Terdapat tiga kekuatan pasar yang mempengaruhi isi dan waktu pengungkapan laporan
keuangan.
“Another reason mandatory CSR disclosure may not impact pollution levels is the
agency problem” (Hal.2)
“…agency problem may occur if there is a conflict between SOE managers and
shareholders. Given the importance of CSR in the government’s political/social
planning strategy, SOE managers may take advantage of the disclosure mandate to
extract private political benefits and/or engage in wasteful CSR activities.” (Hal 23-
24)
“We define mandatory CSR disclosure as the requirement that a firm issue a broad
non-financial report on its activities related to environment, social, and governance
issues. The term “CSR disclosure” is often used interchangeably with
“environmental, social and governance disclosure” and “non-financial disclosure.”
(Hal 1)
Metode Riset
a) Jenis Penelitian
Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif.
b) Variabel
Variabel independen : Kinerja perusahaan dan tingkat polusi
Variabel dependen : Pengungkapan CSR
c) Hipotesis
Hipotesis 1: Perusahaan mengalami penurunan kinerja setelah pengungkapan
CSR.
Hipotesis 2: Kota-kota mengalami penurunan polusi setelah pengungkapan CSR.
d) Sampel
Peneliti memfokuskan perusahaan yang terdaftar di Shanghai Stock Exchange
(SSE) dan Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) antara tahun 2006 dan 2011,
menggunakan 2006-2008 sebagai pra-periode dan 2009-2011 sebagai pasca-
periode. Peneliti memperoleh informasi harga saham dan laporan keuangan dari
database China Security Market and Accounting Research (CSMAR) dan data
polusi serta ekonomi dari database Ekonomi Regional GTA. Peneliti
mengidentifikasi 6.952 yang terdiri dari 1.674 treatment firm-years dan 5.278
benchmark firm-years.
Contoh dalam artikel:
“We focus on A-share (local share) firms listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
(SSE) and Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) between 2006 and 2011, using 2006-
2008 as the pre-period and 2009-2011 as the post-period.” (Hal 2)
“….we are left with a sample of 6,952 firm-years. From this sample, we identify
1,674 treatment firm-years and 5,278 benchmark firm-years.” (Hal 11)
e) Teknik Analis Data
Peneliti menggunakan desain penelitian DiD Research Design yang
membandingkan perubahan profitabilitas perusahaan di antara perusahaan
benchmark selama periode sampel. Peneliti menggunakan desain penelitian DiD
Research Design untuk membandingkan perubahan polusi di kota-kota yang
paling terpengaruh oleh pengungkapan CSR. Peneliti menggunakan ROA dan
ROE untuk mengukur profitabilitas perusahaan. Menggunakan ROA
memungkinkan peneliti untuk membuat kesimpulan mengenai kinerja perusahaan,
sementara menggunakan ROE memungkinkan peneliti untuk membuat
kesimpulan yang lebih sebanding mengenai kekayaan pemegang saham dan harga
saham. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan PSM untuk lebih mencocokkan
perusahaan pelapor CSR dengan perusahaan pelapor non-CSR. Peneliti
mengeksplorasi bagaimana pengungkapan CSR mempengaruhi profitabilitas
perusahaan dengan regresi ROA dan ROE pada variabel.
Contoh dalam artikel:
“We use a DiD research design that compares changes in firm profitability
among
treatment firms with changes in firm profitability among our benchmark firms
during our sample period. We use both ROA and ROE to measure firm
profitability. Using ROA allows us to make inferences regarding firm
performance independent of leverage, while using ROE allows us to make more
comparable inferences regarding shareholder wealth and stock prices.” (Hal 11)
“To mitigate the concern that our treatment sample is not randomly selected, we
use a PSM approach to further match our CSR reporting firms to non-CSR
reporting firms” (Hal 11)
Market Forces and the supply of financial statement information
A. Capital market forces
Firm compete with each other in the capital market on many dimensions. These
dimensions include:
The instrument offered-equity securities, preferred securities, bank loans on so on
The term of the instrument offered- the taxation status of dividend payments,
convertibility features of debt, the interest rate on loans, the security offered to lender
and so on
The distribution of excepted returns from each instrument