MK. MEKANIKA
PRODI S1 PEND. FISIKA
Skor
MK Nilai:
“SISTEM PARTIKEL”
Disusun Oleh :
Tim Penyaji
ii
DAFTAR ISI
iii
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1
5 ISBN : -
6 Edisi : June 2012
2
BAB II
RINGKASAN ISI BUKU
2.1 Ringkasan Isi Buku Utama
Dynamic Of System Particles
1. Introduction : Center of Mass and Linear Momentum of a System
Our general system consists of n particles of masses 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , , , , , , 𝑚𝑛
whose position vector 𝑟𝑐𝑚 (Figure 7.11) is given by
𝑚1 𝑟1 + 𝑚2 𝑟2 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛 ∑𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖
𝑟𝑐𝑚 = =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + ⋯ + 𝑚3 𝑚
Where 𝑚 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 is the total mass of the system. The definition in Equation 7.1.1
is equation to the three equations.
∑𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖 ∑𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑦𝑖 ∑𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑧𝑖
𝑥𝑐𝑚 = , 𝑦𝑐𝑚 = , 𝑧𝑐𝑚 =
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
We define the linear momentum p of the system as the vector sum of the linear
moments of the individual particles, namely
p = ∑𝑖 𝑝𝑖 = ∑𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑣𝑖
On calculating 𝑟𝑐𝑚 = 𝑣𝑐𝑚 from Equation 7.1.1and comparing with Equation 7.13
is follows that
p = 𝑚𝑣𝑐𝑚
that is, the linear momentum of a system of particles is equal to the velocity of the
center of mass multiplied by the total mass of the system. From the law of action
and reaction, Newton's third law. Consequently, the internal forces cancel in pairs,
and the double sum vanishes. We can, therefore, write Equation 7.1.7 in the
following way:
∑ 𝐹𝑖 = 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑚
𝑖
In words: The acceleration of the center of mass of a system of particles is the
same as that of a single particle having a mass equal to the total mass of the system
and acted on by the sum of the external forces. Consider, for example, a swarm of
particles moving in a uniform gravitational field. Then, because = m1g for each
particle,
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∑𝑖 𝐹𝑖 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑔 = mg, where 𝑎𝑐𝑚 = 𝑔
In the special case in which no external forces are acting on a system (or if Z = 0),
then =0 and = constant; thus, the linear momentum of the system remains constant:
∑𝑖 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣𝑐𝑚 = constant
where, as in Section 7.1, F2 denotes the total external force on particle i, and
denotes the (internal) force exerted on particle i by any other particlej. Now the
double summation on the right consists of pairs of terms of the form:
(𝑟𝑖 x 𝐹𝑖𝑗 = 𝑟𝑗 x 𝐹𝑗𝑖 )
Denoting the vector displacement of particlej relative to particle i by we see from
the triangle shown in Figure 7.2.1 that
𝑟𝑖𝑗 = 𝑟𝑗 − 𝑟𝑖
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isolated, then N =0, and the angular momentum remains constant in both
magnitude and direction:
L = ∑𝑖 𝑟𝑖 x 𝑚𝑖 𝑣𝑖 ) = constant vector
Because the second summation m1 vanishes, we can express the kinetic energy as
follows:
1 1
2
𝑇 = ∑𝑖 2 𝑚 𝑣𝑐𝑚 = ∑𝑖 2 𝑚𝑖 . 𝑣𝑖2
where, as shown in Figure 7.3.1, the vectors i\ and represent the positions of the
particles m1 andm2, respectively, relative to the center of mass. Now, if n is the
position vector of particle 1 relative to particle 2, the
𝑚1
R = 𝑟̅1- 𝑟̅2 = 𝑟̅1 (1 + )
𝑚2
The last step follows from Equation 7.3.1. The differential equation of motion of
particle 1 relative to the center of mass is
𝑑2 𝑟1 𝑅
𝑚1 = 𝐹1 = f(a) 𝑅
𝑑𝑡 2
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in which If(R)I is the magnitude of the mutual force between the two particles. By
using Equation 7.3.2, we can write
𝑑2 𝑅 𝑅 𝑚 𝑚
𝜇 𝑑𝑡 2 = f(R) 𝑅, where 𝜇 = 𝑚 1+𝑚2
1 2
If the bodies are of equal mass m, then = m/2. On the other hand, if m2 is very
much greater thanm1, so that m11m2 is very small, then ji is nearly equal to m1.
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
For two bodies attracting each other by gravitation 𝑓(𝑎) = − 𝑅2
In this case the equation of motion is :
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
𝜇𝑅 = − 𝑒𝑅
𝑅2
Or equivalently
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑚1 𝑅 = − 𝑒𝑅
𝑅2
where = R/R is a unit vector in the direction of R.
Letting the coordinates of the tertiary be (x', y'). the distance between it and each
of the two primaries is
𝑟1 = √(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑟2 = √(𝑥 − 𝑏)2 + 𝑦 2
The net gravitational force exerted on m (see Equation 6.1.1) is thus
The general equation of motion for a particle in a rotating frame of reference was
given by Equation 5.3.2. Because the origin of the rotating coordinate system
remains fixed in space, A0 = 0, and because the rate of rotation is a constant, to =
0 and Equation 5.3.2 takes the form
F' = ma' = (F — 2m𝜔 x v' — m𝜔)(𝜔 x r')
Because m is common to all terms in Equation 7.4.3, we can rewrite it in terms of
accelerations as
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F
𝒂́ = ( — 2m𝜔 x v′ — m𝜔)(𝜔 x r′)
2
We are now in a position to calculate the later two noninertial accelerations in
Equation 7.4.4—the Coriolis and centrifugal accelerations
We now insert Equations 7.4. la and b, 7.4.2, 7.4.5, and 7.4.6 into 7.4.4 to obtain
the equa tions of motion of mass m in the x' and y' coordinate
5. Collisions
Whenever two bodies undergo a collision, the force that either exerts on
the other during the contact is an internal force, if the bodies are regarded together
as a single system. The total linear momentum is unchanged. We can, therefore,
write
𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = 𝑃́1 + 𝑃́2
or, equivalently,
m1v1 + m2v2 = + m2v'2
With regard to the energy balance, we can write
Here the quantity Q is introduced to indicate the net loss or gain in kinetic energy
that occurs as a result of the collision. In the case of an elastic collision, no change
takes place in the total kinetic energy, so that Q = 0. If an energy loss does occur,
then Q is positive. This is called an exoergic collision. It may happen that an
energy gain occurs. This would happen, for example, if an explosive was present
on one of the bodies at the point of contact. In this case Q is neg alive, and the
collision is called endoergic. The study of collisions is of particular importance in
atomic, nuclear, and high-energy physics. Here the bodies involved may be atoms,
nuclei, or various elementary particles, such as electrons and quarks.
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Direct Collisions
Let us consider the special case of a head-on collision of two bodies, or particles,
in which the motion takes place enlirely on a single straight line, the x-axis, as
shown in Figure 7.5.1. In this case the momentum balance equation (Equation
7.5.lb) can be written
𝑚1 𝑥̇ 1 + 𝑚2 𝑥̇ 2 = 𝑚1 𝑥́̇ 1 + 𝑚2 𝑥́̇ 2
The direction along the line of motion is given by the signs of the 𝑥̇ 's.
Impulse in Collisions
The differential equation of motion is d(mv)/dt = F, or in differential form d(mv)
= F dt. Let us take the time integral over the interval t = t = t2. This is the time
during which the force is considered to act. Then we have
𝑡2
∆ (𝑚𝑣) = ∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1
The time integral of the force is the impulse. It is customarily denoted by the
symbol P. Equation 7.5.8a is, accordingly, expressed as
∆ (𝑚𝑣) = 𝑃
where m = m1 = m2. Now if we take the dot product of each side of the momentum
equation (Equation 7.6.la) with itself, we get
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Am and its velocity has changed to v(t + At). In the small time interval At, the
change (if any) in the total linear momentum of the system is
This change can be expressed in terms of the masses and velocities before and
after the collision
for the equation of motion. It applies only if the initial velocity of the matter that
is being swept us is zero. Otherwise, the more general Equation 7.7.5, must be
used.
A. Pusat Massa
Pusat massa adalah lokasi rerata dari semua massa yang ada di dalam suatu sistem.
Istilah pusat massa sering dipersamakan dengan istilah pusat gravitasi, namun demikian
mereka secara fisika merupakan konsep yang berbeda. Letak keduanya memang
bertepatan dalam kasus medan gravitasi yang sama, akan tetapi ketika gravitasinya tidak
sama maka pusat gravitasi merujuk pada lokasi rerata dari gaya gravitasi yang bekerja
pada suatu benda. Hal ini menghasilkan suatu torsi gravitasi, yang kecil tetapi dapat
terukur dan harus diperhitungkan dalam pengoperasian satelit-satelit buatan.
Posisi pusat massa sebuah sistem banyak partikel didefinisikan sebagai berikut
m r +m r m r 𝑚𝑟
𝑟⃗𝑝𝑚 = 1 1 2 2+⋯+ n n = ∑ 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 .........(1)
m1 +m2 +⋯+mn 𝑀
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Dengan ⃗𝑟⃗𝑖 adalah posisi partikel ke-i di dalam sistem, dan. 𝑀 = ∑𝑖 𝑚𝑖 .........
⃗𝑟⃗𝑖 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟𝑝𝑚 + ⃗𝑟⃗𝑖 di mana ⃗𝑟⃗𝑖 adalah posisi partikel
Menjadi
∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑚1 𝑥1 ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑚1 𝑦1 ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑚1 𝑧1
𝑥𝑝𝑚 = , 𝑦𝑝𝑚 = , 𝑧𝑝𝑚 = .........(7)
𝑀 𝑀 𝑀
Kecepatan masing-masing partikel penyusunnya;
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 ∑𝑛 𝑚 𝑣
𝑣𝑝𝑚 = x,y,z
Jika diuraikan pada komponene maka;
........(8)
𝑀
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Besaran 𝑀𝑣⃗𝑝𝑚 yang dapat kita anggap sebagai momentum pusat massa, tidak lain adalah
total momentum sistem (jumlahan seluruh momentum partikel dalam sistem). Dengan
menderivatifkan pers.diatas terhadap waktu, diperoleh
𝑑𝑝⃗𝑖
𝑀𝑎⃗𝑝𝑚 = ∑𝑖 = ∑𝑖 𝐹⃗𝑖 ........(11)
𝑑𝑡
dengan 𝐹⃗𝑖 adalah total gaya yang bekerja pada partikel ke-i. Persamaan di atas
menunjukkan bahwa gerak pusat massa ditentukan oleh total gaya yang bekerja pada
sistem.
Gaya yang bekerja pada sistem dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua jenis, gaya
internal yaitu gaya antar partikel di dalam sistem, dan gaya eksternal yaitu gaya yang
berasal dari luar sistem. Untuk gaya internal, antara sembarang dua partikel dalam sistem,
i dan j misalnya, akan ada gaya pada i oleh j dan sebaliknya (karena aksi-reaksi), tetapi
𝐹⃗𝑖𝑗 + 𝐹⃗𝑗𝑖 = 𝐹⃗𝑖𝑗 − 𝐹⃗𝑖𝑗 = 0 .........(12)
Sehingga jumlah total gaya internal pada sistem akan lenyap, dan
𝑀𝑎⃗𝑝𝑚 = ∑𝑖 𝐹⃗𝑖𝑒𝑘𝑠 = 𝐹⃗𝑒𝑘𝑠 .........(13)
Jadi gerak pusat massa sistem hanya ditentukan oleh total gaya eksternal yang bekerja
pada sisem. Ketika tidak ada gaya eksternal yang bekerja pada suatu sistem, maka
𝑑
∑𝑖 𝑝⃗𝑖 = 0........(14)
𝑑𝑡
Atau berarti total momentum seluruh partikel dalam system konstan,
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Apabila ada torsi ( moment gaya) eksternal yang bekerja pada sistem makaa berlaku
persamaan,
𝜏 = ∑ 𝜏⃗ = 𝐿
𝑒𝑘𝑠
⃗⃗̇ ...............(19)
𝑖
Yang berarti pula jika resultan torsi eksternal nol, maka momentum sudutnya kekal,
sebagai hukum kekekalan momentum sudut.
Tenaga kinetik sistem banyak partikel didefinisikan sebagai,
1
𝐾 = ∑ 𝐾𝑖 = ∑ 2 𝑚𝑖 ( 𝑣⃗𝑗 . 𝑣⃗𝑖 ) .................(20)
Dengan persamaan (13) (14) (16) tenaga kinetik sistem dirumuskan menjadi,
1 1
𝐾 = 2 𝑀𝑣𝑝𝑚 + ∑ 2 𝑚𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑝𝑚 ................(21)
Atau
𝐾 = 𝐾𝑝𝑚 + 𝐾 (𝑝𝑚) ...................(22)
Merupakan penjumlahan dari tenaga kinetik pusat massa dan tenaga kinetik partikel-
partikel penyusun terhadap pusat massanya.
V1 V2
m1 bertumbukan m2
m1 𝑣2′
F 12 𝑣1′ F 21
12
m2
Dua buah partikel saling bertumbukan. Pada saat bertumbukan kedua partikel
saling memberikan gaya (aksi-reaksi), F12 pada partikel 1 oleh partikel 2 dan F21 pada
partikel 2 oleh partikel 1.
Perubahan momentum pada partikel 1 :
𝑡𝑓
∆𝑝1 = ∫ 𝐹12 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹𝑟12 ∆𝑡
𝑡𝑖
Perubahan momentum pada partikel 2 :
𝑡𝑓
∆𝑝2 = ∫ 𝐹21 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹𝑟21 ∆𝑡
𝑡𝑖
Karena F21 = - F12 maka Fr21 = - Fr12 oleh karena itu p1 = - p2
Momentum total sistem : P = p1 + p2 dan perubahan momentum total sistem :
∆𝑃 = ∆𝑃1 + ∆𝑃2
“Jika tidak ada gaya eksternal yang bekerja, maka tumbukan tidak mengubah
momentum total sistem”.
selama tumbukan gaya eksternal (gaya grvitasi, gaya gesek) sangat kecil
dibandingkan dengan gaya impulsif, sehingga gaya eksternal tersebut dapat diabaikan.
m1 m2 m1 m2
v1 v2 v’1 v’2
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Koefisien restitusi e=1
(𝑣 ′1 − 𝑣 ′ 2 )
𝑒=−
(𝑣1 − 𝑣2 )
b) Tumbukan Tidak Lenting Sama Sekali
Dari kekekalan momentum :
m1 m2 m 1+m 2
v1
V1 > v2 v2 𝑣′
m1 v1 + m2 v2 =( m1+ m2 ) v’
dengan koefisien restitusi e = 0. Kekekalan tenaga mekanik tidak berlaku,
berkurang/bertambahnya tenaga mekanik ini berubah/berasal dari tenaga potensial
deformasi (perubahan bentuk).
sebelum bertumbukan
m1
v’1
m1
𝜃1
𝜃2 x
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BAB III
PEMBAHASAN
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BAB IV
PENUTUP
4.1 Kesimpulan
Dari pembahasan di atas, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa:
➢ Sistem banyak partikel adalah sistem ataupun benda yang terdiri dari banyak
partikel (titik partikel) maupun benda yang terdiri dari partikel-partikel yang
dianggap tersebar secara kontinyu pada benda.
➢ Posisi pusat massa sebuah sistem banyak partikel didefinisikan sebagai
m r +m r m r 𝑚𝑟
berikut⃗⃗⃗𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 1 1 2 2+⋯+ n n = ∑ 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
m1 +m2 +⋯+mn 𝑀
➢ Momentum sudut sistem banyak partikel dirumuskan sebagai,
o 𝐿⃗⃗ = ∑ 𝑟⃗𝑖 𝑥 𝑚𝑖 𝑣⃗𝑖 , 𝐿
⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗𝑖𝑝𝑚 𝑥 𝑀𝑣⃗𝑝𝑚 + ∑ 𝑟⃗𝑖𝑝𝑚 𝑥 𝑚𝑖 𝑣⃗𝑖𝑝𝑚
➢ Impuls dari sebuah gaya sama dengan perubahan momentum partikel
𝐼 ∆𝑝
▪ 𝐼 = 𝐹𝑟 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝, 𝐹𝑟 = ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑡
➢ Tumbukan dapat dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu tumbukan lenting sempurna, tumbukna
lenting sebagian, dan tumbukan tidak lenting sama sekali.
4.2 Saran
Dengan bersumberkan dua buku diatas untuk mencari tambahan referensi dari
materi pokok sistem partikel mekanika menurut saya cukup, namun tetap saja untuk
mencari sumber sebanyak banyaknya agar mendapatkan lebih banyak referensi.
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Flowles, Cassiday.2005. Analytical Mechanics. Thomson Learning Academic. United
States of America
Satriawan, Mirza. 2012. Fisika Dasar. Universitas Gadjah Mada
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