EKSPERIMEN
- DUA FAKTORIAL -
Mata Kuliah
Desain Penelitian Non Eksperimen
S3 PEP PPs UNY Angkatan 2020
Dosen Pengampu
Penulis
I Nyoman Indhi Wiradika
Ismiyati
Nur Anisyah Rachmaningtyas
Syarief Fajaruddin
A. Pendahuluan .......................................................................................................................... 1
C. Tujuan ................................................................................................................................... 1
D. Manfaat ................................................................................................................................. 1
BAB V PENUTUP....................................................................................................................... 31
A. Kesimpulan .......................................................................................................................... 31
B. Saran.................................................................................................................................... 31
A. Pendahuluan
Oleh karenanya, penting untuk dikaji terkait dengan desain penelitian eksperimen
factorial yang difokuskan pada dua factorial.
B. Rumusan Masalah
Adapun rumusan masalah yang diangkat dalam makalah ini, yakni sebagai berikut :
1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan desain penelitian dua factorial?
2. Apa saja jenis desain penelitian dua factorial dan apa berbedaannya?
3. Bagaimana prosedur penelitian yang sesuai dengan desain penelitian dua factorial?
4. Bagaimana prosedur dalam menganalisis data dengan desain penelitian dua factorial?
C. Tujuan
Makalah ini disusun guna memenuhi tujuan dari pemecahan masalah yang berupa,
1. Untuk mengetahui apa yang dimaksud dengan desain penelitian dua factorial
2. Untuk mengetahui jenis desain penelitian dua factorial dan perbedaan dari setiap jenis
desain tersebut.
3. Untuk mengetahui prosedur penelitian yang sesuai dalam penggunaan desain penelitian
dua factorial.
4. Untuk mengetahui prosedur dalam menganalisis data dengan desain penelitian dua
factorial.
D. Manfaat
1. Bagi penulis
Dapat digunakan sebagai pemenuhan tugas diskusi kelompok yang di presentasikan
2. Bagi mahasiswa, dosen dan civitas akademika
Dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pembelajaran dan pengajaran dibidang Pendidikan
maupun bidang lainnya
A. Desain Eksperimen
Desain atau rancangan percobaan dikembangkan dan diperkenalkan pertama kali oleh Sir
Ronald Fisher dari University of London pada tahun 1930 dengan studinya tentang Agricultural
Experiment. Fisher mengembangkan teori dan metode statistika dengan menerapkan pendekatan
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) sebagai metode primernya. Dalam buku desain eksperimennya
yang pertama, Fisher menunjukkan bagaimana kesimpulan yang valid dapat ditarik secara efisien
dari eksperimen yang berfluktuasi secara alami seperti suhu, kondisi tanah, dan curah hujan
terhadap variabel gangguan.
Menurut Montgomery (2001), desain eksperimen dimaksudkan untuk mencapai peningkatan
pada kualitas produk dan efisiensi proses. Dari pandangan bidang manufaktur, desain eksperimen
dapat mengurangi jumlah eksperimen yang dibutuhkan ketika mengambil sejumlah faktor yang
mempengaruhi hasil eksperimen. Di sini, desain eksperimen bisa menampilkan bagaimana
melaksanakan eksperimen dengan jumlah yang paling sedikit ketika harus mempertahankan
informasi paling penting. Dengan demikian, desain ekperimen tampaknya menjadi alat perbaikan
berkelanjutan yang cepat dan penting dalam kualitas.
Selain itu, desain eksperimen adalah serangkaian percobaan atau pengujian yang bertujuan
untuk melakukan perubahan pada variable input, sehingga dapat meneliti dan mengidentifikasi
perubahan dari output (Montgomery, 2001). Desain percobaan adalah teknik eksperimental yang
membantu untuk menyelidiki kombinasi terbaik dari parameter proses, kuantitas yang berubah,
tingkat dan kombinasi dalam rangka mendapatkan hasil yang statis yang dapat diandalkan.
Penelitian eksperimental adalah penelitian di mana peneliti memanipulasi satu variabel bebas atau
lebih, mengendalikan variabel di luar variabel bebas, dan melakukan observasi (pengukuran)
terhadap satu atau lebih variabel terikat untuk menemukan variasi yang muncul seiring dengan
manipulasi variabel bebas tersebut (Budiyono, 2011).
Desain percobaan ini memiliki banyak metode, salah satunya adalah desain eksperimen
faktorial, selain mixture design, response surface method, dan taguchi method (Minitab dalam
Hadiyat, 2012). Metode-metode ini dapat digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah yang berkaitan
dengan proses manufaktur, untuk menggantikan sebuah proses dengan proses lainnya, untuk
mengembangkan produk yang berbeda, dan untuk memahami pengaruh berbagai faktor pada
kualitas akhir dari produk yang diberikan.
Manfaat lain dari desain eksperimen adalah mempermudah peneliti dalam mengelola dan
menyusun serangkaian data secara sistematis, mempermudah dalam menentukan atau mencari
Berikut adalah ancaman terhadap validitas internal di berbagai tipe rancangan eksperimen
(cresswell, 2015).
B. Desain Faktorial
1. Pengertian Desain
Desain faktorial adalah suatu percobaan yang perlakuannya terdiri atas semua kemungkinan
kombinasi taraf dari beberapa percobaan dengan menggunakan faktor f dengan taraf r untuk setiap
faktornya yang disimbolkan dengan percobaan faktorial rf. misalnya, percobaan faktorial 2²
artinya kita menggunakan 2 faktor dan taraf untuk tiap faktornya terdiri dari 2 taraf. Percobaan
faktorial 2² juga sering ditulis dalam bentuk percobaan faktorial 2×2. Di sini, pengaruh (efek) suatu
faktor pada desain faktorial didefinisikan sebagai perubahan nilai respon yang disebabkan oleh
perubahan taraf faktor. Adapun jenis – jenis dari efek faktorial, yaitu pengaruh sederhana,
pengaruh utama, dan pengaruh interaksi (Arifianto et al., 2014).
C. Desain 2 Faktorial
1. Prinsip Dasar
Apabila kita membuat desain eksperimen dengan memperhatikan dua faktor A dan B yang
masing-masing bertaraf a buah dan b buah, dengan desain dikerjakan secara acak sempurna,
kita peroleh model:
Yijk = μ + Ai + Bj + AB ij + ϵk (ij)
Dengan i = 1,2, … a
j = 1,2, …b
k = 1,2, …n
Untuk model di atas kita misalkan bahwa μ sebuah bilangan tetap dan suku kekeliruan ϵ k (ij) ~
DNI (0, σ2ϵ). Bergantung pada penentuan taraf faktor-faktor A dan B, akan diperoleh tiga
macam model yaitu
1. Model tetap, jika a dan B kedua-duanya bertaraf tetap.
2. Model acak, jika kedua faktor A dan b tertaraf acak,
3. Model Campuran, jika salah satu faktor tetap sedangkan lainnya acak. Untuk itu didapat
dua hal ialah A bertaraf tetap, B bertaraf acak dan A bertaraf acak, B bertaraf tetap.
Letak perbedaanya adalah:
1. Model tetap, efek faktor A, B dan interaksi AB dapat diuji dengan jalan membandingkan
KT-nya masing-masing terhadap KT kekeliruan.
2. Model acak, untuk menguji interaksi AB kita bandingkan KT-nya dengan KT kekeliruan
sedangkan untuk menguji efek faktor A dan B harus dibandingkan KT masing-masing
faktor terhadap KT interaksi AB.
3. Model campuran, diperoleh perbandingan KT campuran antara model tetap dengan
model acak. Efek faktor A diuji dengan membandingkan KT (A) terhadap KT (AB);
sedangkan efek faktor B interaksi AB dapat diuji dengan jalan membandingkan KT-nya
masing-masing terhadap KT kekeliruan.
Untuk pengujian hipotesis digunakan uji F dimana perbandingan pembilang terhadap penyebut
dinyatakan oleh arah anak panah. Keterangan lebih lanjut dapat di lihat pada tabel berikut.
(Penafsiran seperti dalam hal (Penafsiran seperti dalam hal (Penafsiran seperti dalam hal
model faktor tunggal) model faktor tunggal) model faktor tunggal)
Uji: Dalam EKT dinyatakan Uji: Lihat tanda panah dengan Uji: Lihat tanda panah dengan
dengan tanda panah EKT EKT
Seorang kepala sekolah merasa resah karena hasil belajar biologi siswa kelas X di sekolahnya
kurang baik. Oleh karena itu seorang mahasiswa melakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui cara apa
yang paling efektif dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar. Dua faktor diduga menjadi penentu
keberhasilan pembelajaran, yaitu faktor guru dan metode pembelajaran. Eksperimen dilakukan
terhadap 60 orang siswa dengan karakteristik yang hampir sama, yang kemudian dikelompokkan
menjadi 4 kelompok. Setelah diadakan ujian (dengan menggunakan skala penilaian 0-100), berikut
adalah data yang didapatkan:
56 68 58 59 95 75 97 68 74 71
S1 61 55 72 66 77 83 69 81 74 68
74 61 55 60 51 75 74 97 72 69
64 77 47 95 63 92 89 80 89 74
S2 71 68 66 64 71 95 96 74 83 89
68 58 59 75 74 80 93 68 80 95
Penyelesaian :
1. Merumuskan hipotesis
a) Pengaruh Faktor Guru (A)
H0 : Tidak ada perbedaan hasil belajar siswa akibat pengaruh variabel guru
Ha : Ada perbedaan hasil belajar siswa akibat pengaruh variabel guru
4. Perhitungan Manual
𝑌𝑗2
𝐽𝐾𝐵 = ∑ − 𝐹𝐾
𝑟. 𝑎
𝑗
(19882 +24242 )
= − 324429,0667 = 3168,2667
15𝑥2
𝑌𝑖𝑗2
𝐽𝐾 (𝐴𝐵) = ∑ − 𝐹𝐾 − 𝐽𝐾𝐴 − 𝐽𝐾𝐵
𝑟
𝑖,𝑗
= 101,4
e) Ringkasan Perhitungan
Sumber Derajat Jumlah Kuadrat
F-hitung F-tabel
Keragaman Bebas Kuadrat Tengah
Perlakuan
A a-1 JK(A) KT(A) KT(A)/ KTG F(α, db(A), db(G))
B b-1 JK(B) KT(B) KT(B)/KTG F(α, db(B), db(G))
AB (a-1)(b-1) JK(AB) KT(AB) KT(AB)/KTG F(α, db(AB), db(G))
Galat ab(r-1) JKG KTG
Total abr-1 JKT
f) Menarik Kesimpulan
1) Faktor Guru (A)
Fhitung > Ftabel (5,4037 > 4,00) maka H0 ditolak,
Jadi ada perbedaan hasil belajar siswa akibat pengaruh variabel guru.
2) Faktor Metode Pembelajaran (B)
Fhitung > Ftabel (31,0115 > 4,00) maka H0 ditolak,
Jadi ada perbedaan hasil belajar siswa akibat pengaruh variabel metode pembelajaran.
3) Faktor Guru dan Faktor Metode Pembelajaran (AB)
Fhitung > Ftabel (0,9925 < 4,00) maka H0 diterima,
Jadi faktor guru tidak berinteraksi dengan faktor metode pembelajaran.
Hasil SPSS
Between-Subjects Factors
Value Label N
guru 1 S1 30
2 S2 30
metode 1 PBL 30
2 PjBL 30
Interpretasi :
Tabel Between-Subject Factors memaparkan desain 2x2 faktorial. Faktor pertama (guru)
memiliki dua taraf yaitu 1 (S1) dan 2 (S2); sedangkan faktor kedua juga memiliki dua taraf
yaitu 1 (PBL) dan 2 (PjBL). Jumlah sampel jika dikelompokkan berdasarkan faktor Guru,
masing-masing memiliki sampel sejumlah 30. Jika dikelompokkan berdasarkan faktor Metode
Pembelajaran, masing-masing sampel juga berjumlah 30.
Std.
guru metode Mean Deviation N
Interpretasi :
Tabel Desriptive Statistics memaparkan nilai rata-rata, standar deviasi, dan jumlah sampel.
Pada kolom rata-rata terlihat adanya perbedaan hasil belajar berdasarkan metode dan guru yang
mengampu, dimana metode PjBL memberikan hasil belajar yang lebih baik daripada PBL dan
guru lulusan S2 memberikan hasil belajar yang lebih baik daripada guru lulusan S1.
.194 3 56 .900
Interpretasi Hasil :
1. Faktor Guru (A)
sig <α (0,023<0,05) maka H0 ditolak,
Jadi ada perbedaan hasil belajar siswa akibat pengaruh variabel guru [Artinya: Faktor A
berpengaruh nyata].
2. Faktor Metode Pembelajaran (B)
sig <α (0,000<0,05) maka H0 ditolak,
Jadi ada perbedaan hasil belajar siswa akibat pengaruh variabel metode pembelajaran
[Artinya : Faktor B berpengaruh nyata].
3. Faktor Guru dan Metode Pembelajaran (AB)
sig <α (0,317>0,05) maka H0 diterima, j\
Jadi faktor guru tidak berinteraksi dengan faktor metode pembelajaran.
A. Kesimpulan
Desain faktorial eksperimen merupakan salah satu tipe atau pola dalam desain (rancangan
eksperimen) dalam bidang penelitian pendidikan. Desain faktorail eksperimen merupakan satu
modifikasi dari rancangan antar kelompok di mana peneliti meneliti dua atau lebih dari dua
variabel independen kategoris, yang masing-masing diperiksa di dua atau lebih dari dua tingkat.
Desain factorial eskperimen khususnya dua faktor terdiri dari tiga (3) model yaitu model tetap
(fixed model), model acak (random model) dan model campuran (mixed model). Masing-masing
model ini dibedakan oleh asumsi, EKT (estimasi kuadrat tengah) dan uji hipotesisnya.
B. Saran
Bagi para peneliti dan pemerhati di bidang pendidikan dapat menggunakan salah satu tipe
desain eksperimen ini untuk memecahkan permasalahan. Dimana setiap tipe desain eksperimen
Arifianto, F., Saleh, M., & Anisa. (2014). Identifikasi Faktor Signifikan pada Rancangan
Faktorial Fraksional dan. 10(2), 92–101.
Cresswell, John. (2015). Riset pendidikan: perencanaan, pelaksanan, dan evaluasi riset kualitatif
& kuantitatif edisi 5. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Hadiyat, M. A. (2012). Response Surface dan Taguchi : Sebuah Alternatif Atau Kompetisi
Dalam Optimasi Secara Praktis. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Industrialisasi Madura, 134–
139.
Keppel. (1982). Design and analysis a researcher’s handbook: second edition. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall, Inc.
Kirk, Roger E. (1995). Experimental design: procedures for the behavioral sciences. United
States of America: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Sudjana. (2002). Desain dan analisis eksperimen: edisi iv. Bandung: Tarsito.
Sugiyono. (2008). Metode penelitian pendidikan: (pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif dan R & D).
Alfabeta. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0xmCnQAACAAJ
Wakhinuddin S
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Padang
wakhid_nuddin@yahoo.com
Abstrak
Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh skala penilaian
dengan pembobotan (SPPP), tanpa pembobotan (SPTP), penilai internal
dan eksternal terhadap fungsi informasi tes performansi. Penelitian
dilakukan dengan pendekatan eksperimen pada tujuh SMK di Sumatera
Barat; melibatkan sampel 864 subjek dan 46 performansi. Pengambilan
sampel dengan metode random sampel sederhana, penempatan subjek
dengan metode random matriks sampel. Data dikumpulkan dengan tes
performansi dan dianalisis dengan metode Rasch. Analisis data penelitian
menggunakan Anava (desain faktorial 2x2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
bahwa: 1) Fungsi informasi tes SPPP lebih tinggi daripada fungsi informasi
tes SPTP; 2) Fungsi informasi tes oleh penilai eksternal lebih tinggi
daripada fungsi informasi tes oleh penilai internal; 3) Faktor interaksi
antara ragam tes performansi dan kelompok penilai mempengaruhi fungsi
informasi tes.
Kata kunci: tes performansi, fungsi informasi tes, skala penilaian dengan
pembobotan, skala penilaian tanpa pembobotan, penilai internal dan penilai eksternal
384 − Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Tahun 16, Nomor 1, 2012
Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
Pendahuluan
Undang-Undang Nomor 20 tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan
Nasional, Pasal 57, ayat (1) menyatakan evaluasi dilakukan dalam rangka
pengendalian mutu pendidikan secara nasional sebagai bentuk akuntabilitas
penyelenggaraan pendidikan kepada pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan.
Sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMK) dengan Kurikulum edisi 1999
mencerminkan kurikulum berbasis kompetensi, di antaranya pada akhir
program ada uji kompetensi dan uji produktif. Evaluasi kompetensi siswa
tidak hanya dinilai pihak sekolah (internal), melibatkan pihak luar
(eksternal), seperti pada ujian promosi kompetensi dan ujian produktif.
Perpaduan kedua kelompok penilai diharapkan menghasilkan suatu hasil
evaluasi yang bermutu. Banyak persoalan yang timbul dalam
mengkombinasikan hasil penilai internal dan penilai eksternal, di antaranya
persoalan perbedaan pandangan penilaian. Penilai eksternal cenderung
fokus pada hasil pembelajaran (outcomes), analisis tugas, dan pembelajaran
tuntas. Berbeda dari pandangan penilai eksternal, penilai internal fokus
pada aktivitas kelas, holistik, dan perkembangan siswa. Penilai eksternal
lebih pasti memberi nilai sebab dia memakai pendekatan tuntas, sedangkan
penilai internal mengambang karena dia memakai pendekatan holistik,
ketidakpastian nilai siswa akan lebih banyak pada penilai internal.
Dikmenjur memadu penilai internal dan penilai eksternal dalam menilai
keberhasilan siswa di akhir suatu program.
Pengukuran kompetensi siswa pada ujian kompetensi program
keahlian otomotif SMK menggunakan tes performansi dengan skala
penlaian (rating scale) sebagai alat ukur. Penyusunan skala penilaian berkaitan
dengan penyekoran yang dirancang terlebih dulu. Penyekoran tidak lepas
dari pembobotan, dan umumnya besar skor suatu butir (aktivitas)
ditetapkan berdasarkan tingkat kesulitan, tingkat kepentingan dan lama
kerja. Materi tes dalam hal ini adalah tugas otentik (authentic task) siswa,
yaitu tugas yang didemonstrasikan siswa, setara dengan tugas pada bengkel
mobil.
Penelitian eksperimen tes ini dilakukan dengan cara memanipulasi
bobot, yaitu membelah butir (split item), mengempiskan kategori butir
386 − Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Tahun 16, Nomor 1, 2012
Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
eksternal dengan penilai internal? c) Apakah ada interaksi antara ragam tes
performansi dan kelompok penilai dalam pengaruhnya terhadap fungsi
informasi ujian? Secara praktis, penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk: membuat
tes performansi skala penilaian tanpa pembobotan (SPTP) dan skala
penilaian pakai pembobotan (SPPP), memanfaatkan fungsi informasi tugas
dari kedua jenis tes, mengetahui besar pengaruh tes performansi cara
penilaian SPTP dan SPPP pada fungsi informasi ujian, mengetahui besar
pengaruh kelompok penilai internal dan kelompok penilai eksternal pada
fungsi informasi ujian. Manfaat praktis hasil penelitian adalah dapat
digunakan sebagai dasar mengambil keputusan tentang kualitas
keterandalan tes performansi. Secara teoretis memberikan gambaran
pengembangan tes performansi, dan peranan penilai internal dan eksternal
dalam menguji kompetensi siswa program mekanik otomotif SMK.
Teori Respons Butir (TRB) banyak dipakai dalam evaluasi
pembelajaran terutama membahas kaitan butir dengan respons siswa, dan
TRB dapat mengukur kombinasi kemampuan siswa dengan kesukaran
aktivitas (butir) melalui parameter siswa dan parameter aktivitas. Parameter
siswa adalah skor nilai siswa, cerminan kemampuan siswa, makin tinggi
kemampuan siswa, maka semakin pula tinggi skor nilai siswa. Parameter
kemampuan siswa (dituliskan dengan Θ). Kaitan kemampuan siswa
dengan taraf sukar butir dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut, Pi (Θ) = f (Θ -
bi). Persamaan disebut model 1 (satu) Parameter. Dalam perkembangannya
ternyata telah digunakan pula pada penskoran polikotomi (politomi). TRB
dapat dipakai pada skala penilaian tes performansi. Pada penelitian dipakai
TRB dengan pendekatan model perluasan Rasch, model ini interpretasinya
sederhana karena melibatkan satu parameter, karakteristik butir dan
responsden stabil dengan sampel kecil. Model Rasch hanya memakai taraf
kesukaran butir (bi) yang dimasukan ke dalam model. Model Rasch
berkembang pada jenis tes bersifat multiaspek (multifacets), seperti interaksi
responsden (siswa) dengan butir (tugas), misalnya pada proses penjurian,
aspek berinteraksi adalah aspek penilai (juri). Untuk suatu situasi penjurian,
dipakai alat ukur politomi, seperti skala penilaian (rating scale).
Rumus model perluasan Rasch untuk multi-aspek skala penilaian
adalah: Log (Pnijk/Pnij(k-1)) = Bn - Di - Cj - Fk (Linacre., Wright., dan Lunz,
388 − Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Tahun 16, Nomor 1, 2012
Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
( ) ( )
( )
( ) [ ] (1)
( ) ( )
∑ (2)
390 − Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Tahun 16, Nomor 1, 2012
Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
butir. Sifat fungsi informasi ujian diantaranya, keterikatan satu butir dengan
butir lainnya tidak ada, efek butir hanya terjadi pada total nilai fungsi
informasi ujian. Sifat lain pada fungsi informasi ujian berkaitan dengan
penskoran, dan penskoran mempengaruhi fungsi informasi ujian (Dali S.
Naga,1992:310). Bobot relatif butir ditentukan berdasarkan tingkat
kepentingan dan kerumitan butir, secara teoritis dapat diketahui melalui
analisis tugas dan tanggapan panelis instrumen. Instrumen pakai bobot
disebut skala penilaian pakai pembobotan (SPPP), bobot diberikan ada tiga
jenis, yaitu: 5, 10, dan 20. Skor akhir tugas yang memakai SPPP merupakan
skor komposit (gabungan). Rumus penskoran pada SPPP memakai ragam
kedua, yaitu penggabungan skor butir dengan pembobotan atau butir-butir
dengan bobot yang berbeda-beda. Rumus penskoran ujian dengan
pembobotan (Lord dan Norvick, 1968:96) adalah sebagai berikut.
∑ (3)
kedua tes performansi adalah SPPP. Pembobotan pada butir tes bukan
sesuatu yang baru pada program kejuruan. Keistimewaannya, setiap satu
aspek penilaian memiliki beberapa kriteria (tidak selalu sama jumlah
kriterianya), kriteria terbaik nilainya maksimum (ada skor 10 atau skor 20),
sedangkan kriteria terjelek mendapat nilai kosong (skor 0).
Penilai dapat dibagi atas penilai internal dan penilai eksternal.
Seorang penilai internal (insider) adalah individu atau kelompok yang
merupakan kesatuan dari pelaksanaan program, sedangkan penilai eksternal
individu atau kelompok di luar program yang dengan suatu alasan tertentu
ikut memberi perhatian pada pelaksanaan program (Owen, 1993:33-41).
Pada ujian praktek kompetensi di SMK penilai eksternal, adalah orang yang
memiliki kepakaran di bidangnya, dapat berasal dari asosiasi profesi, majelis
sekolah, DU/DI, BLK, PPPG kejuruan, perguruan tinggi, dan pihak lain
yang relevan, sedangkan unsur internal adalah guru kejuruan yang memiliki
bidang keahlian yang sesuai (Owen,1993:33-41). Untuk ujian praktek,
konfigurasi adalah penilai eksternal untuk internal, yaitu penilai eksternal
diminta menilai suatu program dengan siswa sekolah setempat. Keberadaan
penilai eksternal pada sistem pendidikan tidak lepas dari peran dan
fungsinya, yaitu untuk menjamin objekvitas materi ajar dan penilaian
(Piper. 1994:28).
Posisi penilai eksternal dapat disamakan sebagai pengabsahan proses
penilaian, penilai eksternal merupakan jembatan antara sekolah dengan
DU/DI, secara umum berfungsi pengendali kualitas di SMK. Penilai
eksternal hendaklah: a) memahami tujuan pembelajaran/kriteria unjuk kerja
yang harus dikuasai siswa; b) memverifikasi topik-topik tugas yang akan
diuji kepada siswa; c) memverifikasi kesediaan mesin dan peralatan; d)
menguji kompetensi siswa; e) mengkonfirmasikan hasil penilaian kepada
penilai internal yang satu tim; f) mengkomunikasikan hasil pengujian
kepada tim penilai dan pihak sekolah. Tim penilai untuk satu paket
kompetensi diuji oleh minimal tiga orang, satu tim penilai merupakan 2:1
atau 1:1 untuk tiap kelompok ujian dalam satu program keahlian. Artinya, 2
orang dari eksternal dan 1 orang dari internal. Aspek yang dinilai meliputi
proses kerja, sikap dan waktu yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan
pekerjaan (tugas).
392 − Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Tahun 16, Nomor 1, 2012
Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
Metodologi Penelitian
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen, pada butir tes, yaitu
dengan perlakuan mengempiskan atau menggelembungkan bobot butir.
Penelitian eksperimen pada butir telah pernah dilakukan seperti de
Gruijter dan Van der Kamp (1991), penggunaan pada teori geneneralibitas
telah dilakukan Cronbach (1971) (de Gruitjter, 2002: 50-55). Berdasarkan
teori generalisabilitas dan teori pensekoran, maka desain penelitian yang
cocok adalah Anava faktorial 2 x 2. Desain tersebut banyak dipakai pada
psikometri, karena mampu membedakan perbedaan personal dan
perbedaan butir. Perbedaan personal membicarakan kemampuan (ability)
siswa dan perbedaan butir membahas kesukaran butir (aktivitas).
Pemilihan dan penetapan penelitian ini sebagai penelitian
eksperimen didasari pandangan bahwa butir mempunyai karakter
tersendiri, dengan demikian butir dapat dimanipulasi. Perlakuan dengan
memanipulasi bobot butir, yaitu membelah butir (split item), mengempiskan
394 − Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Tahun 16, Nomor 1, 2012
Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
396 − Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Tahun 16, Nomor 1, 2012
Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
398 − Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Tahun 16, Nomor 1, 2012
Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
T1 TP IN
3,5
FUNGSI INFORMASI
3,2187
3 3,0214
2,97963
2,8038
2,74929
2,5 2,60281
2,5879
2,44731
2,39718
2,20989
2,2044
2 2,18414
2,16997
2,12671
2,11022
2,03932
2,02948
1,93225
1,92582
1,82284
1,79173
1,5 1,70515
1,58262 1,64359
1,45826
1,33462 1,48817
1,33172
1 1,21384
1,097711,17949
1,0355
0,987577
0,884448 0,90241
0,788962
0,701437 0,781752
0,621918 0,674064
0,5 0,550228
0,486022
0,428837
0,378138
0,579166
0,49639
0,424768
0,363178
0,00013405
0,00014682
0,00016080
0,00017612
0,00019290
0,00021128
0,00023142
0,00025347
0,00027763
0,00030410
0,00033309
0,00036486
0,00039966
0,00047956
0,00052533
0,00057549
0,00063045
0,00069068
0,00075668
0,00090832 0,333355
0,29391
0,259243
0,228819
0,202146
0,17877
0,158285
0,140327 0,310467
0,265508
0,227252
0,194747
0,167147
0,14371 0,00093996
0,00085872
0,00078102
0,00065083
0,00058957
0,00054240
0,00049328
0,00045059
0,00041048
0,00037476
0,00034161
0,00031068
0,00025786
0,00023845
0,00021710
0,00019524
0,00018023
0,00016535
0,00013740
0,00012699
0,00011406
0,00010181
0 0,00082903
0,00099524
0,00043779 0,006926
0,00574021
0,00630447
0,00476203
0,00522772
0,00360357
0,00395375
0,00433871
0,00273078
0,00299486
0,00328491
0,001724
0,00188976
0,00207163
0,00227122
0,00249028
0,00109052
0,00119499
0,00130953
0,00143514
0,00157289 0,124575
0,110745
0,0985894
0,0878922
0,0784654
0,070146
0,0627925
0,0562827
0,0505106
0,0453843
0,0408246
0,0367624
0,0331381
0,0298997
0,0270019
0,0244056
0,0220763
0,0199839
0,0181022
0,0164081
0,0148813
0,013504
0,0122603
0,0111363
0,0101198
0,0083663
0,00919969
0,00761098 0,123806
0,106885
0,0924815
0,0802069
0,0697213
0,0607552
0,0530648
0,0464562
0,0407679
0,0358588
0,0316066
0,0279246
0,0247167
0,0219224
0,0194831
0,0173439
0,0154697
0,0138218
0,0123646
0,0110818
0,00993901
0,00893235
0,00803683
0,00723456
0,00652608
0,00588611
0,00480604
0,00531641
0,00393651
0,00435099
0,00356748
0,00266165
0,00293606
0,00323294
0,00241592
0,00181765
0,00199785
0,0021975
0,00165078
0,00136777
0,00150312
0,00103094
0,00113409
0,0012447
0,00071265
0,00028357
0,00014961
6,68E-05
6,94E-05
8,00E-05
8,65E-05
9,50E-05
42866716637235833172 3
5
6
7
9
1
2
8
4
Rata-rata terendah ada pada sel A1B1, sebesar 2,68, dan rata-rata
tertinggi ada pada sel A2B2, sebesar 4,53. Ini menunjukan bahwa
peningkatan fungsi informasi sebagai akibat perlakuan meningkat jauh pada
kelompok penilai eksternal. Berbeda pada kelompok penilai internal
terdapat penurunan rata-rata pada sel A1B1, yang semula sebesar 3,44
menjadi sebesar 3,20. Kesemua perubahan rata-rata fungsi informasi pada
sel-sel disebabkan oleh perlakuan dari ragam tes SPTP ataupun SPPP.
Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis varian
(Anava) dua jalan yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Anava dua jalan
digunakan untuk menguji pengaruh utama (main effect) dan interaksi
(interaction effect) variabel bebas ragam tes dan kelompok penilai terhadap
variabel terikat fungsi informasi. Selanjutnya hasil analisis data dengan
anava disajikan dalam bentuk Tabel 4.
400 − Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Tahun 16, Nomor 1, 2012
Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
Sumber Ft
JK dk RJK F0
Varian 0,05 0,10
Antar Kolom 3,775 1 3,775 8,892** 3,84 6,63
Antar Baris 29,764 1 29,764 70,118** 3,84 6,63
Interaksi 50,085 1 50,085 117,989** 3,84 6,63
Dalam 76,408 180 0,424
kelompok
Jumlah 2366,712 183
Pj ( )
N 2
j 1
wj
I ( , X ) N
w P Q
j 1
2
j j j
402 − Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Tahun 16, Nomor 1, 2012
Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
Fungsi informasi yang dinilai oleh penilai internal lebih rendah dari siswa
yang dinilai oleh penilai eksternal (xB1=3,319 < xB2 =3,606).
Ini disebabkan, kebiasaan bekerja di industri (bengkel) yang mengacu
pada disiplin, produktivitas tinggi, variatif dan teliti membuat seorang
penilai eksternal cenderung banyak gagasan dan independen. Berbeda,
dengan penilai internal lebih mementingkan proses pembelajaran sesuai
keinginan kurikulum. Penilai internal menekankan adanya usaha siswa, dan
secara rinci penilai internal cenderung lebih suka sasaran hasil segera, tidak
variatif, terfokus, linear, sistematis, dan dependen.
Hipotesis nol (H0) yang menyatakan bahwa tidak ada interaksi antara
fungsi infromasi dan siswa yang dinilai oleh penilai internal tidak berbeda
dengan siswa yang dinilai oleh penilai eksternal ditolak, atau hipotesis
alternatif (Ha) yang menyatakan faktor interaksi antara ragam tes
performansi dan kelompok penilai mempengaruhi fungsi informasi tugas
diterima, dimana harga F0= 117,989 > Ft= 3,84. Dengan demikian,
pencapaian fungsi informasi dipengaruhi oleh interaksi antara ragam skala
penilaian yang dipakai dalam ujian dengan kelompok penilai.
Ini dapat dijelaskan dari karakter pekerjaan yang setiap hari
dilaksanakan penilai, cenderung membuat karakrakter berbeda dalam
menilai siswa. Pada skala yang sama, penilai eksternal cenderung memberi
nilai sangat variatif mulai dari nilai rendah sampai nilai tertinggi, berbeda
daripada penilai internal lebih banyak penilai terfokus pada sekor nilai
tertentu. Pada penilai eksternal keragaman hasil penilaiannya membuat
kecocokan kemampuan siswa dengan tugas tinggi, berbeda dari pada hasil
penilaian penilai internal cenderung terfokus membuat fungsi informasi
tugas rendah. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan temuan ‘fungsi informasi
tugas dengan penilai eksternal lebih tinggi daripada fungsi informasi tugas
dengan penilai internal’ dapat diterima.
Dari uji hipotesis ketiga terbukti ada interaksi antara ragam skala
penilaian dan kelompok penilai, ini menunjukkan bahwa efek utama ada
perbedaan, sehingga perlu dilacak sel-sel mana saja yang berbeda. Teknik
analisis yang dapat menjelaskan pengujian adalah uji Tukey. Analisis ini
digunakan untuk menguji perbedaan nilai rerata absolut dari dua kelompok
yang dipasang dengan cara membandingkan nilai tersebut dengan nilai
404 − Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Tahun 16, Nomor 1, 2012
Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan
Simpulan
Berdasarkan data dapat disimpulkan bahwa: a) Secara keseluruhan
fungsi informasi ujian yang diukur dengan SPPP lebih tinggi daripada
SPTP; b) Secara keseluruhan fungsi informasi tugas yang dinilai penilai
eksternal lebih tinggi daripada fungsi informasi tugas yang dinilai penilai
internal; c) Ada interaksi antara ragam tes performansi dan kelompok
penilai dalam pengaruhnya terhadap pencapaian fungsi informasi tugas;
bagi penilai internal, fungsi informasi tugas dinilai dengan SPTP lebih
tinggi daripada menggunakan SPPP; bagi penilai eksternal, fungsi informasi
tugas dengan SPPP lebih tinggi dari menggunakan SPTP.
Daftar Pustaka
Dali S Naga. 2002. Diktat perkuliahan ‘Psikometri’. Jakarta: Pascasarjana
UNJ.
de Gruijter, Dato N.M. dan Van der Kamp, Leo J. Th. Statistical Test Theory
for Education and Psychology.. May 2002.
http://www.unt.edu/rss/class/rich/5840/test_theory_text.pdf.
Gronlund, N. E., 1993. How to Make achievement Test and Assessment. Boston:
Ally and Bacon.
Hambleton, R.K., Swaminathan, H., Rogers, H.J. 1991.Fundamentals of Item
Responsse Theory. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications.
Landy, F. J., Trumbo, D. A. 1980. Psychology of Work Behavior. Illionis: The
Dorsey Press.
Larson, M. E. 1972. Teaching Related Subjects in Trade and Industrial and
Technical Education. Ohio: Charles E, Merrill Publishing Co;
Lunz, M.E., Wright, B.D., Linacre, J.M. 1990. Measuring The Impact of Judge
Severity on Examination Scores. Pp. 1-2. www.rasch.org/memo47.htm.
Rochaya. 2001. Fungsi Informasi Test Pilihan Ganda. Thesis. Jakarta: PPs
UNJ.
Tay-Lim, B. S-H. Davis dan Tang. The Impact Treatments on NAEP Reporting
Scale Secore, makalah pada National Council on Measurement in
Education, 22-24 April 2003. Chicago:Educational Testing Service.
www.ets.org/legal/copyright.
Undang-Undang Nomor 20 tahun 2003. Sistem Pendidikan
Nasional.
406 − Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Tahun 16, Nomor 1, 2012
Journal of Education and e-Learning Research
Vol. 7, No. 4, 421-429, 2020
ISSN(E) 2410-9991 / ISSN(P) 2518-0169
DOI: 10.20448/journal.509.2020.74.421.429
© 2020 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group
The Effect of Guided Inquiry Learning Model on Creativity and Linguistic Ability
Viewed from Social Interaction Ability among Kindergarten Children of Group B
Abstract
This study analyzed the effect of guided inquiry learning model on creativity viewed from social
interaction skill of the kindergarten children of group B in North Kuta district, Badung regency.
This study used the 2x2 factorial design. The population was all kindergarten B’s in the North
Kuta district with the total of 1.951 children from 49 schools, divided into 7 clusters. The sample
was drawn by multistage random sampling technique creating 8 learning groups with 4
experimental groups and 4 control groups each of which consisted of 76 children. The study used
a child’s social interaction ability observation sheet and a child’s creativity observation sheet as
the instruments. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The data analysis revealed that
(1) there is a significant difference in child’s creativity between children who learned with guided
inquiry learning model and those who learned with conventional teaching model (F= 18.874;
p<0.05) and (2) there is a significant interaction effect between learning model and social
interaction ability on creativity (F= 15.975; p<0.05). The children who had a high social
interaction would be more efficient if they were taught by using guided inquiry learning model in
achieving the students’ creativity, meanwhile the students who had a low social interaction would
be more efficient if they were taught by using conventional learning model.
Citation | I Made Elia Cahaya; Ketut Suarni; Nyoman Dantes; I Acknowledgement: All authors contributed to the conception and design of
Gede Margunayasa (2020). The Effect of Guided Inquiry Learning the study.
Model on Creativity and Linguistic Ability Viewed from Social Funding: This study received no specific financial support.
Interaction Ability among Kindergarten Children of Group B. Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of
Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 7(4): 421-429. interests.
History: Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest,
Received: 9 September 2020 accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital
Revised: 30 September 2020 features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the
Accepted: 23 October 2020 study as planned have been explained.
Published: 3 November 2020 Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 License
Publisher: Asian Online Journal Publishing Group
Contents
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 422
2. Methods ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 423
3. Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................................................................. 425
4. Discussion........................................................................................................................................................................................ 426
5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 428
References ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 428
421
© 2020 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group
Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 2020, 7(4): 421-429
1. Introduction
This study was an effort in preparing high quality human resources. In relation to this, earlier education is one
of the efforts of starting education at the earliest time since birth time up to age 6. Early education is based on age
group and type of service, which consists of; a) early education service for children from birth time up to age six
which consists of a day care center, the same type early education unit and the equivalent, b) early education for
ages two to four that consists of play group and the equivalent, c) early education for ages four to six that consists
of kindergarten /raudhatul athfal/ bustanul athfal and the equivalent. Children of ages four to six who enter
kindergarten are grouped into group A for ages four to five and group B for ages five to six.
Ages of five to six are the ages of preparation for entering elementary education. The education in these ages
uses stimulations by using various skills and physical, motor, cognitive, language, social emotional condition, art,
religious values and moral values. Children like to learn and explore the world with all its potentials. The
beginning of childhood which include ages five to six is regarded the time for learning since at these ages
children are brave so that they like to try new things to master various skills (Elizabeth, 2012).
Bravery and the pleasure in trying new things are the potential that enables children to learn many things. In
developing their potentials, teachers need to help children develop various skills and knowledge though
stimulations with physical activity, imagination, thinking ability and problem solving. Solving problems needs
critical thinking ability in finding and determining various possible alternative solutions. Thinking ability,
imagination, and creating something that is resulted from child’s creativity through processing unique and useful
ideas. Every child has creative potential in his or herself, which means that actually it is natural that every child
is creative It implies that preschool child’s creativity can be stimulated by giving the child to think divergently
(Mary, 2002).
Traditional education is strongly oriented toward quantity and depends solely on knowledge and is considered
unable to supply them students with competencies that are necessary in life. Hence, the type of education that is
wanted now is education that takes part contextually (Marhaeni & Artini, 2015). Teachers who are competent in
planning, designing, and implementing appropriate teaching in developing creativity ability will be able to select
and utilize an appropriate teaching model. The teaching has to be designed correctly in the form of learning
experiences that meet the curriculum expectation (Marhaeni & Artini, 2015). Guided inquiry is one of the models of
teaching that is oriented toward children and provides opportunities for children to have learning experience and
construct the children’s knowledge. Teachers who have training experience and good understanding of principles
and models of teaching based on inquiry are more able to plan and apply inquiry activities that are students’
centered so that the students will have control of their own learning (Kong & Song, 2014). Guided inquiry learning
model gives freedom to learn to children by exploration, questions posting, discussing and presenting the results.
Through this teaching model children’s creativity potentials can be developed by stimulating the students’
curiosity, imagination and problem solving.
The result of an interview with some teachers of early child education, heads of kindergartens and chair of
Ikatan Guru Taman Kanak-Kanak ( IGTKI) / Kindergarten Teacher Association in North Kuta district indicated
that in the teaching process teachers of early child education to feel more comfortable to implement the type of
teaching that is commonly implemented in which the teacher is still the major source of information. This may
have been caused by the teacher’s limited knowledge about various teaching models, the limited ability to manage
and implement teaching models, and the uncomfortable feeling of the teaching models. The result of a preliminary
study showed that 61% of teachers never implemented guided inquiry learning (Cahaya, 2018).
In selecting teaching models for early education children a teacher has to pay attention and considers some
things which include suitability with children’s age, children’s level of cognitive development, teacher’s ability and
readiness to prepare and manage teaching, suitability with the objectives and children’s developmental
achievements. Vygotsky introduced an interesting idea about the relation between learning and development (John,
2008). This idea specifically reflects his view that cognitive function comes from social situation. His concept was
the zone of proximal development (ZPD), that is, a series of tasks that are difficult to be mastered by a child
independently but can be learned with the help from an adult or a more able child. The technique that is related to
ZPD is scaffolding, that is, a technique to change the level of support along the teaching process by a more able
person (a teacher or a smarter friend) which adjusts the amount of guidance to the child’s ability. After the child’s
ability increases, the guidance or support can be reduced. Researchers found that when scaffolding is used by the
teacher and peers in collaborative learning, the child will be helped in his or her learning process (PressIey, John, &
Wolfgang, 1987). This principle is suitable for children of early ages.
The inquiry learning model is a teaching model that focuses on children, in which they are engaged in a
problem or in search of an answer to questions in a procedure and group structure that is clearly designed.
Trowbridge & Bybee, 1990 grouped inquiries into three levels, namely simple inquiry (discovery), guided inquiry
and open inquiry based on the role of the teacher and students in the inquiry process. In a simple inquiry the
teacher formulates problems and work procedure and the students are facilitated to work and identify the results
(Rizima, 2013). Guided inquiry can be applied in the process of teaching children of early ages.
Guided inquiry is a teaching model in which the teacher gives examples, specific topics and guide children to
understand the topics. This model is effective for encouraging children to be involved and motivating them and
422
© 2020 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group
Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 2020, 7(4): 421-429
helping them to a deeper and clearer understanding about the topics that they learn (Paul & Don, 2012). The
teaching with guided inquiry encourages and motivates children to learn topics through examples and the role of
the teacher as facilitator.
Guided inquiry also applies an educational system which was developed by Indonesia’s Father of Education, Ki
Hajar Dewantara, namely the Among System which is a method that is based on case and dedication based on love.
The education that follows the Among System is based on two things, namely the power of nature as the condition
for bringing to life and reaching progress quickly and freedom as the condition for bringing to life and moving
physical and mental strengths of children to enable them to live independently. The Among System is often
associated with the principle of Ing ngarso sung tulodo, Ing madya mangun karsa, Tut Wuri Handayani (Washington,
2001). The level of the mastery of the object of children taught with constructivist approach that is based on
inquiry is better than that of those taught with the conventional model (Putrayasa, 2013).
Inquiry learning process as explained above corresponds with the principle of scaffolding, the teacher as
facilitator who guides children gradually and the amount of guidance is reduced in keeping with the level of
development so that the children will be able to learn various things according to their ways, interests, needs and
levels of understanding. By developing children’s creativity through inquiry learning it is expected that we can
meet the demands of the 21st education in preparing students to master knowledge and skills to succeed as
effective citizens, workers and leaders in line with the goals of the 21st education or 4C’s supper skills: creativity,
communication, critical thinking, and collaboration.
Some studies on guided inquiry show that the result of social studies learning of children who were taught with
guided inquiry was higher than that of those who were taught with the conventional method (Eyiuche & Oge,
2013). Inquiry based teaching also has a significant effect on the cognitive learning process (Zaini, 2016). It
enhances critical thinking ability, problem formulation, hypothesis formulation, data collection and analysis, and
conclusion drawing. The students’ level of performance of the children who were treated with traditional method
and process oriented guided inquiry learning showed that process oriented guided inquiry can enhance the level of
performance and academic achievement better than the traditional teaching method (Villagonzalo, 2014). Children
tend to learn better in a cooperative environment and the lesson is presented using process oriented guided inquiry
learning model.
The opportunity to interact socially with others is a very important factor in children’s development. Through
the social interaction the children start to know and develop their own identity and to understand other people.
The ability to interact strengthens children in exploring, investigating, posing questions, and stating many ideas
without fear. Children who mostly interact with their environment have many opportunities to learn and undergo
experiences in an increasingly wider environment. Some factors that can influence creativity include students and
creative teaching (Gupta, 2015). Personal quality, cognitive style, family factor, education and carrier experience,
belief, self-effort, motivation, the teacher’s knowledge, fear to fail, collaboration and cooperation, competition and
conflict, and creative experience can influence teacher’s creativity and teachers teaching behavior. Children’s
creativity potential will become actualized optimally in a supporting environment, since all of children’s ideas and
imagination can be expressed openly when adults and peers appreciate and admit the children’s creativity ability.
The ability to interact with peers is a supporting factor for the child in learning process. Social interaction
ability will facilitate children to adapt and develop partnership with their friends as to enable them to develop
linguistic ability in obtaining learning experiences optimally. Good social interaction ability plays an important
role in linguistic development and social relation that support and motivate children in sharing, playing, and
spending time together (Piker & Rex, 2008). Through guided inquiry learning and with the support from social
interaction ability will support children in enhancing their linguistic ability, since this teaching encourages and
trains children to use language in every stage and activity.
Children’s creativity is supported by their social interaction ability social interaction ability is the means to
develop relations, communication and partnership with others and the environment. This ability enables children
to communicate and socialize with the environment. This ability will give self-confidence to the children to express
and communicate their various creative ideas to other people. Based on the theoretical explanation, relevant
research findings and the result of the preliminary observation a study was conducted with the goal of analyzing
the effect of guided inquiry learning on children’s creativity viewed from social interaction ability among the
kindergarten children of group B in North Kuta district, Badung regency.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
This study used factorial design. The researcher determined the effect of two independent variables both
separately and the effect of interaction between the independent variables. The effect of each independent variable
is called the main effect. The effect of interaction between two or more independent variables is called the
interaction effect (Gall, Joyce, & Walter, 2003). The factorial design is an elaboration of true experiment and
enables the research to study two or more variables separately or the interaction between variables (Gay, 1987).
The factorial design used in this study was the 2x2 design. The study constellation is presented in the following
Table 1.
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Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 2020, 7(4): 421-429
A1: the group of children treated with guided inquiry teaching model.
A2: group of children treated with conventional teaching.
B1: the group of children with a high social interaction ability.
B2: group of children with a low social interaction ability.
Y: children’s creativity.
The teaching model tested in this study was guided inquiry learning. The experiment group learned through
guided inquiry learning model. Before this study was conducted at school the teaching was done using the
conventional teaching. Thus, the control group was treated with the conventional teaching model. The same
material was given to the two groups or the experiment and the control groups. The sequence of material
presentation in the two groups was the same. The difference lay in the models of teaching used.
In this study guided inquiry learning model is defined as the teaching model that enables children to play the
role of active learning agents in constructing knowledge and experience through directions and clues in the form
of questions by doing investigation, exploration, investigation, search, examination, and research that use
instruments and learning resources through scaffolding process. The teaching syntax for the experiment group
followed guided inquiry learning model which can be summed up on Table 2.
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Before testing hypotheses prerequisite testing was done first that covered normality testing, and homogeneity
testing. Normality testing was done with Kolmogorov - Smirnov test. The result of analysis for all data groups of
children’s creativities yielded a significance level less than 0.05. Thus it can be concluded that all groups of data on
children’s creativity in this study came from a population with a normal distribution. Variance homogeneity testing
was done using F-test and Bartlet Test. The result of the test showed that Fobs. was smaller than Fc.v. so that the
data on children’s creativity for the groups who learned with teaching models and social interaction ability have
homogeneous variances. Since the prerequisite testing has been met, the testing of hypotheses can be done and the
results can be seen in Table 7.
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Based on Table 7 the results of the hypothesis testing are : 1) there is a difference in creativity between
children who learned with guided inquiry learning model and those who learned with the conventional teaching
model among the kindergarten children of group B in North Kuta district, Badung regency (F = 18.874 BS
P<0.05), and 2) there is the effect of interaction between teaching model and social interaction ability on creativity
among the kindergarten children of group B in North Kuta district, Badung regency. (F= 15.975 and p<0.05). The
interaction between teaching model and social interaction ability on children’s creativity is shown by Table 2.
Figure-1. Interaction between teaching model and social interaction ability on creativity.
Figure 1 shows that 1) for children with a high social interaction ability, the mean of creativity of the children
who learned with guided inquiry learning model (34.04) was higher than that of the children who learned with the
conventional teaching model (30.20) and 2) for children with a low social interaction ability, the mean of creativity
of the children who learned with guided inquiry learning model (29.08) was slightly higher than that of the mean of
creativity of those who learned with the conventional teaching model (28.92).
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effect of Guided Inquiry Learning Model on Children’s Creativity
Based on the results of data analysis it has been proven that there was a significant difference in creativity
between children who learned with guided inquiry learning model and those who learned with the conventional
teaching model among kindergarten children of group B in North Kuta district, Badung regency. The mean of
creativity scores in the group of children who learned with guided inquiry learning model was 31.56, which was
higher than that of the group who learned with the conventional teaching model (29.56).
Eggen & Khaucak state that guided inquiry learning model encourages and motivates children to be involved
in a learning process (Marhaeni, 2012). The more involved the children are in the learning process, the higher their
learning ability, and this has an effect on their creativity. Marhaeni states that innovative teaching has a child-
centered perspective. This teaching model can optimize all the potential of the children, including their creativity
(Marhaeni, 2012). If the teaching model implemented is more centered on the teacher the children’s involvement
will be less. The teaching that involves children less will make the teaching less meaningful for the children.
Learning through innovation also supports very much the process of children-centered teaching. Coffman
(2009) states that guided inquiry learning is the implementation of constructivist approach in which children
interact by asking questions in improving the understanding. The teacher does not teach everything directly or
explicitly. On the other hand, the student is encouraged to find knowledge, to produce regulations and to apply
them for facing daily life situations. In inquiry teaching, the teacher becomes a facilitator who helps students in
exploring and finding concepts so that the teaching becomes more challenging.
The involvement of children in the child centered teaching can be shown in creativity, for example, in the
processes of observation, data analysis, discussion and communication of the observation result. Chen states that
guided inquiry learning model is a teaching model that is important in the teaching process since it involves
various classroom activities such as asking questions, doing observations, reading books and other resources of
information, analyzing data and communicating the results which make it possible for the students to participate
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Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 2020, 7(4): 421-429
fully to enhance their curiosity both in the classroom and outside, and make them develop personal enthusiasm,
initiative, cooperation, unity and decision making among themselves which of course can improve their creativity.
The result of this study was supported by a study by Lew and Jungwon (2013) that shows that there is a
significant relation between motivation and children’s creativity if the learning takes place in a creative
environment. The result was also confirmed by Lu who states that children can express free creativity after being
given opportunities and motivation (Chou, 2014). The creative environment can be obtained from guided inquiry
learning model. The result of the study conducted by (Rachmawati, Yeni, & Euis, 2010) shows that guided inquiry
based teaching can train students’ creative skills.
Based on the explanation above it can be concluded that there was a difference in creativity between children
who learned with guided inquiry learning model and those who learned with the conventional teaching model
among kindergarten children of group B in North Kuta district, Badung regency. The children’s mean in creativity
of those who learned with guided inquiry learning model was higher than that of those who learned with the
conventional teaching model.
4.2. The Effect of Interaction between Teaching Model and Social Interaction Ability on Children’s Creativity
Based on the result of statistical tests it was found that there was a significant effect of interaction between
teaching model and social interaction ability on creativity among kindergarten children of group B in North Kuta
district, Badung regency. For the children with a high social interaction ability the mean in creativity of the
children was higher than that of those who learned with the conventional teaching model. For children with a low
social interaction ability, the mean in creativity of those who learned with guided inquiry learning model was
slightly higher than that of those who learned with the conventional teaching model.
Soerjono (2013) states that social interaction is the basis for social process that occurs because of the presence
of a dynamic social relation. The social interaction is a contact or reciprocal relation or inter stimulation and
responses among individuals, among groups or between individuals and group. This means that with social
interaction ability, an individual relation with others or the community can occur in a harmony since with the
presence of interactions between an individual and another individual they will understand each other. Thus, the
difference in contact or reciprocal relation during the learning process obviously causes the difference in the
children’s creativity. Similarly, the difference in the way the children in contact or reciprocal relation in solving
problems through guided inquiry learning and those in the conventional teaching also caused a difference in
children’s creativity.
Social interaction abilities that were involved in this study were high social interaction ability and low social
interaction ability. High and social interaction abilities are behaviors that are shown by children in relating to the
environment. Children with a high social interaction ability are those who can adapt to the environment, to be
careful, responsible for themselves and others and who show tolerance attitude. Children with a low social
interaction ability are those who are less able to adapt themselves to the environment, less careful, less obedient to
regulations and like to be alone.
Based on the explanation of the characteristics of children with a high social interaction ability, then guided
inquiry teaching is more suitable for the children with a high social interaction ability. Guided inquiry learning
makes it possible to speed up the development of children’s creativity in observation, making hypotheses, collecting
data, testing hypotheses, and communicating results. Of course, these activities will be easy to perform by children
with a high social interaction ability. Thus, guided inquiry teaching is very suitable for children with a high social
interaction ability. This is proved by looking at the gain in mean in creativity of both groups as shown in Figure 2.
Figure-2. Difference in mean in children’s creativity in those with a high interaction ability.
On the other hand, children with a low social interaction ability are those who are less able to adapt to the
environment, less careful, less obedient to regulations, and like to be alone. The characteristics of the children with
a low interaction ability is more suitable for the conventional teaching model. The conventional teaching model is
characterized more by transfer of knowledge from the teacher in which the teacher is far more active than the
children.
Based on the explanation it is clear that the interaction between teaching model and social interaction ability
have an effect on children’s creativity. Children with a high social interaction ability are more suitable for the
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Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 2020, 7(4): 421-429
guided inquiry teaching while those with a low interaction ability are more suitable for the conventional teaching.
The result of this study supports that statement that for children with a high interaction ability the mean in
creativity for those who learned with guided inquiry learning model was higher than that of those who learned
with the conventional teaching method. For children with a low social interaction ability, the mean in creativity of
those who learned with guided inquiry learning model was lower than that of those who learned with the
conventional teaching model. This difference can also be seen from the mean in creativity of the children with a low
interaction ability as shown in Figure 3.
Figure-3. Difference in Mean in Creativity of Children with a Low Social Interaction Ability.
The result of this study is supported by the statement given by Chaplin (2006) that social interaction is a
reciprocal process among individuals with groups that covers openness, cooperation, frequency in relation.
According to Wila (1982) social interaction is a relation between two or more human beings who influence each
other, change the behavior of other individuals or on the other way around. This implies that if social interaction
ability is low this causes less openness, less cooperation, and low frequency of relation that make children have a
low creativity.
5. Conclusion
Based on the result of data analysis and the discussion of the result it can be concluded that: (1) there was a
significant difference in creativity between children who learned with guided inquiry learning and those who
learned with the conventional teaching among kindergarten children of group B in North Kuta district, Badung
regency. The mean in creativity in the group of children who learned with guided inquiry learning model was
31.56 or higher than that of the group of children who learned with the conventional teaching (29.56). (2) there was
a significant effect of interaction between teaching model and social interaction ability on creativity among
kindergarten children of group B in North Kuta district, Badung regency. In the children with a high social
interaction ability the mean in creativity of those who learned with guided inquiry model (34.20) was higher than
that of those who learned with the conventional teaching model (30.20). The same is true for the children with low
social interaction ability; the mean in creativity of those who learned with guided inquiry teaching model (29.08) is
slightly higher than that of those who learned with the conventional teaching (28.92).
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Fatmi, N., dan Sahyar: Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika
Inkuiri Terbimbing dan Kreativitas Terhadap p-ISSN 2252-732X
Keterampilan Proses Sains Pada Siswa SMA. e-ISSN 2301-7651
method with 2x2 factorial design. The population of this research is students
of second semester of grade X SMAN I Julok of academic year 2013/2014.
The samples of this research were two classes, which was determined using
cluster random sampling. The first sample is X-2 (experiment) consist of 30
student and the second sample is X-5 (control) consist of 30 student. The
hypotheses were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 for windows with 0,05 level of
significance. The results of data analysis in this research, shows that: 1) There
are differences of physics students achievement of science proses skills using
guided inquiry learning model compared to convensional learning, 2) There
are differences of physics students achievement of science proses skills
between students of high learning creativity with those who had low learning
creativity, 3) Interaction is exist between learning creativity with guided
inquiry learning model on science proses skills.
bimbingan atau petunjuk yang cukup luas tasi inkuiri diperlukan tingkat kreativitas yang
kepada siswa dalam merencanakan pembela- ada pada diri siswa. Karena dengan adanya
jaran dan perumusan kegiatan. kreativitas maka siswa akan lebih terampil
Model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing dalam melakukan kegiatan praktikum. Hal ini
adalah suatu model pembelajaran yang melatih diperlukan untuk menunjang proses pembela-
siswa dalam menemukan permasalahan dan jaran. Maka dalam penelitian ini alat praktikum
melakukan penyelidikan sampai akhirnya sederhana yang digunakan adalah alat optik
memperoleh kesimpulan tentang hasil permasa- sederhana yang dirancang oleh siswa sendiri
lahan (Wenning, 2010). Pada penelitian ini melalui petunjuk guru yang disajikan dalam
langkah-langkah pembelajaran dengan model bentuk lembar kerja siswa.
inkuiri terbimbing mengacu pada National Hal ini dilakukan supaya siswa lebih
Science Education Standard (NRC, 2000) yang terampil sehingga kreativitas yang ada pada diri
menyatakan bahwa dalam tahapan dan prosedur siswa dapat terlatih dan keterampilan proses
pembelajaran yang didasari oleh inkuiri. Untuk sains pun dapat terbentuk. Semiawan (2009)
K-4 ada enam aspek yang harus dimunculkan mengemukakan bahwa bahwa kreativitas
yaitu merumuskan masalah, merencanakan merupakan kemampuan untuk memberikan
penelitian dan melaksanakan penelitian, gagasan-gagasan baru dan menerapkannya dalam
pengumpulan data, membuat penjelasan berda- pemecahan masalah.
sarkan data hasil observasi serta mengkomuni- Hal ini sesuai dengan kurikulum 2013
kasikan hasil penelitian. Tahapan dan prosedur yang menyatakan untuk mengetahui hasil
pada grade K-4 dianggap sesuai dengan inkuiri belajar siswa harus berorientasi pada karakte-
jenis terbimbing karena langkahnya tidak ristik kompetensi yaitu: ranah sikap, ranah
terlalu banyak dan mudah dalam memberikan keterampilan dan ranah pengetahuan. Jadi jenis
bimbingan kepada siswa. Dengan demikian keterampilan dalam penelitian ini adalah
model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing perlu keterampilan proses sains, menurut Semiawan
mengacu ke penelitian yang relevan. (2009) keterampilan proses sains adalah
Menurut Sabahiyah (2013) menyatakan keterampilan fisik dan mental terkait dengan
bahwa model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing kemampuan-kemampuan yang mendasar yang
yang diterapkan dalam penelitian ini terbukti dimiliki, dikuasai, dan diaplikasikan dalam
berpengaruh terhadap pemahaman konsep IPA suatu kegiatan ilmiah, sehingga para ilmuan
dan keterampilan proses sains. Selanjutnya berhasil menemukan sesuatu yang baru. Pada
Menurut Gladys (2013) menyatakan bahwa penelitian ini indikator dari keterampilan proses
pendekatan inkuiri terbimbing efektif digunakan sains mengacu pada Sani (2012), yang menya-
untuk mengatasi kesulitan belajar siswa. takan bahwa aspek keterampilan proses sains
Pemaparan tersebut sejalan dengan definisi dari meliputi: Melakukan pengamatan (observasi),
model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing, sebagai- inferensi, mengajukan pertanyaan, menafsirkan
mana yang dikemukakan oleh Sun dan Trow- hasil pengamatan (interpretasi), Mengelompok-
bridge (1973) yang menyatakan bahwa model kan (klasifikasi), Meramalkan (prediksi), Berko-
pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing merupakan munikasi, Membuat hipotesis, Merencanakan
suatu proses menemukan dan menyelidiki percobaan (penyelidikan), Menerapkan konsep
masalah-masalah, menyusun hipotesis, merenca- atau prinsip, Keterampilan menyimpulkan.
nakan eksperimen, mengumpulkan data, menarik Menurut Haryono (2006) rendahnya
kesimpulan data dan menarik kesimpulan kemampuan proses sains siswa setidaknya dapat
tentang hasil masalah. dijelaskan dari aspek proses pembelajaran yang
Berdasarkan definisi inkuiri terbimbing di berlangsung dan dari aspek sistem penilaian
atas, maka untuk memudahkan dalam mewu- yang dikembangkan oleh para guru. Sedangkan
judkan suatu proses penyelidikan yang berorien- menurut Suwartaya (2013) menyatakan bahwa
sistem evaluasi yang dikembangkan oleh para homogen terdapat dalam ringkasan data pretes
guru selama ini kurang mendorong bagi kelompok sampel pada Tabel 1.
perkembangan keterampilan proses sains siswa, Tabel 1. Ringkasan Data Pretes
evaluasi kemampuan proses sains dilakukan Kelompok Sampel
secara terintegrasi dengan evaluasi hasil belajar Tes Awal Keterampilan Proses Sains
pada umumnya dalam bentuk tes tertulis. Simpa
Kelas Nilai Nilai Re-
Permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian N Ngan
Maks. Min. rata
ini meliputi: (1) Apakah terdapat perbedaan Baku
keterampilan proses sains siswa yang dibela- Eksperimen 30 48,00 18,00 31,67 8,19
jarkan dengan model inkuiri terbimbing dengan Kontrol 30 43,00 18,00 30,33 7,16
siswa yang dibelajarkan dengan pembelajaran
konvensional. (2) Apakah terdapat perbedaan Berdasarkan data pada Tabel 1 dapat
keterampilan proses sains pada siswa yang dilihat bahwa rata-rata nilai pretes pada kelas
memiliki tingkat kreativitas tinggi dan pada eksperimen dan kelas kontrol masing-masing
siswa yang memiliki tingkat kreativitas rendah. adalah 31,67 dan 30,33. Sementara itu,
(3) Apakah terdapat interaksi antara kreativitas simpangan baku untuk kelas eksperimen adalah
dengan model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing 8,19 sedangkan simpangan baku untuk kelas
terhadap keterampilan proses sains siswa. kontrol adalah 7,16. Berdasarkan data tersebut
terlihat bahwa rata-rata nilai pretes kelas
METODE PENELITIAN eksperimen sedikit lebih besar dibandingkan
Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah kelas kontrol. Namun untuk mengetahui secara
seluruh siswa kelas X pada SMA Negeri I Julok lebih jelas mengenai kemampuan awal siswa
semester genap tahun pelajaran 2013/2014. kelas eksperimen sama atau tidak dengan kelas
Sampel penelitian ini sebagian anggota populasi, kontrol, maka dilaksanakan uji kesamaan dua
sampel yang diambil dengan menggunakan rata-rata dengan taraf signifikansi 5%.
teknik cluster sampling, dengan cara mengambil Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dapat
sampel secara acak sehingga diperoleh sampel dilihat bahwa nilai Sig. (2-tailed) pada uji
kelas eksperimen pada kelas X2 dan kelas hipotesis dua pihak adalah 0,59. Karena nilai
kontrol pada kelas X5 di SMAN I Julok pada signifikansinya lebih besar dari 0,05 maka H0
semester genap tahun pelajaran 2013/2014 yang diterima atau hasil keterampilan proses sains
mempunyai kemampuan yang berbeda-beda. siswa pada tes awal (pretes) kedua kelas
Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian tersebut tidak berbeda secara signifikan.
quasi-eksperimen (quasi experiment) pretes- Sehingga dengan tidak adanya perbedaan
postes dengan rancangan Desain Faktorial 2x2. kemampuan awal siswa antara kelas ekperimen
Oleh karena itu pelaksanaannya menggunakan dan kelas kontrol maka dapat dilakukan uji
siswa kelas eksperimen yang diterapkan model hipotesis yaitu dengan menggunakan anova
pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing, pada kelas dengan bantuan pogram SPSS 17.0.
kontrol dengan pembelajaran konvensional. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk melihat
Pengujian hipotesis penelitian dengan menggu- kreativitas para siswa. Skor kreativitas masing-
nakan teknik analisi varians (anova) dua jalur masing kelompok sampel akan dikategorikan
pada taraf signifikan α=5%. Data dianalisis menjadi kreativitas tinggi dan kreativitas rendah
menggunakan Software SPSS 17. yang dilihat berdasarkan rata-rata skor kreati-
vitas. Berdasarkan pengelompokkan tingkat
HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN kreativitas pada kelas eksperimen dan kelas
Adapun untuk analisis data tes awal kontrol maka diperoleh nilai rata-rata skor
(pretes), setelah data terdistribusi normal dan kreativitas untuk kelas eksperimen sebesar 62,33
dan kelas kontrol 55,00. Hasil pengelompokan
diperoleh jumlah siswa untuk kategori kreati- sebesar 0,28 kategori rendah, kelas kontrol
vitas tinggi sebanyak 15 orang untuk kelas sebesar 0,20 kategori rendah. Pada kedua kelas
eksperimen dan 17 orang untuk kelas kontrol ini masih menunjukkan peningkatan yang
sedangkan kelompok kreativitas rendah berjumlah rendah pada indikator berkomunikasi. Hal ini
15 orang untuk kelas ekperimen dan 13 orang dapat disebabkan kurangnya kerjasama yang
untuk kelas kontrol. terbentuk dalam kelompok yang dibuat.
Persentase tingkat kreativitas setiap Adapun hasil perhitungan anova faktorial
indikator lebih tinggi dimiliki oleh kelas 2x2 menggunakan bantuan SPSS 17.0. Hasil
eksperimen. Indikator yang memiliki persentase output yang digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis
paling tinggi adalah rasa ingin tahu sebesar dalam penelitian ini dapat dilihat pada Tabel 2.
82,22% di kelas eksperimen dan 71,11% di Tabel 2. Hasil Uji Anova
kelas kontrol, sedangkan yang paling rendah Rata-Rata
adalah sifat menghargai yaitu 46,33% di kelas Jumlah Variasi Df Kuadrat F Sig.
eksperimen dan 37,00% di kelas kontrol. Hal Model_Pembelajaran 1 1232,11 28,56 0,00
ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa siswa di kedua Tingkat Kreativitas 1 3624,10 83,99 0,00
kelompok sampel dominan memiliki rasa ingin Tingkat Kreativitas 1 244,17 5,66 0,02
tahu dari pada indikator yang lain dan yang Dengan Model
paling sedikit dimiliki oleh siswa adalah sifat Pembelajaran
menghargai. Total 60
Berdasarkan hasil analisis data diperoleh
bahwa rata-rata nilai postes pada kelas Hipotesis pertama
eksperimen dan kelas kontrol masing-masing Diperoleh nilai Sig. sebesar 0,00. Oleh
adalah 77,50 dan 69,17. Sementara itu, karena, nilai Sig. 0,00< 0,05, maka dapat
simpangan baku untuk kelas eksperimen adalah dikatakan bahwa hasil pengujian menolak Ho
11,55 sedangkan simpangan baku untuk kelas atau menerima Ha dalam taraf alpha 5%. Hasil
kontrol adalah 9,16. Berdasarkan data tersebut keterampilan proses sains siswa yang diberi
terlihat bahwa rata-rata nilai postes kelas model pembelajaran Inkuiri terbimbing lebih
eksperimen lebih besar dibandingkan dengan baik dari pada pembelajaran konvensional.
rata-rata nilai postes kelas kontrol. Hipotesis Kedua
Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan didapat Hasil uji anova pada kolom tingkat kreati-
rata-rata gain hasil keterampilan proses sains vitas diperoleh nilai sig. sebesar 0,00. Oleh
pada siswa kelas eksperimen sebesar 0,68 dan karena, nilai Sig. 0,00< 0,05, maka dapat
kelas kontrol sebesar 0,55. Nilai rata-rata gain dikatakan bahwa hasil pengujian menolak Ho
jika berdasarkan kategori interpretasi indeks atau menerima Ha dalam taraf alpha 5%. Hasil
gain yang dikemukakan oleh Hake, maka postes keterampilan proses sains siswa yang
kategori indeks gain hasil keterampilan proses memiliki tingkat kreativitas tinggi lebih baik
sains kelas eksperimen dan kontrol kedua- daripada postes keterampilan proses sains yang
duanya sedang. memiliki tingkat kreativitas rendah.
Pada kelas eksperimen indikator melakukan Hipotesis Ketiga
pengamatan memperoleh gain sebesar 0,93 Berdasarkan hasil uji anova pada kolom
dengan kategori tinggi, pada kelas kontrol tingkat kreativitas dengan model pembelajaran
sebesar 0,74 dengan kategori tinggi. Hal ini diperoleh nilai sig. sebesar 0,02. Oleh karena,
membuktikan bahwa pada model pembelajaran nilai Sig. 0,02 < 0,05, maka dapat dikatakan
inkuiri terbimbing menekankan pada proses bahwa hasil pengujian menolak Ho dan atau
mengamati secara langsung. Sedangkan pero- menerima Ha dalam taraf alpha 5%. Hasil
lehan gain terendah pada Indikator berkomu- pengujian hipotesis penelitian di atas dapat
nikasi, kelas eksperimen memperoleh gain menggambarkan interaksi antara tingkat kreati-
Citation: Suhandoko, A. D. J., & Hsu, C-H. (2020). Applying Self-Regulated Learning Intervention to
Enhance Students’ Learning: A Quasi-Experimental Approach. International Journal of Instruction,
13(3), 649-664. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13344a
650 Applying Self-Regulated Learning Intervention to Enhance …
expertise of other teachers in developing their own work and school (Ahonen et al.,
2014). Therefore, teachers play sentral role in attainment of quality education (Crossley
et al., 2017).
In some countries the role of a teacher has a different emphasis adapted to the culture of
the society. In Pakistan, the teacher's role is moving away from teacher professional to
the model of teacher as a technician which aims to help students to acquire good grades
(Dar, 2015). Teachers do excessive development on the cognitive abilities of students at
all ages and grade levels. This succeeded in making progress for students in academics
but fail to foster affective attitude among them. Whereas in Finland the role of the
teacher is expected to help the improvement of the entire individual as opposed to only
the human intellectual area. It recognizes the significance of the social and full of feeling
spaces in students' improvement, including enthusiastic and moral concerns (Rissanen,
Kuusisto, Hanhimäki, & Tirri, 2018). The different roles and functions of teachers
ultimately affect the quality of education in each of these countries, and this is globally
motivated by the quality of teacher education institutions.
Teacher education as an integral part of educational system (Prakash & Xavier, 2014)
represented through a college or university is a higher education institution providing
education for prospective teachers that imparts an understanding of the role of teachers
(Denzler & Wolter, 2009). According to Crow (1973 cite in Prakash & Xavier, 2014, p.
) teacher education implies the lifelong development of pedagogical and discipline
knowledge, an understanding of learning theory and development, historical and
philosophical context of education and the ability to adapting the instructional method
with the differences of learning situations. Meanwile Bank (2001 cited in Castro, 2014,
p.190) stated that teacher education prepares teachers to meet the challenges of
multicultural citizenship, to have a critical attitude to analyze and rethink the idea of
race, culture, and ethnicity, and to see themselves as part of the creatures of culture and
race. In short, a good quality teacher education would generate excellent prospective
teachers.
Responding to the issue of teacher quality, some researchers and scholars who are also a
lecturer from a teacher education institution carry out development programs to
prospective teachers. One of the programs that concern them is promoting the theory of
self-regulated learning (SRL); (Vrieling, Bastiaens, & Stijnen, 2012; Yakar, Can, &
Besler, 2013). Self-regulated learning becomes a recommended theory should be study
because researchers found when students are able to arrange themselves become self-
regulated learner, they can develop deep and meaningful learning along significant
advantages in student academic performance and achievement (Vrieling et al., 2012)
The requiring of SRL behavior is not only when the prospective teachers was still
undergraduate students but also as they will be teachers later. Self-regulation learning is
an ongoing process, it assist prospective teachers in assembling the best performance in
exploring knowledge and achieving goal (Tantrarungroj & Suwannatthachote, 2013).
On particularly context, SRL assist prospective teachers to learn teaching model based
on technology that will be applying the time they teach later (Kramarski & Michalsky,
2010). At the time when their role turned into a teacher, SRL will helping the
prospective teacher to transfer this behavior to the students toward teaching program
that integrated with SRL theory (Alvi & Gillies, 2015). It can be concluded that
promoting SRL in teacher education institution is one of the ways to produce qualified
teachers.
In response to the challenge of SRL strategy development for the prospective teacher,
and motivated by study conducted by Hofer and Yu (2003) just as Heller and Marchant
(2015), researcher asked permission to the undergraduate students of the Universitas
Negeri Jakarta (UNJ) majoring primary education who attend the learners’
developmental course to joint quasi-experimental research since March-July 2016. This
examination expects to determine the effect of the intervention on variable associated
with self-regulated learning strategies for those students. Researcher generated three
hypotheses; hypotheses I: undergraduate students who receive self-regulated learning
strategies intervention will have greater academic performance, hypotheses II:
undergraduate students who receive self-regulated learning strategies intervention will
display greater of self-regulated learning, hypotheses III: there are correlated among
academic cognition, academic motivation and academic behavior strategies and
hypotheses IV: the intervention has an impacted for experimental group regarding their
pre-test and post-test result among three variables of SRL.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Self-Regulated Learning
Since the mid-1980s the concept of self-regulation is the most widely discussed by
researchers and scholars who concern of educational psychology. Self-regulation is
commonly characterized as the essential capacity of a person which is utilized various
logical circumstances conceded as significant part to the advancement of life
(Gestsdóttir, Urban, Bowers, Lerner, & Lerner, 2011). Self-regulation is the manner by
which an individual can expand the capacity in apprehend, using and assessing
opportunities that exist in the environment so as to accomplish the objectives that they
have (Gestsdóttir et al., 2011).
The current researches conducted by educational psychology researchers generate
further discussion of the relationship between self-regulation and student achievement
(Boekaerts & Corno, 2005; Zimmerman, 2008). This concept is considered as one of the
most important factors that influence the success in learning and academic performance
(Bozpolat, 2016). In general self-regulated learning defined as a functioning, useful
procedure whereby learner set objectives for their learning and after that endeavor to
screen, regulate, and control their cognition, motivation, and behavior, guided and
compelled by their objectives and the contextual features in the environment (Pintrich,
2000). Self-regulation learning is a conscious effort made by learners in achieving their
learning objectives, its efforts are carried out continuously until they achieve of these
objectives with maximizing their self-ability adapted to the environment.
Schunk and Zimmerman (1998) mentioned that self-regulated learning arise from two
sources: social and self-directed experiences (Zimmerman, 1998). Social source hold
adults (e.g. parents, teachers, coaches) and peers (e.g. siblings, friends, classmates). The
constructivist attempts to analyze self-regulated learning, it is important to recognize
that the strategies, behaviors and affect desirable by students are something that can be
regulated because of the existence of others around them (Farley & Kim-Spoon, 2014;
Paris, Byrnes, & Paris, 2001). The other source that students can develop self-regulated
learning is from self-directed experiences sources through instruction (Zimmerman,
1998). Paris & Paris (2001) noted there are three methods those students to develop
self-regulation learning in classroom (Schwartz, 2012). First, self-regulated learning can
be developed through authentic experience or repetitive activities in the classroom or
school. Second, lecturers can give explicit instructions on self-regulated learning. Third,
self-regulated learning can be developed through involvement in the practice of
requiring self-regulation (i.e. Practicing classroom discussion).
Self-regulation Learning Strategies
The instructional model of self-regulated learning that researcher conducted was from
two sources, both social and self-directed experience. It's inspired by Hofer, Yu and
Pintrich (1998) study that called learning to learn the model. They conducted self-
regulated learning strategies intervention that designed for an adjunct course called
Learning to Learn. It is an introductory course in psychology departments that attends
by sophomore students who experienced academic difficulties and problems. This
explicit instructional model has been proven to fostering undergraduate students’ skill of
learning strategies (Dörrenbächer & Perels, 2016).
The Self-Regulated Learning strategies are: (1) Cognitive strategies, basically regard as
the internal procedures that represent and process information (Lehmann, Hähnlein, &
Ifenthaler, 2014). The instruction model of self-regulated learning that researcher gave
are rehearsal (Yusri, Rahimi, Shah, & Wah, 2013), elaboration (Weinstein, Ridley,
Dahl, & Weber, 1989) and organizational; (2) Meta-cognitive strategies, that refer to
superior ability that learners’ have to direct and manage cognition, motivation and
behavior to achieve certain goals (Lehmann et al., 2014) which include planning (Perels,
Merget‐Kullmann, Wende, Schmitz, & Buchbinder, 2009; Pintrich, 2000), monitoring
(Boekaerts & Corno, 2005), management (Boekaerts & Corno, 2005); (3) Motivational
strategy is learners’ effort to always search and comprehend the reasons which move
them to do something related to strategies in learning process for academic achievement,
about how students judge their own competence and value the task content (Pintrich,
2000) such as self-knowledge (Hofer, Yu, & Pintrich, 1998) and self-efficacy (Paris et
al., 2001); (4) Behavioral strategies, at the moment individuals can observe, monitor
and control their behavior this is tantamount that they do regulation of behavior as a part
of self-regulatory. The strategies are managing the time schedule and do the help-
seeking; (5) Contextual strategies, the challenges that must be faced by learners in
implementing contextual strategies are the changeable of condition which beyond their
control. The example of contextual differences that students need to regulate is when
they face different types of classroom or instruction (i.e. Traditional and student-
centered).
Self-regulation Learning Strategies Intervention
There is various interventions method that can be applied by teachers to develop self-
regulation learning on student (Deslauriers, Harris, Lane, & Wieman, 2012). The
intervention can be distinguished by its scope, content, and time frame, both in specific
and global manner. The scope intervention carried out for this study is global that
required a semester period of training, cognitive, meta-cognitive, motivational and
behavioral strategies. The provision of this intervention is not only to make students able
to master the strategy SRL but also achieve better academic performance
(Andrzejewski, Davis, Bruening, & Poirier, 2016; Gu & Lee, 2019; Lehmann et al.,
2014; Vandevelde, Van Keer, & De Wever, 2011).
Learning from lecture
The first session of the intervention where students are required to understand and take
advantage of the learning process that goes on with a strategy that their owned, mainly
to learn the material provided by the lecturer verbally (e.g. lecture speech) and in text-
writing (e.g. PPT slide, white board writing).The strategies that support this session
were: (1) note-taking strategies is a way for someone to comprehend (van der Meer,
2012) and reproduce information by write it down, aimed for the information to be
stored in long term memory (Piolat, Olive, & Kellogg, 2005). (2) Conditional reasoning
is a strategy used by students at the age capable of doing conditional interpretation (i.e.
9th grade and above) in reasoning (Markovits, Doyon, & Simoneau, 2002) the statements
(i.e. concrete and abstract premises).
Learning from reading
The second session is to improve the students’ skill to comprehend and find the
connection of the reading material. The strategy that supported this session was SQ3R
(Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review) as a recommended reading strategy for
students to deeply understand what they read (Feldt & Hensley, 2009). There are
correlation between the phase of SQ3R that helps student to understand the material
entirely.
Learning from the discussion
Learning from discussion is the third sessions where students have needed to grasp the
discussion process in classroom and to contribute actively with the strategy they have
owned. The strategy that supported this session was; the students respectively
understand their role in classroom discussion (Wilen, 2004), the students comprehend
the habit that can improve classroom discussion (Bambrick-Santoyo, 2013) and actively
rising their confident to contribute in classroom discussion.
Self-management
Self-management is the following sessions where students feel necessity to conceive
environmental management that able achieve their goals. The strategies that supported
this session were; (a) goal setting strategy (Torrano Montalvo & González Torres,
2004), (b) Setting up the study area (Longman & Atkinson, 1999), (c) and help-seeking
(Newman, 2008; Wolters, Pintrich, & Karabenick, 2005).
Writing strategies
Researcher gave instruction about learning from writing are sessions where students are
required to understand and take advantage of the writing process that goes on with a
strategy that their owned. Plata (2008) state learning from writing mainly to learn the
material provided by the lecturer that elaborated with the students’ thought through
writing (Meyer, Fisher, & Pearl, 2007). The strategy that supported this session was; of
the steps to prepare for essay writing (Burns & Sinfield, 2012).
Motivational strategies
As the last session researcher gave learning from motivation where students are
besought to comprehend the reasons which actively move them in learning process
regarding for academic achievement (Pintrich, 2000). The strategies that supported this
session were; (1) self-consequent, (2) mastery self-talk, (3) interest enhancement, (4)
structuring the environment, (5) emotional regulation, and CRAFT method (cancel,
replace, affirm, focus, train) (Gilliam, 1970).
METHOD
Participant and Setting
This research conducted in Universitas Negeri Jakarta (UNJ), Indonesia at the
department of primary education (PGSD), department of special education, department.
The investigation conducted on 84 undergraduate students from two classes of pedagogy
faculty at department of primary education (PGSD) who enroll development of learner’s
course academic year 2015/2016 from class A and class C. The selection of these two
groups, based on six classes (Class A-Class E) preconceived. Besides, the selection of
these two classes was also due to the willingness of lecturers to collaborate in
conducting this experimental research.
The following is the procedure that has been made to conduct quasi-experimental
research. The researcher conducted experiments March until July 2016 by 8 times face–
to–face meeting (including orientation courses).
Table 1
Intervention and Interview Schedule
No Agenda/Topic Topic Activities
1 Orientation of the Experiment Introduction of the Researcher introduces herself to the
And research to students students, gave explanation about study
Pre-Test in A class overview, asked permission of C and A
2 Orientation of the intervention Introduction of the Class student to participate in the study
And Pre-Test research to students Pre-test:
in C class MSLQ and Demographic questionnaire
No Agenda/Topic Activities
3 1. Intervention of SRL 1) The researcher gave the schedule of experiment through
Strategies the semester
2. Intervention of Note Taking 2) The researcher gave an introduction about the strategies
Strategies 3) The researcher gave the model (picture & story) about the
3. Intervention of SQ3R strategy strategies
4. Classroom Discussion 4) Classroom practices
Strategy 5) Q & A Session
5. Practicing Classroom 6) The researcher gave assignment related to the strategies
Discussion
6. Writing Strategy
7. Motivational Strategy
4 Post-Test Post-test: MSLQ and Demographic questionnaire
Data Collection
Testing materials that used in this experiment consist of a short demographic
questionnaire also pre-test, post-test developed by Pintrich, Wolters and Karabenick
(2003). Demography questionnaires helped the researcher to know general information
of control and experimental group. Some of the questions include age, gender, ethnicity,
academic year, GPA (see appendix A). The students’ GPA was one of the researcher’s
considerations to select the eight interviewers.
While for the pre-test and post-test, researcher used Motivational Strategies for Learning
Questionnaire (MSLQ) as a self-report instrument to inquire about the cognitive,
motivational and behavioral strategies of students in learning process (Wolters et al.,
2005). There were three sections that make up in this instrument: an academic cognition
section, an academic motivation section and an academic behavior section, and all three
have some subscales (see appendix B). The MSLQ using a seven-point Likert scale
ranging from 1 (labeled "not at all true of me") to 7 (labeled "very true of me") without
a special label to categorize other response (Wolters et al., 2005).
Data Analysis
The study is quasi-experimental design that used not-random assignment of participants
to groups (Creswell, 2002). There are two groups who do not affect each other but their
presence explains the effects of treatments given, they are experimental group is a
sample that chosen to receive treatments (i.e. C-class students) while the control group
(i.e. E-class students) is research participants who are not getting any intervention
(Singh, 2006).
Researcher used ANCOVA to determine whether experimental and control group were
not significantly different through pre-test and they were significantly different through
post-test also academic achievement score (e.g. developmental psychology course). In
terms of supporting the statistical analysis, researcher also used analysis of covariance
‘for controlling extraneous variables and as a means of expanding the power of
statistical test’ (Schreiber & Griffin, 2004). Through ANCOVA researchers adjusted the
posttest scores to see the initial differences on variables (e.g. academic cognition
strategies, academic motivational strategies and academic behavior strategies). The
using of this procedure will also help researcher to reduce the within-group (err)
variance.
The researcher used paired sample t-test to analyze the impact of SRL strategies
intervention on experimental group. It used to determine pre-test and post test score of
the experimental group is significantly different. Besides this paired sample t-test also
used by her to know between pre-test and academic performance score is also
significantly different. To test four hypotheses of this study, researcher used correlation
coefficient as data analysis. It is a statistical technique that used to measuring the
strength relationship between two or more variables (e.g. closely, weak or no relation)
and knowing the shape relationship between two variables or more with results that are
quantitative (e.g. positive linear, negative linear) (Ott & Longnecker, 2010). On this
analysis, researcher used Spearman rank correlation that measuring the relationship
between two ordinal variables (Uyanto, 2006).
FINDINGS
The first question of the study concerned about the impact of self-regulated learning
intervention to the student’s academic performance. Researcher performed analysis of
covariance (ANCOVA) to see the linearity between the outcome variable and the
covariate also the homogeneity among groups.
The result of Lavene’s test, F (1, 82) = 1.152, p= .286, indicated that the groups are
equal; the relationship between the covariate and the dependent variable is the same
each of these groups. The result is not violating the assumption of homogeneity of
regression among groups.
Table 2
Dependent Variable: Academic Performance
Type III Sum Mean Partial Eta Noncent. Observed
Source of Squares df Square F Sig. Squared Parameter Powerb
a
Corrected Model 313.893 2 156.947 14.763 .000 .267 29.527 .999
Intercept 3449.309 1 3449.309 324.464 .000 .800 324.464 1.000
SRL_PreTest 308.289 1 308.289 29.000 .000 .264 29.000 1.000
Group 47.197 1 47.197 4.440 .038 .052 4.440 .549
Error 861.095 81 10.631
Total 534145.000 84
Corrected Total 1174.988 83
a. R Squared = .267 (Adjusted R Squared = .249)
b. Computed using alpha = .05
The ANCOVA analysis result showed from table 2, F(1, 81) = 4.440, p= .038, it
indicates that the two groups are significantly different from one another in terms of
their outcomes variable; in this case is academic performance (i.e. Final exam). The
effect size is .052 which is indication of magnitude of the effect. The differences going
to be present in the population in that large of 5.2 % partial eta squared which is very
small. The influence of the covariate showed on the pre-test value, F(1, 81) = 29.00, p=
.000, it indicated that the covariate is a significant effect on the outcome. The result
showed that the .264 partial eta-squared; it explained that covariate affected about 26.4
% of the academic performance.
The analysis for the second question of the study concerned about the impact of self-
regulated learning intervention to the student’s post-test. Researcher performed an
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in terms to see the linearity and the homogeneity
relationship between the corporate and dependent variable.
Table 3
Analysis Covariance (Post-test)
Type III Sum of Mean Partial Eta Noncent. Observed
Source Squares df Square F Sig. Squared Parameter Powerb
Corrected
66150.236a 2 33075.118 12.043 .000 .229 24.086 .994
Model
Intercept 66822.828 1 66822.828 24.331 .000 .231 24.331 .998
SRL_PreTest 62419.865 1 62419.865 22.728 .000 .219 22.728 .997
Group 39.459 1 39.459 .014 .905 .000 .014 .052
Error 222456.717 81 2746.379
Total 23867250.000 84
Corrected
288606.952 83
Total
a. R Squared = .229 (Adjusted R Squared = .210)
b. Computed using alpha = .05
The ANCOVA analysis result showed from table 5, F (1, 81) = 0.14, p = .905, it
indicates that the two groups are not significantly different from one another in terms of
their outcomes variable; in this case is academic performance (i.e. Final exam). The
effect size is .000 which is indication of magnitude of the effect. The presentation
equation in the population is 0.000008 % partial eta squared, which is very small. The
influence of the covariate showed on the pre-test value, F (1, 81) = 22.728, p= .000, it
indicated that the culvert is a significant effect on the outcome. The result showed that
the .219 partial eta-squared; it explained that covariate affected about 21.9 % of the
post-test.
The correlation coefficient (i.e. Spearman rank correlation) performed by researcher to
answer the third research questions. The Descriptive analysis of three variables is;
academic cognition (M=128.88, SD=17.608, n=43), academic motivation (M=196.07,
SD=24.801, n= 43) and academic behavior (M=214.35, SD=20.134, n= 43).
Table 4
Correlation Analysis of SRL Variable (Post-test)
Academic Academic Academic
Cognition Motivation Behavior
Spearman's Academic Correlation
1.000 .660** .566**
rho Cognition Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 .000
N 43 43 43
Academic Correlation
.660** 1.000 .409**
Motivation Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . .006
N 43 43 43
Academic Correlation
.566** .409** 1.000
Behavior Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .006 .
N 43 43 43
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
The correlation coefficient analysis result showed from table 4, that the three variables
are significantly correlated. The academic cognition and academic motivation have
student require opportunities for being reflected and for accommodating knowledge and
experiences (Simpson et al., 1997).
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