GEOLOGI MINERAL

LOGAM
UNTUK EXPLORER MUDA

Prof.Ir.Sukandarrumidi, M.Sc.,Ph.D.
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY PRESS

 DAFTAR ISI

PRAKATA ................................................................................. v
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................... ix
DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................... xi
BAB 1. PENDAHULUAN ....................................................... 1
1. Deposit Logam ....................................................... 2
2. Tenor Bijih ............................................................. 7
3. Pembentukan Mineral ......................................... 9
BAB 2. TERJADINYA KONSENTRASI BAHAN GALIAN 20
1. Endapan Sedimenter ............................................. 21
2. Endapan Penguapan ................................................ 26
3. Endapan yang Berasal dari Air Tanah .................. 30
4. Endapan Mata Air Panas ..................................... 30
BAB 3. KONSENTRASI MEKANIK DAN RESIDUAL .... 32
1. Endapan Konsentrasi Mekanik .............................. 33
2. Endapan Residual ................................................... 35
BAB 4. ZONA SUPERGENE DAN METAMORFISME ...... 40
1. Oksidasi dan Pengkayaan Supergene ..................... 40
2. Metamorfisme ........................................................ 53
BAB 5. ENDAPAN MINERAL LOGAM MULIA ............... 57
1. Emas ....................................................................... 58
2. Perak ....................................................................... 84
3. Platina ..................................................................... 87
 x

BAB 6. ENDAPAN MINERAL LOGAM BUKAN BESI ...... 92

1. Tembaga ................................................................ 92
2. Timbal dan Seng ...................................................... 100
3. Timah .................................................................... 106
4. Aluminium ............................................................. 119
BAB 7. ENDAPAN MINERAL LOGAM BESI DAN CAM-
PURANNYA .............................................................. 126
1. Besi ........................................................................ 126
2. Mangaan ............................................................... 145
3. Nikel ...................................................................... 154
4. Khrom .................................................................... 160
5. Molibdenum .......................................................... 162
6. Wolfram ................................................................ 165
7. Vanadium ............................................................... 168
8. Kobalt ................................................................... 169
9. Titanium .............................................................. 170
BAB 8. ENDAPAN MINERAL LOGAM LAINNYA .......... 174
1. Air Raksa ............................................................... 174
2. Arsen .................................................................... 180
3. Beryllium ................................................................ 182
4. Bismut .................................................................. 183
5. Kadmium ............................................................... 184
6. Magnesium ........................................................... 184
7. Stibium ................................................................. 186
8. Uranium dan Radium .......................................... 187
9. Tantalium dan Columbium .................................. 205
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................ 208
 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1,1. Mineral Bijih yang Umum Dijumpai .................... 3

Tabel 1.2. Mineral Gangue yang Umum Dijumpai ................ 5
Tabel 1.3. Tenor Beberapa Logam ........................................ 8
Tabel 1.4. Klasifikasi Bahan Galian Magmatik ...................... 11
Tabel 1.5. Bahan Galian yang Terbentuk oleh Pembekuan
Magma ................................................................... 12
Tabel 1.6. Bahan Galian yang Terbentuk oleh Metasomatisme
Kontak ................................................................... 13
Tabel 1.7. Hasil Alterasi Kaitannya dengan Dinding Celah ... 15
Tabel 1.8. Endapan Bahan Galian dan Macam Logam yang
Terbetuk dengan Cara Replacement ...................... 18
Tabel 2.1. Endapan Besi Sedimenter ...................................... 22
Tabel 4.1. Oksidasi dari Senyawa Logam .............................. 42
Tabel 4.2. Warna Khas dari Beberapa Logam yang
Teroksidasi ............................................................ 44
Tabel 4.3. Bentuk Boxwork dan Warna Mineral .................... 45
Tabel 4.4. Endapan Bijih yang Teroksidasi ............................ 48
Tabel 4.5. Deret Schurmann ................................................... 50
Tabel 4.6. Mineral Bijih Hipogene, Supergene dan Hasil
Oksidasi ................................................................ 52
Tabel 5.1. Macam Alloy Emas .............................................. 67
Tabel 5.2. Macam Alloy Perak ................................................ 85
Tabel 5.3. Mineral Bijih Platina yang Penting ....................... 88
Tabel 6.1. Mineral Bijih Tembaga Utama .............................. 93
Tabel 6.2. Macam Alloy Tembaga ........................................... 96
Tabel 6.3. Mineral Timbal dan Mineral Seng Utama .............. 102
Tabel 6.4. Macam Alloy Timah Hitam .................................... 103
Tabel 6.5. Macam Alloy Seng ................................................ 106
 xii

Tabel 6.6. Macam Alloy Timah Putih ...................................... 109

Tabel 6.7. Macam Alloy Aluminium ........................................ 122
Tabel 7.1. Mineral Bijih Besi yang Penting ........................... 127
Tabel 7.2. Paduan Baja, Sifat dan Kegunaannya .................... 133
Tabel 7.3. Berbagai Alloy Besi ............................................. 138
Tabel 7.4. Analisa Kimia Pasir Besi Daerah Pantai Kulon
Progo – Purworejo Jawa Tengah ........................... 142
Tabel 7.5. Mineral Bijih Mangaan yang Penting .................... 146
Tabel 7.6. Persyaratan Bijih Mangaan untuk Batere Kering ... 151
Tabel 7.7. Mineral Bijih Nikel yang Penting .......................... 155
Tabel 7.8. Berbagai Alloy Nikel ............................................. 156
Tabel 7.9. Berbagai Alloy Khrom ............................................ 162
Tabel 7.10. Mineral Alloy Molibdenum ................................... 165
Tabel 7.11. Mineral Wolfram yang Penting ............................ 166
Tabel 7.12. Berbagai Alloy Wolfram ...................................... 167
Tabel 7.13. Mineral Vanadium yang Penting ............................ 168
Tabel 7.14. Mineral Bijih Kobalt yang Penting ....................... 169
Tabel 7.15. Berbagai Alloy Kobalt ........................................... 169
Tabel 7.16. Mineral Titan yang Penting .................................. 170
Tabel 7.17. Bahan Galian Titanium ........................................... 170
Tabel 7.18. Berbagai Alloy Titanium ........................................ 171
Tabel 8.1. Macam Mineral Arsen yang Penting .................... 180
Tabel 8.2. Berbagai Alloy Kadmium ..................................... 184
Tabel 8.3. Berbagai Alloy Magnesium .................................... 185
Tabel 8.4. Mineral Stibium yang Penting ............................... 186
Tabel 8.5. Berbagai Alloy Stibium .......................................... 187
Tabel 8.6. Mineral Radioaktif yang Penting ......................... 188