PENGERTIAN

Mikologi Berasal dari bahasa Yunani

yaitu Mykes yang berarti jamur dan
Logos yang berarti iIlmu.
Mikologi merupakan ilmu yang
mempelajari tentang jamur. Dalam
bahasa Inggris jamur disebut juga fungi
/ fungus
 Ciri-ciri jamur secara umum
Sel eukariotik (mempunyai dinding
inti yang jelas)
Berkembang biak dengan spora secara
asexual maupun sexual
Tidak berklorofil
Dinding sel terdiri dari khitin dan
selulosa
Bersifat sebagai saprofit
 Peranan jamur dialam
Yang bermanfaat , misalnya fermentasi
alkohol, pembuatan tempe dan menghasilkan
antibiotik (Penicillium notatum).
Jamur yang dapat dimakan edible mushrom
(Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus ostreatus)
dan lain sebagainya.
Yang merugikan dan beberapa menjadi
patogen pada manusia, dapat menyebabkan
penyakit pada tumbuhan, hewan dan juga
merusak peralatan yang digunakan oleh
manusia.
SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 5
OBJECTIVE
To become familiar with the macroscopic
and microscopic structure of yeast
and mold
To become familiar with basic
mycological culturing and
microscopic examination procedures
To provide an opportunity to identify a
common fungal organism

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 Fungal cell morphology.
A. Yeast cells reproducing by nuclear fission and blastoconidia formation.
The elongation of budding yeast cells to form pseudohyphae is shown, as is the formation
of a germ tube.
B. Types of hyphae seen with various moulds.
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Identification of fungi base on the
morphology of the:
 Colony or thallus
 Hyphae or mycelium
 Spores

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Colony morphology:
Filamentous colony (mold)
Yeast colony
Yeast like colony

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Filamentous colony (mold):
• Macros : cottony, velvetty, fluffy, etc
• Micros : hyphae and spores
E.g.:
Aspergillus
Penicillium
Rhizopus

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 Filamentous colony (mold)
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Filamentous colony (mold)
Hyphae and spores
 Hyphae and spores
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Yeast colony:
• Macros : creamy
• Micros : yeast cells
E.g.:
Cryptococcus
Blastomyces dermatitidis

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 Yeast colony
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Yeast colonies shown close up
CRYPTOCOCCUS

In AIDS patients it is the second most common fungal

infection after candida, potentially the most serious
Blastomyces dermatitidis

The yeast form is a large, 10-15 µm diameter, thick-walled yeast cell that
characteristically produces a single bud attached by a broad base

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Yeast like colony:
• Macros : creamy
• Micros : yeast cells and
pseudohyphae
E.g.: Candida sp.

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Yeast like colony
 Candida albicans
http://www.doctorfungus.org

• Genus/Species: Candida albicans

• Image Type: Macroscopic Morphology • Disease(s): Candidiasis

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Candida culture-24 hours
Yeast cells
 Yeast cells
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Candida sp.

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 Candida sp.
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Candida sp.
Hyphae (mycelium):
Septate hyphae, e.g.:
Aspergillus
Penicillium
Phialophora

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 Septate hyphae
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Septate hyphae
Hyphae (mycelium):
• Non-septate hyphae
(coenocytic)
E.g.:
Mucor
Rhizopus
Absidia

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Non-septate hyphae of Rhizopus
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Non- septate hyphae
C. albicans pseudohypha

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 The spores:
• Asexual spores
• Sexual spores
Asexual spores
• Blastospore (blastoconidia)
• Arthrospore (arthroconidia)
• Chlamydospore
• Sporangiospore
• Conidiospore (conidia)
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Blastospore:
Produce by the yeast cells as
budding
E.g.:
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Blastomyces dermatitidis

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 Blastospore
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Arthrospore:
Produce by fragmented hyphae
E.g.:
Coccidioides immitis
Geotrichum candidum
Dermatophyte fungus

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 Arthrospore
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Chlamydospore:
• Produce by hyphae
• The hyphae became round
and has a thick wall
E.g.: Candida albicans

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 C. albicans

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 Chlamydospore
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 Chlamydospore

Chlamydospore

Chlamydospores
Examples of asexual spore formation and associated structures seen with
a Zygomycete (A) and an Aspergillus spp. (B).
SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 56
Sporangiospore:
The spores that produce in a sac
called sporangium
E.g.:
Rhizopus
Mucor
Absidia

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 Sporangiospore
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 Sporangiospores of Rhizopus
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Sporangiospore
Conidiospore (conidia):
The spores that protrude from
specific hyphae called
conidiophore

Microconidia : small, unicellular

Macroconidia : large,
multicellular

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 Aspergillus
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 Penicillium
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 Microconidia

Microscopic morphology microconidia

T. rubrum
 Conidiospore multicelullar called macroconidia

Microscopic morphology shows macroconidia ellipse

shape, symmetrical thick wall, 4 -6 cell
 Microsporum canis
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 Epidermophyton floccosum
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Macroconidia
 Sexual spore:
• Ascospore
• Basidiospore
• Zygospore

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 Ascospore

Ascus

Ascospore
Ascospore
Basidiospore
Basidiospore
Basidiospora
Basidium

Basidiospore
Zygospore
Zygospore
Dimorphic Fungi

Yeast Form
 Parasitic form
 Tissue form
 Cultured at 370 C
Mycelial Form
 Saprophytic form
 Cultured at 250 C

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Dimorphism
 Fungal infections

Fungal infections of the skin, nails and

hair are caused by dermatophytes

In many cases, diagnosis of infection is made by

clinical appearance alone, but laboratory
examination of skin scrapings, nail cuttings and
hair can be requested if the diagnosis is uncertain

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Organisms involved in fungal skin
infections
Superficial fungal infections may be caused by one of
over forty different species of dermatophytes, belonging
to the following three genera:

Trichophyton spp – found in hair, nails and

skin, transmitted by soil, animals or humans

Microsporum spp – common cause of scalp

ringworm in children, usually transmitted by
animals

Epidermophyton spp – most commonly

affects the groin, transmitted from person to
person
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 Ecology of Dermatophytes

To determine the source of infection

 Anthropophilic
Zoophilic

 Geophilic

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Anthropophilic
Associated with humans only
Person -to-person transmission through
contaminated objects (comb, hat, etc.)
Zoophilic

Associated with animals

Direct transmission to humans by close
contact with animals
Geophilic
Usually found in soil
Transmitted to humans by direct
exposure
Geographic Distribution

Worldwide
 Dermatophytes
3 Genera

 Trichophyton
 Microsporum
 Epidermophyton

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 Trichophyton
(19 species)

 Hair
 Skin
 Nails

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 Microsporum
(13 species)

 Skin
 Hair

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Epidermophyton floccosum

 Skin
 Nails

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 Tinea versicolor
(Spaghetti and meatballs)
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Mycology Laboratory Examination
Macroscopic examination :
Material :
 7 – 10 days Sabouraud dextrose agar
culture of molds and yeast colony
Procedures :
 Examine both of the colony with
magnifying glass
 Describe characteristic of each colony

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Microscopic examination:
o is an essential step in diagnostic
of mycosis
o Provide a rapid and tentative
diagnostic

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Material:
 7 – 10 days culture of Aspergillus
sp. and Candida sp. on SDA
Equipment:
 Spirits burner, glass slides, cover
slips, inoculating loop and needle,
10% of KOH sol (or lactophenol
cotton blue)

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Procedures:
 Put 2 drops of 10% KOH solution to a
clean glass slide
With a sterile loop, touch the loop to the
culture and emulsify the cells in
KOH
Place a cover slip on the emulsifying
drops
Examine each mycological slides
preparation under low and high
power of a microscope without
using oil immersion
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Culture:
Material:
 7 – 10 days Sabouraud agar culture of
molds and yeast
Procedures :
– With a sterile inoculating loop,
inoculate appropriately labeled SDA
plate with one of each colony
– Incubate at room temperature (25OC –
27OC) for one to three weeks

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Slide cultures technique

A block of sterile agar is cut out of a Petri dish (A)

placed upon a sterile slide resting on a bent glass tube within a sterile Petri dish (B)
A few spores of a fungus are inoculated at the edges of the sterile agar block (C)
topped with a cover-glass (D) for incubation
A disc of moist filter-paper in the dish maintains humidity for the culture
96
Note:
Successful isolation of a fungus
causing disease in dependent upon
each of the following factors:
 Proper collection of specimen
 Proper handling and transport of the
specimens
 Prompt and correct processing of the
specimens
 The expertise of the technologist for
identifying the fungus
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Specimens should be processed as
soon as possible:
To ensure that the infecting
fungus does not die
To control contaminating
organisms

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140

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Culture media for isolation and
identification
The isolation medium selection
depend upon:
The type of specimen (heavily
contaminated or sterile)
The suspected etiological agent

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 A non selective medium like
Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) should
be routinely use because it will support
the growth of almost the medically
important fungi

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Temperature of incubation:
 Is important in the primary
isolation of fungi
 May be room at temperature
(25OC – 27OC)
 May be at 37OC
 Can act as selective factor
(incubating at 45OC will inhibit
most fungi and bacteria, but not
Aspergillus fumigatus)
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 Candida identification

CHROMagar Candida plate showing chromogenic colour change for

C. albicans (green), C. tropicalis
SUNARYATI (blue), C. parapsilosis (white) and C. glabrata (pink).107
SUDIGDOADI
 C. albicans
ATCC 90028
C. parapsilosis

C. krusei ATCC 6258

C. tropicalis

C. glabrata

Candida species on CHROMagar Candida

Endothrix infection mycelium and spores in hair shaft
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Endothrix infection spores in hair shaft
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Ectothrix infection mycelium and spores on hair shaft
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Ectothrix infection spores on hair shaft
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 hypha

hypha

hypha

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Cryptococcus neoformans using India ink staining
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 Malassezia furfur
http://www.doctorfungus.org

• Genus/Species: Malassezia furfur •

• Image Type:SUNARYATI
Microscopic Morphology
SUDIGDOADI • Disease(s): Pityriasis versicolor 115
 Malassezia furfur
http://www.doctorfungus.org

• Genus/Species: Malassezia furfur •Disease(s): Pityriasis versicolor

• Image Type: Histopathology

• Legend: SUNARYATI
Microscopic view SUDIGDOADI
of growth of M. furfur in skin flake. Phase contrast microscopy, KOH prep. 116
 Wood’s lamp examination
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 Malassezia furfur
http://www.doctorfungus.org

• Genus/Species: Malassezia furfur • Title: Yeast in skin

• Image Type: Histopathology • Disease(s): Pityriasis versicolor

• Legend: Short hyphal elements in skin fragment. KOH, 400X.

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 Malassezia furfur

Colonies of Malassezia furfur on Dixon's agar.

A specialized isolation medium containing glycerol-mono-oleate.
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 Black piedra

Piedra:
infection
of the hair shaft

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Caused by mold Piedraia hortae
 A plate culture
of Piedraia hortae

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White piedra

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SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 123
 Microscopical appearance of infected skin scrapings showing the development of
arthroconidia. (Reproduced with permission from Richardson M D, Warnock D W, Campbell C
K 1995 Slide Atlas of Fungal Infection: Superficial Fungal Infections. Blackwell Science,
SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI Oxford.) 124
 Aspergillus flavus on Czapek dox agar
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Aspergillus fumigatus on SDA after 5 days incubation at 30oC
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 Aspergillus niger on SDA 72 hrs at 300C
Black pigment from conidia maturing from center of colony
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 Penicillium sp

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Penicillium notatum (now Penicillium chrysogenum)
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 Microsporum gypseum SDA at 7 days

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Trichophyton rubrum surface and reverse on SDA after 10 days
incubation at 30oC

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 131

Photomicrograph of nail segment in KOH. Trichphyton rubrum
fungal hyphae seen invading between nail cells. (dotted structure
weaving through
SUNARYATIfrom upper left through to lower right) 132
SUDIGDOADI
SUNARYATI