vessels 29%.
b) Characteristics of age, education, employment and income there are no difference in frequency in
choosing the mode of sea transportation between fast ship and night ships.
2) The probability of mode choice utility model between fast ship and night ship route Raha-Kendari and
Kendari-Raha which reviewed in this research are:
UKC - KM = -1,468 - 0,0000579 X1 - 0,609 X2 + 0,435 X3 + 0,439 X4
The model has a value of R2 of 0.384 or 38.4%. The most influential variable in this mode selection model is
time/ time. Time has the greatest coefficient value among other variables. Time has a negative coefficient
value, this means the longer the journey time the lower the utility value. The most significant factor in
influencing the selection of modes by travelers with Raha-Kendari and Kendari-Raha routes is the time factor
of travel.
3) The results of model application analysis indicate that departure frequency and service level are the most
significant factor in influencing probability of choice of modes due to changes in departure frequency and
service level giving the largest percentage value in the change of probability of mode selection.
4) The results obtained from the analysis of the sensitivity of the utility function of binary logit model and binary
probit that of the four attributes analyzed the result is the cost (Cost) and time (Time) attribute shows the
direction of the negative slope of the line. Which means if the difference between time and cost attributes is
getting bigger, then the probability of fast ship mode selection will decrease, and vice versa the probability
of choosing the night mode vessel will be bigger. While the attributes of frequency and service level show
the direction of the positive line slope, which means that if difference attribute of frequency and service level
is bigger, then the probability of choosing fast ship mode will be bigger, and vice versa the probability of
night vessel mode selection will the smaller.
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Acknowledgements
Acknowledgments were conveyed to the Rector of Halu Oleo University, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zamrun, M.Si.,
MSc who has given us permission to participate in the international symposium of IEOM in Washington DC. The
same remark was also conveyed to the Head of Southeast Sulawesi Provincial Transportation Department, Mr.
Hado Hasina who has helped us morally and materially so that we can participate in this activity. The same
statement we also convey to Brother Bayu Purnama, for his remarkable contribution in assisting the completion
of the writing of this academic script. May Allah give blessings and merit to us all.
Biographies
Usman Rianse is a former Rector of Haluoleo University for two periods. He is a professor at the Faculty of
Agriculture at Halu Oleo University. He was born in a suburban village of Teak Moraa, Kafofo, east of Kontu
Dui Village, Muna District. Currently, he actively teaches undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral programs
and holds several courses.
La Ode Muhammad Magribi is a lecturer in Undergraduate Program, Post Graduate and Doctoral Program at
Halu Oleo University. Undergraduate education completed at Makassar Hasanuddin University, Post-Graduate
Education completed at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, on Master of Transportation System and
Engineering, while doctoral education completed in Faculty of Geography University of gadjah Mada.
Hado Hasina currently serves as Head of Department of Transportation in Southeast Sulawesi Province. In
addition to serving as head of Dinas, he is also currently handed over as a trustee of Baubau Mayor.
Bayu Purnama Adiputra is a student who studied at Postgraduate Program of Halu Oleo University for Regional
Planning and Development Program. His thesis program was completed under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Usman
Rianse and Dr. Ir. La Ode Muhammad Magribi.
Adris Ade Putra is a lecturer who teaches at Undergraduate Program, Post Graduate Program and Doctoral
Program at Halu Oleo University. His bachelor's education was completed at Halu Oleo University, graduate
education was completed at Hasanuddin University, while his doctoral education was completed at Halu Oleo
University.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adisasmita,S.A., Transportasi dan Pengembangan Wilayah. Graha Ilmu, 2011.
Adiputra,B,A., Model Bangkitan Perjalanan Penduduk Pada Kawasan Kelurahan Anduonohu Kota Kendari.
Skripsi Teknik Sipil Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, 2013.
Azis,Rudi, & Asrul, Pengantar Sistem dan Perencanaan Transportasi, 119-132, Penerbit Deepublish,
Yogyakarta, 2013.
Black, J., Urban Transport Planning. Croom Helm Ltd., 2-10 St.John’s Road, London SW11, 1981.
Kantor Unit Pengelola Pelabuhan Raha. Laporan kegiatan Bongkar Muat di pelabuhan raha (2009-
2015) Miro, F., Perencanaan Transportasi, Erlangga, Jakarta, 2002.
Miro,F., Perencanaan Transportasi untuk Mahasiswa. Perencana dan Praktisi, Erlangga, Jakarta,
2004. Ortúzar, J., & Willumsen, L. G., Modelling transport. New Jersey: Wiley, 1994.
Pearmain, D., Swanson, J., Kroes, E. and Bradley, M., Stated Preference Techniques: A Guide to Practice,
Second Edition, Steer Davies Gleave and Hague Consulting Group, 1991.
Pignataro,L.J., Traffic Engineering Theory and Prentice, Prentice Hall, New York,
1973. Simatupang, T. M., Pemodelan sistem. Penerbit Kanida, Klaten, 1995.
Tamin, O. Z., Transport Modelling and Planning.ITB, Bandung, 1997.
© IEOM Society
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Nama : LAODE MOHAMAD APRILYAN YAMIN DOKE
NIM : E1F118048
Prodi : REKAYASA INFRASTRUKTUR DAN LINGKUNGAN
2 authors, including:
Adris Putra
Universitas Haluoleo
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MEDIA KOMUNIKASI
TEKNIK SIPIL
BMPTTSSI
ABSTRACT
Existence U-Turn facilities in Brigjen M. Yoenoes road aim to give opportunity for
vehicle rider doing turning movement, but existence U-Turn facilities in Brigjen M.
Yoenoes road exactly generate friction to security and freshmnet through traffic. This
matter is happened because vehicle volume which doing turning movement very high
especially in peak hour. The aim of this research doing for to know influence value
turning movement variable (time turning movement and time headway) and density in
Brigjen M. Yoenoes road to level of performance especially space-mean speed through
traffic. Used data in this analysis obtained from result survey in three days start from
07.00 – 18.00 WITA in peak hour. From result analysis with program SPSS 11.5 for
Windows, obtained regression equation for every direction traffic. For direction Pasar
Baru – Kota : y 31,506 0,380x1 0,092x2 . For direction Kota – Pasar Baru :
y 44,063 0,189x1 0,97x2 . From this equation, we can to know influence value
which generated from independent variable to space-mean speed through traffic
descent.
Keywords : time turning movement, time headway, density
ABSTRAK
Keberadaan fasilitas U-TURN pada Jalan Brigjen M. Yoenoes bertujuan untuk memberikan
peluang untuk pengemudi kendaraan dalam melakukan pergerakan memutar. Tetapi
kebaradaan U-TURN pada Jalan Brigjen M. Yoenoes tidak sepenuhnya memberikan
keamanan dan kenyamanan dalam berlalu lintas. Hal ini terjadi karena volume kendaraan
yang melakukan pergerakan memutar sangat tinggi
1
S3 Jurusan Teknik Sipil Universitas Diponegoro Jl.
Hayam Wuruk Semarang
Email : putra_adris@yahoo.com; No hp : 081355444611
2
Jurusan Teknik Sipil Unhalu
Jl. S.Parman No 115 Kendari
MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK
SIPIL
9
Adris Ade Putra, Ady Sarwono Sarewo
Pengeruh Pergerakan U – Turn (Putaran Balik Arah) terhadap Kecepatan Arus Lalu Lintas Menerus
terutama pada jam sibuk. Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui
besarnya pengaruh variabel pergerakan memutar (waktu pergerakan memutar dan
waktu antara dan kepadatan) di Jalan Brigjen M. Yoenoes pada tingkat keadaan
terutama kecepatan rata-rata ruang kendaraan. Data yang digunakan dalam analisis
ini diperoleh dari hasil survey dalam 3 hari mulai dari Pukul 07.00-18.00 WITA pada
jam puncak. Dari hasil analisis dengan program SPSS 11,5 For Window diperoleh
persamaan regresi untuk setiap arah lalu lintas.Untuk arah Pasar Baru-Kota :Y=31,506
+ 0,380 X1 + 0.092 X2 Untuk arah Kota-Pasar Baru :Y=44,063 – 0.189 X1 + 0.97 X2.
Dari nilai ini kita dapat mengetahui besarnya pengaruh yang diperoleh dari variable bebas
untuk kecepatan rata-rata ruang pada arus lalu lintas menurun.
Kata Kunci : Waktu pergerakan memutar, waktu antara, kepadatan.
T (kend) Vi ………………..…………….....…..(4)
q
T = Interval waktu pengamatan 0,25
(menit)
Dimana :
Kecepatan kendaraan Q = tingkat arus lalulintas (rate of
flow) (kend/jam)
Ukuran kualitatif dari kemampuan jalan Vi = volume pada waktu ke-i (kend)
bisa diukur dari kecepatan yang bisa 0,25 = persentase waktu dalam jam
dikembangkan oleh pengemudi di jalan
raya, kecepatan yang biasa dikem- Kerapatan/kepadatan lalulintas
bangkan pengemudi erat kaitannya
dengan jenis kendaraan dan Kerapatan lalulintas didefinisikan
pengemudi itu sendiri. seperti sebagai jumlah kendaraan yang
laki/perempuan dan tua/muda. menggunakan suatu panjang jalan, pada
umumnya ditentukan panjang 1 km dan
Kecepatan adalah laju perjalanan yang 1 lajur jalan. (Liliani, 2002 : hal. 3-17).
biasanya dinyatakan dalam satuan Pengukuran langsung mengenai
kilometer per jam (km/jam). kepadatan lalulintas sulit dilakukan.
Kecepatan adalah laju perjalanan yang Namun demikian dapat dihitung
biasanya dinyatakan dalam satuan berdasarkan rumus hu- bungan antara
kilometer per jam (Km/jam). Kecepatan aliran lalulintas (q) dan kecepatan
lalulintas dapat ditulis dengan lalulintas (u) sehingga diperoleh
persamaan 3 berikut (Morlok, 1988 : persamaan 5 tentang kerapatan sebagai
hal. 190) : berikut :
untuk jalan empat-lajur terbagi atau volume lalulintas yang terjadi setiap
jalan satu arah (4/2 D). harinya.
Penyesuaian kapasitas untuk ukuran Volume lalulintas menerus
kota (FCcs) ditentukan berdasarkan
ukuran kota yang dilihat dari jumlah Volume lalu lintas persatuan waktu lebih
penduduk. Jumlah penduduk Kota pendek akan memberikan kondisi yang
Kendari adalah 265.724 jiwa sehingga paling memungkinkan dalam
diperoleh faktor penyesuaian kapasitas perencanaan jalan, waktu tersebut
untuk ukuran kota (FCcs) adalah 0,90. sudah mewakili dari suatu keadaan jam
Dari data-data yang telah diperoleh puncak volume lalu lintas. Jam puncak
diatas dapat ditentukan kapasitas pada adalah jam yang paling kritis yang harus
jalan Brigjen. M. Yoenoes menurut diterima oleh prasarana jalan.
Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia (MKJI)
Pengambilan data dalam pengkajian ini
1997 adalah :
telah memilih waktu periode jam-jaman
C C0 xFCw xFCsp xFCsf xFCcs yang diperkirakan akan terjadi waktu
puncak (peak hour) volume lalu lintas,
C 1650smp/ jam0,921,001,020,90 yakni pagi hari, siang hari, dan sore hari.
C 1393,524smp/ jam Tiap kendaraan dikonversikan dengan
Dari hasil perhitungan diatas diperoleh nilai emp masing-masing kendaraan ke
kapasitas pada jalan Brigjen. M. Yoenoes satuan mobil penumpang per jam. Data
adalah 1393,524 smp/jam. Jika survey volume lalulintas beserta
dibandingkan dengan volume lalulintas analisanya secara tabelaris
terbesar yang melewati jalan Brigjen. M. selengkapnya dapat dilihat pada data
Yoenoes sebesar 795,05 smp/jam maka volume lalulintas yang disajikan dalam
kapasitas jalan Brigjen. bentuk grafik fluktuasi selama
M. Yoenoes masih dapat menampung pengukuran berlangsung dapat dilihat
pada Gambar 1.
700
600
Volume Lalulintas
500
(smp/jam)
Sepeda Motor
400
Kend. Ringan
300
Kend. Berat
200
100
0
07.00 - 08.00 - 12.00 - 13.00 - 16.00 - 17.00 -
08.00 09.00 13.00 14.00 17.00 18.00
Periode Pengamatan (Jam)
450
400
(smp/jam)
350
300 Sepeda Motor
250
Kend. Ringan
200
150 Kend. Berat
100
50
0
07.00 08.00 12.00 13.00 16.00 17.00
- - - - - -
08.00 09.00 13.00 14.00 17.00 18.00
Periode Pengamatan (Jam)
Gambar 2. Volume kendaraan memutar arah Wua-wua - Pasar Baru hari Sabtu
Proses analisa data kecepatan untuk Hasil analisa kecepatan rata-rata kendaraan untuk
setiap kendaraan yang terdistribusi setiap arah pada jalan Brigjen. M. Yoenoes dapat
dilihat pada Tabel 1 dan 2.
dalam setiap pengamatan merupakan
hasil dari perataan dari beberapa sampel Dari Tabel 1 dan 2 diperoleh kecepatan rata-rata
selama pengukuran dari setiap periode kendaraan pada arah Pasar Baru - Kota adalah
41,33 km/jam dan kecepatan rata-rata kendaraan
pengamatan. Kecepatan sesaat dan
pada arah Kota - Pasar Baru adalah 39,81 km/jam.
aliran lalu lintas kendaraan sepanjang Data kecepatan rata-rata ruang kendaraan ini akan
lintasannya cenderung berfluktuasi, dipakai dalam analisis regresi linier berganda
keadaan ini seiring dengan karakteristik sebagai variabel tidak bebas (dependent) untuk
kemampuan pengemudi dalam mendapatkan persamaan linier untuk mengetahui
mengembangkan kecepatan pengaruh pergerakan memutar kendaraan pada
fasilitas U-Turn.
kendaraannya sebagai hasil proses
penyesuaian dengan kondisi setempat
yang dihadapi.
Tingkat arus lalulintas (rate of flow) Waktu berlalu antara kedatangan dua
untuk interval 15 menitan diperoleh kendaraan didefinisikam sebagai time
sebagai berikut : headway. Time headway dalam detik,
Vi dapat ditentukan dari tingkat arus
q lalulintas per jam (q) sehingga :
0,25
3600
8 t
q q
0,25 3600
t
q 32kend / jam 32
t 112,50dtk
Kepadatan Lalulintas
26,4% dari variabel tidak bebas, dimana - Untuk koefisien waktu memutar rata-
R² merupakan koefisien determinasi. rata kendaraan ringan
Untuk pengujian signifikan koefisien Hipotesis :
regresi dapat dilakukan sebagai berikut: H0 : koefisien regresi tidak
signifikan
- Untuk konstanta
H1 : koefisien regresi signifikan
Hipotesis :
Pada taraf signifikansi 5% nilai ttabel
H0 : koefisien regresi tidak
atau t0.025,22 = 2,074 dan thitung =
signifikan
0,325. Karena thitung < ttabel maka
H1 : koefisien regresi signifikan
dapat disimpulkan menerima H0 yang
Pada taraf signifikansi 5% nilai ttabel artinya waktu memutar rata-rata
atau t0.025,22 = 2,074 dan thitung = kendaraan ringan tidak berpengaruh
7,723. Karena thitung > ttabel maka secara statistik pada kecepaan rata-
dapat disimpulkan tolak H0 yang rata ruang kendaraan. Hal ini bisa
artinya konstanta berpengaruh dilihat dari nilai Sig = 0,748 yang lebih
secara statistik pada kecepaan rata- besar dari taraf signifikansi 5%.
rata ruang kendaraan. Hal ini bisa
Arah Kota - Pasar Baru
dilihat dari nilai Sig = 0,000 yang
y 44,063 0,189x1 0,97x2
lebih kecil dari taraf signifikansi 5%.
- Untuk koefisien waktu memutar rata- Berdasarkan hasil output SPSS pada
rata kendaraan berat lampiran 6, selanjutnya kita melakukan
uji hipotesis yang menyatakan model
Hipotesis : yang didapatkan bentuknya linier atau
H0 : koefisien regresi tidak tidak dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%
signifikan (α.= 5% ).
H1 : koefisien regresi signifikan
Pada taraf signifikansi 5% nilai t Hipotesis :
tabel
H0 : b=0 (tidak ada hubungan linier
atau t = 2,074 dan t hitung =
0.025,22
antara variabel bebas dan
2,438. Karena thitung > ttabel maka variabel tidak bebas).
dapat disimpulkan menolak H0 yang H1 : b≠0 (ada hubungan linier antara
artinya waktu memutar rata-rata variabel bebas dan variabel
kendaraan berat berpengaruh secara tidak bebas).
statistik pada kecepaan rata-rata
ruang kendaraan. Hal ini bisa dilihat Dari output diperoleh nilai Fhitung = 0,942
dari nilai Sig = 0,024 yang lebih kecil (dalan tabel ANOVA), sedangkan Ftabel =
dari taraf signifikansi 5%. 3,47 (tabel distribusi F dengan taraf
signifikansi 5%), karena nilai Fhitung <
Tanda (+) pada koefisien regresi Ftabel maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kita
menandakan setiap kenaikan pada dapat menerima H0 yang artinya tidak
waktu memutar rata-rata ken-daraan ada hubungan linier antara variabel
berat akan menyebabkan penurunan bebas dan variabel tidak bebas. Hal ini
kecepatan pada kecepatan kendaraan juga bisa dilihat pada nilai Sig
arus lalulintas menerus.
MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK
SIPIL
20
Adris Ade Putra, Ady Sarwono Sarewo
Pengeruh Pergerakan U – Turn (Putaran Balik Arah) terhadap Kecepatan Arus Lalu Lintas Menerus
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Port Infrastructure Development Strategy in Supporting Development Islands Areas View project
OF ARCHIPELAGO REGION
The development of port infrastructure and connectivity between ports could influence the economic
improvement of natural resources potency related to the population prosperity. Therefore, port development is needed -so
it could anticipate the enhancement of loading and unloading of goods and services. The research site was located at
Malawi Port in Konawe Utara, Southeast Sulawesi.
Combination of qualitative and quantitative research method was used as research approach used in this study.
The Proportion of the analysis was still dominant using a qualitative approach, supported by a quantitative approach.
Data obtained by using both primary and secondary were directly analyzed in the interpretative and quantitative way by
referring to references. The research design was conducted using survey method and direct observation to the research
Original Article
site to obtain accurate data and information.
The result of the study showed that Malawi Port development needed to be done by the increase of dock length
to reach the depth so that non-operated or non-directed ships could be directly docked at the harbor. Inter-island
connectivity system has not been supported by supporting infrastructure so the port operational has not been effective and
efficient for the loading and unloading of goods and passengers.
Received: Apr 04, 2018; Accepted: Apr 25, 2018; Published: May 21, 2018; Paper Id.: IJMPERDJUN201860
INTRODUCTION
The development of transportation is directed to bridge the gap between regions and enhance equitable
distribution of development outcomes. Inter-regional transportation will raise opportunities for trading; reducing
price differences; be increasing the mobility of goods, services, and labors in order to reduce the concentration of
skills and abilities in some areas. Thus, encouraging the creation of opportunities for development, opening isolation,
increasing mobility and social contact between the population could maintain activities and facilitate access to the
use of technology as well as improving social aspects. The process is capable to support the economy aspect of the
local citizen and increase local revenue.
Sea transportation plays an important role in the world of trading because it has high economic values such
as heavy loads of carrying capacity and relatively low cost. Ports are created as anodes of goods cargo shifting where
ships can dock, lean, load, unload and continue to other areas of trading in order to support trading and cargo traffic
(Kramadibrata, 1985). Port is important, especially for sea transportation. The required mileage will be faster
-with this transportation, especially for the economic development of an area where the center of consumer goods
can be marketed quickly and smoothly. In addition, ports have a positive impact on the development of an isolated area
based on the economic field, especially in waters areas where accessibility by land is difficult to do.
Port as a link to the transportation system acts as a connecting system in an economy. The classical principle of
economics is to sacrifice as little as possible to get as much profit as possible. In terms of cost and geographical location of
Indonesia, ports are related to the classical principles of economy, compared to the air transportation that still has expensive
cost. In this case, port acts as a place of ships loading and unloading of goods that are intended to facilitate the movement
of goods and services from sea transportation to land transportation and vice versa.
Port as a link can enable the goods (commodities) to be generated by the area behind the harbor (hinterland) and
marketed outside the region so that the goods can have added value (Added Value) related to the time and place where
economic activities take place. If economic activities can take place while maintaining economic principles, then, in turn,
there will be regional development in the area behind the harbor (hinterland). Hinterland commodities can be marketed out
of the region, both between regions in the country and abroad because of the port. Then, there is a smooth flow of goods
and services in trading.
Besides link, the port also is used as a gate (gateway). As gateway, port helps operating regional, national and
international trading. In order to fulfill the demand, a port function must be optimized for both physical (facilities and
infrastructure) and non-physical (service or service). The function of the port as an industry entity is very important in
development. One of the factors that can affect is the availability of transportation services. Transportation is an important
factor that needs to be considered because the transportation activities, including transporting and moving to the destination
place, requires a very expensive cost. Therefore, it is required an effective and efficient transportation system.
The abundant natural resources will be meaningless if there is no transportation service that brings the goods to the
consumers. In addition, the raw material or energy produced by the mining will have no value if there is no transportation
that can facilitate the raw material to be processed to the industrial location to create finished goods. In this case, the increase
of trading requires port function as an industry entity to increase the growth of hinterland economy which can turn to develop
the region. The development and growth of a port are determined by the extent of its service area since it plays a role in
determining the type of commoditiesquantity or passengers traveling through the port.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Port
According to Gurning and Budiyanto (2007), the port is a place consisting of land and water and surrounding areas
with certain limits as a place of Government activities and service activities. Besides, the port is where the ship is leaned,
anchored, lifted up and down passengers and/or loading and unloading of goods equipped with shipping safety facilities and
port supporting activities as well as canal and inter-modal transportation. Meanwhile, Suranto (2004), said that port is a
place consisting of land and surrounding waters with certain limits as a place of government activity and economic activity
which is used as a place of ship leaning, anchored, up and down passengers, and/or loading and unloading of goods which
is equipped with a shipping safety facilities and supporting port activities and as well as a place inter-modal transportation.
The public port is a port that is organized for the benefits of public services.
Meanwhile, Jinca (2011) said that the ports are a watershed protected against storms, waves, and currents. So it can
be said that the ships can hold movement, lean back, throw anchor in such a way that loading and unloading of goods
and passenger movements can be done well. The main function of port is displacement function of the industry in terms of
port entrepreneurs, completing the facilities for the activities of ships at the port such as the shipping channel for in and out
of the ships from and to the port, mooring equipment, loading and unloading activities at the dock, checking goods,
warehousing, and provision of local transport links in the port area.
Soemantri (2003) said that ports can play a role in stimulating the growth of economic, commercial and industrial
activities from their spheres of influence but they do not create such activities. They only serve to grow and develop these
activities such as activities in the increasing role of ports from just as a shipping place to the center of economic activity.
Bintarto (1983) said that, in terms of regional importance, port area has an economic meaning that the port has import and
export function of other economic activities that are interconnected by cause and effect. Along with activities at the port,
the economic benefits can be seen by the opening of many job fields for surrounding community as well as in all areas of
activities. Human labor will be much needed at the port such as laborers as porters, port traffic controllers, and janitor port.
Infrastructure development is an integral part of national development. Infrastructure is the driving force of
economic growth. Transportation sector activity is the backbone of the distribution pattern of both goods and passengers.
An Other infrastructure such as electricity and telecommunications related to the nation's modernization and its supply is
one of the most important aspects to increase the productivity of the production sector. The availability of housing and
settlements, including drinking water and sanitation so as widely and equitably sustainable management of water resources,
will determine the level of community welfare. In this context, future approaches to the development of region- based
infrastructure are increasingly important to note and consider as the major development. Experience shows that
transportation infrastructure plays a major role to open up the isolation of the region, as well as the availability of irrigation.
The system is a prerequisite for the successful development of agriculture and other sectors.
Port infrastructure has a very strong linkage to economic growth, social welfare and even social-politics as indicated
that regions with better port infrastructure will have welfare levels with good economic growth. Thus, the development of
port infrastructure is one of the main factors of economic growth or the development of a region. Dekker et. al. (2003)
emphasized that infrastructure development through capacity expansion will have a positive impact on national and regional
economic development. The development of the infrastructure must be acceptable to the community with various
considerations such as environmental effects, urban planning, and social-economic aspects although the cost of development
becomes more expensive (Dekker et al (2003).
Infrastructure in a very larger context refers not only to the number of containers, cranes, tug areas and terminal
areas, but also to the quality of the cranes, the quality and effectiveness of information systems, the capability of integration
of intermodal transport (road and cart) and port management (Tongzon and Ganesalingan, 1994). If the volume of cargo-
handling capacity of the port is big and heavy, it results in congestion on the port and inefficiency. The case may harm port
users. Then, the limited access to information on ship arrival will bring effect to the bad information system. It will slow
down the documentation process and slow down the port function itself. Without the availability of inter-modal links, ship
users cannot easily move their cargo from ports to ports. It can create stagnation, delays and higher costs of operating the
sea transportation.
Impact Factor (JCC): 7.6197 SCOPUS Indexed Journal NAAS Rating: 3.11
560 Adris Ade Putra, Edward Ngii & Susanti Djalante
Wibowo, et al (1999) emphasized that regional development is an effort to develop and improve the
interdependence and interaction relationship between economic aspect, human or community system, environment and
natural resources. A study conducted by Ahmed and Hossain (1990) indicated that areas of developed transport infrastructure
have a significant impact on villages with undeveloped transportation infrastructure. The results of research conducted by
World Bank (1994) showed that the development of road infrastructure has increased the social activities of the community,
which then increased economic activity, communication and eventually could create new jobs for the community.
Infrastructure development is one of the supporting factors of the economic development in a country.
Bhattacharyay (2008) had identified the important role of infrastructure in regional development. It is being a fundamental
factor that can drive the change in the economic field in various sectors both locally and internationally. Infrastructure
development influence greater access to input for economic growth such as natural resources, technology, and knowledge.
It can also improve social-economic and environmental conditions. Infrastructure development is also able to increase
physical connectivity both domestically and between countries so that it can facilitate the movement of goods and service
as well.
The fact regarding infrastructure development was reinforced by Kessedes and Ingram (1994) which mentioned
that there are several infrastructure benefits to the economy including (1) reducing production costs; (2) expanding
employment and consumption opportunities due to the opening of isolated areas; and (3) maintaining macroeconomic
stability through investment in infrastructure to increase labor and consumer purchasing power to goods and services.
States and regions will develop if there is inter-regional trading activity from one region to another region so that
there will be an increase in development investment and the increase of economic activity due to trading activity. Regional
incomes earned from exports will result in the development of local activities, capital and labor migration, external benefits
and further development of the region (Damapolii, 2008). Based on the certain principle, the relationship of development
activities by humans in the sea cannot be separated with development activities on the beach even on land entirely. In the
context of spatial economy, it can be seen that the sea, coast and even coastal cities are economically integrated. Even port
sector will depend not only on maritime territory or space as a vehicle or sea transportation but it is also dependent on the
city and region systems that support it. This can happen since the port's function depends on products exported and imported
as well as humans who will travel from and to a region.
Connectivity System
Jinca (2011) In the archipelago region, strengthening the connectivity system is needed to make the inside island
and inter-island connections run smoothly in supporting the development of a region's economy. Connectivity in Sislognas
is Local Integrated, Globally Connected and has 3 levels of integrated connectivity: Local Connectivity (Intra Island),
National Connectivity (Inter Island) and Global Connectivity (International) as shown. In the archipelago region,
connectivity scenarios are expected to open up isolated areas linked to economic centers in order to aim at reducing price
and service disparities, increasing competitiveness and accelerating poverty alleviation. The aims can ultimately increase
social and economic accessibility. The role of ports in the connectivity system is the point of transfer of modes between sea
transport and land/road transportation as shown in Figure 1.
Port as the main element in sea transportation system is a supporting factor of economic activities, providing
services for mobility of people and goods and being a catalyst for economic growth. Ports can play a driving role in remote
areas of development as it is known to be pioneer transportation to open isolated areas, increase trade, mobilize the
population, reduce regional disparities and realize regional stability. The connectivity or node chain has 4 functions as
(composition, connection, interchange, decomposition) in intermodal transport (Rodrigue and Comtois) as shown in Figure
2.
An advance in transportation technology is being a follow up of economic and trading fields, as well as the reverse.
Transportation has the role of expanding scope and sequence of the goods and services distribution, supporting the efficient
distribution of industrial logistics and the specialization of production activities. Transportation also creates a concentration
of production activities in one place and produces"Economics of Scale" and "Agglomeration Economics"in the logistics
system as shown in Figure 3.
Impact Factor (JCC): 7.6197 SCOPUS Indexed Journal NAAS Rating: 3.11
562 Adris Ade Putra, Edward Ngii & Susanti Djalante
As an archipelago country, Indonesia has an area of dispersion of hinterland, connected by road transportation to
port, sea transport system (seaport, shipping, and potency of goods mobility) as shown in Figure 4 has a very important
function. Seaport as the point of distribution service by sea and as the center of sea transportation activities has provided
space for industry and supported building construction.
Sea transportation is more efficient for transporting large quantities of goods since the speed is proper and the cost
of transportation per ton of miles is relatively low. Sea transportation is very useful for long-haul transportation in
archipelago regions.
Port is an area that has the properties (facilities and infrastructure) in supporting operational activities. The
infrastructure is a facility that must exist in a port to support the operations or port business. Port infrastructure or facility
consists of basic facilities (facilities) and supporting facilities (infrastructure). This division is based on the interests of the
port itself.
In a comprehensive way, the role of the port is not only from its existence and future development. The existence
of port is related to the planning and management aspect in supporting the development of regency, between
regions/islands/harbors so that there is an interaction between development resources, such as community, natural resources
(sector), funding, technology, and other development resources.
Ports play a very important role and function in trading of regional, national and international development,
including gateway in and out of goods and passengers to and from a region, where the port is located. The role and function
of the port include various aspects, namely:
The availability of port facilities and infrastructures that serve the loading and unloading activities of ship goods
and visits, related to the rear connected areas by land transportation, investment, technology, management and
service quality.
The linkage of ports on one island to ports on another island (national and international), related to the surrounding
harbors the origin and destination of the mobility of goods.
The linkage of a port with the social, economic and environmental aspects of port development to the surrounding
area.
METHOD
Research Approach
Research approach used is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research. A proportion of analysis is
predominantly using a qualitative approach, supported by a quantitative approach. Data obtained both primary and secondary
are directly analyzed using interpretative and quantitative method along within existing reference (literature).
Research Site
The research site is Malawi Port which is located in North Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi. Malawi Port can be
reached by road transportation using two wheels and four wheels vehicles or using sea transportation. The site is presented
on the Location Orientation map that is shown in Figure 4.
This study was designed using the descriptive method with qualitative and quantitative analysis. Data design and
information are collected through observation, interviews, and documentation to obtain the facts of tendencies and seek
actual information to find out on how capacity readiness and port facilities can support the accessibility and mobility of
leading commodities at NorthKonawe.
Ocean tide observation data is needed to determine design of water level, harbor dimension, dock elevation and for
coastal hydraulic analysis. Ocean tide states will affect the location of breaking waves. Ocean tide data is obtained from 24
hours observation within an interval on every one hour for 15 days in a row. From the Ocean tide measurement data, some
water level elevation such as MHWL, MSL, and MLWLcan be obtained.
Ocean tide observation is done by observing sea level fluctuations for 7 days in a row within one-hour interval.
Ocean tide observation is done by installing peilschaal in the sea. Peilschaal used is peilschaal with a 1 cm scale interval.
Peilschaal is placed in an easily observable location, always submerged in water (peilschaal base is below the lowest tide
level) and firmly mounted so it is not easy to change position due to natural conditions. The peilschaal interval should be
longer than the maximum possible ocean tide limits. If a low tide happens, the peilschaal zero point is not submerged (dry).
Additional peilschaal installation is performed so that at that time the water level elevation still can be read.
Topology measurement data is required to create situation images, cross-section, and long-section. The creation of a
certain picture (topographic map) is required to obtain the actual field situation due to plan the coastal protection building.
This work includes benchmarking, complementary azimuth markings, skeletal polygon measurements so as binding, flat
plate measurements, cross-section measurements, and elongated measurements.
Benchmark Assembly
Benchmarks are installed at 1.5 km intervals of 40 x 40 x 100 cm and planted as deep as 80 cm, following a polygon
path and installed at least 100 meters from the coastline. The wooden stakes for profiles are painted red. He wooden stakes
has 5 x 5 x 40 cm at a size, planted as deep as 30 cm and 10 cm appear above ground level. Installation of the wooden stakes
has done in every 50 m on a straight coastal area except in the curved bend area at the minimum
Impact Factor (JCC): 7.6197 SCOPUS Indexed Journal NAAS Rating: 3.11
564 Adris Ade Putra, Edward Ngii & Susanti Djalante
distance of 25 m.
The search is intended to determine the placement points of wooden stakes at 50 m intervals. The installation of
the stakes is meant as the measurement points. It is made in the form of the installation using wooden stakes and concrete
blocks (BM/CP).
Polygon Measurement
The polygon measurement consists of angle and length measurements that will be used to determine coordinate
points based on one reference plane. In this case, the reference field used is the Universal Transfer Mercator (UTM)
coordinate. The polygon measurement form for this work is the measurement of open polygons with azimuth control. The
length of polygon measurement conducted on this work is 4 km.
The purpose of solar azimuth observation is to determine the azimuth of a polygon measurement framework using
magnetic azimuth. Besides, the observation of the solar azimuth is also conducted by using the method of sun height
measurement.
The purpose of measurement in flat plates is to determine the height difference of the points measured by using the
Nivo plane. From this height difference, it will be used to determine the elevation based on a particular reference plane, in
this case, the mean sea level (MSL). To be able to get along with polygon measurements, the flat plate measurement system
used in this study is an open flat plate. On the measurement of the open flat plane, the measurement is done by going back
method or double standing method since only one of the end is known to determine the elevation.
Cross-Section Measurement
Bathymetry Data
Bathymetry measurement data is needed to create bathymetry maps. Bathymetry maps are required to know the
position and the depth of the sea around the site. This map is used to determine the wave states at the location. Measurements
are carried out to a distance of 1.0 km from the coastline.
Wave Data
Wave data is obtained from wave forecasting based on the wind. The result will be inferred to be wave direction,
wave frequency and wave period from the plane of the wave based on these winds.
Sediment Data
Sediment collection is used to determine the dominant sediment transport in coastal areas. Beach sediments can be
derived from the erosion of the shoreline itself, the land carried by the river and the deep ocean that flows into the coastal
areas. The study uses sample sampling bottles equipped with ballast valves for the sampling of sedimentary kites. Basic
sediment collection uses one unit of Bottom Grabber tool.
Wind Data
Wind data is required for forecasting and wave periods. Wind data collection has also taken using secondary data
-in addition to its own observations. Wind data used as reference material is taken from Meteorological Station.
Social-Economy Data
Implementation of this social-economic data is taken by using certain jobs taken, including data on the state of
social life and the economic condition of the surrounding area, as well as its impact on the area.
Method of data collection used in this field study is socialization within the community and the surrounding
population. Some of the secondary data used are North Konawe maps in Figures 2017 which is obtained from the Central
Bureau of Statistics of the North Konawe.
The location of Molawe Portis in Malawi Village, Malawi District, North Konawe, as shown in Figure 7. Based on
results of the latest study, Malawi Port location plan has existing ports built there such as ports, trestles, docks, Syahbandar
offices, warehouses, terminals, parking lots, piling grounds, guard posts and access roads in the area and others. The area of
Malawi Port on land is +23349.93 m2 as shown in Figure 5.
Port Coordinate
Malawi Port is located in Lasolo Bay at coordinates 03o 36'6.76 " of South Latitude and 122o 12' 1.20" of East
Longitude. The coordinate system used is UTM coordinate within WGS 51 of the ellipsoid. Coordinate North-East reference
used is BM 0 and it is observed by using GPS with static tracking method. Coordinates are obtained by simple alignment of
a single point. Furthermore, the dots are propagated to other BM and all polygon webs on land topography. Coordinate
systems on topographic and bathymetry maps are used in UTM systems with WGS 51 of an ellipsoid, North- East
coordinates taken from instantaneous GPS observations.
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Port Activity
The Port of Malawi is classified as Regional Port. Regional Port is Primary Feeder Port which serves the activities
and the transfer of national sea freight in a relatively small quantity as well as the feeder from the main port. Activities
served by port in general, is loading and unloading of people's shipping such as domestic and foreign goods/animals and
passengers. Based on the development of Malawi Port, the type of ships served are the general cargo ships within 1500
DWT. The plan of ships criteria that will be served in the port are:
Length : 81,000 m
Breadth : 12,4 m
Draft : 4,90 m
Malawi District is classified as a coastal area with flat topography and hilly. Malawi sub-district has extensive water
area and several islands such as Bawulu Island, SisihIsland, BuruhIsland and Meong Island along with wealth potential of the
location based on the plan. The ship's plan characteristic is according to (Triatmodjo, 2010) to support community prosperity.
The sea at Malawi has a beautiful panorama. Therefore, the waters in Malawi District are very suitable for the
development of marine tourism.
Access from the sub-district capital to all villages in the Molawe sub-district is quite easy since all villages can be
reached by twowheels vehicles, except for villages on the island such as Tapunggaya. Thus, they must be reached by outboard
motor boats though in the sea wavelength is high enough during April until September.
The population of Malawi in 2017 is 6,008 inhabitants, consisting of 3,164 male and 2,844 female residents. It can
be said that the number is increasing at 1.03 percent from the previous year. There are 1,215 households in Malawi. Each
household has an average number of members within 5 people. All of residents in Malawi are Indonesian citizens (WNI). The
population gender ratio of Malawi is 111.25. It means that out of every 100 female populations there are about 111 male
population. Based on the data existed, the population is almost equal.
Dry land area in Molawe in 2017 is 23,411 Ha, including 4% of dry land used for the yard/building, 61% of
tegal/garden, 32% of huma/field and 3% of smallholding garden. Land used in Molawe is classified into 12 categories
namely; rice fields, yard/land for buildings and surrounding, tegal/garden, huma/field, prairie land, unplanted lands,
ponds/pools, uncultivated temporary lands, timber plants, state forest lands, estate lands and other lands.
The condition of an access road to Malawi Port due to the arterial road has been using asphalt. Meanwhile, the road
leading to the port has not been on the asphalt. This state has reflected in the results of transportation disruption. The
condition of the access road to the port shown in Figure 6.
Topographic measurements are tied to ground elevation of BM, determined by an average value of sea level or
MSL based on ocean tide (tidal) data as shown in Figure 8. BM is directly tied to tidal palms were BM0 with elevations
MSL +1,369 m and LWS +2,659 m are obtained. Then, the elevation is tied to all existing BMs. The coordinate value of
BM is shown in Table 2.
The same is true for bathymetry survey at the site plan where this data is needed to determine position and depth
of the sea around the Malawi Port plan site. This map can also be used to obtain an overview of wave states in the plan
location. Measurements were made to the sea depth of approximately -14 m below the water level plan (LWS). In the making
of a map combination, situation maps and bathymetry maps are made on a scale of 1:2000. to be able to aim the planning
purposes, implementation of bathymetry measurements is performed simultaneously within topographic measurements of
the land using a Total Station (Top Cone) measuring instrument. The process has been done in such a way that the contours
of the seabed are located around the planned site. The combined topographic maps of land and bathymetry are shown in
Figure 7.
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568 Adris Ade Putra, Edward Ngii & Susanti Djalante
Ocean tide state analysis (tidal analysis) is conducted to determine sea level fluctuations and the water level of the
plan related to port planning, as well as to know the type of tidal events that occur and predict the fluctuation of the water
level. Tidal observation data is not significant enough related to the time of execution which of course is relatively not yet
describe the maximum and minimum conditions that occur during the year of the planned location since there is no
significant length of time in planning (+1 month).
From the observation, it can also be seen that tidal data obtained from the Maritime Station of Kendari, which is
the date of January to December of 2016, data needed to plan the development of Malawi Port has been taken from the
highest tidal data in the year 2016 within 31 days (+ 1 month) which is data in October. Furthermore, the ups and downs in
the Malawi Port location plan follow the trend of tidal data at Kendari Maritime Station, considering that this data will be
used for technical planning needs of dock, trestle peaks and harbor pools, as well as the difference between HWS and LWS
observations at relative project sites based on data in questions. The tidal data is made in curve form of the graphic as shown
in Figure 8.
MHWL = 202
200
Muka Air (cm)
150
MSL = 139
100
MLWL = 75
50
LWS = 10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Tanggal
From the graph in Figure 8, it can determine the value of High Water Spring (HWS), Mean High Water Level
(MHWL), Mean Sea Level (MSL), Mean Low Water Level (MLWL) and Low Water Spring (LWS). The results of the
calculation of HWS, MHWL, MSL, MLWL and LWS values from the graph above are 240 cm, 202 cm, 139 cm, 75 cm and
10 cm.
It can be seen that the difference between HWS and MSL is 101 cm. The difference between MSL and LWS is 129
cm. For the needs of topography and bathymetry map depiction, the elevation of the water level results from the tidal data
shall be further attached to the fixed point or Bench Mark (BM), in this case, BM0.
The change of season due to direction and wind speed is influenced by seasonal changes. In the dry season, high-
speed winds blow from south to southeast. In the rainy season, the wind becomes weaker and blows from the southwest to
the northwest. The annual distribution of wind in the plan location reflected in wind rose is shown in Figure 9.
Wave
Waves are a major factor in the determination of the port planning layout and framework. The frequent and
important waves in the sea are generated by the wind. The waves are generated by the wind due to the transfer of energy
from the wind to the surface of the sea due to fluctuations in air pressure at sea level. This generation process occurs in an
area called the wave generation (wind wave generating area). Wind pressure will cause a tension at sea level so that the
surface of the original seawater will be disturbed and be a small ripple. If the wind speed grows stronger, then the ripple
gets bigger and will eventually form the wave. The longer and stronger the wind blows, the larger the waves are formed.
The height and period of the waves formed depend on: wind speed, the length of wind and the generation of waves (fetch).
Waves can generate energy to form a beach, causing currents and sediment transport in the direction perpendicular to and
along the coast. Waves also cause forces, acting on the building. If the east is 3791,130 m, then it will be determined that
the south-east is 4562,757 m. The results of the effective fetch length calculation are shown in Figure 10.
Ship Specification
The largest ship planned to be served in MolawePort is the general cargo vessel of 1500 DWT. In relation to the
plan of ship criteria to be served at the location of the plan, The characteristics of the ships that will be served at the port as
planned are stated by (Triatmodjo, 2010) as follows:
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570 Adris Ade Putra, Edward Ngii & Susanti Djalante
Dock Specification
A dock is a port facility used to harbor and moor the ships in order to perform various activities at the port, such as
loading, unloading, refueling and waiting for the pier being full. The dock dimension is based on the size of the tethered
ships, the number of ships and the time it takes to unload.
Port planning is developed due to the shipping weight that is around 1500 DWT. The ship length varies, ranged
from 81 m and more so that the length of the dock required at least 80% of ship length or around 64 m. Based on the
calculation, the dock planning will take70 m long. The length of the dock planning is presented in Figure 5.1 and it has been
related to the results of this calculation. However, the length of the dock is intended to the length of one ship dock. If more
than one vessel is docked, then the other ships anchored are waiting as shown in Figure 11.
Furthermore, in determining the elevation of the peil floor plan of the Malawi Port development, it will be relatively
higher than the existing dock elevation. Based on the topographic and bathymetry maps in the planned location, the HWS
value is 2,300 LWS. The peil elevation of the dock floor is determined by the following calculation:
Elevating dock floor= 1,2m + (HWS =2,1m LWS) + (SF = 0,2)= 3,500 m LWS
Safety Factor (SF) in the dock planning, trestle degradation and the impact of sea level change due to global
warming, where the SF value is taken at 0.2 m. Based on the calculation, the peil dock floor elevation of Malawi Port
development plan is 3,500m LWS. The value of peel elevation difference of pier floor to BM is -0.841m from BM0. The
elevation of the whole pier building plan is presented in Figure 13. For additional information, the existing port dock depth
position is 4.5 m - 5 m.
The planning of swivel pool area, the layout of an area used to change the standard minimum of ship direction ships
is a circle with 1.5 times of radius based on total ship length (Loa) of the largest ship. It will be used when the velocity of the
ship is performed with the help of anchors or tugs. The minimum swivel pool is the area of the circle with the radius equal
to the total length of the ship (Loa). Minimum swivel pool area at Malawi Port development plan location are as follows:
= π.1222 = 46759.465 m2
= 46760 m2
According to the various references, the depth of the harbor pool is 1.1 times the draft of the vessel at the full load
below the planned water level. For the ship's characteristic of the Malawi Port development plan (1500 DWT), the minimum
port pool depth is as follows:
From the bathymetry map, the location of the plan (Figure 7) shows that the depth of the existing harbor pool is
greater than the required parameter so that it is concluded that the depth and the width of the harbor pool location based on
the plan has met the requirements. The complete port pool layout is shown in Figure 12.
To be able to reduce the difficulty of the voyage, the trajectory of the cruise line is an expected to be a straight line
as well. Factors that can influence the selection of traces are seafloor conditions, shipping conditions (wind, currents, waves)
and auxiliary equipment (lights, radar). The flow path is determined by local states and conditions. The type of ships that
will be used it in this case are ships with 1500 DWT of weight as the basic planning.
Connectivity System
To increase the development, a region requires a new breakthrough in order to explore the potential of its territory.
The breakthrough of the Sea Toll concept through the development of ports to connect the archipelago region - becomes an
important thing to be realized.
Sea Toll concept is expected to create an efficient distribution system of goods and services. By using large capacity
ships, the mobility of goods and services will be efficient. In addition, the certainty of shipping schedules will also fix the
cost of logistics.
Sea Toll becomes one of the important concepts of sea transportation development for Indonesia which is an
archipelago country or maritime country. The concept of the sea toll needs to be developed and implemented so that sea
transportation becomes the backbone of Indonesia's integrated multi-modal transportation system. The port connectivity
system is shown in Figure 13.
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572 Adris Ade Putra, Edward Ngii & Susanti Djalante
Based on Figure 13, Southeast Sulawesi has around 70 ports, consisting of:
5 (five) Collecting Ports which are: Murhum (Bau-Bau), Bungkutoko (Kendari), Kolaka, Raha, and Wanci.
5 (five) Feeder Portswhich are Pomalaa, Ereke, Lapuko, Banabungi (Pasar Wajo), and Pelabuhan Sikeli.
Existing ports do not have adequate facilities including large gathering place. In addition, the area of the harbor has not
been sufficient, making entrepreneurs have lost enthusiast to use the ports in loading and unloading activities. Adequate and
proper port infrastructure development will make people in the archipelago regions to be more interested in building
businesses so they can employ many local laborers. The results of production are not only a commodity among regions of
the archipelago, but it is also expected to be an export commodity.
CONCLUSIONS
Development of Malawi Port is required to increase the dock length to reach the depth so that the ship that does
not operate or not directly lean before can be directly docked at the harbor.
The system of inter-island connectivity has not been supported by supporting infrastructure so that port
operational has not been effective and efficient for the loading and unloading of goods and passengers.
SUGGESTIONS
It can be suggested from this study that further research in this issue should be:
Ship service and goods supporting system require port equipment and other supporting facilities at the port along
with the activity of ship as loading and unloading of goods.
Sea transportation is more efficient for transporting large quantities of goods along with proper speeds and
relatively low cost so that they are very useful for transportation in archipelago states.
REFERENCES
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Montmorillonite:. Colloid Interface 140
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MastersThesis Department of Regional and City Planning, Diponegoro University, Semarang
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Investments: the Case of Rotterdam Port Expansion”, TRB 2003 Annual Meeting.
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7. Jinca, M. Y., 2011, Sea Transportation, System Analysis and Case Study, Publisher, Brilliant International, Surabaya
8. Kessedes C, Ingram G. Infrastructure’s impact on development: lessons from WDR 1994. Journal of Infrastructure Systems,
1995.
10. Panayides, P. M. and Song, D. W. (2009). Port Integration in Global Supply Chains: Measures and Implications for Maritime
Logistics. International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applicatio.
11. Amudhasurabi, Annamalai, et al. "Impacts of Grain Handling and Transportation System Deregulation on Farm Profitability
in Manitoba Province of Canada."
12. Rustiadi, Ernan et all. 2009, Planning and Regional Development. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta.
13. Soemantri, Midian. 2003. Overview About Automated Marketing Services At PT (Persero) Indonesian Harbour II Cirebon
Branch. Job Training Report Marketing Management Department, University Computer Indonesia, Bandung
14. Suranto, 2004. Management of Sea and Port Transport Operations and Procedures for Import of Goods. Publisher PT.
Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta
15. Sheeba, A., A. Sangaran, and BR Latha. "Hydatid Cyst in Liver-A Case Report in Human."
17. Tongzon, J. and S. Ganesalingam (1994), “Evaluation of ASEAN port performance and efficiency”, Asian Economic Journal,
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18. Wibowo R..1999. “Reflection on Food Crops and Horticulture Archipelago’ Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapa
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Impact Factor (JCC): 7.6197 SCOPUS Indexed Journal NAAS Rating: 3.11
REWIEW JURNAL
TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN
ABSTRACT
Classroom is one of room which has high potential indoor air pollution. The causes of indoor
pollution come from the ventilation system (by use AC and non AC), the rooms condition,
and the presence of microorganism in the air. The purpose of the research is to determine the
effect of microorganism presence by using ventilation in the classroom. Type of research is
descriptive research with non-random sampling technique. Sampling was taken in the
classroom at Civil Engineering Diponegoro University, which conditions were using the air
conditioner, without air conditioner, there were people in the room and no one. The result
showed that the colony number of Air Conditioned room was 34 colonies / m³, which less
then the room without Air Conditioning was 50 colonies/m³. The colony number of microbes
produced was appropriate the standard (˂700 colonies/m3). But it contains pathogenic
bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus
Alpha and Beta Streptococcus which can endanger the health of its inhabitants. The different
number of microorganisms each room due to factors such conditions exist all rooms that
includes the number of people, temperature, humidity, and light intensity.
Keywords : Classroom, Indoor air pollution, Ventilation system (by use Air Conditioner and
without Air Conditioning), Biological Quality of air
*) Mahasiswa 1
**) Dosen Pembimbing
di dalamnya bakteri, jamur, virus dan lain- Non probability sampling dengan metode
lain. Mikroorganisme di udara merupakan Purposive sampling. Dengan variabel terikat
penyebab gejala berbagai penyakit antara yaitu jumlah mikroorganisme udara, variabel
lain iritasi mata, kulit, saluran pernapasan bebas yaitu system ventilasi (AC dan Non-
(ISPA) dan lain-lain. Mikroorganisme dapat AC) serta pengukuran suhu, kelembaban dan
berada di udara melalui berbagai cara intensitas cahaya. Dan variabel control nya
terutama dari debu yang berterbangan. yaitu waktu pengukuran.
Jumlah koloni mikroorganisme di udara Teknik Pengambilan data primer yaitu
tergantung aktifitas dalam ruangan serta mengukur suhu, pencahayaan, kelembaban
banyaknya debu dan kotoran lain dan penangkapan mikroba udara
(Moerdjoko, 2004). menggunakan media Blood Agar Plate dan
Salah satu ruangan yang berpotensi Potato Dextrose Agar. Sedangkan teknik
untuk mengalami masalah polusi udara pengambilan data sekunder seperti
dalam ruang adalah Ruang Perkuliahan. wawancara mengenai data umum ruang
Karena didalam ruangan tersebut merupakan kelas (luas ruangan, jumlah siswa, denah),
tempat para mahasiswa melakukan kegiatan kondisi gedung dan konstruksi bangunan.
belajar mengajar sehingga tanpa disadari
aktifitas tersebut dapat menjadi sumber ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN
kontaminasi. Selain itu, kondisi bangunan itu
sendiri seperti system ventilasi, perabot yang Kualitas Biologi Udara
digunakan juga dapat menjadi penyebab
terjadinya polusi udara. Untuk itu dilakukan Hasil pendedahan cawan dengan media
penelitian mengetahui pengaruh system Blood Agar Plate dan Potato Dextrose Agar
ventilasi terhadap keberadaan dapat dilihat sebagai berikut.
mikroorganisme agar kualitas udaranya
dapat diketahui dan dibandingkan dengan
Kepmenkes RI No. 1405/MENKES/SK/XI/
2002 tentang Persyaratan Kesehatan
Lingkungan Kerja Perkantoran dan Industri.
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
2
ruang ber-AC (C.201) lebih sedikit daripada menggunakan ventilasi alami (jendela).
ruang yang tidak ber-AC. Sedangkan paremeter seperti kelembaban
Selain jumlah koloni mikroorganisme, dan intensitas cahaya sudah memenuhi baku
jenis mikroorganisme juga perlu mutu.
diperhatikan sehingga dapat diketahui
apakah mikroba tersebut dapat menimbulkan Tabel 2. Hasil Pengukuran Fisik Udara
penyakit atau tidak. Pada Penelitian ini, Ruang C.201
Ruang B.201 dan C.201 terdapat jenis
kuman pathogen seperti Staphylococcus sp.
dan Streptococcus sp. Berikut gambar
mengenai mikroba yang terjerap pada media
yang sudah didedahkan pada ruang B.201
dan C.201.
3
Sedangkan jumlah koloni mikroorganisme kondisi ruangan kosong atau tidak
ke 1-6 rata-rata sebanyak 50 koloni/m³. berpenghuni. Penghuni ruangan merupakan
Suhu yang tinggi pada titik 1 ruang salah satu faktor penyebab tingginya angka
B.201 disebabkan karena pengukuran koloni mikroba. Dikarenakan aktifitas para
dilakukan didekat ventilasi sedangkan pengunjung menyebabkan debu-debu
kondisi ruang kuliah tersebut yang masih bertebaran dan pengunjung bisa menjadi
menggunakan system ventilasi berupa pembawa mikroba. Menurut Sarles (1956),
jendela. Suhu menjadi tinggi disebabkan Jumlah dan jenis mikroorganisme yang ada
pertambahan panas yang berasal dari di udara ditentukan oleh sumber kontaminan
selubung bangunan yang terkena langsung dan kondisi lingkungan mikro yang baik
radiasi matahari dari luar ruangan. Panas bagi sel dan spora di udara. Selain itu,
tersebut masuk ke dalam ruangan, bisa kehidupan mikroorganisme dipengaruhi oleh
melalui jendela, pintu maupun celah-celah kondisi sekitarnya antara lain cahaya
yang ada pada bangunan (Satwiko, 2009). matahari, suhu, kelembaban, dan juga unsur
Dikarenakan pengukuran titik 1 terletak di lain.
dekat ventilasi, suhu yang berada disekitar Jumlah koloni mikroba yang terdapat
titik tersebut lebih tinggi. pada Ruang B.201 memenuhi baku mutu
Selain suhu, intensitas cahaya yang 3
yaitu kurang dari 700 koloni/m udara, tetapi
masuk pada titik 1 lebih banyak karena jenis mikroba yang tertangkap mengandung
didekat ventilasi. Pada ruang B.201, saat kuman pathogen seperti Staphylococcus sp.
pengukuran menggunakan pencahayaan dan Streptococcus sp. Bakteri
alami yang berasal dari cahaya matahari. Staphylococcus sp. dan Streptococcus sp
Menurut Satwiko (2009), beberapa cepat tumbuh pada suhu optimum yaitu
kelemahan cahaya matahari yang 37ᴼC (Jawetz, 2005). Hal ini menunjukkan,
dipergunakan mencahayai ruangan yaitu dari segi mikrobiologi masih belum
intensitasnya tidak mudah diatur, dapat memenuhi baku mutu.
sangat menyilaukan atau sangat redup dan Menurut Dwijoseputro (1998),
juga sering membawa serta panas masuk ke mikroorganisme dapat bertahan di dalam
dalam ruangan. suatu batas-batas temperatur tertentu. Batas-
Sedangkan kelembaban pada titik 1 batas itu ialah temperatur minimum dan
sudah memenuhi baku mutu yang temperatur maksimum, sedang temperatur
ditetapkan. Kelembaban ruangan yang yang paling baik bagi kegiatan hidup itu
dianggap nyaman adalah 40-60%. Bila disebut temperature optimum
kelembaban ruangan di atas 60% akan
menyebabkan berkembangbiaknya B. Ruang kuliah B.201 (Non AC) Titik 2
organisme pathogen maupun organisme
yang bersifat alergen. Namun bila
kelembaban ruangan di bawah 40%
(misalnya 20-30%) dapat menimbulkan
ketidaknyamanan, iritasi mata, dan
kekeringan pada membran mukosa misal
tenggorokan (Tjandra , 1992).
Keberadaan mikroba lebih besar saat
pengukuran hari ke 1-3 dibandingkan
dengan hari ke 4-6 yang jumlahnya jauh
lebih sedikit. Hal ini dikarenakan kondisi
ruangan yang berbeda, pada hari ke-1 hingga
hari ke-3 kondisi ruangan dipenuhi oleh para
mahasiswa dengan jumlah rata-rata 35 Gambar 4. Grafik Kualitas Fisik Udara dengan
orang. Sedangkan hari ke-4 hingga ke-6 Jumlah Mikroba di Ruang B.201 pada Titik 2
4
Suhu pada titik 2 cenderung lebih akan membuat udara didalamnya lembab.
tinggi daripada suhu di titik 1, dikarenakan Jika udara lembab akan menyebabkan
pengukuran dilakukan di tengah ruangan naiknya suhu didalam ruangan. Inilah yang
dengan kondisi aktifitas mahasiswa lebih menyebabkan Streptococcus dan bakteri
banyak terpusat pada titik 2 daripada di titik lainnya berkembang biak (Irianto, 2006).
1. Aktifitas manusia dalam ruangan dapat
mempengaruhi suhu dikarenakan tubuh C. Ruang kuliah C.201 (AC) Titik 1
manusia menghasilkan panas yang
digunakan untuk metabolisme basal dan
muskuler. Namun dari semua energy yang
dihasilkan tubuh hanya 20 % saja yang
dipergunakan dan sisanya akan dibuang ke
lingkungan (Corie P.,dkk, 2005). Selain itu,
Pada Titik 2 ini, intensitas cahaya yang
masuk lebih sedikit karena titik 2 letaknya di
tengah ruangan jauh dari ventilasi.
Sedangkan kelembaban pada titik 2 sudah
memenuhi baku mutu yang ditetapkan.
Sama hanya dengan titik 1, untuk
keberadaan mikroba pada titik 2 lebih besar
saat pengukuran hari ke 1-3 dibandingkan
dengan hari ke 4-6 yang jumlahnya jauh
lebih sedikit. Karena pada hari ke-1 hingga Gambar 5. Grafik Kualitas Fisik Udara dengan
hari ke-3 kondisi ruangan dipenuhi oleh para Jumlah Mikroba di Ruang C.201 pada Titik 1
mahasiswa dengan jumlah rata-rata 35
orang. Sedangkan hari ke-4 hingga ke-6 Suhu pada ruang C.201 pada titik
kondisi ruangan kosong atau tidak cenderung lebih rendah dibandingkan
berpenghuni. dengan ruang B.201 dikarenakan kondisi
Jumlah koloni mikroba yang terdapat ruang kuliah tersebut menggunakan system
pada Ruang B.201 memenuhi baku mutu ventilasi buatan seperti AC untuk mengatur
3 suhu yang ada didalam ruang. Pada Titik 1
yaitu kurang dari 700 koloni/m udara, dan
juga jenis mikroba yang tertangkap ini, intensitas cahaya yang masuk lebih
mengandung kuman pathogen seperti banyak karena titik 1 terletak didekat
Staphylococcus epidermis, Staphylococcus ventilasi/jendela. Di ruang C.201 terdapat
Saphrophyticus dan Alfa Streptococcus. juga jendela, namun jendela tersebut jarang
Dampak keberadaan Streptococcus yaitu sekali dibuka.
menyebabkan infeksi tenggorokan hingga Ventilasi merupakan salah satu factor
infeksi saluran pernapasan akut, infeksi kulit yang mempengaruhi tingkat kelembaban.
(Wulandari, 2013). Streptococcus dengan Ventilasi yang kurang dapat mnyebabkan
atau tanpa Staphylococcus bisa menyebar kelembaban bertambah, dan juga jarangnya
melalui lapisan atas kulit. atau bahkan tidak pernah dibukanya ventilasi
Selain ketiga parameter itu, sanitasi serta ditutupnya lubang angin sebagai tempat
ruangan juga merupakan factor pendukung pertukaran udara akan mempengaruhi
keberadaan mikroorganisme. Sanitasi keberadaan mikroorganisme (Mukono,
ruangan yang kebersihan lingkungannya 2000). Apalagi di ruang C.201 menggunakan
terjaga dapat mengurangi resiko adanya AC. Ruang ber-AC cenderung tertutup. Di
Streptococcus di udara. Akan tetapi, jika satu sisi kondisi tersebut akan menghalangi
sanitasi ruangannya buruk, hal tersebut akan polutan dari luar masuk ke dalam ruangan.
menimbulkan ruangan menjadi kotor dan Di sisi lain, ketertutupan itu juga dapat
berdebu. Debu yang menempel pada perabot berarti polutan dalam ruangan tidak dapat
5
dibuang keluar dengan leluasa. Pada system Dan juga di titik 2 ini, intensitas cahaya yang
AC tanpa masukan udara segar, seperti AC masuk lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan
Split, penumpukan polutan ini akan titik 1.
menyebabkan udara di dalam ruangan tidak Sedangkan untuk keberadaan mikroba
sehat (Satwiko, 2009). Selain itu, apabila lebih besar saat pengukuran hari ke 1-3
pemeliharaannya kurang baik akan menjadi dibandingkan dengan hari ke 4-6 yang
sumber mikroorganisme karena jumlahnya jauh lebih sedikit. Menurut Corie,
mikroorganisme dapat tumbuh dan P., dkk (2005) menyatakan penyebaran
berkembang biak pada air yang terkumpul bakteri, jamur dan virus pada umumnya
pada system tersebut. terjadi melalui system ventilasi, serta berasal
Sama halnya dengan ruang B.201, dari luar atau dalam ruangan dan juga dari
Jumlah koloni mikroba yang terdapat pada manusia, terutama bila kondisi terlalu
Ruang B.201 memenuhi baku mutu yaitu berdesakan.
3
kurang dari 700 koloni/m udara, tetapi jenis
mikroba yang tertangkap mengandung Analisa Pengaruh Kualitas Fisik Udara
kuman pathogen seperti Staphylococcus dengan keberadaan mikroorganisme
epidermis, Staphylococcus Saphrophyticus
Untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara kualitas
dan Beta Streptococcus.
fisik udara (suhu, kelembaban, intensitas
cahaya) terhadap keberadaan
D. Ruang kuliah C.201 (AC) Titik 2
mikroorganisme secara kuantitatif maka
dapat dilakukan uji statistic.
Uji Normalitas
6
jumlah mikroba, hubungan kelembaban Staphylococcus epidermidis,
dengan jumlah mikroba, dan hubungan Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Alfa
intensitas cahaya dengan jumlah mikroba, Streptococcus dan Beta Streptococcus.
dengan menggunakan uji korelasi rank Tetapi dalam hal jumlah mikroorganisme
spearman. Koefisien korelasi ini digunakan di udara sudah sesuai yaitu kurang dari
untuk mengetahui hubungan dua variabel 700 koloni/m³
yang mempunyai sifat ordinal (Purwanto,
2011). 2. Adanya pengaruh penggunaan ventilasi
Hasil uji korelasi rank spearman (AC dan Non AC) terhadap keberadaan
menyatakan bahwa angka korelasi (r) antara mikroorganisme, yaitu jumlah koloni
suhu dengan jumlah mikroba sebesar 0,036, mikroorganisme pada ruang C.201 lebih
angka korelasi antara kelembaban dan sedikit dibandingkan ruang B.201. Dan
jumlah mikroba sebesar 0,42, sedangkan diantara parameter suhu, kelembaban
angka korelasi antara intensitas cahaya dan intensitas cahaya yang
dengan jumlah mikroba sebesar -0,133.Hasil mempengaruhi jumlah mikroba paling
ini menunjukkan apabila angka korelasi besar yaitu kelembaban. Hal ini
hitung (rhitung) lebih besar dari angka korelasi menunjukkan adanya pengaruh antara
pada tabel (rtabel=0,343) maka terdapat ventilasi (AC dan Non AC) terhadap
hubungan yang signifikan. Pada data sampel banyaknya mikroorganisme.
penelitian ini, terdapat hubungan antara
kelembaban dengan jumlah mikroba.
Sedangkan antara ntensitas cahaya dengan DAFTAR PUSTAKA
jumlah mikroba terdapat hubungan, namun Dwijoseputro, 1998. Dasar-Dasar
karena hasil r hitung negative maka hubungan Mikrobiologi. Jakarta : Djambatan.
antara intensitas cahaya dengan jumlah
mikroba berbanding terbalik. Artinya Godish, T. 1994. Sick Buildings : definitions,
semakin besar intensitas cahaya maka diagnosis and mitigation. CRC Press.
jumlah mikroba semakin sedikit. Dan untuk Florida.
parameter suhu dengan jumlah mikroba
tidak terdapat hubungan dikarenakan nilai Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan RI No.
rhitung sangat kecil. 1405/MENKES/SK/XI/2002 tentang
Dari ketiga parameter seperti suhu, Persyaratan Kesehatan Lingkungan
kelembaban dan intensitas cahaya, yang Kerja Perkantoran dan Industri.
paling mempengaruhi keberadaan
mikroorganisme yaitu kelembaban, Koes Irianto, 2006. Mikrobiologi I :
sedangkan intensitas cahaya dan suhu Menguak Dunia Mikroorganisme
merupakan parameter yang pengaruhnya Jilid 1. Bandung : Yrama Widya.
sangat kecil sekali.
Lisyastuti, Esi. 2010. Jumlah Koloni
KESIMPULAN Mikroorganisme Udara dalam
Ruang dan Hubungannya dengan
1. Keberadaan mikroorganisme pada Ruang Kejadian Sick Building Syndrome
Kuliah B.201 (AC) dan C.201 (Non AC) (SBS) pada Pekerja Balai Teknologi
belum memenuhi baku mutu yang Kekuatan Struktur (B2TKS) BPPT di
ditetapkan Kepmenkes RI Kawasan Puspitek Serpong. Depok:
No.1405/MENKES/SK/XI/2002 tentang Universitas Indonesia.
Persyaratan Kesehatan Lingkungan
Kerja Perkantoran dan Industri karena Moerdjoko, 2004. Kaitan Sistem Ventilasi
mengandung bakteri pathogen yang bisa Bangunan dengan Keberadaan
menginfeksi manusia antara lain
7
Mikroorganisme Udara. Vol.32 No.1
hal 89-94.
8
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Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
TDS
Jumlah padatan terlarut terdiri dari senyawa – senyawa
organik dan anorganik yang larut dalam air, mineral dan
garam. Kandungan TDS juga berbanding lurus dengan
tingkat kekeruhan di air, yaitu semakin tinggi konsentrasi
TDS maka semakin tinggi pula tingkat kekeruhannya
Klorida
Klorida adalah ion yang terbentuk dari unsur klor yang
mendapatkan 1 elektron untuk membentuk suatu ion yang
bermuatan negatif. Tingkat toksisitas klorida tergantung
pada gugus senyawanya. Misal untuk NaCl sangat tidak
beracun, tapi untuk karbonik klorida sangat beracun. Dalam
jumlah yang banyak klorida akan menimbulkan rasa asin,
korosi pada pipa sistem penyediaan air.
Nitrat
Penurunan kualitas air tanah ditandai dengan terdeteksinya
polutan nitrat yang sangat berhubungan dengan kegiatan
manusia seperti pembuangan limbah domestik, lindi TPA,
dan penggunaan pupuk yang berlebihan.
COD
Chemical Oksidatin Demand atau kebutuhan oksigen kimia
adalah jumlah oksigen yang diperlukan agar bahan buangan
yang ada dalam air dapat teroksidasi melalui reaksi kimia.
Nilai COD sebagai indikator bahwa sampel mengandung
banyak bahan organik sehingga membutuhkan banyak
oksigen untuk mengoksidasi bahan organik tersebut melalui
proses kimia.
Total Coliform
Pencemaran biologi dapat diketahui dengan ditemukannya
bakteri (patogen) koliform sebagai indikator pencemaran
pada air. Adanya bakteri koliform di dalam air menandakan
adanya mikroba yang bersifat enteropogenik atau
toksigenik yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan.
4. Hubungan Antara Jarak Sumur dengan Sumber Pencemar
(Tangki Septik d drainase) dan Kendalaman Sumur
Berdasarkan Parameter TDS, Klorida, Nitrat, COD, dan
Bakteri Total Coliform
Berdasarkan hasil uji statisik dengan menggunakan korelasi
Product Moment Pearson diperoleh nilai probabilitas (Sig. 2 tailed)
untuk parameter TDS, Klorida, Nitrat, dan COD terhadap jarak
sumber pencemar dan tangki septik serta kedalaman sumur adalah
lebih dari 0,05 yang berarti tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan
antara jarak tangki septik dan drainase terhadap sumur gali serta
kedalaman sumur dengan parameter TDS, klorida,nitrat dan COD
dalam air sumur gali.
5. Status Mutu Air
Penentuan status mutu dengan Metoda Indeks Pencemaran (IP)
digunakan untuk menentukan tingkat pencemaran relatif terhadap
parameter yang diizinkan. Pengelolaan kualitas air atas dasar
Indeks Pencemaran (IP) dapat memberikan masukan pada
pengambil keputusan agar dapat menilai kualitas badan air untuk
suatu peruntukan serta melakukan tindakan untuk memperbaiki
kualitas jika terjadi penurunan kualitas akibat kehadiran senyawa
pencemar.
Kelebihan Penyajian jurnal ditulis dengan bahasa yang mudah dipahami
Kekurangan Masih terdapat kesalahan pengetikan kata dalam jurnal
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Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
Abstrak
Perpindahan aktivitas perkuliahan Universitas Diponegoro (UNDIP) dari Pleburan (Semarang bawah)
ke Tembalang (Semarang atas) menyebabkan peningkatan kepadatan penduduk yang cukup pesat di
wilayah Tembalang dan berdampak pada peningkatan limbah yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan
untuk menganalisis kondisi sistem pengelolaan air limbah, mengukur kualitas air sumur serta
menganalisis pengaruh sistem pengelolaan air limbah terhadap kualitas air sumur di RT 01, RW 02,
Pemukiman Tunjungsari, Kelurahan Tembalang. Sampel diambil sebanyak 7 titik dengan metode
purposive sample untuk pengujian parameter TDS, Klorida, Nitrat, COD dan Total Coliform. Observasi
yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 3 jenis sumber pencemar yang dapat mencemari air
sumur, yaitu tangki septik, drainase dan kandang ternak yang mana sebagian besar jaraknya kurang dari
10 meter. Hasil penelitian laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa 100% sampel melebihi baku mutu untuk
parameter COD dan Total Coliform, untuk parameter nitrat 72% melebihi baku mutu sedangkan
parameter TDS dan klorida 100% berada di bawah baku mutu. Hasil pengujian dengan menggunakan SPSS
didapatkan hubungan yang signifikant antara jarak tangki septik dengan sumur gali terhadap parameter
Total Coliform sebesar 60,1%. Hasil penentuan status mutu air dengan metode Indeks Pencemar (IP)
menunjukkan sampel air sumur 100% tergolong cemar sedang dengan rentang nilai 7,10 – 9,35.
Abstract
[Effect Of Domestic Waste Water Management System For Well Water Quality Based On
Concentration Tds, Chlorides, Nitrates, Total Coliform and COD (Case Study: Rt 01 Rw 02,
Tunjungsari Settlement, Villages Tembalang)]. The activity of Diponegoro University (UNDIP) that
moves from Pleburan to Tembalang cause an increase the population in Tembalang and have an impact
of waste water produced. This study is intended to analyze the condition of waste water management
system, measure the quality of wells water and to analyze the effect of waste water management system on
wells water quality in RT 01, RW 02, Tunjungsari settlement, Tembalang village. Samples taken are 7 point
with purposive sample method for test the parameters TDS, Chloride, Nitrate, COD and Total Coliform.
The observation show the 3 types of sources of pollutant that can contaminate wells water. It is septic tank,
drainage, and cattle that have the distance is less than 10 meters. The result of laboratory indicate that
100% of the samples exceeded the standart
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Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, Vol 5, No 1 (2016)
quality for the parameters COD and Total Coliform, for nitrate parameter 72% exceeded the
standard quality, and then for TDS dan chloride parameters 100% below the standart quality. The
calculation using by SPSS get 60,1% significant relationship between the distance of septic tank to
dug wells for Total Coliform parameter. The result of water quality with Index Pollution (IP) method
showed 100% wells water samples were classified in medium pollutant with range from 7,10 to 9,35.
1 *) Penulis
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1. Pendahuluan limbah pembuangan yang dihasilkan. Hal ini
Air merupakan sumber daya alam yang akan berdampak pada lingkungan sekitar
diperlukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup khususnyaair tanah yang merupakan sumber air
semua makhluk hidup, termasuk manusia. bersih bagi penduduk di Kecamatan
Mulai dari kebutuhan untuk minum, mandi, Tembalang.
memasak, mencuci, industri dan kegiatan Oleh karena itu, berdasarkan permasalahan
lainnya. Saat ini masalah utama yang dihadapi di atas maka dipandang perlu dan penting
oleh sumber daya air meliputi kuantitas air adanya kajian mengenai pengaruh pengelolaan
yang sudah tidak mampu memenuhi kebutuhan air limbah domestik yang dikaitkan terhadap
air yang terus menerus meningkat dan kualitas kualitas air sumur gali yang ditinjau dari
air untuk keperluan domestik yang semakin beberapa konsentrasi yang berhubungan yaitu
menurun. Kegiatan industri, domestik, dan TDS, Klorida, Nitrat, COD dan Total Coliform.
kegiatan lainnya berdampak negatif pada
sumber daya air, yaitu penurunan kualitas air 2. Metode Penelitian
(Effendi, 2003). 2.1 Jenis Penelitian
Salah satu sumber air yang digunakan di Jenis penelitian bersifat observasional
pemukiman khususnya di Indonesia adalah air dengan desain penelitian menggunakan
tanah dengan menggunakan sumur gali. Sarana deskriptif cross sectional. Dalam penelitian ini
ini menggunakan air tanah dangkal sehingga dilakukan pengambilan data primer meliputi :
lebih efisien dan efektif untuk memenuhi sampel air sumur gali penduduk, sampel tanah
kebutuhan air bersih keluarga. Sumur ini di salah satu titik sampel yang dapat mewakili
menyediakan air yang berasal dari lapisan tanah keseluruhan kondisi di lokasi tersebut, data
yang relatif dekat dari permukaan tanah. Oleh fisik sumur gali yang meliputi kondisi fisik
karena itu dengan mudah terkontaminasi sumur, jarak sumur dengan sumber pencemar,
melalui rembesan. Secara umum rembesan tinggi muka air tanah pada sumur gali dan
sumur itu sendiri baik dikarenakan lantainya Penelitian dilakukan di R 01, RW 02,
maupun saluran air limbahnya yang tidak kedap Pemukian Tunjungsari, Kelurahan Tembalang,
air. Keadaan konstruksi dan cara pengambilan Semarang. Untuk parameter klorida, nitrat dan
timba. Selain itu, tanah yang merupakan laboratorium BPIK (Balai Pengujian dan
medium di mana air tanah berada juga memiliki Informasi Konstruksi) Semarang, sedangkan
pengaruh terhadap mobilitas serta keberadaan untuk analisis sampel tanah diujikan di
2 *) Penulis
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kontaminan atau zat pencemar dalam air. Laboratorium Teknik Sipil UNDIP.
Keadaan konstruksi sumur yang tidak Jangka waktu penelitian ini selama 6
memperhatikan jarak antara sumur dengan bulan, dimulai pada bulan Mei – Oktober 2015.
sumber pencemar disebabkan kepadatan 2.3 Penentuan Jumlah Sampel
penduduk yang tidak terkontrol. Salah satunya Penetuan jumlah sampel dilakukan dengan
adalah Kecamatan Tembalang. Pada awalnya menggunakan rumus Slovin, sebagai berikut :
3 *) Penulis
**) Dosen Pembimbing
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kondisi di lapangan, maka dari 15 sampel akan bersih yang mudah mendapat pencemaran dan
diambil sampel dengan cara purposive pengotoran yang berasal dari luar terutama jika
sampling(pengambilan sampel berdasarkan konstruksi sumur dan jarak sumber pencemar
tujuan). Pada cara ini, sumur yang diambil terhadap sumur gali tidak memenuhi syarat.
sebagai sampel disesuaikan dengan kriteria – 3.1.1 Konstruksi Sumur
kriteria tertentu hasil observasi yaitu sumur gali Konstruksi dari sumur gali yang sangat
yang dijadikan sampel harus dapat diambil mempengaruhi kualitas air sumur gali antara
secara timba. Sehingga hasil untuk Pemukiman lain : bahan dinding sumur, kedalaman dinding
Tunjungsari, Kelurahan Tembalang, dari 15 sumur, tinggi bibir sumur, lantai sumur, dan
sampel diambil 7 sumur gali sesuai kriteria yang jarak sumur dengan sumber pencemar.
ditetapkan. 3.1.1.1 Dinding Sumur
2.4 Analisis Data Dinding sumur paling bagus dibuat dari
Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif dan beton karena bertujuan menahan longsornya
analitik. Analisis deskriptif yaitu tanah dan mencegah aliran bahan pencemar
membandingkan kadar konsentrasi sampel air masuk ke dalam air sumur (Marsono, 2009).
sumur gali dengan peraturan untuk batas Dinding sumur yang baik memiliki kedalaman
maksimum parameter yang diijinkan. Peraturan minimal 3 meter, karena bakteri pada umumnya
yang digunakan yaitu Peraturan Menteri tidak dapat hidup lagi pada kedalaman tersebut
Kesehatan Nomor 416/MENKES/PERIX/1990 (Rizza, 2013).
dan PP Nomor 82 tahun 2001. Hasil analisis Dinding sumur di lokasi penelitian
sampling air sumur gali dari laboratorium dominan berbahan semen. Untuk kedalaman
selanjutnya di hubungkan dengan pengaruh dinding sumur 85,71% telah sesuai dengan
sistem air limbah domestik sekitar air sumur persyaratan sedalam 3 meter. Kedalaman
gali. Sedangkan untuk mutu kualitas air dan kurang dari 3 meter dapat memperbesar
tingkat pencemarannya, ditentukan dengan kemungkinan kontaminasi air sumur gali
mengetahui hubungan variabel bebas dan tembok yang kedap air untuk mencegah aliran
variabel terikat. Analisis data rasio air dari luar masuk ke dalam sumur (Marsono,
Sedangkan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor tanah dibuat tembok kedap air setinggi minimal
lingkungan permukiman (jarak tangki septik 80 cm untuk aspek keselamatan serta untuk
dan drainase terhadap sumur) dan kedalaman mencegah pengotoran dari air permukaan
sumur dilakukan pengujian fungsi dengan apabila daerah tersebut adalah daerah banjir.
analisis regresi. Semua bibir sumur di lokasi penelitian
memiliki tinggi kurang dari 80 cm. Bibir sumur
3. Hasil dan Pembahasan kurang dari 80 cm menyebabkan rentan untuk
3.1 Kondisi Sanitasi Wilayah Penelitian mengalami pencemaran dari luar sumur dan
Hasil perhitungan ERHA (Environmental tingkat keamanannya rendah.
4 *) Penulis
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Risk Health Assesmen) Kota Semarang, 3.1.1.3 Lantai Sumur
menyebutkan bahwa pada tahun 2010 untuk Lantai sumur yang baik adalah dibuat dari
wilayah Kecamatan Tembalang memiliki tembok yang kedap air dan lebarnya 1,5 meter
sumber air bersih yang berasal dari sumur dari dinding sumur dan dibuat agak miring agar
sebesar 73,9%, sedangkan dari air air tidak masuk (Marsono, 2009).
ledeng/PDAM sebesar 21,7%. Air sumur gali Lantai sumur di lokasi penelitian 42,86%
dimanfaatkan untuk aktivitas mandi dan cuci, tidak memenuhi lantai sumur sesuai kriteria.
sedang untuk minum dan masak memanfaatkan Bahkan terdapat salah satu sampel yang
air yang berasal dari jasa penjual air keliling. lantainya hanya berupa tanah tanpa dilapisi
Tinggi permukaan air sumur rata – rata dari bahan yang kedap air. lantai yang tidak kedap
hasil pengukuran lapangan antara 2-10 meter. air dapat mengakibatkan air permukaan dapat
Sumur gali merupakan sarana penyediaan air masuk maupun merembes ke dalam sumur.
5 *) Penulis
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kurang dari 10 meter. Sumber pencemar yang
3.1.2 Jarak Sumur dengan Sumber ditemukan di lapangan yang memungkinkan
3.1.2.1 Tangki Septik membentuk bahan-bahan yang larut air dan gas
Tangki septik merupakan ruangan yang (SNI,2002).
biasanya terletak di bawah permukaan tanah Jarak tangki septik dengan sumur gali di
berfungsi menampung air limbah rumah tangga memberi kesempatan untuk terjadi
dengan kecepatan alir yang lambat, sehingga
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lokasi penelitian 57% tidak memenuhi syarat dari 10 meter memberikan cemaran terhadap
yaitu kurang dari 10 meter. Jarak yang kurang
pengendapan terhadap suspensi benda-benda kualitas air sumur khususnya untuk bakteri
padat dan kesempatan untuk penguraian bahan- Total Coliform. Terdeteksinya bakteri tersebut
bahan organik oleh jasad anaerobic mengindikasi bahwa air sumur telah tercemar
7 *) Penulis
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oleh kotoran manusia atau hewan yang dapat Tekstur tanah mempengaruhi laju infiltrasi
menyebabkan penyakit pada saluran suatu lahan. Tekstur tanah pada dasarnya
dan kamar mandi ke saluran pembuangan dari 1,57% pasir, 40,93 silt (lanau), dan 57,50%
(Mulia, 2005). Drainase yang bocor dan tidak clay (lempung). Berdasarkan diagram segitiga
terawat merupakan salah satu sumber pencemar tanah, sampel tanah ini termasuk dalam kelas
bagi tanah khususnya sumur gali. tekstur tanah liat berdebu (silty-clay). Tanah
Sebagian besar drainase di lokasi penelitian jenis liat berdebu memiliki sifat sedikit licin,
mengguankan saluran terbuka dengan dinding membentuk bola dalam keadaan kering, sukar
dan dasar dari pasangan batu plesteran. Ada dipijit , mudah digulung serta melekat (Kemas,
beberapa saluran tidak terawat yang mana 2007). Tekstur tanah yang semakin halus
hanya merupakan drainase tanah. Jarak sumur (contohnya liat)memiliki pori-pori tanah yang
gali dengan drainase 100% kurang dari 10 lebih rapat jika dibandingkan dengan tekstur
meter. Hal ini karena kepadatan bangunan yang tanah kasar (contohnya pasir), hal ini
tidak memungkinkan untuk membangun sumur mempengaruhi laju air dan kontaminan untuk
jauh dari drainase. Drainase yang tidak kedap dapat masuk ke dalam tanah.
air dan berjarak kurang dari 10 meter Porositas dan permeabilitas tanah
air bersih, tidak menimbulkan bau, tidak dan permeabilitas maka makin besar
menimbulkan genangan untuk sarang nyamuk, kemampuan tanah melewatkan air yang berarti
dan tidak menimbulkan becek/pemandangan jumlah bakteri yang dapat bergerak mengikuti
yang tidak menyenangkan. aliran tanah semakin banyak (Kusnoputranto,
3.1.2.3 Kandang Ternak 1997). Tanah di daerah penelitian memiliki
Ternak berpotensi sebagai sumber pencemar porositas dan permeabilitas rata – rata 55,46%
karena kotoran yang dibuang tidak dikelola dan 2,9.10-7cm/detik.
dengan baik. Jenis hewan ternak paling banyak
dipelihara adalah bebek dan ayam dengan 3.3 Hasil Pemeriksaan Kualitas Air Sumur
hewan dan dilepas di sekitar sumur, sehingga Hasil pemeriksaan sampel air sumur gali
kotoran dapat mudah meresap ke dalam sumur. dapat dilihat pada tabel 2 di bawah ini :
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28
(Fardiaz, 1992). Kandungan TDS juga
27
26
1 2 3 4 5 berbanding lurus dengan tingkat kekeruhan di
6 7 air, yaitu semakin tinggi konsentrasi TDS
SUHU 28. 28. 30. 30. 29.
maka semakin tinggi pula tingkat
29. 29.
kekeruhannya. (Rifda, 2013)
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2000 700.00
Konsentrasi TDS
600.00
Konsentrasi Klorida
1500 500.00
400.00
1000 300.00
(mg/l)
500 TDS 200.00 Klorida
100.00
0 Baku Mutu 0.00 Baku Mutu
1234567 1234567
TDS Klorida
Baku Mutu Baku Mutu
Penyebab utama munculnya TDS adalah Kemungkinan besar faktor lain yang
bahan anorganik berupa ion – ion yang umum mempengaruhi kandungan klorida adalah
dijumpai di perairan. Sebagai contoh air kondisi mineral yang ada di dalam tanah. Hal
buangan sering mengandung molekul sabun, ini didasarkan pada penelitian yang dilakukan
deterjen, dan surfaktan yang larut dalam air, oleh Fardiaz (1992) yang menyatakan bahwa
misalnya pada air buangan rumah tangga. sumber klorida selain dari limbah domestik /
Selain itu, TDS juga sering ditemukan dalam air urine manusia dan dari air laut yang
bentuk larutan yang berasal dari limpasan air terbang oleh air hujan dapat juga berasal dari
pertanian, aliran air dari tanah yang tercemar, mineral yang ada dalam tanah, baik itu penutup
sumber pencemar air dari pabrik maupun (top soil) / mineral dalam batuan di dalam
pengolahan limbah pabrik (Rifda, 2013) tanah.
unsur klor yang mendapatkan 1 elektron untuk dengan terdeteksinya polutan nitrat yang
membentuk suatu ion yang bermuatan negatif. sangat berhubungan dengan kegiatan manusia
Tingkat toksisitas klorida tergantung pada seperti pembuangan limbah domestik, lindi
gugus senyawanya. Misal untuk NaCl sangat TPA, dan penggunaan pupuk yang berlebihan
tidak beracun, tapi untuk karbonik klorida (Sudaryanto, 2008). Selain faktor
sangat beracun. Dalam jumlah yang banyak antropogenik, juga ditentukan dari faktor
klorida akan menimbulkan rasa asin, korosi alami. Sumber alami nitrat meliputi batuan
pada pipa sistem penyediaan air (Effendi, beku, drainase tanah, dan pelapukan hewan
2003). dan tanaman.
Dari hasil pengujian laboratorium terhadap Hasil pengujian laboratorium terhadap
sampel air sumur gali di lokasi penelitian, sampel air sumur gali menunjukkan 5 sampel
didapatkan hasil bahwa 100% air sumur gali air sumur gali (71,43%) memiliki kandungan
memiliki kandungan klorida yang masih nitrat di atas ambang batas maksimal yang
berada di bawah ambang batas maksimal yang dipersyaratkan menurut Peraturan Menteri
persyaratan kualitas air bersih yaitu sebesar mg/l. Kandungan nitrat dari seluruh sampel
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600 mg/l. Kandungan Klorida di seluruh berkisar antara 8,26 – 13,11 mg/l dengan rata
sampel berkisar antara 95,159 – 151,928 mg/l – rata sebesar 10,97 mg/l. Kandungan nitrat
dengan kandungan rata – rata sebesar 139,793 terbesar berada pada titik sampel 5. Hasil
mg/l. Nilai klorida terbesar berada pada titik tersebut dapat dilihat dari pengamatan kondisi
sampel nomor 3 dan kandungan klorida sanitasi di titik sampel 5 yang tidak
terkecil pada titik sampel nomor 4. memperhatikan jarak antara sumur gali dengan
Berdasarkan pengamatan di lapangan, kondisi sumber pencemar dan konstruksi sumur yang
lingkungan di titik sampel 3 dan 4 tidak jauh tidak memenuhi kriteria.
berbeda.
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14.00 40.00
12.00
10.00 30.00
Konsentrasi COD
8.00
Konsentrasi Nitrat
20.00
6.00
N itrat
(mg/l)
4.00 10.00 COD
(mg/l) 2.00
0.00 Baku Mutu 0.00 Baku Mutu
123456 7 1234567
Nitrat COD
Baku Mutu Baku Mutu
Tingginya kadar nitrat dalam air sumur gali Hal ini karena limbah domestik yang
mengindikasi tingginya kandungan bahan – mengalir melalui saluran drainase
bahan organik yang terlarut di dalamnya. Jika mengandung banyak bahan organik. Tingkat
ditinjau dari kondisi fisik lingkungannya, potensi beban pencemaran yang terjadi pada
kondisi lokasi penelitian merupakan daerah masing – masing saluran drainase menentukan
padat penduduk, yang mana jarak antara rumah kegiatan pengendalian pencemaran air. Hal ini
satu dengan rumah lainnya saling berdekatan berarti untuk kadar COD di lokasi penelitian
sehingga kandungan bahan organik dari limbah dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan lain selain
domestik tinggi drainase. Semakin tinggi kadar COD dalam air
melebihi baku mutu yang dipersyaratkan menandakan adanya mikroba yang bersifat
yaitu sebesar 10 mg/l. Rata – rata nilai Berdasarkan hasil pengujian sampel air
konsentrasi COD dari sampel air sumur gali sumur di lokasi penelitian yang dilakukan di
berkisar antara 17,27 – 34,23 mg/l. Nilai COD BPIK Semarang menunjukkan 100% sampel
paling tinggi berada pada titik sampel nomor 5 air sumur gali mengandung bakteri
dan nilai COD paling rendah berada pada titik TotalColiform melebihi baku mutu
sampel nomor 4. Jika dilihat dari kondisi berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI
lingkungan, jarak antara sumur gali dengan No. 416/MEN.KES/PER/IX/1990 tentang
drainase pada titik sampel nomor 4 dan 5 sama persyaratan kualitas air bersih yaitu sebesar 50
– sama berdekatan. Akan tetapi nilai MPN/100ml. Rata – rata nilai kadar bakteri
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kandungan COD di kedua titik tersebut TotalColiform dalam sampel air sumur gali
dilakukan oleh Rona (2010) menyatakan tersebut telah tercemar kotoran manusia /
bahwa kualitas COD pada air sumur gali yang hewan yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit –
melebihi baku mutu sebagian besar berdekatan penyakit saluran pencernaan. Selain itu, dilihat
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sumur tidak tertutup rapat, dan kebersihan Berdasarkan hasil uji regresi linier antara
sekitar sumur yang tidak terjaga karena dekat nilai total coliform dengan jarak tangki septik,
dengan kandang ternak. Keadaan ini diperoleh nilai korelasi (regresi) sebesar -
mengakibatkan air merembes masuk melalui 0,775, tanda minus menunjukkan jarak tangki
celah – celah tanah yang kemudian tercampur septik berhubungan secara negatif terhadap
dengan air yang ada di sumur tersebut. kualitas Total Coliform pada sampel air sumur
gali. Yang berarti semakin jauh jarak tangki
15000 septik dengan sumur gali, maka nilai Total
Coliform akan semakin kecil. Hasil analisis
10000 juga diperoleh nilai Rsq sebesar 0,601 dan
menghasilkan persamaan Y = 17.598,927 –
5000 total coliform 1.186,915 X. Nilai Rsq sebesar 0,601 berarti
0
bahwa variabel jarak tangki septik
1234567 memberikan pengaruh sebesar 60,1% terhadap
total coliform 5 6 4 4 1 2 3 kualitas Total Coliform pada sampel air sumur
gali. Persamaan Y = 17.598,927 – 1.186,915
Gambar 8. Hasil Pengukuran Total X. berarti jika jarak tangki septik terhadap
Coliform sumur berjarak 0 meter, menghasilkan nilai
TotalColiform sebesar 17.598,927
Dari hasil penelitian terlihat juga bahwa MPN/100jml. Sehingga semakin
letak sumur gali sebagian besar berjarak relatif bertambahnya jarak tangki septik terhadap
dekat dengan tangki septik. Hal ini disebabkan sumur, maka nilai kadar TotalColiform akan
karena tangki septik merupakan tempat semakin menurun.
penampungan kotoran manusia dan urine.
Kotoran manusia dan urine banyak 3.9 Status Mutu Air
mengandung bakteri TotalColiform yang Penentuan status mutu dengan Metoda
kemudian menyebabkan air tanah Indeks Pencemaran (IP) digunakan untuk
terkontaminasi oleh feses yang bercampur menentukan tingkat pencemaran relatif
dengan urine melalui resapan tangki septik terhadap parameter yang diizinkan.
yang jaraknya dekat dengan sumur gali. Pengelolaan kualitas air atas dasar Indeks
Pencemaran (IP) dapat memberikan masukan
3.8 Hubungan Antara Jarak Sumur dengan pada pengambil keputusan agar dapat menilai
Sumber Pencemar (Tangki Septik dan kualitas badan air untuk suatu peruntukan serta
drainase) dan Kendalaman Sumur melakukan tindakan untuk memperbaiki
Berdasarkan Parameter TDS, Klorida, kualitas jika terjadi penurunan kualitas akibat
Nitrat, COD, dan Bakteri Total Coliform kehadiran senyawa pencemar. Dari hasil
Berdasarkan hasil uji statisik dengan perhitungan Penentuan Status Mutu Air
menggunakan korelasi Product Moment dengan Metode Indeks Pencemaran di 7titik
Pearson diperoleh nilai probabilitas (Sig. 2- sampel di lokasi penelitian menunjukan nilai
tailed) untuk parameter TDS, Klorida, Nitrat, Indeks Pencemaran (IP) di lokasi penelitain
dan COD terhadap jarak sumber pencemar dan 100% tergolong cemar sedang.Nilai Indeks
tangki septik serta kedalaman sumur adalah pencemaran (IP) pada masing-masing lokasi
lebih dari 0,05 yang berarti tidak terdapat tercantum pada Tabel 3 di bawah ini :
korelasi yang signifikan antara jarak tangki Tabel 3. Rekap Hasil Baku Mutu Air
septik dan drainase terhadap sumur gali serta Bersih
kedalaman sumur dengan parameter TDS,
klorida,nitrat dan COD dalam air sumur gali. IP Baku
Sedangkan untuk bakteri Total Coliform, Status Mutu
Titik sampel Mutu Air
besarnya nilai probabilitas (Sig. 2-tailed) Air
Bersih
Cemar
untuk jarak tangki septik adalah lebih kecil 1 8,02
sedang
dari 0,05 yaitu sebesar 0,040 yang berarti Cemar
terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara jarak 2 8,38
sedang
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tangki septik dengan kadar TotalColiform
dalam air sumur gali.
9 *) Penulis
Kelima : Yogyakarta
01, RW 02 Pemukiman Tunjungsari Marsono. 2009. Faktor-faktor yang
Kelurahan Tembalang 100% berada di Berhubungan dengan Kualitas
atas baku mutu sedangkan konsentrasi Bakteriologis Air Sumur Gali di
nitrat 71,43% berada di atas baku mutu.
Untuk parameter nitrat berkisar antara PermukimanStudi di Desa
Total Coliform berkisar antara 2.800 –
8,26 – 13,11 ; parameter COD berkisar 11.950 MPN/100jml.
antara 17,27 – 34,23 mg/l dan parameter
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4. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan Karanganom, Kecamatan Klaten
antara tangki septik dengan bakteri
Utara, Kabupaten Klaten.
Universitas Diponegoro : Semarang
Menteri Kesehatan. 1990. Peraturan
Menteri Kesehatan no. 416
MENKES/PER /IX/1990 Tentang
Persyaratak Kualitas Air Bersih :
Total Coliform yaitu sebesar 60,1%
Jakarta
dalam mempengaruhi kualitas air sumur
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Mulia, R. M. 2005. Kesehatan
Lingkungan. Graha Ilmu :
Yogyakarta
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Abstrak
Air limbah industri karet memiliki konsentrasi COD dan BOD yang tinggi. Konsentrasi COD
awal adalah 3097 mg/l dan konsentrasi BOD awal adalah 738 mg/l. Pengolahan dengan
teknologi plasma memiliki beberapa keungguluan dibandingkan pengolahan lainya. Dengan
memanfaatkan teganga listrik, yaitu dengan mendapatkan dua elektroda. Elektroda yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu batang stainless steel berulir dan kawat tembaga, dimana
di antara elektroda tersebut terdapat tabung pyrex sebagai lapisan penghalang yang disebut
dengan DBD (Dielectric Brrier Discharge). Tegangan dan waktu kontak yang dioperasikan
yaitu 10, 11, 12, dan 13 kV, sedangkan waktu kontak selama 5, 10, 15, 20, dan 25 menit.
Terdapat tahap pretreatment yaitu dengan menggunakan Biofilter Aerob dengan waktu seeding
selama 1 minggu, menyisihkan COD sebanyak 840 mg/l dan BOD sebanyak 113
mg/l.Berdasarkan penelitian dan pembahasan secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan uji
statistik, variasi tegangan dan waktu kontak berpengaruh terhadap konsentrasi COD dan
BOD. Semakin besar tegangan dan lama waktu kontak yang digunakan maka semakin kecil
konsentrasi COD dan BOD setelah pengolahan. Efisiensi penyisian terbesar berada pada
tegangan 13 kV dan waktu kontak 25 menit. Efisiensi pnyisihan parameter COD sebesar
76,44% dengan konsentrasi akhir 532 mg/l dan efisiensi parameter BOD sebesar 72,72%
dengan konsentrasi akhir sebesar 170 mg/l.
Kata kunci : Plasma, Tegangan, Waktu Kontak, Air Limbah Industri Karet
Abstract
[(COD and BOD Removal and Rubber Industrial Waste System With Aerobic Bio- Filter and
Plasma Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD))]. The industrial rubber wastewater has high
concentrate of COD and BOD. The initial of COD concentration is 3097 mg/L and
concentration of BOD is 738 mg/l. The wastewater treatment with plasma technology has
several advantages compares to other treatments. Are threaded stainless steel and copper wire
barried with pyrex glasses, knows as DBD (Dielectric Barrie Discharge) .This research has
been operated with high voltage 10, 11, 12, and 13 kV and contact time 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25
minutes on COD and BOD concentration. The pretreatment on this research was using Aerobic
Biofilter with seeding time for a week, it reduced COD as much as 840 mg/l and BOD
concentration as much as 113 mg/l. Based on this research and discussion of qualitative and
quantitative statistical test, voltage and contact time variations affect the concentration of
COD and BOD. The greater voltage and contact time are used, the smaller COD and BOD
concentration being resulted after the process. The highest removal efficiency occurs at 13 kV
of
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voltage and 25 minutes of contact time. By this condition, removal efficiency of COD is
76,44% with a final concentration 532 mg/L and efficiency of BOD parameters is 72,72%
with final concentration 170 mg/l.
Keywords : Plasma DBD, biofilm, biofilter aerob, voltages, contact time, COD, BOD
untuk pengembangbiakan
semua zat-zat organik yang tersuspensi mikroorganisme dengan atau tanpa aerasi.
(Mara, 2004). Untuk proses anaerobik dilakukan tanpa
Menurut Tchobanoglous (2003), pemberian udara atau oksigen (Husin,
hasil tes BOD dipergunakan untuk 2008).
menentukan jumlah oksigen yang Pengolahan air limbah dengan
dibutuhkan untuk stabilisasi biologi dari proses biofilm mempunyai beberapa
zat organik yang ada, untuk menentukan keunggulan antara lain
unkuran fasilitas pengolahan yang pengoperasiannya mudah, lumpur yang
dibutuhkan, untuk menentukan tingkat dihasilkan sedikit, dapat digunakan untuk
efisiensi proses pengolahan yang pengolahan limbah dengan konsentrasi
dilakukan, dan untuk menyesuaikan rendah maupun tinggi, tahan terhadap
dengan baku mutu limbah cair yang fluktuasi jumlah air limbah maupun
diperbolehkan. fluktuasi konsentrasi, dan pengaruh
penurunan suhu terhadap pengolahan
Hubungan antara BOD dan COD kecil. Media biofilter termasuk hal yang
Menurut Tchobanoglous et al., penting, karena sebagai tempat tumbuh
(2003), hubungan antara BOD dan COD dan menempel mikroorganisme, untuk
adalah bahwa BOD merupakan bagian mendapatkan unsur-unsur
dari COD. Nilai BOD ultimate selalu kehidupan yang
lebih kecil dari nilai COD. Hal ini terjadi dibutuhkan, seperti nutrien dan oksigen.
karena bebrapa alasan antara lain : Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini
1. Banyak zat organik yang sulit untuk dipilih dengan media kerikil. Kerikil
mengoksidasi biologis, seperti lignin
memiliki luas permukaan yang besar, dan
hanya dapat dioksidasi secara
bakteri dapat hidup dan melekat pada
kimiawi.
permukaannya. Selain itu penyumbatan
2. Zat anorganik yang dioksidasi oleh
yang terjadi pada media kerikil sangat
dikromat meningkatkakn sampel
kecil dan volume rongganya besar
kandungan organik
dibanding media lain.
3. Zat organik tertentu dapat menjadi
racun bagi mikroorganisme yang
Plasma DBD (Dielectric Barrier
digunakan dalam tes BOD
Discharge)
4. Nilai COD yang tinggi dapat terjadi Plasma DBD merupakan plasma
karena adanya zat anorganik dengan dalam fase gas. Penggunaan plasma jenis
dikromat yang dapat bereaksi. ini dalam pengolahan air biasanya dilapisi
Dari sudut pandangan dengan keramik, glass, atau kaca dan
operasional, salah satu keuntungan disebut sebagai dielectric. Geometri dari
utama dari tes COD adalah bahwa hal itu lucutan plasma penghalang dielektrik
dapat diselesaikan dalam waktu sekitar 3 dipresentasikan pada Gambar. 1.
jam, dibanding dengan 5 hari atau lebih
untuk tes BOD.
Biofilm
Proses biofilter atau biofilm
dilakukan dengan cara mengalirkan
limbah ke dalam reaktor biologis yang
telah diisi dengan media penyangga
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toritis akan semakin besar pula kecepatan pada tegangan 13 kV konsentrasi COD
elektron yang terjadi pada reaktor. mengalami penurunan yang drastis
Pembentukan spesies aktif seperti O, OH, penjelasan dari fenomena ini adalah
H, H2O2 dan ozon akan semakin lucutan listrik yang mencapai permukaan
meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan air, muatan elektron memiliki kecepatan
tegangan. Spesies aktif ini yang berperan yang tinggi dan terjadi tumbukan dengan
penting untuk mendegradasi senyawa molekul air, sehingga radikal hidroksil
organik dalam limbah. Oleh karena itu, akan langsung terbentu (Malik, et. al.,
semakin banyak spesies aktif yang 2001). Hal tersebut dapat dilihat juga pada
terbentuk maka semakin efektif pula Gambar 7.
penyisihan zat organik dalam air limbah.
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12 *) Penulis
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