vaxtang guruli

imperiebis aRsasruli da qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba

(1917-1918)

1. napoleonis idea

1813-1815 wlebSi evropis qveynebis koaliciasTan (ruseTi, inglisi, prusia,

avstria) brZolaSi damarcxebul, gadasaxlebaSi myof napoleons hkiTxes: ,nuTu ar
icodi, rom ruseTs ver daipyrobdi? pasuxi sruliad moulodneli iyo: me ruseTis
dapyroba arc mifiqria, mindoda ruseTi veropis nawilad meqcia, amisaTvis ki misi
samxedro damarcxeba iyo aucilebeli. napoleonis idea damarcxebuli politikosisa da
mxedarTmTavris ubralo TavismarTleba ar unda yofiliyo, aseTi idea SeiZleboda
marTlac hqonoda napoleons. avstriisa da prusiis damarcxebis Semdeg, inglisTan omSi
Cabmul napoleons 1812 wels, marTlac ar unda eocneba ruseTis dapyrobaze. napoleons,
rogorc did politikoss, winaswar unda ganeWvrita misTvis damRupveli perspeqtiva _
omi evropis didi saxelmwifoebis koaliciasTan. 1812 wlisaTvis ruseTis samxedro
TvalsazrisiT damarcxeba (axal mobilizaciamde ruseTis armiis swrafi ganadgureba),
cxadia, ufro realuri unda yofiliyo. rogor esaxeboda napoleons konkretulad omSi
damarcxebuli ruseTis evropis nawilad gadaqceva _ ucnobia, es saidumlo napoleonma
Tan waiRo samareSi.
ruseTis evropis nawilad gadaqcevis napoleoniseuli idea gamarjvebuli
koaliciis monawile qveynebis (ruseTis, inglisis, avstriis, prusiis) politikurma
liderebma daviwyebas ar misces. es idea sul male sxva formiT gamovlinda. napoleonis
damarcxebis Semdeg venaSi evropis qveynebis kongresi Seikriba, romelic sakmaod
didxans 1814 wlis noembridan 1815 wlis ivnisamde mimdinareobda. kongresis muSaobas
gansazRvravda gamarjvebuli oTxeuli: ruseTi, inglisi, prusia da avstria. idea iseTi
saerTaSoriso sistemis Seqmnisa, romelic evropas did omebs Tavidan aacilebda,
evropis monarqebs, evropel diplomatebs ekuTvnoda. napoleonis omebma evropeli
monarqebi daarwmuna imaSi, rom aseTi sistemis arseboba aucilebeli iyo. isini
aRiarebdnen, rom sistemis efeqturoba damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, Tu ra pozicias
daikavebda ruseTi. omebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT Seqmnili saerTaSoriso sistema
uruseTod SeiZleboda efeqturi yofiliyo konkretulad dasavleT evropaSi omebis
Tavidan asacileblad, magram veranairad ver daicavda dasavleT evropas ruseTis
agresiisagan. didi dro ar iyo gasuli mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma grZelvadian
perspeqtivaze gaTvlili samxedro-politikuri gegmebis realizeba daiwyo CrdiloeT
SavizRvispireTis dasavleT nawilSi, balkaneTsa da baltiispireTSi. amas Sedegad
mohyva ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774, 1787-1791, 1806-1812 wlis omebi 1, 1808-1809 wlebis ruseT-
SvedeTis omi. 2 am omebma evropas seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna. seriozuli safrTxe
Seuqmna evropas ruseTis samxedro-politikuri gegmebis ganxorcielebam centraluri
evropis mimarTulebiT. poloneTis mesame danawilebis (1795 w.) Sedegad ruseTma

1
dawvrilebiT ix.: Т. Юзефович. Договоры России с Востоком. Политические и торговые. Санкт-Петербург, 1869.
2
dawvrilebiT ix.: П. А. Ниве. Русско-Шведская война 1808-09 гг. Санкт-Петербург, 1910; А. А. Фомин. Швеция в
системе европейской политики накануне и в период русско-шведской войны 1808—1809 гг. Москва, 2003.

1
poloneTis mniSvnelovani nawili miitaca da am teritoriaze Seqmna poloneTis samefo. 3
poloneTis mefed ruseTis imperatori iTvleboda. 1808-1809 wlebSi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg
warmoebuli omis Semdeg ruseTma did xnis win dawyebuli fineTis dapyroba daasrula.
SvedeTisagan mitacebul fineTis teritoriaze Semqnil fineTis didi samTavros mTavrad
ruseTis imperatori iTvleboda. balkaneTidan, skandinaviidan da poloneTidan ruseTi
seriozul safrTxes uqmnida evropas da mniSvnelobas ukargavda omebis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT Cafiqrebul evropis saerTaSoriso sistemas. zemoTqmulidan
gamomdinare, savsebiT drouli da gamarTlebuli iyo evropel politikosTa mier
aRorZinebuli ruseTis evropis nawilad gadaqcevis napoleoniseuli gegmis axali
varianti. 1815 wlis 21 aprili (3 maisi) venis kongersis monawile qveynebma: ruseTma,
inglisma, safrangeTma, prusiam, avstriam, SvedeTma, espaneTma da portugaliam xeli
moaweres venis kongresis daskvniT generalur aqts. 4 venis kongresis generaluri aqti
iyo umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti, romelmac praqtikulad gadaWra yvela is
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelsac evropis monarqebs Soris uTanxmoeba SeiZleboda
gamoewvia. generaluri aqtis pirobebis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi evropis qveynebi
dazRveuli iqnebodnen damRupveli omebisagan.
venis kongresis mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso sistema umtkivneulod ar
Camoyalibebula. daZabulobas mxolod ruseTi ar qmnida, winaaRmdegoba TviT dasavleT
evropis saxelmwifoebs Sorisac arsebobda. miuxedavad amisa, evropa Tanxmdeboda
umTavresSi _ ruseTi evropis nawilad unda qceuliyo. mimdinareobda faruli
diplomatiuri brZola, am brZolis erT-erTi epizodi naTels xdis mis Sinaarss.
evropis saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebma moilaparakes, rom napoleonis winaaRmdeg
omis dros (1813-1815 ww.) evropaSi SeWrili ruseTis armia ruseTSive daebrunebinaT.
imxanad es armia poloneTis teritoriaze idga. evropelma politikosebma es rTuli
saqme axalgazrda diplomats klemens vencel fon meternixs miandes. gaixsna Tu ara
sxdoma, meternixma pirdapir dasva kiTxva: Cven gvinda vicodeT ra uflebiT dgas
ruseTis 120 aTasiani armia poloneTSi? ruseTis imperatoma aleqsandre I-ma
auRelveblad upasuxa: gamarjvebulis uflebiT. meternixi aseT pirdapir da swraf
pasuxs ar moeloda, dabneulma mzera miapyro kongresis im monawileebs, romelTac mas
evropidan ruseTis armiis gayvanis sakiTxis dasma miandes. meternixis Tanamoazreebma
iseTi saxe miiRes, TiTqos arafris saqmis kursSi ar iyvnen da dasmuli sakiTxi arc
ainteresebdaT. meternixi mixvda, rom gaswires, magram Wkvianma diplomatma azri
moikrifa, miamiti saxe miiRo da auRelveblad warmoTqva istoriuli sityvebi:
,,gadavideT dRis wesrigis Semdeg sakiTxze”. miuxedavad aseTi daZabulobisa, venis
kongresis generaluri aqti mainc seriozuli warmatebis mauwyebeli iyo. ase Tu ise,
warmoSobili winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, venis sistemam asi wlis manZilze evropaSi
mSivdobis SenarCuneba SesZlo.

3
dawvrilebiT ix.: С. М. Соловьёв. История падения Польши. Москва, 1863.
4
sruli teqsti ix.: Ф.Ф. Мартенс. Собрание трактатов и конвенций, заключенных Россией с иностранными
державами. Том 3. Санкт-Петербург, 1876. С. 229 –549.

2
 2. venis kongresis mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso sistemis rRveva.

1914 wlis ivnis-ivlisSi evropaSi mimdinare didi samxedro-politikuri krizisiTa

da pirveli msoflio omis dawyebiT venis kongresze Seqmnilma saerTaSoriso sistemam
arseboba daasrula. 5
de-faqto venis kongresis mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso sistemis rRveva 1914
wlamde gacilebiT adre daiwyo. 1879-1882 wlebSi germaniis, avstria-ungreTisa da
italiis samxedro-politikuri blokis (samTa kavSiris) Camoyalibeba ukve am sistemis
rRvevas niSnavda. rRveveis procesi kidev ufro gaZlierda 1891-1893 wlebSi ruseT-
safrangeTis samxedro-politikuri kavSiris SeqmniT 6. sistemis SenarCuneba ararealuri
gaxda 1904-1907 wlebSi inglis-safrangeT-ruseTis samxedro-politikuri blokis
(antantis) SeqmniT. ruseTis, inglisis, germaniis, avstria-ungreTisa da italiis
monarqebma nikoloz II-m, eduard VII-m, jorj V-m, vilhelm II-m, franc-ioseb II-m, viqtor-
emanuil III-m ver SeZles SeenarCunebinaT erTiani evropa. samxedro-politikur blokebSi
gaerTianebiT evropis mefeebma ganaCeni gamoutanes monarqiebs. pirvelma msoflio omma
ruseTis, germaniis, avstria-ungreTisa da italiis monarqiebi imsxverpla. oms evropis
monarqiebidan mxolod erTi, inglisis monarqia (konstituciuri monarqia), gadaurCa.
monarqiebis damxoba ganapiroba ara pirvelma msoflio omma (1914-1918), aramed venis
kongresis mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso sistemis daSlam. pirveli msoflio omi swored
am sistemis daSlis Sedegi iyo. erTiani evropis napoleoniseuli ideis uaryofam
evropis monarqebi uazro da damRupvel dapirispirebamde, omamde miiyvana 7.
gavrcelebulia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom pirveli msoflio omi (1914-1918)
garaduvali iyo, rac sinamdviles ar Seefereba. arc venis kongresis mier Seqmnili
saerTaSoriso sistemis rRveva, arc evropaSi samxedro politikuri blokebis Seqmna da
arc pirveli msoflio omi gardauvali ar yofila. gardauvalobis warmodgena Seiqmna
pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom epoqaSi, mas Semdeg rac evropam da msofliom udidesi
katastrofa gadaitana. Tu movlenaTa ganviTarebas Rrmad da safuZvlianad SeviswavliT,
Cven mier zemoTxsenebuli sami movlena (venis kongresis mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso
sistemis rRveva, evropaSi samxedro-politikuri blokebis Seqmna da pirveli msoflio
omi) sulac ar iyo gardauvali. evropis monarqebi: nikoloz II, eduard VII, jorj V,
vilhelm II, franc-ioseb II da viqtor-emanuil III win ver aRudgnen ara kanonzomier,
aramed garkveuli Zalis mier provocirebul process _ venis kongresis mier Seqmnili
saerTaSorsio sistemis ngrevasa da samxedro-politikuri blokebis Seqmnas. monarqebma
evropaSi mSvidobis dacvisaTvis Seqmnili sistema, samxedro-politikuri blokebis
ideaze gacvales. ra kanonzomiereba SeiZleboda yofiliyo amis safuZveli? cxadia,
araviTari. evropis monarqebma dauSves miutevebeli Secdoma. yvela monarqi
darwmunebuli iyo imaSi, rom omi misi imperiis sasargeblod dasruldeboda da erTi
wuTiTac ar uSvebdnen imas, rom viRac omSi aucileblad damarcxdeboda da es viRac
SeiZleba nebismieri monarqi da saxelmwifo yofiliyo. mokled, rom vTqvaT monarqebma
ukve arsebuli saerTaSoriso sistema gacvales raRac bundovanSi, romlis arsSic isini
ver erkveodnen. evropis verc erTma monarqma, ver SeniSna is safrTxe, romelic venis
kongresis mier Seqmnil saerTaSoriso sistemis rRvevas mohyveboda. arcerT monarqs ar
ucdia gaeca pasuxi kiTxvaze: vin da ratom daiwyo faruli Tu aSkara brZola arsebuli

5
Ю. А. Писарев. Великие державы и Балканы накануне первой мировой войны. Москва, 1985; Л. Г. Бэзил. 1914.
Правда о Первой мировой. Москва, 2009.
6
dawvrilebiT ix.: Н. Троицкий. Русско-французский союз ._ Россия в XIX веке. Курс лекций. Москва, 1997.
7
dawvrilebiT ix.: История первой мировой войны 1914-1918 гг. Под редакцией И.И. Ростунова Москва, 1975.

3
saerTaSoriso sistemis rRvevisaTvis? cxadia, garkveuli periodis Semdeg venis
kongresis mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso sistemis SenarCunebis Sansi sul ufro da ufro
mcirdeboda. rRvevis procesis SeCereba energiuli da kargad gaazrebuli RonisZiebebis
Sedegad XIX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi jer kidev SesaZlebeli iyo, magram amis nacvlad
yvela monarqi xels uwyobda sistemis rRvevis gaZlierebas. 1907 wlisaTvis evropaSi
ori samxedro-politikuri blokis (antantis, samTa kavSiris) CamoyalibebiT venis
kongresis mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso sistemis gadarCenis Sansebi minimumamde davida,
Tumca igi sabolood ar gamqrala. 1907-1914 wlebSi evropis monarqebis gonivrul
politikas, uSualod samefo saxlebis aqtivobas jer kidev SeeZlo evropis gadarCena.
samwuxarod 1907-1914 wlebSi, rRvevis procesi kidev ufro gaZlierda. monarqebma
sabolood daiviwyes pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifosa da RmerTis winaSe. mcdari
politikuri azrovnebiTa da Sesabamisi praqtikuli moRvaweobiT evropis monarqebma
Tavad gamoutanes ganaCeni samefo saxlebsa da imperiebs.
rogor moxda venis kongresis mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso sistemis ngreva, vin
iyo am sistemis ngrevis ideis avtori da praqtikuli ganmaxorcielebeli? SeiZleba
daujerebladac ki moeCvenos vinmes, magram WeSmariteba aseTia: venis kongresis mier
Seqmnili saerTaSoriso sistema inglisis iniciativiT, inglisis gegmiT daingra,
inglisis mokavSiris roli ki safrangeTma Seasrula. sruliad bunebrivad ismis kiTxva:
ra amoZravebda ingliss? venis kongresis mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso sistemis arseboba
ingliss xels uSlida evropaSi lideris rolis SesrulebaSi. sistemis ngreva,
monarqiebis damxoba am procesidan ganze mdgom ingliss omebisagan dasustebul axal
evropaSi gabatonebis karg perspeqtivas uqmnida. monarqiebis ngreva, axal, respublikur,
mmarTvelobaze gadasvla xangrZlivi da mtkivneuli procesi iqneboda ruseTis,
germaniis, avstria-ungreTisa da italiisaTvis. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi daxvewili
politikuri sistema _ konstituciuri monarqia, didi tradiciebis mqone parlamenti da
mTavroba, brwyinvale diplomatiuri skola da bolos Zlieri samxedro-sazRvao floti
da armia ingliss ara Tu daicavda evropaSi dawyebuli didi ryevebisagan, aramed
evropaSi ganviTarebuli procesebis marTvis saSualebasac miscemda. ingliseli
politikosebis, inglisis diplomatiis gaTvla savsebiT realisturi iyo, Tumca
daSvebuli iqna erTi seriozuli Secdoma. ingliselebma ver gaiTvaliswines, rom
evropaSi inglisis mier lideris rolis Sesrulebas winaaRmdegobas gauwevda amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi. pirveli msoflio omis dasasruls da omis dasrulebis Semdeg,
gansakuTrebiT ki parizis sazao konferenciaze (1919 wlis ianvari – 1920 wlis ianvari)
inglisma evropaSi lideris poziciebi SeinarCuna, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
mcdeloba marcxiT dasrulda. sul male cxadi gaxda, rom gancdil marcxs amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi ar Seurigdeboda da evropaSi hegemonisTvis brZolas
gaagrZelebda.

3. ruseTis monarqiis aRsasruli

saqarTvelo venis kongresze saerTaSoriso sistemis Seqmnis droisaTvis (1815 w.)

ukve ruseTis mier iyo dapyrobeli. cxadia, am sistmis arsebobasa da ngrevas didi
mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelosaTvis.
ruseTis imperiis ngreva, inglis-safrangeTis gegmis Tanaxmad, XX saukunis
damdegidan daiwyo. XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis damdegisaTvis inglisis da
safrangeTis samxedro da diplomatiur dazvervas seriozuli poziciebi hqondaT

4
mopovebuli ruseTis saimperatoro karze, saxelmwifo sabWosa da saxelmwifo
saTaTbiroSi, saerTod politikur da samxedro elitaSi. ganuxrelad izrdeboda
ruseTis sagareo vali. ruseTis mTavari kreditorebi inglisi da safrangeTi iyvnen.
ruseTi praqtikulad iseT mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, rom verasdros gadaixdida
uzarmazar vals. ufro metic, Tu inglisi da safrangeTi ruseTSi arsebul erTobliv
sawarmoebs daxuravdnen, xolo, Tundac droebiT, ruseTidan navTobis, manganumis, xe-
tyis, xorblisa da sxva wiaRiseulisa da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis eqsports
Sewyvetdnen, ruseTSi yovlismomcveli ekonomikuri krizisi daiwyeboda. aseTi viTarebis
gamo ruseTis xelisufleba inglisisa da safrangeTis mimarT sul ufro da ufro met
daTmobebze midioda. daTmobebi exeboda rogorc sagareo, ise saSinao politikas.
sagareo politikaSi ruseTis saimperatoro karis daTmobebi gamoixata imaSi, rom
daiZaba urTierToba germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis monarqebTan. inglisisa da
safrangeTis diplomatiuri da samxedro dazvervis faruli, magram daZabuli brZola
male seriozuli gamarjvebiT dasrulda _N 1904 wels ruseTi iaponiasTan sruliad
uazro da damRupvel omSi Caeba. ruseT-iaponiis omi (1904-1905) imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom
ruseTs damoukidebeli sagareo politika aRar gaaCnda. am omiT pirveli seriozuli
nabiji gadaidga monarqiis ngrevis gzaze.
saSinao politikaze inglisisa da safrangeTis gavlena gamoixata imaSi, rom
inglisisa da safrangeTis diplomatiurma da samxedro dazvervam, saimperatoro karze,
politikur da samxedro elitaSi gavlenis agentebis wyalobiT CaSales yvela
sasicocxlo mniSvelobis reforma _ politikuri sistemis, saeklesio, agraruli,
samxedro da sxva reformebi. reformebis CaSlas mohyva niWieri politikuri moRvaweebis,
qveynis patriotebis gandevna sxvadasxva uwyebidan, TviT imperator nikoloz II-is
garemocvidanac ki. swored inglisisa da safrangeTis dazvervis wyalobiT Camoaciles
xelisuflebas niWieri da perspeqtiuli politikuri moRvawe iuli vite, xolo petre
stolipini mokles.
inglisi da safrangeTi moqmedebdnen Zalze kargad gaazrebuli gegmiT. es gegma
iTvaliswinebda ruseTSi socialuri daZabulobis Seqmnas. inglisisa da safrangeTis
dazvervam ruseTis socialisturi orientaciis partiebSi (ruseTis social-
demokratiuli muSaTa partia, ruseTis socialist-revolucionerTa partia) SeaRwia da
finansuri daxmarebis sanacvlod am partiebs, rogorc mexuTe kolonas, efeqturad
iyenebda 12-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi. mexuTe kolonis roli ar Seusrulebia, magram
inglisi da safrangeTi ruseTis monarqiis ngrevis procesSi aseve efeqturad iyenebda
ruseTis burJuaziis mier Seqmnil partiebs _ ,,17 oqtombris kavSirsa” (oqtiabristebs)
da ruseTis konstituciur-demokratiul partias (kadetebs).
damRupveli saSinao politika (gadaudebel reormebze uaris Tqma, moaxloebuli
socialuri afeTqebis saSiSroebis ugulebelyofa da sxv.) ruseTis imperator nikoloz
II-s 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciad daujda. revolucia ruseTSi yvela SemTxvevaSi
daiwyeboda, magram 1905 wlis 9 ianvars sankt-peterburgSi mSvidobiani demonstrantebis
daxvretam revoluciis dawyeba daaCqara. Tu ramdenad uunaro iyo saimperatoro kari, es
kargad gamoCnda iqedan, rom imperatori nikoloz II demonstrantebis daxvretis win
garemocvam dedaqalaqidan gaistumra da man araferi uwyoda rogor momzadda da
ganxorcielda es saSineli tragedia. mSvidobiani demonstrantebis daxvretis
provocireba moaxdina socialist-revolucionerTa partiis erTma jgufma, romelic,
cxadia, ucxoeTidan imarTeboda. rogori umecaric ar unda yofiliyo ruseTis
imperatori, mas ar SeiZleboda ar scodnoda, Tu ra moyveboda dedaqalaqis centrSi
mSvidobiani demonstrantebis daxvretas. revolucia daiwyo ise, rom brali daedo
monarqs, xelisuflebas da ara provokaciis damkveTs, provokatorebsa da provocirebul

5
brbos. 9 ianvris sisxliani laqa verasdros Camoirecxa ruseTis monarqma. damangrevelma
samoqalaqo omma, romelic 1905 wlis inavridan 1907 wlis Sua xanebamde gagrZelda
iaponiasTan omSi damarcxebuli ruseTi umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo. moiSala qveynis
ekonomika, Cakvda warmoeba, omisagan daclili xazina kidev ufro dacarielda, xolo
ruseTis sagareo valebi gaizarda. mTavari kreditorebi, cxadia, inglisi da safrangeTi
iyvnen. 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis Sedegi aseTi iyo: ruseTis saSinao da sagareo
politika mTlianad inglisisa da safrangeTis xelSi aRmoCnda. uzarmazari qveynis
finasuri stabiluroba ucxour (inglisur, frangul) kapitalze iyo damokidebuli.
gamoTqmulia azri imis Taobaze, rom ruseTis monarqia gadarCeboda pirvel
msoflio omSi rom ar Cabmuliyo. es mosazreba savsebiT sworia, oRond erTi
seriozuli SeniSvniT: 1914 wels ruseTs aRar SeeZlo uari eTqva omSi Cabmaze, is omSi
aucileblad unda Cabmuliyo. ruseTi 1914 wlis agvistomde miiyvana 12-15 wlianma
gauazrebelma da damRupvelma saSinao da sagaro politikam. ruseTis monarqiis (iseve
rogorc germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis monarqiebis) dacemis umTavresi mizezi iyo am
qveynebis monarqebis mier 1815 wels venis kongresze Seqmnili saerTaSoriso sistemis
principebis Segnebuli uaryofa. garda amisa, yvela monarqiis, maT Soris ruseTis
monarqiis kvdomasac Tavisi konkretuli mizezebic hqonda.
germaniis winaaRmdeg omSi Cabmis wina dReebSi, 1914 wlis ivlisis miwuruls,
realisturad moazrovne patriotulma Zalebma scades nikoloz II-is darwmuneba imaSi,
rom germaniis winaaRmdeg omi ruseTisaTvis damRupveli aRmoCndeboda. am saSiSroebis
danaxvas didi niWi da SorsmWvreteloba sulac ar Wirdeboda. amitom iyo, rom nikoloz
II-m Tavi Seikava germaniisaTvis omis gamocxadebaze (serbeTis dacvis mizniT sayovelTao
mobilizaciaze). ruseTis istoriaSi sabediswero Jami dadga. magram gadamwyvet momentSi
unarianad amoqmedda inglisisa da safrangeTis diplomatiuri da samxedro dazverva.
inglisisa da safrangeTis gavlenis agentebma nikoloz II-is meryeobas bolo mouRes.
imperatorma sayovelTao mobilizacia gamoacxada, rac praqtikulad germaniis
winaaRmdeg omis dawyebas niSnavda. inglisma da safrangeTma bolomde miiyvanes 12-15
wlis win dawyebuli saqme _ ruseTi samTa kavSiris (germania, avstria-ungreTi, italia)
winaaRmdeg omSi Caabes. gansaxorcielebeli darCa inglis-safrangeTis gegmis meore da
mTavari nawili _ ruseTSi monarqiuli wyobilebis damxoba. amisaTvis didi Zalisxmeva
saWiro aRar iyo. omi monarqias TavisTavad miaqanebda daRupvisaken. jerjerobiT
inglisi da safrangeTi movlenaTa ganviTarebas ar aCqarebdnen, radgan ruseTi
erTgulad asrulebda mokavSiris movaleobas. inglisisa da safrangeTis diplomatiuri
da samxedro dazverva mxolod mas Semdeg gaaqtiurda, rac ruseTis saimperatoro karze,
politikur da samxedro elitaSi, omSi gamarjvebaSi daeWvdnen. gavrcelda xmebi
germaniasTan mosalodneli dazavebis Sesaxeb, rasac inglisi da safrangeTi verasgziT
ver dauSvebdnen. londonsa da parizSi ruseTis monarqiis damxobis gadawyvetileba
miiRes da SemuSavebuli gegmac brwyinvaled ganaxorcieles. 1917 wlis TebervalSi
petrogradSi dawyebuli gamosvlebis miuxedavad, ruseTis imperatori qalaq fskovSi,
umaRlesi mTavarsardlobis banakSi, gaemgzavra. inglisisa da safrangeTis gegmis
Tanaxmad, fskovSi nikoloz II sruliad izolirebuli aRmoCnda patriotulad
ganwyobili da realisturad moazrovne politikuri da samxedro elitisagan. fskovSi
ruseTis ukanaskneli monarqi inglisisa da safrangeTis mier mosyiduli samxedro
elitis garemocvaSi imyofeboda. moRalate samxedroebs male SeuerTdnen
petrogradidan fskovSi sagangebod Casuli inglisisa da safrangeTis mier mosyiduli
politikuri moRvaweebic. maT nikoloz II daarwmunes, rom mxolod Svilis, aleqsis
sasargeblod misi taxtidan gadadgoma ixsnida ruseTis monarqias. nikoloz II taxtidan
ise gadadga, rom warmodgena ar hqonda ra xdeboda uzarmazar imperiasa da armiaSi, arc

6
is icoda, rom ufliswul aleqsis taxtze asvla gamoricxuli iyo. 1917 wlis 2 marts
fskovSi nikoloz II-m xeli moawera manifests taxtidan gadagomis Sesaxeb. inglis-
safrangeTis gegma ganxorcielda. saimperatoro xelisuflebis samarTalmemkvidre gaxda
inglis-safrangeTze orientirebuli ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba, romelic germaniis
winaaRmdeg omis gagrZelebas upirobod daTanxmda.
inglis-safrangeTis gegma mTlianad Sesrulda, Tumca, rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva,
es ase ar yofila. 1917 wlis 2 marts taxtidan gadamdgari nikoloz II petrogradSi
dabrunda da droebiTi mTavrobis sapatio patimrad iqca. 1917 wlis oqtomberSi sapatio
patimari ukve sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobam gadaibara. Tu ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis
dros nikoloz II-is fizikuri likvidaciis safrTxe SedarebiT naklebi iyo,
bolSevikebis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg es safrTxe realuri gaxda.
ingliss SeeZlo ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis mmarTvelobis periodSi (1917 wlis marti-
oqtomberi) nikoloz II da misi ojaxis wevrebi ruseTidan gaeyvana da safrTxisaTvis
ganeridebina. ruseTidan nikoloz II-isa da misi ojaxis wevrebis gayvana ingliss
bolSevikebis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdegac SeeZlo. miuxedavad amisa,
TiTqmis weliwadnaxevris manZilze inglisma araferi iRona nikoloz II-isa da misi
ojaxis gadasarCenad. 1918 wlis 17 ivliss yofili imperatori da misi ojaxis wevrebi
(dedofali da Svilebi) daxvrites 8.
ruseTSi ganviTarebul movlenebs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda
saqarTvelosaTvis. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc bevr sxva qveyanaSi, ruseTis monarqiis
aseT swraf aRsasruls aravin eloda.

4. saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis aRsasrulis Semdeg

ruseTis imperiis aRsasrulma xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis. saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena SesaZlebeli iqneboda
mxolod ori movlenis Tanxvedris SemTxvevaSi: pirveli. saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenis ideis garSemo qarTveli eris konsolidacia; meore.
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis xelsayreli saerTaSoriso viTarebis
Seqmna _ Zlieri mokavSiris povna.
saxelmwifo damoukideblobis aRdgenis ideis irgvliv qarTveli eris
konsolidacia nela, mtkivneulad, magram mainc aRmavlobiT mimdinareobda 1917 wlis
martidan. rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso viTarebas, Zlieri mokavSiris povnas, am
TvalsazrisiT movlenebi saqarTvelos sazianod viTardeboda. es gapirobebuli iyo
Semdegi mizezebiT:
pirveli. 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTSi xelisuflebis
saTaveSi mosuli droebiTi mTavroba (1917 wlis 3 marti – 1917 wlis 25 oqtomberi)
erTgulad asrulebda ruseTis saimperatoro karis mier antantis winaSe nakisr
valdebulebebs. inglisi, safrangeTi italia, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da ruseTi

8
А. Н. Боханов. Николай II. Москва, 2008; Ю. А. Буранов; В. М. Хрусталёв. Гибель императорского дома. Москва,
1992; М. К. Дитерихс. Убийство царской семьи и членов дома Романовых на Урале. Москва, 2007.

7
oms agrZelebdnen. qarTvelma politikosebma kargad icodnen, rom antanta ruseTisagan
saqarTvelos gamoyofas mxars ar dauWerda _ mokavSiris interesebs ar xelyofda.
meore. garkveul sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli samTa kavSirze orientaciac.
SeiZleboda germanias mxari daeWira saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrvi
damoukideblobisaTvis, magram saqarTvelo-germaniis samxedro-politikur urTierTobas
osmaleTi Seaferxebda. osmaleTs Tavisi interesebi gaaCnda samxreT kavkasiaSi da
kerZod saqarTveloSi. cxadia, omi xelsayreli dro iyo imisaTvis rom osmaleTis es
interesebi realobad eqcia. osmaleTi pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis mokavSire iyo
da, cxadia, germania valdebuli iyo pativi eca mokavSiris interesebisaTvis.
mesame. 1917 wlis 24-25 oqtombers bolSevikebma petrogradSi kontrevoluciuri
saxelmwifo gadatrialeba ganaxorcieles da kanonieri droebiTi mTavroba daamxes.
sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobam sagareo politikuri kursi kardinalurad Secvala da
progermanul orientacias daadga. progermanuli orientacia gulisxmobda sabWoTa
ruseTis omidan gamosvlas, rac sruliad miuRebeli iyo antantisaTvis. inglisis,
safrangeTisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis diplomatiuri zewolis miuxedavad
gaWianurebuli molaparakebebis Semdeg sabWoTa ruseTma germanisaTan da mis
mokavSireebTan (avstria-ungerTi, osmaleTi, bulgareTi) 1918 wlis 3 marts brest-
litovskSi separatiuli zavi dado. ruseTi omidan gamovida, rac did dartymas
warmoadgenda antantisaTvis. brest-litovskis zavis Sedeg antantas da kerZod
inglissa da safrangeTs mxari unda daeWira saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis ideisaTvis, anu samxreT kavkasiidan ruseTis gandevisaTvis unda
ezruna. Tumca saxreT kavkasiidan ruseთis gandevna mTlianad iyo damokidebuli imaze,
Tu ra viTareba iqneboda pirveli msoflio omis frontebze.
meoTxe. pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisidan (1914 w.) samxreT kavkasiaSi, ruseT-
osmaleTis frontze, ganlagebuli iyo ruseTis armia. am armiam 1914-1915 wlebSi
warmatebiT aRkveTa osmaleTis mier samxreT kavkasiis okupaciis mcdeloba da 1917
wlis gazafxulisaTvis kvlav unarianad icavda frontis xazs. ruseTis armiis gasvla
samxreT kavkasiidan xel-fexs gauxsnida qarTvel ers da saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenac realuri gaxdeboda. amasTan erTad, ruseTis armiis gasvla
samxreT kavkasiidan did safrTxesac Seicavda. ruseTis armiis gasvliT dauyovnebliv
isargeblebda osmaleTi da Seecdeboda saqarTvelosa da mTeli samxreT kavkasiis
dapyrobas. saqarTvelos Tavisi sazRvrebis dasacavad aucilebeli SeiaraRebuli Zala
(armia) ar gaaCnda.
mexuTe. saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis gzaze yvelaze
did sirTules mainc is warmoadgenda, rom ruseTis imperiis aRsasrulis (1917 wlis
marti) Semdeg pirveli msoflio omi kvlav grZeldeboda. 1917 wlis gazafxulisaTvis
aravin icoda rogor warimarTeboda omi. mimdinare omis pirobebSi Zlieri mokavSiris
Zebna bevr sirTulesTan iyo dakavSirebuli, mokavSiris gareSe ki saxelmwifoebrvi
damoukideblobis aRdgena warmoudgeneli iyo. arc is iqneboda gamarTlebuli, rom
qarTveli politikosebi omis damTavrebas daelodebodnen. 1917 wlis gazafxulisaTvis
da mogvianebiTac veravin ityoda rogor dasruldeboda omi, rogor morigdebodnen
gamarjvebuli da damarcxebuli saxelmwifoebi. mokavSiris povnis anu sagareo
politikuri orientaciis gansazRvris sakiTxi mwvaved idga saqarTvelos pirvel da
meore interpartiul krebebze (1917 wlis aprili), saqarTvelos erovnul interpartiul
sabWoSi (1917 wlis agvisto-noemberi), saqarTvelos pirvel erovnul yrilobaze (gaixsna
1917 wlis 19 noembers) da erovnuli yrilobis mier 1917 wlis 22 noembers arCeul
saqarTvelos erovnul sabWoSi. prodasavluri orientaciis aRiarebas aferxebda

8
ruseTis kavkasiis armia, romelic qarTuli armiis ararsebobis pirobebSi osmaleTis
armiis Semakavebel erT-erT Zalas warmoadgenda. Tavdapirvelad, droebiTi mTavrobis
moRvaweobis periodSi (1917 wlis 3 marti – 25 oqtomberi), ase Tu ise misaRebi
prorusuli orientacia sruliad miuRebeli gaxda ruseTSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi
bolSevikebis mosvlis Semdeg (1917 wlis 25 oqtomberi).
mokavSiris Ziebis procesSi, prodasavluri da prorusuli Zalebis mwvave
dapirispirebis pirobebSi, sruliad moulodnelad 1917 wlis 8 dekembers cxadi gaxda,
rom antanta (inglisi, safrangeTi, italia, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas mxars ar dauWerda. viTareba kidev ufro daZaba 1918
wlis ianvarSi sabWoTa ruseTis mier kavkasiis armiis ZalebiT saqarTvelos okupaciis
mcdelobam. mdgomareoba katastrofuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac 1918 wlis martSi
osmaleTma saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg omi daiwyo. 1918 wlis 1 aprils osmalebma daikaves
baTumi, mtris SeCereba Seqmnis procesSi myofma qarTulma jarma da saxalxo gvardiam
mxolod mdinare Coloqze SeZlo. imavdroulad osmalebma daikaves mTeli mesxeTi
borjomamde. Tu osmaleTi brZolaSi damatebiT jarebs Caabamda, qarTuli jari da
saxalxo gvardia quTaissa da Tbiliss ver daicavda da saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenac garkveuli vadiT Seferxdeboda.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena ki ara, aramed
romelime saxelmwifos daxmarebiT osmaleTis agresiis aRkveTa iyo gadaudebeli.
amierkavkasia-osmaleTis baTumis samSvidobo konferenciaze (gaixsna 1918 wlis 11 maiss)
gairkva, rom osmaleTi mTeli samxreT kavkasiisa da maT Soris saqarTvelos okupacias
gegmavda. amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublikis delegacia
(Tavmjdomare akaki Cxenkeli) saTanado winaaRmdegobas ver uwevda osmaleTis
delegacias. amis mizezi iyo amierkavkasiis samokavSiero saxelmwifoSi Semavali sami
eris gansxvavebuli sagareo-politikuri orientacia. azerbaijanelebi osmaleTs
dampyroblad ar miiCnevdnen, somxebi inglisis imedad iyvnen, qarTvelebs jer kidev ar
SeemuSavebinaT sagareo politikuri orientacia. aseT viTarebaSi, baTumis sazao
konferenciaze, germaniis imperiis warmomadgenelma generalma oto fon losovma akaki
Cxenkels Semdegi rCeva misca: Ggermanias SeuZlia TurqeTis agresiis SeCereba, magram
amisaTvis aucilebelia amierkavkasiis samokavSireo saxelmwifos mTavrobis Sesabamisi
Txovnis gagzavna berlinSi. arc somxebi da arc azerbaijanelebi germaniis
mTavrobisaTvis TxovniT mimarTvas ar apirebdnen. Seqmnil viTarebaSi oto fon losovi
erTaderT gzas xedavda: amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli saxelmwifo unda
daSliliyo, saqarTvelos unda gamoecxadebina saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da
osmaleTis agresiisagan dacvis mizniT TxovniT miemarTa germaniis mTavrobisaTvis. am
SemTxvaveSi oto fon losovi akaki Cxenkels germaniis mTavrobis winaSe Suamdgomlobas
pirdeboda.
cxadia, general oto fon losovis pozicia winaswar iyo SeTanxmebuli berlinTan.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi germaneli diplomati aseTi konkretuli gegmis wamoyenebisagan
Tavs Seikavebda da ufro zogadi da bundovani dapirebebiT Semoifargleboda. sruliad
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: ra mizezebma ganapirobes germaniis mTavrobis politikuri
kursi? erTi SexedviT germanias ar unda gadaedga iseTi nabiji, romelic mis mokavSire
osmaleTs gaanawyenebda. Tu sakiTxs Rrmad da safuZvlianad CaukvirdebiT germaniis
politikuri kursi, savsebiT misaRebi saqarTvelosaTvis, aseve misaRebi da perspeqtivaze
gaTvlili iyo germaniisaTvis. saqme imaSia, rom pirveli msoflo omis dawyebisaTvis
(1914 w.) maxlobel aRmosavleTSi (siria, palestina, erayi da sxv.) gabatonebuli
mdgomareoba ekava inglissa da safrangeTs. am geopilitikur regionSi germanias
poziciebi ar gaaCnda. germaniis mTavroba Tvlida, rom maxlobel aRmosavleTSi

9
gaWirsaTvis saqarTvelo xelsayreli placdarmi iqneboda. mokled, rom vTqvaT
progermanuli orientaciis saxlemwifo samxreT kavkasiaSi germaniis imperiis
aRmosavluri politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo. osmaleTi garkveuli
protestis Semdeg iZulebuli gaxda saqarTvelos mimarT farTo agresiuli gegmebis
ganxorcielebaze uari eTqva. pirveli msoflio omi jer kidev grZeldeboda da aravin
icoda sad da rodis dasWirdeboda osmaleTs germaniis samxedro-politikuri
mxardaWera.
saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom general oto fon losovis winadadeba miiRo da
progermanuli orientaciis realizebas Seudga. moxda erTi SexedviT warmoudgeneli
ram: yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze, romlis baton-patronad sabWoTa ruseTi,
jer ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba, xolo Semdeg sabWoTa ruseTis mTavroba Tvlida Tavs
1918 wlis 26 maiss Seiqmna damoukidebeli saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika. qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas principulad ewinaaRmdegeboda
osmaleTi da mxars ar uWerda antanta (inglisi, safrangeTi, amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi). da mainc saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena
SesaZlebeli gaxda. male saqarTveloSi germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zala _ germaniis armiis
erTi divizia (bavariis divizia) Semovida.
1918 wlis maisisaTvis, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
aRdgenisaTvis brZolis procesSi, progermanuli orientacia xsnis erTaderTi gza iyo.
sxvagvarad saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena didi xniT gadaideboda da
SeiZleboda saerTod veRar ganxorcielebuliyo. amasTan erTad, perspeqtivis
TvalsazrisiT, progermanuli orientacia saqarTvelosaTvis xelsayreli iqneboda Tu
germania pirvel msoflio omSi gaimarjvebda. samwuxarod, 1918 wlis 11 noembers
germaniam pirvel msoflio omSi kapitulacia gamoacxada. 1918 wlis noembris
revoluciam germaniaSi saimperatoro xelisufleba daamxo. omSi damarcxebuli
germaniis axal xelisuflebas cxadia, saqarTvelos dacva aRar SeeZlo. 1918 wlis
dekemberSi saqarTvelodan germaniis diviziis evakuacia daiwyo.
amieridan saqarTvelos urTierToba pirvel msoflio omSi gamarjvebul antantis
qveynebTan _ inglisTan, safrangeTTan, amierikis SeerTebul StatebTan mouxdeboda.
qarTvel politikosebs mokavSire swored gamarjvebul qveynebs Soris unda epovaT.
saqarTvelos progermanuli orientaciiT gaRizianebuli antantis qveynebTan
urTierTobis mogvareba rom advili ar iqneboda, es winaswarve iyo cnobili.

5. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgena 1918 wlis 26 maiss

XX saukunis damdegidan qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba axal Sinaars iZens. axali

Sinaarsi TavisTavSi Seicavda or moments: pirveli. qarTul sinamdvileSi ilia
WavWavaZes, mis erovnul programas pirdapiri da uSualo memkvidre ar aRmoaCnda, anu
samoRvaweo asparezze ar Canda politikuri lideri, politikuri Zala, romelic
pirdapir, calsaxad ganacxadebda rom agrZelebda ilia WavWavaZis mier dawyebul did
erovnul saqmes. cxadia, es movlena mxolod uaryofiTad unda Sefasdes. meore. qarTul
sinamdvileSi Caisaxa da farTo gaqaneba hpova orma movlenam: saqarTvelos samociqulo

10
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisa da saqarTvelos avtonomiis
mopovebisaTvis moZraobam. es movlenebi, cxadia, dadebiTad unda Sefasdes.
qarTul sinamdvileSi Casaxuli orive movlena (erTi uaryofiTi da meore dadebiTi)
Tavisi bunebrivi gziT ganviTardeboda, rom ar dawyebuliyo pirveli msoflio omi
(1914 w.).
pirvelma msoflio omma kardinalurad Secvala viTareba mTel msoflioSi, maT
Soris ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi. Sesabamisad Seicvala saqarTveloSi arsebuli
politikuri partiebisa da organizaciebis, saerTod politikur ZalTa samoqmedo
gegmebic. pirveli msoflio omis gamo garTulebuli politikuri viTareba kidev ufro
gaarTula meore movlenam _ ruseTis 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciam, romelmac
pirisagan miwisa aRgava ruseTis imperia. 1917 wlis 2 marts taxtidan gadadga ruseTis
ukanaskneli imperatori nikoloz II. ruseTis imperiis aRsasrulma sul mokle droSi
ukve meored kardinalurad Secvala viTareba ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi. umTavresi am
cvlilebaSi is iyo rom qarTul erovnul moZraobas xelsayreli viTareba Seeqmna
Tavisi programis realizebisaTvis.
Tbilisi am droisaTvis warmoadgenda ara mxolod saqarTvelos aramed mTeli
kavkasiis centrs. qarTul erovnul ZalTa gverdiT TbilisSi cdilobda organizebas
somexTa da azerbaijanelTa erovnuli Zalebi.
nikoloz II-is taxtidan gadadgomisTanave ruseTis meoTxe saxelmwifo saTaTbiros
wevrma, ruseTSi didi popularobisa da avtoritetis mqone politikurma moRvawem,
qarTvelma social-demokratma nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZem TavisTan ixmo giorgi (gogita)
faRava da telegrafSi TbilisSi gadasacemad gaatana depeSis teqsti. konspiraciis
mizniT depeSis teqstSi qarTuli sityvebi rusuli asoebiT iyo dawerili: `mTavrobaZe
gardaicvala. SeatyobineT naTesavebsa da axloblebs.~ swored am telegramiT gaiges
TbilisSi romanovebis imperiis aRsasruli.
Tbilisi kavkasiis samefisnacvlos administraciis centrs warmoadgenda. bolo
mefisnacvali iyo didi mTavari nikoloz romanovi. rogorc ki nikoloz meoris
taxtidan gadadgomis ambavi Seityo mefisnacvalma TavisTan miiwvia Tbilisis qalaqis
Tavi aleqsandre xatisovi, aseve politikur partiaTa da sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi
da ganucxada, rom igi tovebda Tbiliss da sTxovda masTan SekrebilT ezrunaT
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvasa da qveynis uSiSroebaze.
ruseTis imperiis moulodnelma aRsasrulma qarTul politikur elitaSi garkveuli
dabneuloba gamoiwvia. Tavisi antirusuli ganwyobilebiT cnobilma erovnul-
demokratebmac ki ver SeZles viTarebaSi garkveva da praqtikuli nabijebis gadadgma.
amiT isargebla ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam da kavkasiis samefisnacvloSi daniSna
xelisuflebis samxareo organo _ amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komiteti (ozakomi),
romelic erovnuli da partiuli principiT iyo Seqmnili. qarTul, somxur da
azerbaijanul erovnul Zalebs SeeZloT win aRdgomodnen ozakomis funqcionirebas,
magram es ar moxda. politikurma partiebma ozakomTan TanamSromloba arCies.
miuxedavad amisa ozakomi bolomde darCa samxareo xelisuflebis ususur organod. rom
ara kavkasiis frontze ganlagebuli ruseTis armia ozakomi saerTod ver SeZlebda
Tavisi funqciebis Sesrulebas.
qarTul politikur ZalTa organizebis mizniT pirveli nabiji mxolod 1917 wlis
aprilis damdegs gadaidga. aprilSi SesaZlebeli gaxda saqarTvelos pirveli da meore
interpatiuli krebebis Catareba. am krebebze warmodgenili iyvnen social-demokratebi,
erovnul-demokratebi, socialist-federalistebi, socialist-revolucionerebi.
miuxedavad uTanxmoebisa da zogierTi araswori politikuri gadawyvetilebisa
interpartiulma krebebma SeZles samoqmedo programis gansazRvra. es programa

11
SemdgomSi periodulad ixveweboda. unda aRiniSnos, rom 1917 wlis aprilidan momdevno
TveebSi interpartiuli krebis monawile politikurma partiebma organizaciuli
TvalsazrisiT garkveuli nabijebi gadadges da 1917 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos
interpartiuli sabWo Seqmnes. arc saqarTvelos pirvel da meore interpatiul krebebze
da arc saqarTvelos interpatiul sabWoSi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxi ar dasmula. es ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo
socialisturi orientaciis Zalebis (social-demokratebis, socialist-federalistebis,
socialist-revolucionerebis) prorusuli orientaciiT. Tumca damkvidrebuli
Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdegod unda aRiniSnos, rom im xanebSi arc erovnul-demokratebs
wamouyenebiaT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis moTxovna.
yvelaze radikaluri moTxovna ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi farTo uflebebiT
aRWurvili saqarTvelos avtonomiis Seqmna iyo. erovnul-demokratebma ruseTTan
konfederaciuli kavSiris damyarebis ideac wamoayenes, magram rogorc polemikidan
gairkva es konfederacia arsiT igive farTo uflebebiT aRWurvil avtonomiur erTeuls
utoldeboda, anu praqtikulad erovnul-demokratebic ruseTis saxelmwifos
SemadgenlobaSi farTo uflebebiT aRWurvili saqarTvelos avtonomiis ideas uWerdnen
mxars. sxva uaryofiT movlenebTan erTad gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi iyo is, rom
Tavdapirvelad Zalze popularuli iyo ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi ara saqarTvelos,
aramed amierkavkasiis avtonomiuri erTeulis Seqmnis idea.
qarTul politikur elitaSi cxare polemikas dasasruli ar uCanda, roca ukve
mesamed kardinalurad Seicvala politikuri viTareba. 1917 wlis 24-25 oqtombers
bolSevikebma petrogradSi kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo gadatrialeba
ganaxorcieles da ruseTis kanonieri droebiTi mTavroba daamxes. droebiTi mTavrobis
samarTalmemkvidre sabWoTa ruseTis mTavroba imTaviTve Seudga ruseTis yofili
imperiis teritoriaze axali sabWoTa imperiis Seqmnas. es TavisTavad niSnavda, rom
sabWoTa ruseTis mTavroba, misi politikuri liderebi (vladimer lenini, ioseb
stalini, lev trocki da sxv.) samkvdro-sasicocxlod daupirispirdebodnen yofili
ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis SeqmnisaTvis mebrZol
Zalebs, maT Soris qarTul erovnul moZraobas. rusuli bolSevizmisa da sabWoTa
xelisuflebis bunebis kargad mcodne qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebis _ noe
Jordanias, akaki Cxenkelis, noe ramiSvilis, evgeni gegeWkorisa da sxvaTa iniciativiT
moxda amierkavkasiis politikur ZalTa gaerTianeba da 1917 wlis 15 noembridan
TbilisSi funqcionirebas Seudga amierkavkasiis samxareo xelisuflebis axali organo
_ amierkavkasiis komisariati (Tavmjdomare evgeni gegeWkori). amierkavkasiis komisariatis
SeqmniT qarTvel, somex da azerbaijanel politikur moRvaweebs surdaT win
aRdgomodnen sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobis mier amierkavkasiis samxareo xelisuflebis
organos daniSvnas, anu amierkavkasiaze sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobis iurisdiqciis
gavrcelebas. amierkavkasiis komisariati ar cnobda sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobas Tumca
SesaZleblad miaCnda sabWoTa xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg ruseTis demokratiul
saxelmwifoSi amierkavkasiis avtonomiuri erTeulis arseboba.
qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanes movlenas warmoadgenda
saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWos (Tavmjdomare akaki Cxenkeli) iniciativiT
mowveuli saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yriloba. yriloba 1917 wlis 19 noembers
gaixsna TbilisSi. imis gamo, rom yrilobaze socialisturi orientaciis Zalebi
(social-demokratebi, socialist-federalistebi) sWarbobdnen erovnul Zalebs
(erovnul-demokratebs, upartioebs) yrilobam prorusul orientacias dauWira mxari.
unda aRiniSnos, rom rodesac prorusul orientaciaze iyo saubari igulisxmeboda ara
sabWoTa, bolSevikuri ruseTi, aramed demokratiuli ruseTi. yrilobaze isic aRiniSna,

12
rom Tu ruseTSi sabWoTa xelisufleba ar daemxoboda da demokratiuli wyobileba ar
gaimarjvebda, maSin unda mowveuliyo saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. yrilobis
dokumentebSi ar Cawerila, magram savsebiT cxadi iyo, rom damfuZnebel krebas unda
dakisreboda erTaderTi misia _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
aRdgena. garkveuli politikuri mosazrebiT am ideis reklamireba maSin ar xdeboda.
saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yrilobis mier prorusuli orientaciis
dadastureba Semdegi mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. im xanad osmaleTis (TurqeTis)
armiis Semotevisagan saqarTvelosa da mTel amierkavkasias ruseTis armia icavda.
pirveli erovnuli yrilobis delegatebis is nawili, romelnic prorusul orientacias
uWerda mxars da saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevis ideis reklamirebas ar
axdenda amtkicebda, rom antirusuli lozungebi ruseTis kavkasiis armiaSi mRelvarebas
gamoiwvevda. amis sababi namdvilad iyo. amierkavkasiis komisariatis Seqmna ruseTis
kavkasiis armiis sardlobam ruseTisagan saqarTvelos gamoyofad aRiqva, armiis
sardloba imuqreboda, rom frontis xazs miatovebda da armias ruseTSi daabrunebda.
Tbilisidan specialurad gagzavnilma politikosebma SeZles rusi samxedroebis
darwmuneba, rom amierkavkasiis komisariati ar cnobda da emijneboda mxolod sabWoTa
ruseTis mTavrobas da ara momaval demokratiul ruseTs. pirvel erovnul yrilobaze
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis ideis Riad da farTod reklamireba
qarTveli politikosebis umravlesobam saSiSad miiCnia. isini Tvlidnen, rom
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideis wamoyenebis SemTxevaSi ruseTis armia an frontis
xazs miatovebda da saqarTvelos teritorias datovebda, rac gzas gauxsnida osmaleTs
saqarTvelos okupaciisaTvis an ruseTis armia TviTon moaxdenda saqarTvelos
okupacias. ruseTis armiis keTilganwyobis imedad yofna ar SeiZleboda. marTalia am
droisaTvis ruseTis kavkasiis armiis sardloba ar scnobda sabWoTa ruseTis
mTavrobas, magram aravin ar icoda ra poziciaze dadgeboda armia momavalSi. swored am
realur safrTxes gauwies erovnul-demokratebma angariSi, roca maTTvis arasasurvel
prorusul orientacias dauWires mxari.
saqarTvelos pirvelma erovnulma yrilobam airCia saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo,
romlis Tavmjdomare noe Jordania gaxda. garda cnobili politikuri moRvaweebisa
erovnul sabWoSi arCeuli iqnen ukve imxanad da momavalSi cnobili qarTveli
mecnierebi: dimitri uznaZe, aleqsandre wereTeli, grigol naTaZe, eqvTime TayaiSvili,
Salva miqelaZe, filipe gogiCaiSvili.
saqarTvelos momavali bevrad iyo damokidebuli imaze Tu rogor ganviTardeboda
movlenebi ruseTsa da msoflioSi. sabWoTa ruseTis mTavroba arc malavda Tavis mtrul
damokidebulebas qarTuli erovnuli moZraobisadmi, bolSevikebi ruseTis imperiis
nangrevebze unitaruli saxelmwifos Seqmnas eswrafodnen. maTTvis miuRebeli iyo
ruseTis yofili imperiis teritoriaze ara marto erovnuli saxelmwifoebis aRmoceneba,
aramed ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi erovnuli avtonomiuri erTeulebisa da federaciuli
olqebis Seqmnac ki. samwuxarod pirveli msoflio omis pirobebSi evropis didi
saxelmwifoebi saqarTvelos jerovan daxmarebas ver uwevdnen. es aSkarad gamoCnda 1917
wlis 8 dekembers TbilisSi antantis (inglisi, safrangeTi, aSS) diplomatTa da
samxedro specialistTa vizitis dros. saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebel
komitetSi gamarTul Sexvedraze evropelma diplomatebma pirdapir ganacxades, rom
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideas mxars ver dauWerdnen, xolo osmaleTis agresiis
SemTxvevaSi qarTvelebs verc jariT, verc SeiaraRebiTa da verc fuliT ver
daexmarebodnen.
sabWoTa ruseTma male gamoaCina namdvili saxe. bolSevikuri agitaciis Sedegad
ruseTis kavkasiis armia gaixrwna da umarTav Zalad iqca. sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobam

13
gadawyvita swored am samxedro ZaliT moexdina amierkavkasiis okupacia. 1918 wlis
ianvarSi kavkasiis frontze ganlagebuli armiis nawilebma frontis xazni miatoves da
Tbilisisaken daiZrnen. saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom, axlad Seqmnilma qarTulma
regularulma jarma (pirvelma qarTulma korpusma) da saxalxo gvardiis nawilebma
SeZles ruseTis armiis SeCereba. rusebi iZulebuli gaxdnen Tbilisis okupaciaze xeli
aeRoT da baqosaken daixies. ruseTis veraguli gegmebi saqarTvelos mimarT male sxva
mxrivac gaxda sacnauri. 1918 wlis 3 marts brest-litovskSi sabWoTa ruseTma germaniis
imperiasTan da mis mokavSireebTan (avstria-ungreTi, bulgareTi, osmaleTi) dado
separatiuli zavi. zavis pirobebis Tanaxmad ruseTis armias upirobod unda daetovebina
osmaleTis okupirebuli teritoria (anatolia). rac Seexeba saqarTvelos istoriuli
teritoriis nawils (imJamindeli teritoriul-administraciuli dayofiT baTumis,
yarsis da artaanis okrugebs), romelic 1878 wlidan ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
iyo, ruseTis armia aseve tovebda. am okrugebis mosaxleobas osmaleTTan da ruseTTan,
upiratesad ki osmaleTTan, SeTanxmebiT Tavad unda gaerkvia sakiTxi Tu romeli
saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi surda cxovreba.
amierkavkasiis komisariatma brest-litovskis zavis pirobebi ar scno. igi baTumis,
yarsisa da artaanis okrugebze iurisdiqciis daTmobas ar apirebda. osmaleTs omis
gareSe undoda aRniSnuli teritoriebis xelSi Cagdeba. 1918 wlis 14 marts trapizonSi
daiwyo molaparakeba. amierkavkasiis delegacias akaki Cxenkeli meTaurobda.
praqtikulad osmaleTi molaparakebis gamarTvas arc apirebda. osmaleTis delegaciis
meTaurma pirdapir ganacxada, rom amierkavkasia damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar aris, is
ruseTis nawilia da amitom brest-litovskis zavi unda scnoso. viTareba daiZaba. am
droisaTvis ukve TbilisSi Sekrebili iyo amierkavkasiis parlamenti _ seimi, romlis
Tavmjdomaredac karlo CxeiZe iqna arCeuli. amierkavkasiis seimma osmaleTTan
molaparakebis Sewyvetis gadawyvetileba miiRo. amis sapasuxod osmaleTis armia
Setevaze gadmovida da 1918 wlis 1 aprils baTumi daikava. osmalebma samcxe-saaTabagos
okupaciac moaxdines. 1918 wlis 22 aprils amierkavkasiis seimma gamoacxada
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos _ amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublikis
Seqmna. amis Semdeg osmaleTs veRar unda wamoeyenebina is argumenti, rom amierkavkasia
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar iyo. amierkavkasiis delegacia osmaleTis delegaciasTan
molaparakebisaTvis gaemgzavra baTumSi, romelic imxanad ukve osmaleTis jarebis mier
iyo okupirebuli. baTumSi praqtikulad delegaciaTa doneze erTaderTi Sexvedra
gaimarTa 1918 wlis 11 maiss. Semdgom dReebSi mimdinareobda kerZo Sexvedrebi.
amierkavkasiisa da osmaleTis delegaciis Sexvedras eswreboda germaniis imperiis
warmomadgeneli generali oto fon losovi. osmalebma amjerad axali pretenzia
wamoayenes: marTalia amJamad amierkavkasia damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa, magram brest-
litovskis xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi igi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar iyo,
amitom amierkavkasiis delegacias ara aqvs ufleba moiTxovos xelSekrulebis pirobebis
Secvla. ufro metic, osmalebma moTxovnebi kidev ufro daamZimes. osmaleTis delegacia
iTxovda omis SemTxvevaSi jarebis gadasayvanad amierkavkasiis rkinigzis Tavisuflad
gamoyenebis uflebas. viTareba ukiduresad daiZaba. osmaleTis armia mdinare ColoqTan
idga. okupirebuli iyo mTeli samxreT saqarTvelo borjomamde. osmaleTis armiis
Semotevis SeCerebisaTvis aucilebeli samxedro Zala qarTvelebs, somxebs da
azerbaijanelebs ar gaaCndaT, ufro metic azerbaijani osmaleTs agresorad arc
ganixilavda. A
baTumis molaparakebaze gairkva, rom amierkavkasiis demokratiul federaciul
respublikas Sinagani winaaRmdegoba Rrnida. sul ufro aSkara xdeboda, rom qarTvelebi
germanofilur, somxebi anglofilur, xolo azerbaijanelebi Turqofilur orientacias

14
aRiarebdnen. generalma oto fon losovma akaki Cxenkels ganucxada, rom Seqmnil
viTarebaSi germaniis imperia osmaleTis agresiisagan amierkavkasiis federacias ver
daicavda, xolo Tu qarTvelebs germaniis mfarveloba surdaT maT unda
gamoecxadebinaT saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, anu amierkavkasiis respublika unda
daSliliyo. generali oto fon losovi qarTvelebs pirdeboda, rom am SemTxvevaSi igi
iSuamdgomlebda germaniis imperiis mTavrobis winaSe saqarTvelos dacvis Taobaze. akaki
Cxenkelma 1918 wlis 12 maisiT daTariRebul baTumidan gamogzavnil or werilSi
saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos Seqmnili viTarebis Taobaze moaxsena. igi erovnul sabWos
afrTxilebda: saqarTvelosaTvis osmaleTTan omis warmoeba damRupveli iyo. amasTan
erTad akaki Cxenkeli erovnul sabWos sTavazobda germanofiluri sagareo- politikuri
kursis aRiarebas. TbilisSi TiTqmis yovel dRe imarTeboda saqarTvelos erovnuli
sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdomebi. 1918 wlis 14 maiss Sedga saqarTvelos
erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdoma. sxdomas daeswrnen: giorgi
lasxiSvili, giorgi gvazava, vladimer gobeCia, grigol veSapeli, noe xomeriki, pavle
sayvareliZe, grigol rcxilaZe, silibistro jiblaZe. mowveuli stumris statusiT
sxdomas eswrebodnen Salva mesxiSvili, geronti qiqoZe da akaki papava. sxdomas
Tavmjdomareobda giorgi lasxiSvili, mdivnobda daviT naxucriSvili. aRmasrulebeli
komitetis sxdomam gaanaliza Seqmnili viTareba da baTumSi akaki Cxenkels
saxelmZRvanelod gaugzavna Semdegi miTiTebebi: 1) ecnobos baTumis sazao
molaparakebaze germaniis imperiis warmomadgenels general oto fon losovs, rom
erovnuli sabWos Txovnaa germaniam yovelgvari mxardaWera aRmouCinos saqarTvelos; 2)
eTxovos general oto fon losovs raTa saTanado RonisZiebani gaataros Crdilo
kavkasiaSi germaniis jarebis winsvlis dasaCqareblad, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes
germaniis jarebTan kavSiris damyareba; 3) eTxovos general oto fon losovs xeli
Seuwyos germaniaSi myofi qarTveli samxedro tyveebis saqarTveloSi organizebulad
dabrunebas; 4) eTxovos general oto fon losovs vidre germaniidan qarTveli samxedro
tyveebis dabrunebis saqme mogvardebodes, moxdes saqarTveloSi myofi germaneli
tyveebis samxedro razmad organizeba germaneli oficris meTaurobiT, raTa saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi germanelTa samxedro Zala gamoyenebuli iqnas saqarTveloSi Sinauri
wesrigis dasacavad da anarqiasTan sabrZolvelad.
mogvianebiT germaneli samxedro tyveebisagan Sedgenili razmi germaneli oficris
meTaurobiT gadayvanili iqna guriis teritoriaze, sadgur natanebTan, xolo Semdeg
mdinare Coloqis napiras. Coloqis marcxena sanapiroze mdgarma osmaleTis armiis
nawilebma ver gabedes germaniis imperiis armiis formaSi gamowyobili germaneli
samxedro tyveebisagan Seqmnili samxedro danayofis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebis
dawyeba.
saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos mier germanofiluri orientaciis aRiareba Seqmnil
viTarebaSi erTaderTi da swori gamosavali iyo. osmaleTi germaniis mokavSires
warmoadgenda, amitom mas angariSi unda gaewia germaniis mTavrobis
gadawyvetilebisaTvis. germanofiluri orientaciis saqarTvelos osmaleTis mxridan
agresiuli qmedebebis SiSi aRar unda hqonoda. sxva saxelmwifoebis daxmarebiT
osmaleTis safrTxis ganeitraleba SeuZlebeli iyo. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom germaniis
dainteresebas saqarTveloTi aseve garkveuli safuZveli gaaCnda. germanias kavkasiasa da
maxlobel aRmosavleTSi poziciebi ar gaaCnda. maxlobel aRmosavleTSi poziciis
mopovebisaTvis saqarTvelo germaniisaTvis warmoadgenda placdarms. swored aqedan
SeiZleboda daewyo germanias misi konkurentebis Seviwroeba maxlobel aRmosavleTSi.
saqarTvelo miT ufro fasobda germaniisaTvis, rom somxeTs anglofiluri, xolo
azerbaijans Turqofiluri orientacia ekava. germaniis dainteresebas saqarTveloTi

15
zrdida isic, rom qarTul politikur elitaSi TandaTan Zlierdeboda antirusuli
ganwyobileba.
1918 wlis 12 maiss baTumidan gamogzavnil werilSi akaki Cxenkeli erovnul sabWos
arwmunebda, rom amierkavkasiis samokavSireo saxelmwifos gadarCena SeuZlebeli iyo.
amasTan erTad qarTveli diplomati aRniSnavda, rom inglisis daxmarebiT osmaleTis
SeCereba ararealuri iyo. akaki Cxenkeli daJinebiT irwmuneboda, rom xsnis erTaderTi
gza saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba iyo. 1918 wlis 16 maiss gaimarTa
saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdoma. sxdomas eswrebodnen:
noe Jordania, giorgi lasxiSvili, noe xomeriki, giorgi gvazava, grigol veSapeli,
haidar-beg abaSiZe, pavle sayvareliZe, vladimer gobeCia, konstantine mesxi. sxdomas
mowveuli stumris statusiT eswrebodnen: iason lorTqifaniZe da Salva mesxiSvili.
sxdomas Tavmjdomareobda noe Jordania, mdivnobda daviT naxucriSvili. sxdomam
ganixila saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gamocxadebis momzadebis
sakiTxi. damoukideblobis gamocxadebis mosamzadeblad Seiqmna komisia Semdegi
SemadgenlobiT: noe ramiSvili, daviT vaCnaZe da Salva mesxiSvili.
samTa komisia energiulad Seudga muSaobas da meore dRisaTvis ukve mzad hqonda
samoqmedo gegma. am gegmis gansaxilvelad da dasamtkiceblad 1918 wlis 17 maiss kvlav
Seikriba saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdoma. sxdomas
daeswrnen: grigol veSapeli, konstantine mesxi, pavle sayvareliZe, giorgi gvazava.
sxdomas mowveuli stumris statusiT eswrebodnen: daviT vaCnaZe, Salva mesxiSvili,
generali vasil gabaSvili, polkovniki kargareTeli, podpolkovniki aleqsandre
zaqariaZe. Seqmnil urTules samxedro politikur viTarebaSi didi mniSvneloba
eniWeboda damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dRisaTvis Tbilisis dacvas. swored amitom
iyo, rom samTa komisiam aRmasrulebeli komitetis winaSe daayena sakiTxi: 1) visTvis
CaebarebinaT Tbilisis dacva; 2) romeli organo uxelmZRvanelebda saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis saqmes. aRmasrulebelma komitetma msjelobis Semdeg
miiRo Semdegi dadgenileba: 1.TbilisSi gamocxaddes samxedro (an saalyo) wesebi; 2.
Tbilisis komendantad da garnizonis ufrosad dainiSnos generali vladimer axmeteli,
xolo mis moadgiled polkovniki naqereliZe. generalma vladimer axmetelma da
polkovnikma naqereliZem imuSaon qarTuli korpusis meTauris general vasil
gabaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. 3. damoukideblobis gamocxadebas uxelmZRvanelos igive
samTa komisiam, romelmac unda imoqmedos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis
xelmRZvanelobiT.
baTumSi viTareba sul ufro iZabeboda. osmaleTis delegacia kompromisze ar
midioda, kompromisze ar midioda arc amierkavkasiis delegacia. akaki Cxenkels ramdenime
kerZo Sexvedra hqonda general oto fon losovTan. generalma daadastura, rom
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis SemTxevaSi igi Suamdgomlobas aRZravda
germaniis imperiis mTavrobis winaSe, raTa am ukanasknels ekisra saqarTvelos dacva.
1918 wlis maisis Sua xanebisaTvis aseTi viTareba iyo Seqmnili: somxeTis udidesi
nawili osmaleTis jarebis mier iyo okupirebuli, samxreT da samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelo aseve osmaleTis jarebis ekava, azerbaijani osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol
Zalad ar ganixileboda. osmaleTis xelisuflebam kargad icoda, rom Tu saqarTvelo
germaniis garantiT saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas gamoacxadebda, maSin
saqarTvelos okupacia osmaleTisaTvis germaniasTan urTierTobis gafuWebas niSnavda.
cxadia, movlenaTa aseTi ganviTareba osmaleTs xels ar aZlevda. amitom arsebobda
safrTxe, rom osmaleTs saqarTvelo manamde daepyro sanam igi germaniis garantiT
damoukideblobas gamoacxadebda. am safrTxis Taobaze akaki Cxenkeli mTeli

16
kategoriulobiT afrTxilebda saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos da damoukideblobis
gamocxadebis daCqarebas iTxovda. zogierTi politikosi viTarebaSi ver gaerkva da
sakmaod gulubryvili kiTxva dasva: ra mniSvneloba aqvs osmaleTi damoukideblobis
gamocxadebamde dagvipyrobs, Tu damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg? amaze akaki
Cxenkeli Tavis werilSi pasuxobda: Tu osmaleTma saqarTvelo saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde daipyro saerTaSoriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT is
daipyrobs ruseTis saxelmwifos nawils; damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg
osmaleTis mier saqarTvelos dapyroba ganixileba, rogorc damoukidebeli qveynis
dapyroba da amdenad saqarTvelos eqneba samarTlebrivi safuZveli damoukideblobis
aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi.
TbilisSi erovnuli sabWos rezidenciaSi, romelic freilinis quCaze (dRevandeli
sulxan-saba orbelianis quCa) mdebareobda didi gamococxleba igrZnoboda. akaki
Cxenkelis mier 1918 wlis 23 maiss gamogzavnili werili erovnul sabWoSi 24 maiss
miiRes. Seqmnili viTarebis Sefasebis mizniT dainiSna saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos
aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdoma, romelic 25 maiss, Ramis 11 saaTze gaixsna. sxdomas
eswrebodnen: noe Jordania, giorgi lasxiSvili, pavle sayvareliZe, konstantine
gvarjalaZe, noe xomeriki, aleqsandre lomTaTiZe, silibristro jiblaZe, Salva
mesxiSvili, konstantine mesxi, noe ramiSvili, iason lorTqifaniZe, grigol veSapeli,
giorgi Juruli, aleqsandre asaTiani, ioseb maWavariani, dimitri vaCnaZe, giorgi gvazava,
irakli wereTeli, evgeni gegeWkori, karlo CxeiZe, vladimer gobeCia. Tavmjdomareobda
noe Jordania, mdivnobda daviT naxucriSvili. noe Jordaniam damswreT gaacno baTumidan
akaki Cxenkelis mier gamogzavnili werilis Sinaarsi, sadac igi Txoulobda
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis daCqarebas. Semdeg noe Jordaniam ganmarta,
rom 25 maiss saRamos 10 saaTze unda Sekrebiliyo amierkavkasiis seimi, romelic
daSlilad gamoacxadebda amierkavkasiis demokratiul federaciul respublikas.
somxebis da azerbaijanelebis moTxovniT sxdoma gadaido 26 maisis dRis 12 saaTisaTvis.
noe Jordaniam Semoitana Semdegi winadadeba: saqarTvelos damoukidebloba
gamoecxadebinaT mas Semdeg, rac seimi daSlilad gamoacxadebda amierkavkasiis
samokavSireo saxelmwifos. erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis ramdenime wevrma
mxari dauWira saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gamocxadebas
dauyonebliv _ 25 maiss. aseTi gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg gamovida noe Jordania.
Tavisi mosazreba man ase daasabuTa: sanam ar daSlila amierkavkasiis federacia
SeuZlebelia saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba, radgan moxdeba ise, rom erTi
da igive teritoriaze imoqmedebs ori mTavroba. bolos gaimarTa kenWisyra. kenWi eyara
sakiTxs: `saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamocxaddes dRes Tu xval~. damoukideblobis
dauyonebliv, 25 maiss, gamocadebas xma misca 6 wevrma, 26 maiss gamocxadebas _ 4 wevrma.
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis 25 maiss gamocxadeba mainc ver moxerxda, radgan
aRmoCnda rom damoukideblobis aqtis teqsti srulyofili ar iyo da gadamuSavebas
saWiroebda. amis gamo damoukideblobis gamocxadeba TavisTavad gadaido 26 maisisaTvis.
aqtis teqstis gadamuSaveba da misi saboloo variantis momzadeba daevala noe
Jordanias. erovnili sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdomam gansazRvra
saministroebis raodenoba da mTavrobis personaluri Semadgenloba.
1918 wlis 26 maiss rusTavelis (golovinis) gamzirze mdebare kavkasiis mefisnacvlis
yofil rezidenciaSi gaimarTa amierkavkasiis seimis ukanaskneli sxdoma, romelmac
naSuadRevis 3 saaTze amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublika daSlilad
gamoacxada. imave darbazSi, sadac seimis ukanaskneli sxdoma gaimarTa, 26 maiss, kviras,
naSuadRevis 4 saaTze da 50 wuTze noe Jordanias TavmjdomareobiT gaixsna saqarTvelos
erovnuli sabWos sxdoma. sxdomas eswreboda 42 wevri da 36 kandidati. sabWos sxdomaze

17
sityviT gamovida noe Jordania. sityvis damTavrebis Semdeg man waikiTxa `saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aqti~. erovnulma sabWom erTxmad, yovelgvari Sesworebis gareSe,
daamtkica `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti~. aqtis pirveli muxli gvauwyebda:
`amieridan saqarTvelos xalxi suverenul uflebaTa matarebelia da saqarTvelo
sruluflebovani damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa~. damoukideblobis aqtis Semdeg noe
Jordaniam erovnul sabWos warudgina saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
koaliciuri mTavrobis Semadgenloba, romelic ucvlelad damtkicda. damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos mTavroba aseTi SemadgenlobiT Seudga muSaobas: noe ramiSvili _
mTavrobis Tavmjdomare da Sinagan saqmeTa monistri, akaki Cxenkeli _ sagareo saqmeTa
ministri, grigol giorgaZe _ samxedro ministri, giorgi Juruli _ finansTa da
vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministri, giorgi lasxiSvili _ saxalxo ganaTlebis ministri, noe
xomeriki _ miwaTmoqmedebisa da Sromis ministri, Salva mesxiSvili _ iusticiis
ministri, ivane lorTqifaniZe _ gzaTa ministri.
saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos istoriuli sxdoma dasrulda naSuadRevis 5 saaTze
da 55 wuTze. sxdomis dasrulebis Semdeg noe ramiSvilma msoflios saxelmwifoTa
mTavrobebs telegramiT amcno axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifos _ saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis dabadeba.

6. didi movlenis Suq-Crdilebi

(1918 wlis 26 maisis SefasebisaTvis)

1918 wlis 26 maiss warmatebiT dasrulda qarTveli eris brZola dakarguli

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis. 26 maisi iyo gvrgvini didi epoqisa,
romlis ganmsazRvreli iyo brZola Selaxuli erovnuli Rirsebis aRdgenisaTvis.
saqarTvelos axali da uaxlesi istoriis am gamorCeulma movlenam gansazRvra
qarTveli eris bedi ara marto XX saukuneSi, aramed XXI saukuneSic. miuxedavad
yovelive amisa, am did movlenasac hqonda Tavisi Suq-Crdilebi, romlis gaTvaliswineba
1918 wlis 26 maisis SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia.
1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtma safuZveli Cauyara axal saqarTvelos _
saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas (1918-1921 ww.). dRevandeli qarTveloba madlieri
unda iyos im urTules epoqaSi moRvawe politikosebisa, sxvadasxva politikuri mrwamsi-
sa da partiuli kuTvnilebis adamianebisa, romelTac SeZles is, rom msoflios politi-
kur rukaze adgili daimkvidra qarTulma saxelmwifom.
saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena 1918 wlis 26 maiss, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aq-
tis Sinaarsi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis miRwevebi da dasanani warumateb-
lobebi gapirobebuli iyo XX saukunis damdegis qarTuli sazogadoebis ganwyobilebiT,
qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis xasiaTiT, politikur ZalTa, politikuri elitisa da po-
litikur liderTa miswrafebebiT.
XIX saukunis didi ervnuli moZraobis Sedegi iyo antirusuli ganwyobilebis
gaZliereba saqarTveloSi. XX saukunis damdegidan viTareba icvleba. qarTul sinamdvi-
leSi erovnul da socialistur ZalTa dapirispirebaSi socialistebma imZlavres. ilia
WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg brZolas, ilias gzis gmobas qarTveli social-demokratebi erov-
nuli moZraobis dasamarebis aucilebel pirobad miiCnevdnen.
1901 wels saqarTveloSi didi zarzeimiT aRiniSna ,,ruseTTan saqarTvelos nebayof-
lobiT SeerTebis 100 wlisTavi~. cxadia, ruseTis saimperio xelisuflebasa da kavkasiis

18
koloniur administracias win veravin aRudgeboda. iubile ise gaimarTeboda rogorc es
xelisuflebas surda. amas didi mniSvneloba arc hqonda. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWe-
boda qarTuli sazogadoebis, politikur ZalTa, politikuri elitisa da politikur
liderTa damokidebulebas am samarcxvino, qarTveli eris Seuracxmyofeli iubilesad-
mi. calkeuli qarTveli patriotebis protesti viTarebas ver cvlida. 1901 welma cxadad
daadastura: saqarTveloSi ar iyo ramdenadme Zlieri da gavleniani antirusuli poli-
turi Zala (politikuri partia), saSualo da axalgazrda Taobis politiur liderTa
(Tu liderobis kandidatTa) Soris ar iyo gamokveTili antirusuli orientaciiT cnobi-
li moRvawe.
antirusuli ganwyobilebis gaZlierebas xeli SeuSala pirveli msoflio omis daw-
yebam (1914 w.). germaniis imperiis mokavSire osmaleTi ar malavda Tavis agresul gegmebs
saqarTvelos mimarT. safrTxe realuri iyo. saqarTvelos dacva mxolod ruseTs SeeZ-
lo. kavkasiis frontze ruseTis armiis marcxi saqarTveloSi osmaleTis batonobis da-
sawyiss niSnavda. qarTuli sazogadoebis absoluturi umravlesobisaTvis, politikur
ZalTa da politikur liderTaTvis saqarTveloSi osmaleTis mobruneba warmodgenili
iyo. am SemTxvevaSi arCevani cudsa (ruseTsa) da uaress (osmaleTs) Soris gakeTda. qar-
Tulma politikurma emigraciam, ,,saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetma~ pirveli
msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi germaniis mxardaWeriT ruseTis winaaR-
mdeg ajanjebis dawyeba ver SeZlo. am ideas win aRudgnen qarTveli social-demokratebi.
1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciisa da romanovebis imperiis ngrevis Semdeg dReebSi
saqarTveloSi antirusul da prorusul ZalTa Tanafardoba TiTqmis 1901 wlis doneze
iyo (am SemTxvevaSi ar vgulisxmob qarTul politikur emigracias evropaSi). yovelive ze-
moT aRniSnulma ganapiroba is, rom ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis samarTalmemkvidrem
_ droebiTma mTavrobam _ umtkivneulod gaavrcela Tavisi iurisdiqcia saqarTveloze da
mTels samxreT kavkasiaze. 1917 wlis martidan TbilisSi muSaobas Seudga xelisuflebis
samxreo organo _ amierkavakasiis gansakuTrebuli komiteti (ozakomi). ozakomis mimarT
loialuri pozicia daikaves rogorc socialisturi orientaciis Zalebma (social-demok-
ratebma menSevikebma, socialist-federalistebma, socialist-revolucionerebma), ise erov-
nulma Zalebma (erovnul-demokratebma, upartioebma). igive politikas daadga saqarTvelos
erovnuli interpartiuli pirveli da meore kreba (1917 wlis aprili). swored interparti-
ulma krebebma (Tavmjdomare akaki Cxenkeli) daadastura savalalo WeSmariteba: ruseTis
demokratiuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi qarTveli eris, saqarTvelos arseboba qar-
Tvel sazogadoebas, politikur Zalebs, politikur elitas da politikur liderebs sav-
sebiT SesaZleblad miaCndaT. saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis ideis wamoyeneba da
dacva aravis ucdia. gaubedav da zogad miniSnebebs ki agresiuli kritikiT xvdebodnen
socialisturi orientaciis Zalebi.
qarTul sazogadoebaSi, politikur partiebSi antirusuli ganwyobilebis gaZlie-
reba, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis ideis popularizacia unda momxdariyo 1917
wlis 24-25 oqtombers kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg. bolSevi-
kebma ruseTis demokratiuli ganviTareba Sewyvites da totalitaruli saxelmwifos mSe-
nebloba daiwyes. saqarTvelos politikur ZalTagan yvelaze Zliers _ qarTvel social-
demokratebs (menSevikebs) sabWoTa (bolSevikur) ruseTTan urTierTobis damyareba prin-
cipulad ar surdaT, isini arc scnobdnen sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobas. yovelive es sa-
fuZveli ar gaxda antirusuli ganwyobilebis gaZlierebis, dasavluri orientaciis Se-
muSavebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis ideis popularizaciisaTvis. qarTve-
li social-demokratebi darwmunebuli iyvnen imaSi, rom bolSevikebi xelisuflebas
didxans ver SeinarCunebdnen da ruseTi isev demokratiuli ganviTarebis gzas daadge-
boda (unda aRiniSnos, rom aseve fiqrobda msoflios bevri gamoCenili politikuri moR-

19
vawe). swored es iyo imis mizezi, rom saqarTveloSi droze ar daiwyo ruseTTan saxel-
mwifoebrivi kavSiris gawvetisa da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis auci-
leblobis propaganda, ar daiwyo mokavSiris Zebna. piriqiT, demokratiuli ruseTis mot-
rfiale socialisturi orientaciis Zalebi xels uSlidnen qarTul sazogadoebaSi an-
tirusuli ganwyobilebis gaZlierebas, qarTveli eris momzadebas saxelmwifoebrivi da-
moukideblobis aRsadgenad. am TvalsazrisiT radikaluri moqmedebisagan Tavs ikaveb-
dnen erovnul-demokratebi. saboloo jamSi saqarTveloSi ver Seiqmna Zlieri antirusu-
li politikuri Zala, romlisTvisac miuRebeli iqneboda saqarTvelos yofna rogorc
sabWoTa (bolSevikur), ise demokratiul ruseTSi. amitom iyo, rom 1917 wlis 15 noemeb-
rSi TbilisSi Seqmnili amierkavkasiis komisariati mxolod samxareo xelisuflebis or-
ganos warmoadgenda. amierkavkasiis komisariati sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobas ar cnobda,
Tumca ruseTTan saxelmwifoebrivi kavSirs ar wyvetda da ruseTSi demokratiuli xeli-
suflebis aRdgenas elodeboda. cxadia, aseTi taqtikis pirobebSi antirusuli ganwyobi-
leba ver gaZlierdeboda da verc saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis
brZolis dawyeba moxerxdeboda. erovnul-demokratebis (giorgi gvazavas, revaz gabaSvi-
lis, daviT vaCnaZis da sxv.) energiuli protestis miuxedavad igive suliskveTeba gaba-
tonda saqarTvelos pirvel erovnul yrilobaze (gaixsna 1917 wlis 19 noembers). yrilo-
bam (Tavmjdomare noe Jordania) prorusuli orientacia daadastura, Tumca xazi gaesva
imas, rom am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeboda ara sabWoTa ruseTi, aramed demokratiuli ru-
seTi. damoukideblobis aRdgenis momxre erovnul-demokretebs qarTveli social-demok-
ratebi isev kavkasiis frontze mdgari ruseTis armiiT aSinebdnen (damoukideblobis aR-
dgenis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis armia an saqarTvelos okupacias moaxdens, an frontis
xazs datovebs da ruseTs dabrundebao), drodadro osmaleTis agresiul gegmebze saub-
riTac cdilobdnen oponentebis daSinebas.
1918 wlis ianvramde lodinis taqtikas SeiZleba raRac ganmarTleba kidev moeZeb-
nos, magram mas Semdeg, rac 1918 wlis 6 ianvars bolSevikebma ruseTis kanonieri umaRle-
si sakanonmdeblo organo _ damfuZnebeli kreba _ garekes, lodinis taqtikam yovelgva-
ri azri dakarga. lodinis taqtika kidev ufro uazro gaxda mas Semdeg, rac 1918 wlis
ianvarSi saqarTvelos okupaciis warumatebeli cdis Semdeg ruseTis armiam saqarTvelo
datova. Seqmnil viTarebaSi rCeboda erTaderTi gza: saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-
bis dauyovnebliv aRdgena. amis sanacvlod socialisturi orientaciis Zalebma ruseT-
Tan saxelmwifoebrivi kavSiris gawyvetisagan kvlav Tavi Seikaves da isev lodinis taq-
tika gaagrZeles. marTalia, amierkavkasiis seimi (Tavmjdomare karlo CxeiZe) 1918 wlis
10 Tebervals ukve Sekrebili iyo, magram amierkavkasiis (da ara saqarTvelos!) damouki-
debloba mxolod 1918 wlis 9(22) aprils gamoacxada. TviT amierkavkasiis demokratiuli
federaciuli respublikis Seqmna lodinis taqtikis gagrZelebas niSnavda. socialistu-
ri orientaciis Zalebi bolomde fexs iTrevdnen, demokratiuli ruseTis motrfialeni
Tavs izRvevdnen da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas ar Cqa-
robdnen.
lodinis taqtikas bolo osmaleTma mouRo. trapizonis konferenciaze (1918 wlis
marti), xolo Semdeg baTumis konferenciaze (1918 wlis maisi) osmaleTi brest-litov-
skis zaviT (1918 wlis 3 marti) miniWebuli upiratesobis dadasturebas da teritoriis
daTmobas moiTxovda. saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili (aWara, samcxe-saa-
Tabagos didi nawili) osmaleTis armiis mier iqna okupirebuli. safrTxe emuqreboda qu-
Taissa da Tbiliss. 1918 wlis 25 maiss, gvian saRamos, qarTuli politikuri elitisaTvis
cxadi gaxda: 1) somxeTis teritoriis udidesi nawili osmaleTis mier iyo okupirebuli;
2) azerbaijani osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol qveynad ar ganixileboda; 3) saqarTvelos
teritoriis nawili (samxreTi da samxreT-dasavleTi raionebi) osmaleTis mier iyo oku-

20
pirebuli. osmaleTis armiis Semotevis SeCereba sakuTari samxedro ZaliT saqarTvelos
ar SeeZlo; 4) saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena unda momxdariyo osmaleTis
mier saqarTvelos dapyrobamde; 5) SeiZleboda osmaleTs saqarTvelo saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdegac daepyro, magram am SemTxvevaSi osmaleTi daipyrob-
da damoukidebel qveyanas, es ki saqarTvelos momavalSi saerTaSoriso aspareze damou-
kideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolas gauadvilebda; 6) saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aR-
dgenis SemTxvevaSi germaniis imperia saqarTvelos daicavda, maT Soris osmaleTis agre-
siisaganac (amierkavakasiis samokavSiro saxelmwifos dacvas germania ver ikisrebda,
radgan somxebi anglofilur, xolo azerbaijanelebi _ Turqofilur orientaciaze id-
gnen). mokled rom vTqvaT sakiTxi ase idga: an saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aR-
dgenis gamocxadeba, an osmaleTis saokupacio reJimis damyareba. qarTvelma social-de-
mokratebma mxari dauWires saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas.
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena ar yo-
fila antirusuli moZraobis, antirusul ZalTa konsolidaciis Sedegi. politikurma Za-
lebma, politikurma elitam da politikurma liderebma mosaxleobas ar ganumartes um-
Tavresi: qarTveli eri saxelmwifoebriv kavSirs swyvetda ruseTTan, politikuri reJimi-
sagan damoukideblad uars ambobda ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi nebismieri formiT cxov-
rebaze.
taqtikis aseTi swrafi Secvla gaugebari darCa qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis. sazo-
gadoebaSi damoukideblobis aRdgenis wina dResac antirusuli ganwyobileba ar iyo
Zlieri da yovlismomcveli. sazogadoebam pasuxi ver ipova kiTxvaze: qarTvelebi ruseTs
gavurbodiT Tu osmaleTs? ruseTTan saxelmwifoebriv kavSirs vwyvetdiT da saxelmwi-
foebriv damoukideblobas vacxadebdiT imitom, rom es ase gvsurda, Tu amas osmeleTis
agresiisagan Tavis dacva gvaiZulebda? aseTma viTarebam, sazogadoeba daabnia da sabo-
lood gaxliCa kidec.
miuxedavad saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisa socialistur da erov-
nul ZalTa Serigeba ar momxdara. gaxleCili darCa politikuri elitac da sazogadoe-
bac. axalma saqarTvelom arseboba daiwyo politikur ZalTa principuli uTanxmoebis,
politikuri elitisa da mTeli qarTuli sazogadoebis gaxleCis pirobebSi. droebiTma
dazavebam, socialisturi da erovnuli orientaciis Zalebis SeTanxmebam Zalze cota
xans gastana _ 1918 wlis 25 maisis gvian saRamodan 26 maisis naSuadRevamde. Semdeg da-
pirispireba Tavidan daiwyo...
1918 wlis 26 maiss warmatebiT dagvirgvinda qarTveli eris brZola dakarguli sa-
xelmwifoebrobis aRdgenisaTvis. am did monapovars veraferi daCrdilavs. rac Seexeba
imas, Tu rogori iyo es gamarjveba amis Taobaze polemika kidev didxans gagrZeldeba.
Cveni azri ki aseTia: 1918 wlis 26 maisi Tavisi arsiT iyo iseTi, rogoric iyo qarTuli
sazogadoeba, qarTuli politikuri Zalebi, qarTuli politikuri elita da qarTveli
politikuri liderebi. ukeTesi imxanad mxolod ocnebis sferos ganekuTvneboda.

21
 7. 26 maisi Tu 9 aprili?
(pasuxi kiTxvaze, romelic ar unda dasmuliyo)

XX saukuneSi qarTvelma erma orjer SeZlo dakarguli saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgena. 1918 wlis 26 maiss, asCvidmetwliani wyvetilis Semdeg,
saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom miiRo „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti,” xolo 1991
wlis 9 aprils, samocdaaTwliani wyvetilis Semdeg, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom
miiRo „saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti.” orive movlena
umniSvnelovanesia saqarTvelos istoriaSi, orive movlena Rirseulad unda aRiniSnos.
mxolod saqarTvelos ara aqvs ori didi TariRi (1918 wlis 26 maisi da 1991 wlis 9
aprili), igive mdgomareobaa litvaSi (1918 wlis 16 Tebervali da 1990 wlis 17 marti),
estoneTSi (1918 wlis 24 Tebervali da 1991 wlis 20 agvisto), latviaSi (1918 wlis 18
noemberi da 1991 wlis 21 agvisto). miuxedavad amisa litvelebs, estonelebs da
latvielebs azradac ar mosvliaT ,,oridan erTi” amoerCiaT, orive movlena saamayoa
maTTvis, orives miageben pativs.
dRes saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis dRed oficialurad 26 maisia aRiarebuli.
gaugebaria ratom xedaven am faqtSi 9 aprilis mniSvnelobis dakninebas? ratom
moiTxoven damoukideblobis dRed oficialurad ara 26 maisis, aramed 9 aprilis
aRniSvnavs? Cemi azriT umjobesia oficialurad damoukideblobis dRed aRiniSnos 26
maisi. es mosazreba emyareba Semdegs:
pirveli. qarTvelma erma mravaljer dahkarga da aRidgina saxelmwifoebrioba,
magram damoukideblobis aRdgena sagangebo saxelmwifoebrivi aqtiT pirvelad 1918 wlis
26 maiss gaformda. Teoriulad aseTi aqti SeiZleboda gamocemuliyo daviT
aRmaSenebelisa da giorgi brwyinvalis mefobis Jams, gacilebiT adrec da gvianac. 1918
wlis 26 maisamde miRebuli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis sxva aqti,
werilobiTi an sxva saxiT dadasturebuli, Cvenamde moRweuli ar aris.
meore. 26 maisis „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtma” formalurad aRadgina 117
wlis win dakarguli saxelmwifoebrioba. igulisxmeba ruseTis imperator aleqsandre I-
is mier 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba. iuriduli
Zala aleqsandre I-is 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifests mxolod qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
mimarT gaaCnda. miuxedavad amisa 1918 wlis 26 maisisL„saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aqts” saxelmwifoebrioba qarTl-kaxeTis teritoriaze ki ar aRudgenia, aramed
saqarTveloSi. e.i 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtiT dadasturda, rom saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublika samarTalmemkvidre iyo ara XIX saukunis damdegs ruseTis
mier dapyrobili qarTuli samefo-samTavroebisa (qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, imereTis
samefo, samegrelos, guriis, svaneTisa da afxazeTis samTavroebi), aramed erTiani
qarTuli saxelmwifosi, romelic XV saukunis meore naxevarSi samefo-samTavroebad
daiSala. amrigad, qarTvelma erma 1918 wlis 26 maisis „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aqtiT” formalurad daibruna is, rac dakarga XIX saukunis damdegs, magram realurad
daibruna isic, rac dakarga XV saukunis meore naxevarSi. Tu 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqts am
TvalsazrisiT ar SevafasebT, maSin 1917-1918 wlebSi, ruseTis imperiis ngrevis Semdeg,
Teoriulad SesaZlebeli iyo Semdegi: aRdgeniliyo XIX saukunis damdegs ruseTis
imperiis mier dapyrobili qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, imereTis samefo, samegrelos, guriis,
svaneTisa da afxazeTis samTavroebi. 1918 wlis 26 maisis „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aqtma” swored es Teoriuli SesaZlebloba gamoricxa _ dasZlia, rogorc

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samsaukunovani (XVI-XVIII ss.) politikuri daSlilobis, ise ruseTis asCvidmetwliani
koloniuri politikis uaryofiTi Sedegebi.
mesame. 1991 wlis 31 marts saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Taobaze
Catarebuli referendumis dros mosaxleobam upasuxa kiTxvas: momxre iyo Tu ara
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisa 1918 wlis 26 maisis
damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze? kiTxvis amgvarad formulireba absoluturad
swori iyo. cxadia, saqarTvelos uzenaes sabWos SeeZlo mosaxleobis azri amgvari
kiTxviTac gaego: xarT Tu ara momxre aRdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukidebloba? am SemTxvevaSi 1991 wlis 9 aprilis “saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis” ZaliT msoflios politikur rukaze gaCenili axali
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, e.i. dRevandeli saqarTvelo, ver iqneboda saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis (1918-1921 ww.) samarTalmemkvidre, anu
samarTalmemkvidreobiTi kavSiri xelovnurad gawydeboda. garda amisa 1991 wlis
aprilSi, maSin rodesac jer kidev arsebobda sabWoTa kavSiri, saqarTvelosTvis
politikuri TvalsazrisiT ufro xelsayreli iyo imisi deklarireba, rom qarTveli eri
axdenda 1918 wlis 26 maiss, saerTaSoriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, savsebiT
kanonierad aRdgenili da 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis
Sedegad dakarguli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas. amrigad, saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Taobaze 1991 wlis 31 martis
referendumisa da 1991 wlis 9 aprilis „saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis” iuridiul safuZvels 1918 wlis 26 maisis
„saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti” warmoadgenda.
meoTxe. 1991 wlis 9 aprils saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis
miRebis Semdeg ZalaSi darCa saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gerbi, droSa, da
himni, rac kidev erTxel adasturebda imas, rom 1991 wlis msoflio politikur rukaze
gaCenili axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
samarTalmemkvidre iyo.
mexuTe. 1918 wlis 26 maisis saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtis mniSvnelobis
dakninebis mizniT xSirad xazs usvamen imas, rom 26 maiss saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena moxda germaniis moTxovniT. aseTi mtkiceba
moklebulia yovelgvar safuZvels. 1918 wlis maisisaTvis Seqmnil viTarebaSi.
saqarTvelosa da germaniis imperiis interesebi erTmaneTs daemTxva. germanelebma
qarTveli politikosebi daarwmunes imaSi, rom osmaleTis agresias amierkavkasiis
demokratiuli federaciuli respublika ver gauZlebda (rac srul WeSmaritebas
warmoadgenda!), amierkavkasiis samokavSireo saxelmwifos dReebi daTvlili iyo. rCeboda
erTaderTi gamosavali. saqarTvelos osmaleTis mier okupaciamde unda gamoecxadebina
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos dacva Sedioda
germaniis interesebSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo, rogorc amierkavkasiis
samokavSireo saxelmwifos nawili, dapyrobili iqneboda osmaleTis mier. osmaleTis
gabatoneba samxreT kavkasiaSi ar Sedioda germaniis interesebSi. marTalia, osmaleTi
germaniis mokavSire iyo, magram omisagan dasustebuli osmaleTi samxreT kavkasiasa da
maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, sabolood sabWoTa ruseTis, inglisisa da safrangeTis
konkurencias ver gauZlebda da germaniac regionSi Tavis poziciebs dahkargavda.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom osmaleTis agresias daaswro da
saxelmwifoebrioba aRadgina. germaniamac pirnaTlad Seasrula damoukideblobis
garantis roli. cxadia, germaniis mxridan arviTar Zaldatanebasa da „moTxovnas”
adgili ar hqonia da arc SeiZleboda hqonoda. piriqiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

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damoukideblobis aRdgenis mxardaWeris gamo germaniis imperiam gaanawyena misi
mokavSire osmaleTi. aRarafers vambobT sabWoTa ruseTis, inglisisa da safrangeTis
mwvave reaqciaze.
aseTia pasuxi kiTxvaze, romelic ar unda dasmuliyo.

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