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LITERATURE REVIEW
“A Review Of Worldwide Incidence And Early Case Fatality
Reported In 56 Population-based Studies”
(Review Insisedn Stroke Di Seluruh Dunia Dan Kematian Kasus
Dini Dilaporkan Dalam 56 Studi Berbasis Populasi )

Nama : Nurul Nepiana


NPM : 19320023
Prodi : PSIK

Mata Kuliah : Pengantar Evidence Base dalam Keperawatan


Dosen Pengampu : Teguh Pribadi,S.Kep.,Ms.,M.Sc

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN


FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS MALAHAYATI
BANDAR LAMPUNG TAHUN 2020/2021

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Ulasan

Insiden

stroke di
seluruh
dunia dan

kematian
kasus
awal

dilaporka
n dalam
56 studi

berbasis

populasi:
tinjauan

sistematis

Valery L Feigin, CarleneMMLawes,


Derrick A Bennett, Suzanne L
Barker-Collo, Varsha Parag

Tinjauan sistematis studi


berbasis populasi tentang

insiden dan kematian kasus awal

(21 hari hingga 1 bulan) dari


stroke ini didasarkan pada studi
yang diterbitkan dari tahun 1970

hingga 2008. Insiden stroke


(hanya insiden stroke) dan

kematian kasus dari 21 hari

hingga 1 bulan pasca stroke

dianalisis dengan studi selama


empat dekade, dua kelompok

pendapatan negara (negara

berpenghasilan tinggi dan


negara berpenghasilan rendah
hingga menengah, sesuai
dengan klasifikasi negara Bank
Dunia) dan, jika memungkinkan,

menurut jenis patologis stroke:


stroke iskemik, primer

perdarahan intraserebral, dan


perdarahan subaraknoid.
Tinjauan ini menunjukkan tren

yang berbeda dan signifikan


secara statistik dalam tingkat

insiden stroke selama empat


dekade terakhir, dengan

356www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 356


Ulasan

penurunan insiden stroke sebesar 42% di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan peningkatan lebih dari 100% dalam insiden stroke di negara-negara berpenghasilan

rendah hingga menengah. Pada tahun 2000-08, tingkat kejadian stroke secara keseluruhan di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah, untuk pertama
kalinya, melebihi tingkat kejadian stroke yang terlihat di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi, sebesar 20%. Waktu untuk memutuskan apakah stroke merupakan masalah
yang harus menjadi agenda pemerintah di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah kini telah berlalu. Sekaranglah waktunya untuk bertindak.

Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: 355–69

Diterbitkan On line

20 Februari 2009
DOI: 10.1016 / S1474-

4422 (09) 70025-0

Lihat Refleksi dan Reaksi


halaman 306

Lihat Artikel halaman 345

Pusat Penelitian Nasional untuk

Stroke, Ilmu Saraf Terapan


dan Neurorehabilitasi,

Sekolah Studi Rehabilitasi dan

Pekerjaan, Sekolah Kesehatan


Masyarakat dan Psikososial
pengantar studi insiden dan untuk meninjau tren sekuler dalam insiden stroke dan Studi, AUTUniversity,
Perkiraan WHO untuk tahun 2001 menunjukkan bahwa kematian akibat stroke di kematian kasus. Auckland, Selandia Baru (VL

negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah dan menengah menyumbang 85,5% kematian FeiginMD); Uji klinis

akibat stroke di seluruh dunia, dan tahun-tahun hidup yang disesuaikan dengan Metode ResearchUnit, Sekolah
PopulationHealth, Universitas
kecacatan (DALY) yang hilang di negara-negara ini hampir tujuh kali lipat dari yang hilang Strategi pencarian dan kriteria seleksi ofAuckland, Auckland, Baru

di negara-negara negara pendapatan. 1 Kami menelusuri Medline, Scopus, PubMed, dan ScienceDirect, dari Selandia ( CMMLawes FAFPHM);
Clinical Trials ServiceUnit dan
Bukti dari negara maju menunjukkan bahwa satu dari 20 orang dewasa (usia> 1950 hingga Mei 2008, dengan kata-kata "stroke", "isch (a) emic Studi Epidemiologi,

14 tahun) terkena stroke, termasuk stroke terselubung secara klinis, 2,3 dan stroke", "intracerebral", "intraparenchymal", Universitas Oxford,

kejadian kejadian serebrovaskular akut (gabungan serangan stroke dan iskemik "Subarachnoid", "pendarahan", OxfordUK ( Departemen
DA Bennett PhD);
Psikologi,
sementara) saat ini melebihi kejadian penyakit jantung koroner akut. 4 Meskipun untuk memperbarui pengetahuan terkini tentang morbiditas stroke dan "Berbasis populasi",
tingkat kematian dan beban stroke sangat bervariasi di antara negara-negara, kematian kasus dini dengan semua stroke berbasis populasi yang "berbasis komunitas",
negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah adalah yang paling terpengaruh. "komunitas",
tersedia.
Pengukuran prevalensi faktor risiko kardiovaskular pada tingkat populasi saat ini "Epidemiologi",

secara buruk memprediksi kematian dan beban stroke secara keseluruhan dan
"epidemiologi", "insiden",

tidak menjelaskan beban yang lebih besar di negara-negara berpenghasilan "tingkat serangan", "survei",

rendah. 5 Epidemi stroke di seluruh dunia ini dan konsekuensi medisososial "pengawasan", "kematian",

stroke yang dikenal dengan baik (termasuk demensia pasca stroke)


"morbiditas", "kematian",

membenarkan perlunya tinjauan berkala atas bukti terbaik yang tersedia dari
"kematian kasus", atau
"tren".
epidemiologi stroke di seluruh dunia. Ini akan memajukan pemahaman kita
Kriteria kelayakannya adalah
tentang frekuensi stroke dan faktor penentu di berbagai populasi,
sebagai berikut: lengkap,
memungkinkan perencanaan perawatan kesehatan yang lebih baik.
kepastian kasus berbasis
populasi berdasarkan beberapa
sumber informasi yang tumpang
tindih (rumah sakit, klinik rawat
Data yang paling dapat diandalkan tentang kejadian stroke dan kematian jalan, dan sertifikat kematian);
kasus berasal dari studi insiden berbasis populasi. Tinjauan sistematis definisi standar WHO tentang
terakhir kami tentang insiden stroke berbasis populasi dan studi kasus stroke; 7
kematian dipublikasikan di insiden kasus stroke yang
2003. 6 Beberapa studi insiden stroke berbasis populasi baru telah diterbitkan dilaporkan; pengumpulan data
sejak itu, yang menunjukkan bahwa diperlukan analisis sistematis yang lebih selama bertahun-tahun; tidak
mendalam. Selain itu, ini dan ulasan lainnya 6,7 studi insiden stroke berbasis ada batasan usia atas untuk
populasi terbatas: mereka tidak memasukkan semua studi yang diterbitkan populasi yang diteliti;
sebelumnya, mereka tidak memberikan perkiraan yang dikumpulkan, dan ketersediaan angka mentah
mereka tidak secara sistematis menganalisis morbiditas dan kematian dini yang diperlukan untuk
stroke pada berbagai populasi. Tujuan dari tinjauan sistematis ini adalah menghitung tarif yang

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dipermasalahkan (jika semua rawnumber tidak tersedia dalam publikasi yang Universitas Auckland,
Auckland, Selandia Baru
memenuhi syarat untuk dimasukkan, salah satu penulis terkait dihubungi untuk
(S Barker-Collo PhD); danKesehatan Trials ResearchUnit, School Populasi Klinis, Universitas
data yang hilang); dan desain studi prospektif. Hanya makalah yang diterbitkan ofAuckland, Auckland, Baru Selandia ( V ParagMSc)

dalam bahasa Inggris yang ditinjau. Korespondensi dengan Valery L Feigin, Nasional Pusat Penelitian Stroke, Ilmu Saraf Terapan
dan Neurorehabilitasi, AUTUniversity, North Shore Kampus, AA254,
90Akoranga Drive, Northcote
Strategi pencarian literatur dan kriteria inklusi untuk stroke 7 dan jenis 0627, Private Bag 92006, Auckland

stroke didasarkan pada yang digunakan dalam tinjauan kami sebelumnya 1142, Selandia Baru

valery.feigin@aut.ac.nz
5 tetapi tanpa batasan tanggal belajar. Studi berbasis populasi terbatas
hanya pada satu jenis stroke patologis yang dikeluarkan dari analisis. Tiga
penulis (VLF, CMML, dan SLB-C) secara independen menilai artikel untuk
kriteria kelayakan dan setiap ketidaksepakatan diselesaikan dengan
diskusi. Himpunan bagian studi yang berbeda berpotensi memenuhi
syarat untuk bagian yang berbeda dari tinjauan ini. Analisis kami tentang
insiden stroke dan kasus kematian dibatasi pada kasus insiden stroke.

Stroke didefinisikan menurut kriteria WHO sebagai “tanda-tanda


gangguan fokal (atau global) yang berkembang pesat

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Pemeriksaan CSFuntuk pasien dengan subarachnoid yang diduga


perdarahan) telah diklasifikasikan sebagai stroke yang tidak jelas.
3051 studi dalam pencarian database

2190 tidak memenuhi inklusi Kriteria ini (kecuali yang belum ditentukan) didasarkan pada definisi
kriteria standar yang disarankan oleh Sudlow dan Warlow 7 untuk
861 abstrak ditinjau
membandingkan jenis stroke patologis. Stroke iskemik selanjutnya
dikategorikan oleh empat penyebab (penyakit arteri besar,
757 tidak berlaku kardioemboli, penyakit arteri kecil [termasuk stroke lacunar], dan
lainnya) 9 atau anatomis (infark sirkulasi anterior total, infark sirkulasi
104 manuskrip dinilai
anterior parsial, infark lacunar, dan infark sirkulasi posterior) 10 klasifikasi
oleh tiga pengulas
setiap kali bisa dibuat perbedaan dari publikasi aslinya.
48 manuskrip tidak
memenuhi kriteria kelayakan

56 studi berbasis populasi


dimasukkan
Analisis statistik
Insiden stroke dan kematian kasus awal (21 hari sampai 1 bulan) dianalisis
Gambar 1: Pemilihan studi
untuk empat periode penelitian (1970–79, 1980–89, 1990–99, 2000–08),
dua kelompok pendapatan negara (negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan
Untuk lebih lanjut tentang Bank Dunia fungsi otak yang berlangsung lebih dari 24 jam (kecuali jika negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah [ menurut klasifikasi
kelompok pendapatan Lihat
terganggu oleh kematian), tanpa penyebab nonvaskular yang jelas. negara Bank Dunia]) dan, jika memungkinkan, menurut jenis patologis
http://go.worldbank.org/
" 8 Analisis spesifik subtipe stroke terbatas pada studi berbasis stroke (stroke iskemik, perdarahan intraserebral primer, perdarahan
K2CKM78CC0
populasi di mana CT, MRI, atau temuan otopsi tersedia untuk subarachnoid, dan tidak jelas). Tarif standar usia per 100000 individu
sekitar 70% atau lebih stroke. Berdasarkan temuan neuroimaging dihitung dengan metode langsung dengan populasi dunia 1996 sebagai
ini, stroke diklasifikasikan menjadi empat tipe utama: stroke iskemik, standar. Tingkat insiden kasar per 100000 populasi per tahun dengan 95%
11

perdarahan intraserebral primer, perdarahan subarachnoid, dan CI yang sesuai dihitung dengan menggunakan pendekatan standar. 12–14 Pusat
pendarahan ringan. Kriteria yang dapat diterima untuk diagnosis dengan lebih dari satu studi dalam satu dekaden digabungkan untuk
perdarahan subarachnoid juga termasuk gambaran klinis yang analisis dan tahun-tahun terdekat dengan dekade diambil jika perlu. Hanya
didukung oleh CSF karakteristik atau temuan angiografi. Pasien studi yang memiliki data lengkap untuk kovariat penting (usia, jenis
yang memenuhi kriteria WHO untuk stroke tetapi tidak menjalani kelamin, dan jenis stroke) yang cocok untuk analisis yang dikumpulkan,
CT, MRI, atau otopsi (atau angiografi serebral atau sehingga

Studi atau pusat tanpa data tentang tren insiden stroke Studi atau pusat
dengan data tentang tren insiden stroke Negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi
yang termasuk dalam analisis ini

Negara berpenghasilan menengah ke bawah yang termasuk dalam analisis ini

Gambar 2: Peta dunia menunjukkan area studi insiden stroke berbasis populasi

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Belajar Orang- U sia Total Insiden kasar Disesuaikan usia Rumah Sakit 1 bulan CT / MRI Waktu Data pada jenis goresan
tahun durasi jarak jumlah total pukulan insiden (atau kematian kasus masuk otopsi CT / MRI berdasarkan usia dan jenis kelamin¶

(tahun) (tahun) insiden (95% CI) range) dari total menilai (atau rentang) dari total menilai setelah

stroke stroke (95% CI) pukulan (%) stroke

Rochester, MN, AS 17

1970–74 5 264480 Semua 332 122 (114–142) † 91 (81–102) NR 15–24% 43% 3 bulan Pukulan total

1975–79 5 262669 Semua 336 128 (114–142) † 88 (78–98) NR 17–21% 73% 3 bulan Total pukulan, IS

1980–84 5 277845 Semua 454 163 (148–178) † 107 (96–118) NR 16–20% 88% 3 bulan Total pukulan, IS

1985–89 5 332982 Semua 6 149 (136–162) † 102 (92–112) 85% 18 14–25% 92% 3 bulan Total pukulan, IS

Tartu, Estonia 19–20

1970–73 3 271377 20–99 667 246 (227–264) † 170 (156–183) 40% 49% NR NR Pukulan total

1991–93 2 221262 Semua 829 375 (324–426) 231 (214–248) 80% 30% 19% NR Pukulan total

2001–03 2 202244 Semua 451 223 (202–244) 125 (113–138) 88% 26% 90% NR Pukulan total

Kopenhagen, Denmark 21

1971–74 3 300000 Semua 891 219 (205–233) † 80 (74–85) 89% ‡ NR NR NR Pukulan total

Dublin, Irlandia 21

1971–74 3 401100 Semua 539 141 (129–153) † 118 (108–128) 90% ‡ NR NR NR Pukulan total

Karelia Utara, Finlandia 21

1971–74 3 534900 Semua 938 171 (160–182) † 141 (132–150) 91% ‡ NR NR NR Pukulan total

Ibadan, Nigeria 21

1971–74 3 2409300 Semua 300 15 (13–17) † 41 (36–45) 89% ‡ NR NR NR Pukulan total

Saku, Jepang 21

1971–74 3 315600 Semua 708 205 (190–220) † 153 (142–165) 49% NR NR NR Pukulan total

Ulan Bator, Mongolia 21

1971–74 3 783900 Semua 653 50 (46–54) † 78 (71–84) 51% NR NR NR Pukulan total

Rohtak, India 21

1971–74 1 124700 Semua 82 27 (21–33) † 48 (38–59) 55% NR NR NR Pukulan total

Kolombo, Sri Lanka 21

1971–74 1 562400 Semua 163 24 (20–27) † 41 (35–47) 98% NR NR NR Pukulan total

Frederiksberg, Denmark 6–22

1972–74 3 292629 Semua 665 223 (206–240) † 85 (79–92) NR NR NR NR Pukulan total

1989–90 1 85611 Semua 262 306 (269–344) † 106 (89–123) 88% NR 75% NR Pukulan total

Espoo – Kauniainen, Finlandia 23–24

1972–73 2 113110 ≥15 122 108 (86–130) † 194 (159–229) 89% 35% NR NR Pukulan total

1978–80 2 136850 ≥15 127 93 (77–118) † 145 (120–170) 95% 29% 11% NR Pukulan total

1989–91 2 134804 ≥15 297 220 (203–238) † 100 (91–110) 86% 23% 60% NR Pukulan total

Söderham, Swedia 25–26

1975–78 3 96690 ≥25 281 290 (256–324) † 254 (223–285) 89% 23% 1% NR Pukulan total

1983–86 3 92208 ≥25 359 353 (317–390) † 312 (278–347) 95% 22% 38% NR Pukulan total

Shibata, Jepang 27

1976–78 3 225504 ≥20 415 261 (236–286) † 223 (194–252) NR NR NR NR Jumlah pukulan dan SAH

Tilburg, Belanda 28

1978–80 2 302712 Semua 438 289 (262–316) † 100 (81–119) 85% 30% (21 hari) NR NR Pukulan total

Auckland, NZ 29-31

1981–82 1 596580 ≥15 1030 173 (162–184) 137 (129–146) 62% 33% 21% 30 hari Pukulan total

1991–92 1 945369 ≥15 * 1305 181 (171–191) 141 (133–149) 73% 24% 41% 30 hari Pukulan total

2002–03 1 897882 ≥15 1423 158 (150–166) 126 (119–133) 91% 21% 91% 7 hari Total IS, PICH, SAH, UND

Turku, Finlandia 24

1982 1 112412 ≥25 504 448 (409–487) † 359 (326–393) NR 30% (untuk keseluruhan NR NR Pukulan total
periode 1982–92)

1987 1 113236 ≥25 548 483 (443–524) † 367 (340–387) NR 30% (untuk keseluruhan NR NR Pukulan total
periode 1982–92)

1992 1 115249 ≥25 520 451 (412–490) † 314 (283–344) NR 30% (untuk keseluruhan NR NR Pukulan total
periode 1982–92)

(Berlanjut di halaman berikutnya)

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Belajar Orang- Usia Total Insiden kasar Disesuaikan usia Rumah Sakit 1 bulan CT / MRI Waktu Data pada jenis goresan
tahun durasi jarak jumlah total pukulan insiden (atau kematian kasus masuk otopsi CT / MRI berdasarkan usia dan jenis kelamin¶

(tahun) (tahun) insiden (95% CI) range) dari total menilai (atau rentang) dari total menilai setelah

stroke stroke (95% CI) pukulan (%) stroke

(Lanjutan dari halaman sebelumnya)

Novosibirsk, Rusia 32–33

1982–92 11 1682527 Semua 3406 177–235 (156–260) 135–203 (119–233) 30–60% 22–40% 48% 30 hari Pukulan total

Dijon, Prancis 34–35

1985–86 2 250056 * ≥10 418 164 (142–186) † 92 (78–106) 95% 21% 86% 7 hari Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND Total,

1995–97 2 286176 * Semua 591 138 (127–149) 67 (48–85) 89% 15% 97% NR IS, PICH, SAH, UND Total, IS,

2002–04 2 295308 * Semua 509 112 (102–122) † 58 (53–63) 86% 8% 100% NR PICH, SAH, UND

Umbria, Italia 36

1986–89 3 147654 Semua 375 254 (228–280) 105 (92–118) 85% 20% 70% 30 hari Pukulan total

Oyabe, Jepang 37

1977–81 4 160826 ≥25 740 460 (427–493) 375 (368–381) 19% 22% NR NR Pukulan total

1982–86 4 161253 ≥25 627 388 (358–419) 269 (265–272) 33% 20% NR NR Pukulan total

1987–91 4 170312 ≥25 701 411 (381–442) 260 (254–265) 41% 19% NR NR Pukulan total

Krasnoyarsk, Rusia 33

1987–88 1 205795 Semua 447 217 (197–237) † 233 (212–256) 53% 38% 45% NR Pukulan total

Malmö, Swedia 38

1989 1 232448 Semua 524 225 (206–244) † 83 (74–91) 95% 15% 51% 7 hari Pukulan total

Valley d 'Aosta, Italia 39–41

1989 1 114325 Semua 254 223 (196–250) 116 (100–131) 82% 31% 82% 3 hari Pukulan total

2004–05 2 247497 Semua 553 220 (200–250) 82 (61–98) 88% 22% 94% 14 hari Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

Perth, Australia 42–45

1989–90 1·5 138708 Semua 370 178 (156–200) 104 (84–124) 79% 23% 86% NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND Total,

1995–96 1·1 136095 Semua 213 * 156 (136–178) 76 (65–87) 92% 23% 78% NR IS, PICH, SAH, UND Total, IS,

2000–01 1 143417 Semua 183 128 (109–146) 67 (56–79) 92% 20% 89% NR PICH, SAH, UND

Belluno, Italia 46

1992–93 1 211389 Semua 474 224 (204–244) 110 (100–121) 92% 33% 90% 30 hari Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

Greater Cincinnati / Northern Kentucky, AS 47–49

1999 * 1 1311230 * Semua 2536 193 (186–201) * 113 (102–126) 98% 14–15% NR NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

Arcadia, Yunani 50

1993–95 2 161548 ≥18 555 344 (315–372) 133 (120–146) 90% 27% 82% 7 hari Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

L'Aquila, Italia 51

1994 1 297838 Semua 819 275 (256–294) 113 (105–122) 92% 26% 89% 7 hari Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

East Lancashire, Inggris 52

1994–95 1 405272 Semua 642 158 (146–171) 74 (67–80) 70% 34% 12% NR Pukulan total

Innherred, Norwegia 53

1994–96 2 138590 ≥15 432 312 (282–341) 154 (138–171) 87% 19% 88% 21 hari Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

Erlangen, Jerman 54,55

1994–96 2 202900 Semua 354 175 (156–193) 85 (76–95) 95% 19% 96% 3–14 hari Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

London Selatan, Inggris 56

1995–96 2 469066 Semua 612 130 (120–141) 82 (80–84) 84% 27% 88% 30 hari Pukulan total

ViboValentia, Italia 57

1996 1 179186 Semua 321 179 (159–199) 87 (78–97) 98% 24% 96% 30 hari Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

Melbourne, Australia 58

1996–97 1 133816 Semua 276 206 (182–231) 100 (95–105) NR 20% 91% 28 hari Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

Martinik, Hindia Barat Perancis 59

1998–99 1 381364 Semua 580 167 (154–181) 102 (99–105) 94% 19% 93% 30 hari Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

Wilayah Perbatasan Skotlandia, Inggris 60

1998–2000 2 106352 Semua 596 394 (356–432 [IS]) 155 (150–161 [IS]) 47 (34–61 91% 19% 92% 14 hari Angka spesifik berdasarkan jenis

[PICH]) 18 (10–27 [PICH]) kelamin untuk IS dan PICHonly

(Berlanjut di halaman berikutnya)

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Ulasan Ulasan

Belajar Orang- Usia Total Insiden kasar Disesuaikan usia Rumah Sakit 1 bulan CT / MRI Waktu Data pada jenis goresan
tahun durasi jarak jumlah total pukulan insiden (atau kematian kasus masuk otopsi CT / MRI berdasarkan usia dan jenis kelamin¶

(tahun) (tahun) insiden (95% CI) range) dari total menilai (atau rentang) dari total menilai setelah
stroke stroke (95% CI) pukulan (%) stroke

(Lanjutan dari halaman sebelumnya)

Porto, Portugal 61 ( pedesaan)

1998–2000 2 37089 Semua 266 305 (265–344) 261 (249–273) 52% 15% 96% 2 hari Pukulan total

Porto, Portugal 61 ( perkotaan)

1998–2000 2 172046 Semua 462 268 (244–293) 118 (112–124) 58% 17% 97% 2 hari Pukulan total

Uzhhorod, Ukraina Barat 62

1999–2000 1 125482 Semua 352 281 (248–313) 238 (213–263) 66% 23% 41% NR Pukulan total

Örebro, Swedia 63

1999–2000 1 123503 Semua 388 314 (279–349) 126 (111–140) 92% 19% 84% NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

Tbilisi, Georgia 64

2000–03 2·5 140926 Semua 233 165 (144–186) 103 (72–133) 66% 35% 67% § NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

Iquique, Chili 65

2000–02 2 396712 Semua 292 74 (65–82) 86 (76–95) 71% 23% 91% 3 hari Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

Barbados, Amerika Serikat 66

2001 1 239068 Semua 335 140 (125–155) 88 (79–98) 69% 30% 96% NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND

Lund-Orup, Swedia 67

2001–02 1 234505 ≥15 456 194 (177–212) 133 (119–146) NR 14% NR NR Pukulan total

Oxfordshire, Inggris 4–68–70

1981–84 3 259461 * Semua 429 165 (150–181) * 102 (92–112) 54% 18% 82% NR Pukulan total

2002–04 2 181084 * Semua 262 145 (127–162) * 73 (64–83) 56% 17% 98% NR Pukulan total

Matão, Brasil 71

2003–04 1 75053 Semua 81 108 (84–131) 130 (125–220) 100% 19% 100% 2 hari Jumlah pukulan, IS, PICH

Mumbai, India 72

2005–06 2 313722> 25 456 145 (132–159) 151 (137–165) 67% 30% 89% NR Pukulan total
IS = stroke iskemik. PICH = perdarahan intraserebral primer. SAH = perdarahan subaraknoid. UND = tipe stroke patologis yang tidak jelas. NR = tidak dilaporkan. * Data tambahan disediakan oleh penulis publikasi yang sesuai. † Interval kepercayaan dihitung
dari data yang dipublikasikan. ‡ Diperkirakan dari grafik di publikasi asli. § Mereka tanpa CT / MRI scan diklasifikasikan ke dalam tipe patologis dengan tingkat kepastian yang tinggi pada skor diagnosis stroke Guy's Hospital (skor 10% atas dan bawah).
¶Subtipe ditentukan dengan CT / MRI atau otopsi (angiografi serebral atau CSF untuk SAH).

Tabel 1: Karakteristik studi berbasis populasi termasuk dalam analisis kejadian stroke per 100000 orang-tahun dan kasus fatalitas (%)

mengurangi risiko bias. Tingkat insiden stroke keseluruhan dan spesifik dilakukan pada pasien dalam dua kelompok usia — lebih muda dari 75 tahun dan
usia yang dikumpulkan dengan 95% CI yang sesuai disesuaikan dengan 75 tahun atau lebih. Batas waktu 75 tahun digunakan untuk memfasilitasi
usia dengan standardisasi langsung (Populasi Dunia Segi 1996 sebagai keseimbangan antara kelompok pembanding. 5 Nilai probabilitas kurang dari 0 · 05
standar) dihitung dalam setiap strata dengan menggunakan model efek
11 dianggap signifikan secara statistik.
acak dengan metode DerSimonian dan Laird. Model efek acak dipilih dari 15

pada model efek tetap karena heterogenitas yang besar di antara perkiraan
studi individu, yang dapat disebabkan oleh perbedaan regional asli dan Hasil
rentang usia yang luas. Model ini mencoba untuk memasukkan Kami awalnya mengambil 3.051 studi yang berpotensi relevan
heterogenitas di antara studi ke dalam perkiraan gabungan. Perkiraan yang (Gambar 1). Judul-judul ini dipindai untuk kesesuaian untuk tinjauan
dikumpulkan ini juga digunakan untuk analisis tren waktu kejadian stroke kami, dan yang tidak memenuhi kriteria inklusi (misalnya, yang hanya
yang dikelompokkan berdasarkan pendapatan negara (negara untuk rentang usia tertentu atau yang hanya untuk rawat inap) telah
berpenghasilan tinggi dan negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga dihapus (2190). Abstrak dari 861 studi yang tersisa diambil dan
menengah). Tes χ² untuk tren linier dihitung berdasarkan perkiraan ditinjau untuk menghilangkan semua yang jelas tidak sesuai (757
gabungan untuk setiap periode. Kami tidak menilai non-linearitas karena
16 dihapus). 104 manuskrip yang tersisa dinilai secara independen oleh
tidak mungkin menilai ini dengan andal tanpa data peserta individu. tiga pengulas (VLF, CMML, SLB-C). Hal ini menyebabkan
Persentase perubahan tahunan dalam angka kejadian stroke standar usia dikeluarkannya 48 manuskrip lainnya yang tidak memenuhi kriteria
yang dikumpulkan dihitung dengan membagi perubahan keseluruhan kelayakan kami. Dengan demikian, 56 studi berbasis populasi yang
antara dekade 1970–79 dan 2000–08 dengan jumlah tahun. Analisis usia memenuhi syarat dari 47 pusat di 28 negara (21586563 orang-tahun;
spesifik perkiraan gabungan tren waktu 37016 insiden stroke) tersedia untuk analisis (Gambar 2, tabel 1).

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Studi ini melaporkan data yang dikumpulkan dari 1970 hingga 2008 kejadian stroke di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi tersedia (data sebelumnya
dari Rochester, MN, AS, tidak dimasukkan dari 35 pusat di 18 negara: Australia, 42–45,58 Barbados, 66

karena tidak ada data berbasis populasi lain untuk Denmark, 6,21,22 Estonia, 19,20 Finlandia, 21,23,24 Perancis, 34,35

periode itu untuk perbandingan). Data berbasis populasi di Jerman, 54,55 Yunani, 50 Italia, 36,39–41,46,51,57 Irlandia, 21 Jepang, 21,27,37
SEBUAH Rochester, MN, AS
1970–79
B 1970–79
Tartu, Estonia
Kopenhagen, Denmark Ibadan, Nigeria
Umbria, Italia
Karelia Utara, Finlandia Ulan Bator, Mongolia
Frederiksberg, Denmark
Espoo-Kauniainen, Finlandia Rohtak, India
Söderhamn, Swedia
Shibata, Jepang Kolombo, Sri Lanka
Oyabe, Jepang
Turku, Finlandia

Oxfordshire, Inggris
1980–89 1980–89
Kopenhagen, Denmark

Frederiksberg, Denmark
Rochester, MN, AS
Söderhamn, Swedia

Oyabe, Jepang
Turku, Finlandia Krasnoyarsk, Rusia
Auckland, Selandia Baru
Dijon, Prancis Novosibirsk, Rusia
Dublin, Irlandia
Malmö, Swedia
Valley d'Aosta, Italia
Perth, Australia

Oxfordshire, Inggris

Tartu, Estonia 1990–99 1990–99

Turku, Finlandia
Auckland, Selandia Baru
Dijon, Prancis
Perth, Australia
Belluno, Italia Novosibirsk, Rusia
Greater Cincinnati, AS
Arcadia, Yunani Martinik, Hindia Barat Perancis
L'Aquila, Italia
East Lancashire, Inggris Uzhhorod, Ukraina Barat
Innherred, Norwegia
Erlangen, Jerman
London Selatan, Inggris
ViboValentia, Italia
Melbourne, Australia
Wilayah Perbatasan Skotlandia, Inggris
Porto, Portugal (pedesaan)
Rochester, MN, AS
Örebro, Swedia

Tartu, Estonia 2000–08 2000–08

Dijon, Prancis

Valley d'Aosta, Italia

Perth, Australia

Tbilisi, Georgia

Iquique, Chili

Matão, Brasil

Mumbai, India

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 50 100 150 200 250

Tingkat kejadian stroke yang disesuaikan dengan usia Tingkat kejadian stroke yang disesuaikan dengan usia

(per 100000) (per 100000)

Gambar 3: Tingkat kejadian stroke yang disesuaikan dengan usia per 100.000 orang-tahun di empat periode penelitian

(A) Negara berpenghasilan tinggi. (B) Negara berpenghasilan menengah ke bawah. Garis padat adalah garis tren regresi. Garis regresi didasarkan pada regresi rata-rata kejadian selama masa studi.

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UND SAH Tomiddle rendah


PICH ADALAH negara pendapatan
Negara berpenghasilan tinggi

1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–08 2000–08

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Gambar 4: Frekuensi proporsional jenis patologis stroke menurut tingkat pendapatan negara dan dekade studi

Norway, 53 Selandia Baru, 29–31 Portugal, 61 Swedia, 25,26,38,63,67 kematian kasus ini dilaporkan oleh beberapa atau semua stroke
Belanda, 28 Inggris, 4,52,56,60,68–70 AMERIKA SERIKAT. 17,47–49 Berbasis populasi jenis patologis. 17,29–31,34,35,42–46,50,53–55,63 Hanya satu studi,
Data tentang kejadian stroke di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah menengah fromTilburg, Belanda, melaporkan kematian kasus stroke pada 21 hari, dan
28

tersedia dari 12 pusat di sepuluh negara: Brasil, 71


semua studi relevan lainnya yang dimasukkan dalam analisis melaporkan
Chile, 65 Hindia Barat Prancis, 59 Georgia, 64 India, 21,72 Nigeria, 21 kasus kematian pada 28 hari atau 1 bulan (30 hari). Di negara
Mongolia, 21 Srilanka, 21 Rusia, 32,33 dan Ukraina. 62 berpenghasilan rendah menengah, data kasus kematian dini tersedia dari
30.418 insiden stroke tersedia untuk analisis dari negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi sepuluh pusat 32,33,59,62,64,65,71,72 tetapi hanya untuk tahun 1990–99 dan 2000–08
dan 7.045 insiden stroke dari negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah.
Selama empat periode yang diteliti, data yang memenuhi syarat tersedia untuk analisis
dari 12 negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan empat negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga
1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–08
menengah pada tahun 1970–79 (masing-masing 7.199 dan 1198 stroke). Pada
Negara berpenghasilan tinggi
1980–1989, data tersedia dari 12 negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan dua negara
berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah (masing-masing 6.860 dan 2.884 kasus stroke); Stroke iskemik NA 9–16% 10–32% 13–23%
(10–20%)
pada 1990–1999, dari 18 negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan tiga negara berpenghasilan
Perdarahan intraserebral NA 38–66% 20–58% 25–35%
rendah hingga menengah (masing-masing 12187 dan 1901 stroke); dan pada tahun
(35–55%)
2000–08, dari delapan negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan empat negara berpenghasilan
Perdarahan subarachnoid NA 22–40% 20–50% 25–35%
rendah menengah (masing-masing 4172 dan 1062 stroke). Data usia spesifik tentang
(30–50%)
jenis stroke patologis utama yang terdokumentasi dengan baik tersedia dari Semua goresan digabungkan 29–49% 14–31% 12–33% 17–30%
(30-35%) (20–30%) (18–26%) (20–30%)

Negara berpenghasilan menengah ke bawah

18 pusat, 4,17,30,41,43,46,50,51,53,55–59,63–66 termasuk hanya tiga pusat Stroke iskemik NA NA NA 13–19%

dari negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah. 64,65,71 Hanya empat pusat Perdarahan intraserebral NA NA NA 30–48%
(Auckland, Selandia Baru; 30 Perth, Australia; 42–45
Perdarahan subarachnoid NA NA NA 40–48%
Erlangen, Jerman; 54,55 dan Dijon, Prancis 73) memberikan data tentang Semua goresan digabungkan NA 28–39% 23% 18–35%

penyebab stroke iskemik, dan hanya dua pusat (Barbados 66 dan (23–35%)

Iquique, Chili 65) menyediakan data tentang jenis anatomi stroke


Rentang dalam tanda kurung adalah rentang yang termasuk dalam sebagian besar studi dalam kategori ini, dan diberikan jika lebih sempit dari rentang total. NA = tidak tersedia.
iskemik.
Data tentang kematian kasus awal tersedia dari
Meja 2: Rentang dalam kasus kematian awal (21 hari hingga 1 bulan) di negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan negara berpenghasilan rendah
22 negara atau pusat berpenghasilan tinggi 4,17,19,20, 23, 24,28–31,34–46, 50,51,

menengah di empat periode studi


53–55,57,58,61,63,66,68–70 dalam keempat periode studi, tetapi hanya sembilan

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Negara berpenghasilan tinggi Negara berpenghasilan menengah ke bawah

1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–08 p untuk 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–08 p untuk

(n = 11 berdasarkan usia, (n = 10 berdasarkan usia, (n = 18) (n = 8) kecenderungan (n = 3 berdasarkan usia, (n = 2) (n = 3) (n = 4) kecenderungan


n = 12 untuk total) n = 12 untuk total) n = 4 untuk total)

<75 tahun

REM 118 (95–140) 103 (78–128) 91 (77–104) 66 (51–81) <0 · 0001 46 (26–66) 151 (103–199) 133 (80–187) 94 (70–118) 0 · 001

FEM 78 (75–81) 85 (82–88) 72 (70–74) 63 (60–66) <0 · 0001 45 (42–48) 132 (126–137) 107 (101–113) 88 (81–94) <0 · 0001

≥75 tahun

REM 2044 (1754–2334) 1761 (1456–2067) 1752 (1524–1979) 1216 (998–1434) <0 · 0001 410 (137–683) 2421 (1226–3615) 1596 (1283–1909) Tidak dapat <0 · 0001

dihitung
FEM 1520 (1478–1562) 1673 (1612–1734) 1544 (1500–1588) 1151 (1100–1202) <0 · 0001 340 (266–414) 1916 (1781–2051) 1473 (1352–1596) 1030 (910–1151) <0 · 0001

Total

REM 163 (98–227) 157 (101–213) 121 (107–135) 94 (72–116) 0 · 004 52 (33–71) 197 (126–268) 164 (106–222) 117 (79–156) <0 · 0001

FEM 150 (148–153) 192 (190–195) 95 (93–96) 85 (82–88) <0 · 0001 51 (48–54) 167 (161–174) 108 (105–111) 108 (100–115) <0 · 0001

Data rata-rata (95% CI). n = jumlah studi. * Perkiraan yang dikumpulkan menggunakan model efek acak (REM) dan model efek tetap (FEM).

Tabel 3: Insiden stroke tahunan yang disesuaikan dengan usia * menurut kelompok usia per 100.000 populasi per tahun dari total stroke di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan berpenghasilan rendah menengah selama empat periode penelitian

(tiga dari pusat ini 64,65,71 kematian kasus yang dilaporkan oleh beberapa atau 281 per 100.000 (Uhhgorod, Ukraina Barat) pada tahun 1990–99; dan
semua jenis patologis stroke). dari 73 per 100000 (Iquique, Chile) menjadi 165 per 100000 (Tbilisi,
Tabel 1 dan Gambar 3 menunjukkan bahwa untuk keseluruhan periode Georgia) pada 2000–08. Data yang dapat dipercaya tentang jenis
penelitian (1970-2008), terdapat variasi yang mencolok dalam tingkat insiden patologis stroke tidak tersedia di negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga
stroke yang kasar dan disesuaikan dengan usia di antara negara atau pusat menengah sampai setelah tahun 2000. Selama tahun 2000-08, tingkat
penelitian. Selama empat dekade, total tingkat insiden stroke kasar (per 100000 tertinggi dari stroke iskemik, perdarahan intraserebral primer, dan
orang-tahun) di antara negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi berkisar dari 125 perdarahan subaraknoid dilaporkan di Matão, Brasil (stroke iskemik 92
(Rochester, MN, AS) hingga 460 (Oyabe, Jepang) pada tahun 1970–79; dari 156 per 100.000 ) dan Tbilisi, Georgia (perdarahan intracerebral primer 44
(Rochester, MN, AS) menjadi 466 (Turku, Finlandia) pada 1980–1989; dari 131 per 100000 dan perdarahan subarachnoid 16 per 100000). Tingkat
(London selatan, Inggris) sampai 451 (Turku, Finlandia) pada tahun 1990–99; terendah dilaporkan di Iquique, Chili (stroke iskemik 47 per
dan dari 112 (Dijon, Prancis) menjadi 223 (Tartu, Estonia, dan Valley d'Aosta,
Italia) pada tahun 2000–08. Pada tahun 1990-1999, angka kejadian kasar stroke
iskemik tertinggi dilaporkan di Vibo Valentia, Italia (264 dari 100000, perdarahan intraserebral primer 17 per
100000, dan perdarahan subarachnoid 4 per 100000). Gambar 4
menunjukkan frekuensi proporsional tipe patologis stroke di 18 pusat
100000), perdarahan intracerebral primer di Arcadia, Yunani (48 per (14 negara, 12242 stroke) menurut periode studi dan tingkat
100000), dan perdarahan subarachnoid di Arcadia, Yunani; pendapatan negara. Dari studi yang termasuk dalam analisis, tidak ada
Innherred, Norwegia; dan Melbourne, Australia (9 per 100000). data akurat tentang jenis stroke yang tersedia hingga setelah tahun
Tingkat terendah dari jenis stroke patologis ini dilaporkan di 2000 di negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah. Di antara
Erlangen, Jerman (stroke iskemik 137 per 100.000 dan perdarahan negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi, pada 1970-79 data seperti itu
intraserebral primer 24 per 100.000), dan Dijon, Prancis hanya dilaporkan di Rochester, MN, AS (stroke iskemik 82%,
(perdarahan subarachnoid 4 per 100000), dan perdarahan intraserebral primer 9%, dan perdarahan subaraknoid
95%). Pada 1980–89, 70–85% stroke diklasifikasikan sebagai stroke
100000). Pada tahun 2000-08, tingkat kejadian stroke spesifik jenis iskemik (tertinggi di Rochester, MN, AS; terendah di Perth, Australia),
kasar tertinggi dilaporkan di Valley d'Aosta, Italia (stroke iskemik 6–12% sebagai perdarahan intraserebral primer (tertinggi di Perth,
174 per 100000 dan perdarahan intraserebral primer 23 per Australia; terendah di Frederiksberg , Denmark), 5–10% sebagai
100000) dan Auckland (perdarahan subarachnoid 10 per 100000). perdarahan subarachnoid (tertinggi di Perth, Australia; terendah di
Angka terendah terjadi di Dijon, Prancis (stroke iskemik 101 per Frederiksberg, Denmark). Pada 1990–99, frekuensi stroke iskemik
berkisar dari 67% di Belluno, Italia, hingga 84% di Cincinnati / Northern
100000, perdarahan intraserebral primer 10 per Kentucky, AS; perdarahan intraserebral primer dari 8% di wilayah
100000, dan perdarahan subarachnoid 2 per 100000). Di antara Perbatasan Skotlandia, Inggris, menjadi 20% di Belluno, Italia;
negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah, tingkat insiden perdarahan subarachnoid dari 10% di Belluno, Italia menjadi 2% di
stroke kasar berkisar dari 15 per 100000 (Ibadan, Nigeria) hingga 50 per Melbourne, Australia, dan Cincinnati / Northern Kentucky, AS. Pada
100000 (Ulan Bator, Mongolia) pada 1970–1979; dari 202 per 100000 tahun 2000–08, yang terendah
(Novosibirsk, Rusia) menjadi 217 per 100000 (Krasnoyarsk, Rusia) pada
1980–89; dari 167 per 100000 (Martinik, Hindia Barat Prancis) ke

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proporsi stroke iskemik (73%) tercatat di Auckland, Selandia Baru,


dan tertinggi (90%) di Dijon, Prancis; proporsi perdarahan 100 ADALAH PICH SAH UND

intraserebral primer berkisar dari 9% di Dijon, Prancis, hingga 13% di 90

Jumlah keseluruhan angka kejadian yang disesuaikan dengan usia


Barbados dan proporsi perdarahan subaraknoid berkisar dari 1% di 80

Dijon, Prancis, hingga 6% di Auckland, Selandia Baru. Di antara 70

negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah pada tahun 60

(per 100000 orang-tahun)


2000-08, frekuensi proporsional dari stroke iskemik berkisar dari 54%
50
di Tbilisi, Georgia, hingga 85% diMatão, Brasil; perdarahan
40
intraserebral primer berkisar dari 14% di Matão, Brazil, hingga 27%
30
di Tbilisi, Georgia; dan perdarahan subaraknoid berkisar dari 5% di
20
Iquique, Chili, sampai 10% di Tbilisi, Georgia.
10

0
1980–89 1990–99 2000–08 2000–08
Frekuensi proporsional dari penyebab stroke iskemik dan subtipe
anatomis di antara enam pusat yang termasuk dalam analisis 30,42-45,54,55,65,66 bervariasi Negara berpenghasilan tinggi Tomiddle rendah

negara pendapatan
secara substansial, sebagian besar karena variasi dalam kelengkapan
pemeriksaan diagnostik antara pusat-pusat tersebut. Proporsi penyakit Gambar 5: Jumlah keseluruhan tingkat kejadian stroke yang disesuaikan dengan usia dari jenis penyakit stroke dan stroke total di negara-negara

arteri besar berkisar antara 6% di Auckland, Selandia Baru, 30 menjadi berpenghasilan tinggi dan negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah menengah di berbagai periode yang berbeda

Hanya studi di mana CT / MRI atau otopsi dilakukan pada tidak kurang dari 70% pasien yang dimasukkan dalam analisis subtipe stroke. Semua
71% di Perth, Australia; cardioembolic berkisar dari 19% sampai 55%
analisis subtipe stroke didasarkan pada kasus yang diklasifikasikan oleh CT / MRI atau temuan otopsi untuk stroke iskemik (IS) dan perdarahan
pada waktu yang berbeda di Perth, Australia; 42–45 penyakit arteri kecil dari
intraserebral primer (PICH), atau pemeriksaan CSF dan / atau angiografi serebral untuk perdarahan subaraknoid (SAH). IS = stroke iskemik. PICH
10% di Perth, Australia, 42–45 menjadi 23% di Erlangen, Jerman. 54,55 Di = perdarahan intracerebral posterior. SAH = perdarahan subaraknoid. UND = jenis stroke patologis yang tidak jelas.

Barbados 66 dan Iquique, Chili, 65 proporsi 90 ADALAH PICH SAH UND


subtipe anatomis stroke iskemik dilaporkan masing-masing sebagai
80
18% dan 17% untuk infark sirkulasi anterior total, 31% dan 27%
70
untuk infark sirkulasi anterior parsial, 6% dan 43% untuk infark
lakunar, dan 60% dan 7% untuk infark sirkulasi posterior . 60
Frekuensi proporsional (%) stroke

50

Variasi dalam tingkat insiden stroke kasar di semua negara sangat menyempit
tipe patologis

40
ketika tingkat usia disesuaikan dalam masing-masing dari empat periode studi
30
dibandingkan secara terpisah di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi (2 kali lipat
20
menjadi 4 kali lipat perbedaan, dengan variasi antar negara berkurang dari waktu ke

waktu) dan negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah (1 · 5–2 · 0 kali lipat 10

perbedaan; Gambar 3). 0


1980–89 1990–99 2000–08 2000–08

Kematian kasus stroke dini (total dan menurut jenis patologis) bervariasi Negara berpenghasilan tinggi Tomiddle rendah

secara substansial antara negara dan periode studi (tabel 2). Di negara-negara negara pendapatan

berpenghasilan tinggi, kematian kasus stroke dini terendah dilaporkan di Dijon,


Gambar 6: Frekuensi proporsional jenis patologis stroke di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan negara berpenghasilan rendah menengah di
Prancis, pada 2002–04 (8%) dan tertinggi di Tartu, Estonia, pada 1970–73 berbagai periode studi (perkiraan gabungan)

(49,2%). Di negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah, kasus kematian IS = stroke iskemik. PICH = perdarahan intracerebral posterior. SAH = perdarahan subaraknoid. UND = jenis stroke

awal stroke terendah dilaporkan di Matão, Brazil, pada 2005–06 (18,5%) dan patologis yang tidak jelas.

tertinggi dilaporkan di Krasnoyarsk, Rusia, pada 1987–88 (37,6%) . Variasi


dalam kasus kematian akibat stroke kurang terlihat jika dibandingkan dengan 1970–2008 adalah –1 · 0% di negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan 5 · 6% di negara

beberapa dekade penelitian. berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah. Di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi,
penurunan yang signifikan dalam tingkat insiden terlihat pada orang yang lebih

muda dari 75 tahun (pengurangan 44%; p <0,0001) dan berusia 75 tahun atau lebih

Selama empat dekade, tingkat kejadian stroke yang disesuaikan dengan usia di (pengurangan 41%; p <0,0001). Sebaliknya, di negara-negara berpenghasilan

negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi menurun sebesar 42% (dari 163 per 100.000 rendah menengah ada peningkatan yang signifikan dua kali lipat dalam tingkat

orang-tahun pada tahun 1970–79 menjadi 94 per 100.000 orang-tahun pada tahun insiden pada kelompok usia yang lebih muda (<75 tahun) dari populasi (p = 0 · 001)

2000–08; p = 0 · 0004 ), sedangkan di negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga dan peningkatan hampir empat kali lipat pada kelompok yang lebih tua (≥75 tahun)

menengah tingkat kejadian stroke lebih dari dua kali lipat (masing-masing 52 per kelompok populasi (p <0 · 0001). Gambar 5 menunjukkan bahwa dari 1980 hingga

100000 dan 117 per 100000 orang-tahun; p <0 · 0001) dan melebihi tingkat yang 2008, angka kejadian stroke iskemik yang disesuaikan secara teratur di

diamati di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dalam dekade terakhir (tabel 3). negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi turun 11% (p untuk tren 0 · 53) dan tidak ada

Perubahan persentase tahunan dalam gabungan angka kejadian stroke standar perubahan dalam kejadian intracerebral primer.

usia selama

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Ulasan Ulasan

tidak diubah ketika estimasi yang dikumpulkan dihitung dengan metode


SEBUAH
efek tetap, tetapi signifikansi perubahan dalam estimasi gabungan
40
ditingkatkan (tabel 3).
35 Di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi, rata-rata total kematian kasus stroke
pada tahun 1970–79, 1980–89, 1990–99, dan 2000–08 adalah 35,9%,
30
21,5%, 22,2% dan 19,8%, masing-masing. Angka kematian kasus rata-rata
25
untuk stroke iskemik, intracerebral primer
Kasus fatalitas 1 bulan (%)

20 pendarahan, dan subarachnoid.dll


perdarahan adalah 15 · 2%, 45 · 5%, dan 31 · 6%, masing-masing, pada
15
1980–1989; 17 · 5%, 35 · 2%, dan 35 · 7% masing-masing pada tahun
10
1990–99; dan 14 · 3%, 41 · 0%, dan 30 · 0% pada tahun 2000–08. Di
5 negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah, total kematian

0 rata-rata kasus stroke adalah 35,2% pada tahun 1980–89, 23,0% pada tahun
1990–99, dan 26,6% pada tahun 2000–08. Di negara-negara berpenghasilan
B rendah hingga menengah, kasus kematian rata-rata untuk stroke iskemik,
40 perdarahan intraserebral primer, dan perdarahan subarachnoid adalah 16,7%,

35 38,7%, dan 43,9% pada tahun 2000-08. Secara keseluruhan, selama empat
dekade yang diteliti, ada penurunan yang tidak signifikan dalam kasus
30
kematian stroke dini di negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan rendah hingga
25
menengah (Gambar 7). Di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi, persentase
Kasus fatalitas 1 bulan (%)

20 perubahan rata-rata tahunan dalam kasus kematian akibat stroke selama


tahun 1970–2008 adalah -1 · 1%. Di negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga
15
menengah,
10

0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Diskusi
Tahun
Sepengetahuan kami, penelitian ini meninjau semua data yang tersedia dari studi insiden

stroke berbasis populasi dan mendokumentasikan angka insiden stroke selama empat
Gambar 7: Kematian kasus stroke dini (21 hari hingga 1 bulan) berdasarkan tahun studi dekade terakhir: telah terjadi penurunan insiden stroke sebesar 42% di negara-negara
(A) Negara berpenghasilan tinggi. (B) Negara berpenghasilan menengah ke bawah. Garis padat adalah garis
berpenghasilan tinggi dan lebih dari 100% meningkat di negara berpenghasilan rendah
regresi linier
hingga menengah. Ringkasan temuan kunci ditampilkan di panel. Dari tahun 1970 hingga

perdarahan (p untuk tren 0 · 45) dan perdarahan subaraknoid (p untuk tren 0 · 41). 2008, persentase perubahan tahunan dalam gabungan angka kejadian stroke standar usia
Pada tahun 2000-08, tidak ada perbedaan dalam angka kejadian stroke iskemik berkurang sebesar 1 · 1% di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan meningkat sebesar
yang disesuaikan dengan usia antara negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi (70 5 · 3% di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah. Divergensi ini berarti
per 100000) dan negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah (67 per bahwa tingkat insiden stroke secara keseluruhan di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah

100000), tetapi tingkat perdarahan intraserebral primer dan subarachnoid hingga menengah telah, untuk pertama kalinya, melampaui tingkat insiden stroke yang
perdarahan di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah hampir saat ini terlihat di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi — perbedaan sebesar 20% (117
dua kali lipat dari tingkat di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi (perdarahan per 100.000 dan 94 per 100.000, masing-masing). Dengan peningkatan lebih dari
intraserebral primer 22 per 100.000 vs. 10 per 100000 dan perdarahan dua kali lipat angka kejadian stroke di negara berpenghasilan rendah menengah dari
subarachnoid tujuh per 100000 vs. empat per 100.000, masing-masing). Gambar tahun 1970 hingga 2008, kejadian stroke di negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga

6 menunjukkan bahwa di antara negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi selama tiga menengah telah mencapai tingkat epidemi. Tren yang berbeda ini terbukti pada individu

dekade, frekuensi proporsional yang dikumpulkan dari stroke iskemik adalah 74% yang lebih muda (<75 tahun) dan lebih tua (≥75 tahun), meskipun lebih terlihat pada

pada 1980–1989, 77% pada 1990–99, dan 82% pada 2000–08, dan frekuensi kelompok yang lebih tua. Temuan penting lainnya dari penelitian ini adalah penurunan

perdarahan intraserebral primer. masing-masing adalah 9%, 13%, dan 11%. yang lebih besar, meskipun tidak signifikan, dalam insiden perdarahan intraserebral
Frekuensi proporsional perdarahan subarachnoid meningkat sedikit (1 · 5%, 3%, primer daripada stroke iskemik di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi selama empat

dan 3%, masing-masing; p = 0 · 04). Frekuensi proporsional yang dikumpulkan dekade terakhir, tetapi hampir tidak ada perubahan dalam insiden perdarahan
dari stroke iskemik pada tahun 2000-08 lebih rendah di negara-negara subaraknoid negara -penghasilan pada periode yang sama. Angka kejadian stroke di

berpenghasilan menengah rendah dibandingkan di negara-negara berpenghasilan negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah telah mencapai tingkat epidemi. Tren

tinggi (67% dan 82%, masing-masing), tetapi frekuensi perdarahan intraserebral yang berbeda ini terbukti pada individu yang lebih muda (<75 tahun) dan lebih tua (≥75

primer (22% dan 11%, masing-masing) dan perdarahan tahun), meskipun lebih terlihat pada kelompok yang lebih tua. Temuan penting lainnya

subarachnoidhaemorrhage dari penelitian ini adalah penurunan yang lebih besar, meskipun tidak signifikan, dalam

insiden perdarahan intraserebral primer daripada stroke iskemik di negara-negara


berpenghasilan tinggi selama empat dekade terakhir, tetapi hampir tidak ada perubahan

dalam insiden perdarahan subaraknoid negara -penghasilan pada periode yang sama. Angka kejadian st

(7% dan 3%, masing-masing) adalah frekuensi dua kali lipat di negara-negara Data kami tentang penurunan insiden stroke dan kematian kasus dini di
berpenghasilan tinggi untuk dekade yang sama. Hasil negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi tetapi meningkat

367www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 367


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Insiden stroke di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah Implementasi perawatan pencegahan dan pengurangan faktor risiko pada
sesuai dengan divergensi yang dilaporkan dalam mortalitas stroke pada tingkat populasi berkontribusi pada pengurangan kejadian stroke yang
kelompok-kelompok ini 74–76 dan perbedaan yang diamati dalam proyek WHO signifikan. Insiden stroke yang tinggi dan meningkat di negara-negara
MONICA. 77–79 Namun, penyebab dari perubahan kematian akibat stroke ini berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah selama empat dekade terakhir
belum sepenuhnya dipahami. Misalnya data terbaru dari proyek WHO MONICA 80 mungkin disebabkan oleh transisi kesehatan dan demografis di negara-negara
tersebut. 83

menyarankan bahwa perubahan dalam mortalitas stroke sebagian besar Ini sesuai dengan teori Omran tentang epidemiologi perubahan populasi, 84 dan
disebabkan oleh perubahan fatalitas kasus awal daripada karena menyarankan bahwa negara-negara yang termasuk dalam Tinjauan ini telah
perubahan insiden stroke. Namun, proyek WHO MONICA hanya memasuki “transisi kesehatan”. Meskipun kemungkinan perbaikan dalam sistem
mengamati 14 pusat di sembilan negara dan hanya pada individu berusia perawatan kesehatan dan diagnosis klinis yang mungkin telah berkontribusi
35-64 tahun; dengan demikian, sekitar tiga perempat pasien tidak akan pada peningkatan yang nyata dalam tingkat kejadian stroke di negara-negara ini
dimasukkan dalam analisis. Tinjauan sistematis kami didasarkan pada data selama empat dekade penelitian tidak tersedia untuk analisis kami, efek dari
insiden stroke berbasis populasi dari 47 pusat di 28 negara, termasuk peningkatan ini pada tingkat kejadian stroke total mungkin terjadi. menjadi
semua pasien, dan tidak dibatasi oleh batas usia atas. Meskipun tinjauan rendah karena hanya studi insiden stroke
kami tidak dapat memberikan bukti langsung tentang hubungan antara
perubahan insiden stroke dan angka kematian, pola perubahan tingkat bahwa itu sungguh berbasis populasi dan
kejadian stroke di negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan rendah hingga secara metodologis sebanding dimasukkan dalam analisis di semua periode
menengah dan data dari penelitian tentang kematian internasional mungkin studi. Peningkatan angka mortalitas dan morbiditas dari penyakit jantung
menyiratkan bahwa perubahan dalam tingkat kematian stroke kemungkinan koroner di negara berkembang selama beberapa dekade terakhir 85–87 sejalan
besar disebabkan oleh perubahan yang sesuai dalam tingkat kejadian dengan temuan kami. Seperti paparan faktor risiko kardiovaskular (terutama
stroke. Hasil kami juga menyiratkan bahwa penurunan yang signifikan merokok, peningkatan tekanan darah dan konsentrasi glukosa darah, diet
dalam insiden stroke di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi sebagian kebarat-baratan yang rendah buah dan sayuran tetapi tinggi lemak dan
besar disebabkan oleh penurunan insiden stroke iskemik dan perdarahan garam, dan kurangnya aktivitas fisik) dan seiring dengan peningkatan usia
intraserebral primer selama empat dekade terakhir (peningkatan yang rata-rata di negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah , 85,88,89 beban
diamati dalam insiden perdarahan intraserebralis primer dan perdarahan stroke di negara-negara ini akan meningkat kecuali tindakan untuk
subarachnoidhaemorrhage mengendalikan faktor risiko kardiovaskular segera diterapkan.

Perbedaan tren waktu jenis utama stroke patologis (penurunan


pada 1990-1999 kemungkinan besar diperhitungkan dengan pengenalan CT angka kejadian stroke iskemik dan perdarahan intraserebral primer
atau MRI pemindaian otak yang lebih luas di seluruh dunia ke dalam praktik dan angka kejadian perdarahan subaraknoid yang relatif stabil)
klinis pada sekitar waktu ini). Data terbaru dari Oxfordshire 68 dan London, 81 Inggris, menambah bukti bahwa penyebab perdarahan subaraknoid secara
dan dari Beijing, Shanghai, dan Changsha, Cina, 82 menyarankan bahwa substansial berbeda dengan

Panel: Temuan-temuan penting

• Ada tren insiden stroke di antara negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan rendah ke-menengah selama empat dekade terakhir, dengan penurunan insiden stroke sebesar 42% di
negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan lebih dari 100% peningkatan di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah menengah. Tren yang sesuai dalam kejadian stroke diamati pada
kelompok usia yang lebih muda (<75 tahun) dan lebih tua (≥75 tahun), meskipun perbedaannya jauh lebih jelas pada kelompok yang lebih tua.

• Pada tahun 2000-08, tingkat kejadian stroke di negara berpenghasilan rendah menengah, untuk pertama kalinya, melebihi angka di negara berpenghasilan tinggi.

• Di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi, ada penurunan yang lebih besar meskipun tidak signifikan dalam kejadian perdarahan intraserebral primer daripada stroke iskemik,

sedangkan kejadian perdarahan subaraknoid tetap relatif stabil selama empat dekade terakhir. Insiden dan frekuensi proporsional perdarahan intraserebral dan perdarahan

subarachnoid di negara berpenghasilan rendah menengah secara signifikan lebih besar daripada insiden dan frekuensi di negara berpenghasilan tinggi. Pola perubahan

tingkat kejadian stroke di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan rendah ke negara-negara berpenghasilan menengah rendah sesuai dengan yang dilaporkan dalam studi

• tren kematian internasional, menunjukkan bahwa perubahan dalam tingkat kematian stroke kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh perubahan yang sesuai dalam tingkat

kejadian stroke.

• Pada 2000-08, kasus kematian dini (21 hari sampai 1 bulan) berkisar antara 17% sampai 30% (13-23% untuk stroke iskemik, 25-35% untuk perdarahan intraserebral primer, dan

25-35% untuk perdarahan subarachnoid) di negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan dari 18 hingga 35% di negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah (13-19% untuk stroke

iskemik, 30-48% untuk perdarahan intraserebral primer, dan 40-48% untuk perdarahan subaraknoid).

• Kematian kasus stroke dini menurun baik di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan rendah-menengah tetapi, secara keseluruhan, kasus kematian awal stroke di negara-negara

berpenghasilan rendah-menengah dalam dekade terakhir adalah 25% lebih tinggi daripada kasus kematian awal stroke di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi.

368www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 368


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penyebab stroke iskemik dan perdarahan intraserebral primer. investigasi diagnostik di pusat-pusat ini; oleh karena itu, data ini
Penemuan kami tentang tidak adanya perubahan yang signifikan harus ditafsirkan dengan hati-hati.
dalam kejadian perdarahan subaraknoid sesuai dengan yang Temuan kami menunjukkan penurunan kasus kematian dini (21 hari hingga 1

diamati dalam tinjauan terbaru epidemiologi perdarahan bulan) di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan rendah hingga menengah.
subaraknoid dari tahun 1960 hingga 1994 oleh Linn dan rekan kerja. 90 Penurunan ini terbesar di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi, tetapi kisaran
Insiden perdarahan subaraknoid yang stabil, daripada jenis stroke kasus kematian tumpang tindih antara negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan
patologis lainnya, menekankan kembali perbedaan penyebab rendah hingga menengah. Meskipun kematian kasus stroke dini secara
perdarahan subaraknoid dibandingkan dengan stroke iskemik dan keseluruhan di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah dalam
perdarahan intraserebral primer dan menunjukkan perlunya dekade terakhir adalah 25% lebih tinggi daripada di negara-negara
menerapkan tindakan pencegahan yang lebih efektif dan terarah berpenghasilan tinggi (266%) vs. 19,8%), tidak banyak perbedaan antara
untuk perdarahan subaraknoid. Kami berhipotesis bahwa negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan rendah dalam hal kasus kematian dini
perbedaan antara stroke iskemik dan perdarahan intraserebral primer. Satu-satunya jenis
kematian kasus stroke patologis yang berbeda antara kedua kelompok negara
iskemik stroke / primer intracerebral adalah perdarahan subarachnoid: kasus kematian perdarahan subaraknoid di
perdarahan dan perdarahan subaraknoid dari waktu ke waktu negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah adalah 31,7% lebih tinggi
mencerminkan perbedaan jeda waktu antara dimulainya program yang daripada di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi (43,9% vs. 30 · 0%).
diarahkan untuk mengurangi faktor risiko stroke dan efek program tersebut Perbedaan ini mungkin dijelaskan oleh pengelolaan perdarahan subaraknoid
pada jenis stroke yang berbeda. Misalnya, efek strategi untuk mengurangi yang lebih buruk di negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah
merokok — salah satu faktor risiko paling signifikan untuk perdarahan dibandingkan dengan pengelolaan di negara berpenghasilan tinggi. 96 Tidak
subaraknoid — mungkin lebih tertunda dalam mengurangi insiden adanya perbedaan dalam kasus kematian dini untuk stroke iskemik dan
perdarahan subaraknoid bila dibandingkan dengan intervensi yang perdarahan intracerebral primer selama 2000-08 dapat dijelaskan oleh fakta
menargetkan peningkatan tekanan darah. Bagi mereka yang mengalami bahwa strategi manajemen yang paling efektif dari stroke akut tidak tersedia
perdarahan intraserebral dan stroke iskemik, intervensi untuk menurunkan secara luas sampai setelah tahun 1995 (misalnya, ketersediaan alteplase dan
tekanan darah yang meningkat diharapkan memiliki efek yang jauh lebih stroke multidisiplin terorganisir unit) dan penerapannya yang lebih luas ke dalam
cepat daripada berhenti merokok. 91,92 Selain itu, kami tidak dapat praktik masih berlangsung. 97,98 Berdasarkan temuan ini, penurunan kematian
mengesampingkan kemungkinan bahwa efek intervensi pencegahan pada kasus stroke dini di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan rendah hingga
waktu yang berbeda dalam kehidupan mungkin mempengaruhi risiko stroke menengah mungkin disebabkan oleh perubahan dalam riwayat alami stroke
secara berbeda dan, oleh karena itu, kejadian jenis stroke yang berbeda. (misalnya, pergeseran ke stroke yang tidak terlalu parah), yang telah disarankan
dalam beberapa laporan. Perubahan ini telah dikaitkan dengan manajemen
faktor risiko pra-stroke yang lebih baik, terutama penggunaan penghambat ACE 99.100
dan aspirin, 101.102 penggunaan statin pra-stroke yang lebih luas, 103.104 dan
Tidak seperti perbedaan yang agak moderat dalam kejadian stroke meningkatkan perawatan stroke 105 selama beberapa dekade terakhir.
iskemik antara negara berpenghasilan tinggi (70 per 100000) dan negara
berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah (67 per 100000) selama dekade
terakhir, kejadian intracerebral primer
pendarahan dan subarachnoid.dll
perdarahan di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah
(masing-masing 22 per 100.000 dan 7 per 100.000) saat ini hampir dua kali lipat

insiden di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi (masing-masing 10 per 100.000 Kekuatan utama penelitian ini ada empat kali lipat. Pertama, tinjauan ini
dan 4 per 100.000). Selama tahun 2000–08, frekuensi proporsional stroke iskemik didasarkan pada semua studi insiden stroke berbasis populasi yang
di antara negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah adalah 20% lebih memenuhi kriteria untuk studi insiden stroke yang ideal, 18

rendah dibandingkan di negara berpenghasilan tinggi, tetapi frekuensi proporsional yang memastikan datanya
dari perdarahan intraserebral primer dan perdarahan subaraknoid sekitar dua kali komprehensif dan sebanding serta memberikan perkiraan paling akurat dari
lipat dari yang dilaporkan saat ini di negara berpenghasilan tinggi. (67%, 22%, dan tingkat kejadian stroke dan kematian kasus dini. Kedua, penelitian ini
7%, masing-masing, termasuk 56 studi insiden stroke berbasis populasi yang memenuhi syarat
dari 47 pusat di 28 negara di semua benua, dengan total 2.2006940
vs. 82%, 11%, dan 3%, masing-masing). Perbedaan mencolok orang-tahun pengamatan orang-orang dari segala usia dan 37016 insiden
dalam risiko dan proporsi pasien dengan stroke iskemik dan stroke, sehingga memastikan ketepatan dan kekuatan dari perkiraan
hemoragik antara negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan rendah hingga utama. Ketiga, periode studi yang terdiri dari empat dekade terakhir,
menengah mungkin menunjukkan perbedaan dalam paparan faktor memungkinkan estimasi insiden stroke dan kasus kematian dalam periode
risiko lingkungan untuk stroke, terutama peningkatan tekanan yang lama. Keempat, selain analisis deskriptif, gambaran umum ini
darah dan merokok. 93–95 Analisis kami tentang subtipe stroke iskemik menggunakan teknik meta-analitik, memberikan perkiraan gabungan
terbatas hanya pada enam pusat yang melaporkan data yang tingkat insiden stroke dan kematian kasus dini berdasarkan periode studi
relevan, dan analisis ini diperumit oleh variasi substansial dalam yang berbeda, kelompok usia populasi, dan tingkat pendapatan negara.
proporsi subtipe ini, karena perbedaan dalam kelengkapan Namun, bahkan untuk database sebesar itu,

369www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 369


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masih tidak ada cukup data untuk perkiraan kematian akibat stroke berbasis Penerapan strategi pencegahan stroke berbasis populasi dan risiko tinggi
populasi dan beberapa analisis subkelompok (misalnya, subtipe stroke secara berkelanjutan sangat penting untuk mempertahankan penurunan positif
iskemik) dan data dari negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga kejadian stroke di negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi, dan peluncuran segera
menengah terbatas hanya pada sepuluh negara (20% dari total stroke yang program pencegahan stroke, terutama pengendalian tekanan darah dan
dimasukkan dalam analisis). Selain itu, studi ini mungkin tidak sepenuhnya intervensi penghentian merokok, pada populasi dan di tingkat individu, bersama
mewakili negara tempat mereka dilakukan karena variasi dalam negara dengan peningkatan akses ke perawatan kesehatan primer di negara
dalam tingkat kejadian stroke. 5 Kurangnya data epidemiologi stroke yang berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah diperlukan. Waktu untuk
berkualitas baik dari negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah memutuskan apakah stroke harus menjadi agenda pemerintah atau tidak di
diakui secara luas oleh para peneliti dan WHO. Meskipun membatasi negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah hingga menengah telah berlalu.
analisis kami pada laporan yang dipublikasikan mungkin telah menimbulkan Sekaranglah waktunya untuk bertindak.
bias publikasi, ukuran bias ini kemungkinan kecil karena alasan yang
tercantum di atas. Ada heterogenitas dalam studi yang diperiksa dan
penggunaan model efek acak untuk memasukkan heterogenitas statistik ini, Kontributor
yang tidak dapat kami jelaskan, juga harus disorot sebagai kelemahan VLF merancang penelitian, mencari literatur, dan menulis draf pertama. CMML dan
SLB-C merancang studi, mencari literatur, dan mereview naskah. DAB dan VP
potensial. Satu-satunya variasi dalam definisi kasus fatalitas yang diizinkan
mendesain studi, menganalisis data, dan mereview naskah.
oleh pemilihan studi kami adalah bahwa hal itu dapat mencakup periode 21
hingga 30 hari (1 bulan), karena perbedaan antara 21 hari dan 30 hari jika
Konflik kepentingan
kasus kematian dapat diabaikan. 106 Selain itu, dari semua studi yang Kami tidak memiliki konflik kepentingan.

termasuk dalam analisis kasus fatalitas hanya satu studi, dari Tilburg,
Ucapan Terima Kasih
Belanda, 28 melaporkan kematian kasus stroke pada 21 hari (semua studi Kami berterima kasih kepada Peter Rothwell, Universitas Oxford, Departemen Neurologi
relevan lainnya melaporkan kasus fatalitas pada 28 hari atau pada 1 bulan), Klinis, Oxford, Inggris; Brett Kissela dari Departemen Neurologi, Universitas Cincinnati, AS;
Maurice Giroud dan Yannick Béjot dari Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitare,
dan pengecualian studi ini dari analisis tidak mengubah hasil. Satu-satunya
Dijon, Prancis; Praful Dalal, Madhumita Bhattacharjee, dan Jaee Vairale dari Pusat Penelitian
perbedaan dalam memastikan kasus di antara studi adalah bahwa
di Rumah Sakit Lilavati, India, untuk informasi tambahan (tidak dipublikasikan) tentang
beberapa studi menggunakan metode pengejaran panas (skrining prospektif insiden stroke dan kematian kasus dari studi berbasis populasi masing-masing. CMML

dari penerimaan rumah sakit dan rujukan dari dokter umum, panti jompo, didukung oleh National Heart Foundation (Selandia Baru) Fellowship.

dan institusi lama, biasanya setiap hari), sedangkan yang lain


menggunakan metode pencarian dingin (retrospektif identifikasi kasus
Referensi
potensial dari rumah sakit dan rekam medis layanan kesehatan
1 Mathers CD, Lopez AD, Murray CJL, dkk. Beban penyakit dan kematian
masyarakat). Hal ini diperkirakan tidak akan memengaruhi kelengkapan berdasarkan kondisi: data, metode, dan hasil tahun 2001. Beban Global Penyakit
kepastian kasus, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh Sudlow dan Warlow. 18 Idealnya, dan Faktor Risiko. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006: 45–240.

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Review
Review

Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported


in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review
Valery L Feigin, Carlene M M Lawes, Derrick A Bennett, Suzanne L Barker-Collo, Varsha Parag

This systematic review of population-based studies of the incidence and early (21 days to 1 month) case fatality of Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: 355–69
stroke is based on studies published from 1970 to 2008. Stroke incidence (incident strokes only) and case fatality from Published Online
21 days to 1 month post-stroke were analysed by four decades of study, two country income groups (high-income February 20, 2009
DOI:10.1016/S1474-
countries and low to middle income countries, in accordance with the World Bank’s country classification) and, when
4422(09)70025-0
possible, by stroke pathological type: ischaemic stroke, primary intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid
See Reflection and Reaction
haemorrhage. This Review shows a divergent, statistically significant trend in stroke incidence rates over the past four page 306
decades, with a 42% decrease in stroke incidence in high-income countries and a greater than 100% increase in stroke See Articles page 345
incidence in low to middle income countries. In 2000–08, the overall stroke incidence rates in low to middle income National Research Centre for
countries have, for the first time, exceeded the level of stroke incidence seen in high-income countries, by 20%. The Stroke, Applied Neurosciences
time to decide whether or not stroke is an issue that should be on the governmental agenda in low to middle income and Neurorehabilitation,
School of Rehabilitation and
countries has now passed. Now is the time for action. Occupation Studies, School of
Public Health and Psychosocial
Introduction update current knowledge of stroke morbidity and incidence studies and
WHO estimates for 2001 indicate that death from stroke in to review secular trends
early case fatality with all available population-based in stroke
low-income and middle-income countries accounted for stroke i
85·5% of stroke deaths worldwide, and the disability- n
adjusted life years (DALYs) lost in these countries was c
almost seven times those lost in high-income countries.1 i
Evidence from developed countries suggests that one in d
20 adults (aged >14 years) is affected by stroke, including e
clinically covert strokes,2,3 and the incidence of acute n
cerebrovascular events (stroke and transient ischaemic c
attack combined) currently exceeds the incidence of acute e
coronary heart disease.4 Although rates of stroke mortality
and burden vary greatly among countries, low-income a
countries are the most affected. Current measures of the n
prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors at the population d
level poorly predict overall stroke mortality and burden
c
and do not explain the greater burden in low-income
a
countries.5 This worldwide stroke epidemic and the well s
recognised medicosocial consequences of stroke (including e
post-stroke dementia) justify the need for periodic reviews
of the best available evidence of worldwide stroke f
epidemiology. This will advance our understanding of a
stroke frequency and determinants in various populations, t
enabling better health-care planning. a
The most reliable data on stroke incidence and case l
fatality come from population-based incidence studies. i
Our last systematic review of population-based stroke t
incidence and case fatality studies was published in y
2003.6 Several new population-based stroke incidence .
studies have been published since, which suggests there
is a need for more in-depth systematic analysis. In M
addition, this and other reviews6,7 of population-based e
stroke incidence studies were limited: they did not t
include all previously published studies, they did not h
provide pooled estimates, and they did not systematically o
analyse stroke morbidity and early mortality in various
d
populations. The aims of this systematic review are to
s

355www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009355


Review

Search strategy and selection criteria Studies, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
We searched Medline, Scopus, PubMed, and (V L Feigin MD); Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Population Health,
University of Auckland, Auckland, New
ScienceDirect, from 1950 to May, 2008, with the words Zealand (C M M Lawes FAFPHM);
“stroke”, “isch(a)emic stroke”, “intracerebral”, “intra- Clinical Trials Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies, University of Oxford,
Oxford UK (D A Bennett PhD); Department of Psychology, University of
parenchymal”, “subarachnoid”, “h(a)emorrhage”, Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
“population-based”, “community-based”, “community”, (S Barker-Collo PhD); and Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Population Health,
“epidemiology”, “epidemiological”, “incidence”, “attack University
of Auckland, Auckland, New
rates”, “survey”, “surveillance”, “mortality”, “morbidity”, Zealand (V Parag MSc)
“fatality”, “case fatality”, or “trends”. Correspondence to Valery L Feigin, National Research Centre for Stroke,
Eligibility criteria were as follows: complete, population- Applied Neurosciences and Neurorehabilitation,
based case ascertainment based on multiple overlapping AUT University, North Shore
Campus, AA254,
sources of information (hospitals, outpatient clinics, and 90 Akoranga Drive, Northcote
death certificates); standard WHO definition of stroke;7 0627, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
incident stroke cases reported; data collection over valery.feigin@aut.ac.nz
whole years; no upper age limit for the population studied;
availability of the raw numbers needed to calculate the
rates in question (if all the raw numbers were not available
in a publication that was otherwise eligible for inclusion,
one of the corresponding authors was contacted for the
missing data); and a prospective study design. Only
papers published in English were reviewed.
The literature search strategy and inclusion criteria for
stroke7 and stroke types were based on those used in our
previous review5 but with no restriction on study date.
Population-based studies confined to only one
pathological type of stroke were excluded from the
analysis. Three authors (VLF, CMML, and SLB-C)
independently graded the articles for eligibility criteria
and any disagreement was resolved by discussion.
Different subsets of studies were potentially eligible for
different parts of this review. Our analysis of stroke
incidence and case fatality was restricted to incident
stroke cases.
Stroke was defined according to WHO criteria as
“rapidly developed signs of focal (or global) disturbance

356www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009356


Review

CSF examination for patients with suspected subarachnoid


3051 studies in database search haemorrhage) was done were classified as having
2190 did not meet inclusion undefined stroke. These criteria (except for undefined)
criteria are based on the standard definitions suggested by Sudlow
861 abstracts reviewed and Warlow7 to compare pathological stroke types.
Ischaemic strokes were further categorised by four causal
757 were not applicable (large artery disease, cardioembolic, small artery disease
[including lacunar strokes], and other)9 or anatomical
104 manuscripts appraised (total anterior circulation infarct, partial anterior
by three reviewers
circulation infarct, lacunar infarcts, and posterior
48 manuscripts did not
meet eligibility criteria circulation infarct)10 classifications whenever a distinction
could be made from the original publication.
56 population-based studies
were included
Statistical analysis
Stroke incidence and early case fatality (21 days to 1 month)
Figure 1: Selection of studies
were analysed for four study periods (1970–79, 1980–89,
1990–99, 2000–08), two country income groups (high-
For more on the World Bank of cerebral function lasting longer than 24 hours (unless income countries and low to middle income countries
income groups see interrupted by death), with no apparent nonvascular [according to the World Bank’s country classification]) and,
http://go.worldbank.org/
K2CKM78CC0
cause.”8 Stroke subtype-specific analyses were confined to when possible, by stroke pathological type (ischaemic
population-based studies in which CT, MRI, or autopsy stroke, primary intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid
findings were available for about 70% or more of strokes. haemorrhage, and undefined). Age-standardised rates per
On the basis of these neuroimaging findings, strokes 100 000 individuals were calculated by the direct method
were classified into four main types: ischaemic stroke, with the 1996 world population as the standard.11 Crude
primary intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid incidence rates per 100 000 population per year with
haemorrhage, and undefined. Criteria that were acceptable corresponding 95% CIs were calculated by use of standard
for a diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage also approaches.12–14 Centres with more than one study in a
included a clinical picture that was supported by decade were combined for the analyses and the closest years
characteristic CSF or angiography findings. Patients who to the decade were taken if necessary. Only those studies
fulfilled the WHO criteria for stroke but for whom neither that had complete data for important covariates (age, sex,
a CT, MRI, nor an autopsy (or cerebral angiography or and stroke type) were suitable for the pooled analyses, thus

Studies or centres with no data on stroke incidence trends


Studies or centres with data on stroke incidence trends
High-income countries that are included in this analysis
Low to middle income countries that are included in this analysis

Figure 2: World map showing areas of population-based stroke incidence studies

357www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009357


Review Review

Study Person- Age Total Crude incidence Age-adjusted Hospital 1 month CT/MRI Timing of Data on stroke type(s)
duration years range number of total strokes incidence (or admission case fatality autopsy CT/MRI by age and sex¶
(years) (years) incident (95% CI) range) of total rate (or range) of total rate after
strokes strokes (95% CI) strokes (%) stroke
Rochester, MN, USA17
1970–74 5 264 480 All 332 122 (114–142)† 91 (81–102) NR 15–24% 43% 3 months Total strokes
1975–79 5 262 669 All 336 128 (114–142)† 88 (78–98) NR 17–21% 73% 3 months Total strokes, IS
1980–84 5 277 845 All 454 163 (148–178)† 107 (96–118) NR 16–20% 88% 3 months Total strokes, IS
1985–89 5 332 982 All 6 149 (136–162)† 102 (92–112) 85%18 14–25% 92% 3 months Total strokes, IS
Tartu, Estonia19–20
1970–73 3 271 377 20–99 667 246 (227–264)† 170 (156–183) 40% 49% NR NR Total strokes
1991–93 2 221 262 All 829 375 (324–426) 231 (214–248) 80% 30% 19% NR Total strokes
2001–03 2 202 244 All 451 223 (202–244) 125 (113–138) 88% 26% 90% NR Total strokes
Copenhagen, Denmark21
1971–74 3 300 000 All 891 219 (205–233)† 80 (74–85) 89%‡ NR NR NR Total strokes
Dublin, Ireland21
1971–74 3 401 100 All 539 141 (129–153)† 118 (108–128) 90%‡ NR NR NR Total strokes
North Karelia, Finland21
1971–74 3 534 900 All 938 171 (160–182)† 141 (132–150) 91%‡ NR NR NR Total strokes
Ibadan, Nigeria21
1971–74 3 2 409 300 All 300 15 (13–17)† 41 (36–45) 89%‡ NR NR NR Total strokes
Saku, Japan21
1971–74 3 315 600 All 708 205 (190–220)† 153 (142–165) 49% NR NR NR Total strokes
Ulan Bator, Mongolia21
1971–74 3 783 900 All 653 50 (46–54)† 78 (71–84) 51% NR NR NR Total strokes
Rohtak, India21
1971–74 1 124 700 All 82 27 (21–33)† 48 (38–59) 55% NR NR NR Total strokes
Colombo, Sri Lanka21
1971–74 1 562 400 All 163 24 (20–27)† 41 (35–47) 98% NR NR NR Total strokes
Frederiksberg, Denmark6–22
1972–74 3 292 629 All 665 223 (206–240)† 85 (79–92) NR NR NR NR Total strokes
1989–90 1 85 611 All 262 306 (269–344)† 106 (89–123) 88% NR 75% NR Total strokes
Espoo–Kauniainen, Finland23–24
1972–73 2 113110 ≥15 122 108 (86–130)† 194 (159–229) 89% 35% NR NR Total strokes
1978–80 2 136 850 ≥15 127 93 (77–118)† 145 (120–170) 95% 29% 11% NR Total strokes
1989–91 2 134 804 ≥15 297 220 (203–238)† 100 (91–110) 86% 23% 60% NR Total strokes
Söderham, Sweden25–26
1975–78 3 96 690 ≥25 281 290 (256–324)† 254 (223–285) 89% 23% 1% NR Total strokes
1983–86 3 92 208 ≥25 359 353 (317–390)† 312 (278–347) 95% 22% 38% NR Total strokes
Shibata, Japan27
1976–78 3 225 504 ≥20 415 261 (236–286)† 223 (194–252) NR NR NR NR Total strokes and SAH
Tilburg, Netherlands28
1978–80 2 302 712 All 438 289 (262–316)† 100 (81–119) 85% 30% (21 days) NR NR Total strokes
Auckland, NZ29-31
1981–82 1 596 580 ≥15 1030 173 (162–184) 137 (129–146) 62% 33% 21% 30 days Total strokes
1991–92 1 945 369 ≥15* 1305 181 (171–191) 141 (133–149) 73% 24% 41% 30 days Total strokes
2002–03 1 897 882 ≥15 1423 158 (150–166) 126 (119–133) 91% 21% 91% 7 days Total IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Turku, Finland24
1982 1 112412 ≥25 504 448 (409–487)† 359 (326–393) NR 30% (for the whole NR NR Total strokes
1982–92 period)
1987 1 113236 ≥25 548 483 (443–524)† 367 (340–387) NR 30% (for the whole NR NR Total strokes
1982–92 period)
1992 1 115 249 ≥25 520 451 (412–490)† 314 (283–344) NR 30% (for the whole NR NR Total strokes
1982–92 period)
(Continues on next page)

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Review Review

Study Person- Age Total Crude incidence Age-adjusted Hospital 1 month CT/MRI Timing of Data on stroke type(s)
duration years range number of total strokes incidence (or admission case fatality autopsy CT/MRI by age and sex¶
(years) (years) incident (95% CI) range) of total rate (or range) of total rate after
strokes strokes (95% CI) strokes (%) stroke
(Continued from previous page)
Novosibirsk, Russia32–33
1982–92 11 1 682 527 All 3406 177–235 (156–260) 135–203 (119–233) 30–60% 22–40% 48% 30 days Total strokes
Dijon, France34–35
1985–86 2 250056* ≥10 418 164 (142–186)† 92 (78–106) 95% 21% 86% 7 days Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
1995–97 2 286 176* All 591 138 (127–149) 67 (48–85) 89% 15% 97% NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
2002–04 2 295 308* All 509 112 (102–122)† 58 (53–63) 86% 8% 100% NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Umbria, Italy36
1986–89 3 147 654 All 375 254 (228–280) 105 (92–118) 85% 20% 70% 30 days Total strokes
Oyabe, Japan37
1977–81 4 160 826 ≥25 740 460 (427–493) 375 (368–381) 19% 22% NR NR Total strokes
1982–86 4 161 253 ≥25 627 388 (358–419) 269 (265–272) 33% 20% NR NR Total strokes
1987–91 4 170 312 ≥25 701 411 (381–442) 260 (254–265) 41% 19% NR NR Total strokes
Krasnoyarsk, Russia33
1987–88 1 205 795 All 447 217 (197–237)† 233 (212–256) 53% 38% 45% NR Total strokes
Malmö, Sweden38
1989 1 232 448 All 524 225 (206–244)† 83 (74–91) 95% 15% 51% 7 days Total strokes
Valley d’ Aosta, Italy39–41
1989 1 114 325 All 254 223 (196–250) 116 (100–131) 82% 31% 82% 3 days Total strokes
2004–05 2 247 497 All 553 220 (200–250) 82 (61–98) 88% 22% 94% 14 days Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Perth, Australia42–45
1989–90 1·5 138 708 All 370 178 (156–200) 104 (84–124) 79% 23% 86% NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
1995–96 1·1 136 095 All 213* 156 (136–178) 76 (65–87) 92% 23% 78% NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
2000–01 1 143 417 All 183 128 (109–146) 67 (56–79) 92% 20% 89% NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Belluno, Italy46
1992–93 1 211 389 All 474 224 (204–244) 110 (100–121) 92% 33% 90% 30 days Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky, USA47–49
1999* 1 1 311 230* All 2536 193 (186–201)* 113 (102–126) 98% 14–15% NR NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Arcadia, Greece50
1993–95 2 161 548 ≥18 555 344 (315–372) 133 (120–146) 90% 27% 82% 7 days Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
L’Aquila, Italy51
1994 1 297 838 All 819 275 (256–294) 113 (105–122) 92% 26% 89% 7 days Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
East Lancashire, UK52
1994–95 1 405 272 All 642 158 (146–171) 74 (67–80) 70% 34% 12% NR Total strokes
Innherred, Norway53
1994–96 2 138 590 ≥15 432 312 (282–341) 154 (138–171) 87% 19% 88% 21 days Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Erlangen, Germany54,55
1994–96 2 202 900 All 354 175 (156–193) 85 (76–95) 95% 19% 96% 3–14 days Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
South London, UK56
1995–96 2 469 066 All 612 130 (120–141) 82 (80–84) 84% 27% 88% 30 days Total strokes
Vibo Valentia, Italy57
1996 1 179 186 All 321 179 (159–199) 87 (78–97) 98% 24% 96% 30 days Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Melbourne, Australia58
1996–97 1 133 816 All 276 206 (182–231) 100 (95–105) NR 20% 91% 28 days Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Martinique, French West Indies59
1998–99 1 381 364 All 580 167 (154–181) 102 (99–105) 94% 19% 93% 30 days Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Scottish Borders region, UK 60
1998–2000 2 106 352 All 596 394 (356–432 [IS]) 155 (150–161 [IS]) 91% 19% 92% 14 days Age-sex specific rates for
47 (34–61 [PICH]) 18 (10–27 [PICH]) IS and PICH only
(Continues on next page)

359www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009359


Review Review

Study Person- Age Total Crude incidence Age-adjusted Hospital 1 month CT/MRI Timing of Data on stroke type(s)
duration years range number of total strokes incidence (or admission case fatality autopsy CT/MRI by age and sex¶
(years) (years) incident (95% CI) range) of total rate (or range) of tot al rate after
strokes strokes (95% CI) strokes (%) stroke
(Continued from previous page)
Porto, Portugal61 (rural)
1998–2000 2 37 089 All 266 305 (265–344) 261 (249–273) 52% 15% 96% 2 days Total strokes
Porto, Portugal61 (urban)
1998–2000 2 172 046 All 462 268 (244–293) 118 (112–124) 58% 17% 97% 2 days Total strokes
Uzhhorod, West Ukraine62
1999–2000 1 125 482 All 352 281 (248–313) 238 (213–263) 66% 23% 41% NR Total strokes
Örebro, Sweden63
1999–2000 1 123 503 All 388 314 (279–349) 126 (111–140) 92% 19% 84% NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Tbilisi, Georgia64
2000–03 2·5 140 926 All 233 165 (144–186) 103 (72–133) 66% 35% 67%§ NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Iquique, Chile65
2000–02 2 396 712 All 292 74 (65–82) 86 (76–95) 71% 23% 91% 3 days Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Barbados, USA66
2001 1 239 068 All 335 140 (125–155) 88 (79–98) 69% 30% 96% NR Total, IS, PICH, SAH, UND
Lund-Orup, Sweden67
2001–02 1 234 505 ≥15 456 194 (177–212) 133 (119–146) NR 14% NR NR Total strokes
Oxfordshire, UK 4–68–70
1981–84 3 259 461* All 429 165 (150–181)* 102 (92–112) 54% 18% 82% NR Total strokes
2002–04 2 181 084* All 262 145 (127–162)* 73 (64–83) 56% 17% 98% NR Total strokes
Matão, Brazil71
2003–04 1 75 053 All 81 108 (84–131) 130 (125–220) 100% 19% 100% 2 days Total strokes, IS, PICH
Mumbai, India72
2005–06 2 313 722 >25 456 145 (132–159) 151 (137–165) 67% 30% 89% NR Total strokes

IS=ischaemic stroke. PICH=primary intracerebral haemorrhage. SAH=subarachnoid haemorrhage. UND=undefined pathological stroke type. NR=not reported. *Additional data were provided by corresponding
author of the publication. †Confidence intervals calculated from published data. ‡Approximated from the graph in the original publication. §Those without CT/MRI scans were classified into pathological types
with a high degree of certainty on the Guy’s Hospital stroke diagnosis score (10% upper and lower scores). ¶Subtypes determined by CT/MRI or autopsy (cerebral angiography or CSF for SAH).

Table 1: Characteristics of population-based studies included in the analysis of stroke incidence per 100 000 person-years and case fatality (%)

reducing the risk of bias. Pooled overall and age-specific done in patients in two age groups—younger than 75 years
stroke incidence rates with corresponding 95% CIs and 75 years or older. The 75 year cut off point was used to
adjusted for age by direct standardisation (1996 Segi’s facilitate the balance between the comparison groups.5 A
World population as the standard)11 were calculated within probability value of less than 0·05 was deemed statistically
each strata by use of a random effects model by the significant.
DerSimonian and Laird method.15 A random effects model
was chosen over a fixed effect model owing to the great Results
heterogeneity among the individual study estimates, which We initially retrieved 3051 potentially relevant studies
could be due to genuine regional differences and the wide (figure 1). The titles of these were scanned for
range of ages. This model attempts to incorporate the appropriateness for our review, and those that did not
heterogeneity among studies into a pooled estimate. These meet the inclusion criteria (eg, those for only specific age
pooled estimates were also used for time-trend analysis of ranges or those for only hospitalisations) were removed
stroke incidence stratified by country income (high-income (2190). The abstracts of the remaining 861 studies were
countries and low to middle income countries). A χ² test retrieved and reviewed to eliminate any that were
for linear trend was calculated on the basis of the pooled obviously inappropriate (757 removed). The remaining
estimates for each period.16 We did not assess non-linearity 104 manuscripts were appraised independently by three
because it was not possible to assess this reliably without reviewers (VLF, CMML, SLB-C). This led to the exclusion
individual participant data. Yearly percentage change in of a further 48 manuscripts that did not meet our
pooled age-standardised stroke incidence rates was eligibility criteria. Thus, 56 eligible population-based
calculated by dividing the overall change between the studies from 47 centres in 28 countries (21 586 563
decades 1970–79 and 2000–08 by the number of years. Age- person-years; 37 016 incident strokes) were available for
specific analyses of pooled estimates of time trends were analysis (figure 2, table 1).

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These studies report on data collected from 1970 to 2008 stroke incidence in high-income countries were available
(earlier data from Rochester, MN, USA, were not included from 35 centres in 18 countries: Australia,42–45,58 Barbados,66
because there were no other population-based data for Denmark,6,21,22 Estonia,19,20 Finland,21,23,24 France,34,35
that period for comparison). Population-based data on Germany,54,55 Greece,50 Italy,36,39–41,46,51,57 Ireland,21 Japan,21,27,37

A Rochester, MN, USA 1970–79 B 1970–79


Tartu, Estonia Ibadan, Nigeria
Copenhagen, Denmark
Umbria, Italy
North Karelia, Finland Ulan Bator, Mongolia
Frederiksberg, Denmark Rohtak, India
Espoo-Kauniainen, Finland
Söderhamn, Sweden
Shibata, Japan Colombo, Sri Lanka
Oyabe, Japan
Turku, Finland

Oxfordshire, UK
1980–89 1980–89
Copenhagen, Denmark

Frederiksberg, Denmark
Rochester, MN, USA
Söderhamn, Sweden
Oyabe, Japan
Turku, Finland Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Auckland, New Zealand
Dijon, France Novosibirsk, Russia
Dublin, Ireland
Malmö, Sweden
Valley d’Aosta, Italy
Perth, Australia

Oxfordshire, UK

Tartu, Estonia 1990–99 1990–99

Turku, Finland
Auckland, New Zealand
Dijon, France
Perth, Australia
Belluno, Italy Novosibirsk, Russia
Greater Cincinnati, USA
Arcadia, Greece Martinique, French West Indies
L’Aquila, Italy
East Lancashire, UK Uzhhorod, West Ukraine
Innherred, Norway
Erlangen, Germany
South London, UK
Vibo Valentia, Italy
Melbourne, Australia
Scottish Borders region, UK
Porto, Portugal (rural)
Rochester, MN, USA
Örebro, Sweden

Tartu, Estonia 2000–08 2000–08

Dijon, France
Valley d’Aosta, Italy
Perth, Australia

Tbilisi, Georgia
Iquique, Chile
Matão, Brazil
Mumbai, India

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 50 100 150 200 250
Age-adjusted stroke incidence rates Age-adjusted stroke incidence rates
(per 100000) (per 100000)

Figure 3: Age-adjusted stroke incidence rates per 100 000 person-years across the four study periods
(A) High-income countries. (B) Low to middle income countries. Solid line is regression trend line. The regression line is based on a regression of average incidence on study period.

361www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009 www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 8 April 2009361


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UND SAH Low to middle


PICH IS High-income countries income countries

1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–08 2000–08

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Figure 4: Proportional frequency of stroke pathological types by country income level and study decade

Norway,53 New Zealand,29–31 Portugal,61 Sweden,25,26,38,63,67 these reported case fatality by some or all stroke
Netherlands,28 UK,4,52,56,60,68–70 USA.17,47–49 Population-based pathological types.17,29–31,34,35,42–46,50,53–55,63 Only one study,
data on stroke incidence in low to middle income countries from Tilburg, Netherlands,28 reported stroke case fatality
were available from 12 centres in ten countries: Brazil,71 at 21 days, and all other relevant studies that were
Chile,65 French West Indies,59 Georgia,64 India,21,72 Nigeria,21 included in the analysis reported case fatality at 28 days
Mongolia,21 Sri Lanka,21 Russia,32,33 and the Ukraine.62 or 1 month (30 days). In low to middle income countries,
30 418 incident strokes were available for analysis from data on early case fatality were available from ten
high-income countries and 7045 incident strokes from low centres32,33,59,62,64,65,71,72 but for only 1990–99 and 2000–08
to middle income countries. During the four periods
studied, eligible data were available for analysis from
1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–08
12 high-income and four low to middle income countries
in 1970–79 (7199 and 1198 strokes, respectively). In High-income countries

1980–89, data were available from 12 high-income and two Ischaemic stroke NA 9–16% 10–32% 13–23%
(10–20%)
low to middle income countries (6860 and 2884 strokes,
Intracerebral haemorrhage NA 38–66% 20–58% 25–35%
respectively); in 1990–99, from 18 high-income and three
(35–55%)
low to middle income countries (12 187 and 1901 strokes,
Subarachnoid haemorrhage NA 22–40% 20–50% 25–35%
respectively); and in 2000–08, from eight high-income and (30–50%)
four low to middle income countries (4172 and 1062 strokes, All strokes combined 29–49% 14–31% 12–33% 17–30%
respectively). Age-specific data on well documented main (30–35%) (20–30%) (18–26%) (20–30%)
pathological types of stroke were available from Low to middle income countries
18 centres,4,17,30,41,43,46,50,51,53,55–59,63–66 including only three centres Ischaemic stroke NA NA NA 13–19%
from low to middle income countries.64,65,71 Only four Intracerebral haemorrhage NA NA NA 30–48%
centres (Auckland, New Zealand;30 Perth, Australia;42–45 Subarachnoid haemorrhage NA NA NA 40–48%
Erlangen, Germany;54,55 and Dijon, France73) provided data All strokes combined NA 28–39% 23% 18–35%
on the causes of the ischaemic strokes, and only two (23–35%)
centres (Barbados66 and Iquique, Chile65) provided data on Range in brackets is the range that most studies in this category fall into, and is given if it is narrower than the total
anatomical types of ischaemic stroke. range. NA=not available.
Data on early case fatality were available from
Table 2: Range in early (21-day to 1-month) case fatality in high-income countries and low to middle
22 high-income countries or centres 4,17,19,20,23,24,28–31,34–46,50,51, income countries across the four study periods
53–55,57,58,61,63,66,68–70
in all four study periods, but only nine of

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Review Review

High-income countries Low to middle income countries


1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–08 p for 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–08 p for
(n=11 by age, (n=10 by age, (n=18) (n=8) trend (n=3 by age, (n=2) (n=3) (n=4) trend
n=12 for total) n=12 for total) n=4 for total)
<75 years
REM 118 (95–140) 103 (78–128) 91 (77–104) 66 (51–81) <0·0001 46 (26–66) 151 (103–199) 133 (80–187) 94 (70–118) 0·001
FEM 78 (75–81) 85 (82–88) 72 (70–74) 63 (60–66) <0·0001 45 (42–48) 132 (126–137) 107 (101–113) 88 (81–94) <0·0001
≥75 years
REM 2044 (1754–2334) 1761 (1456–2067) 1752 (1524–1979) 1216 (998–1434) <0·0001 410 (137–683) 2421 (1226–3615) 1596 (1283–1909) Cannot be <0·0001
calculated
FEM 1520 (1478–1562) 1673 (1612–1734) 1544 (1500–1588) 1151 (1100–1202) <0·0001 340 (266–414) 1916 (1781–2051) 1473 (1352–1596) 1030 (910–1151) <0·0001
Total
REM 163 (98–227) 157 (101–213) 121 (107–135) 94 (72–116) 0·004 52 (33–71) 197 (126–268) 164 (106–222) 117 (79–156) <0·0001
FEM 150 (148–153) 192 (190–195) 95 (93–96) 85 (82–88) <0·0001 51 (48–54) 167 (161–174) 108 (105–111) 108 (100–115) <0·0001

Data are mean (95% CI). n=number of studies. *Pooled estimates using a random effects model (REM) and fixed effects model (FEM).

Table 3: Averaged age-adjusted annual incidence of stroke* by age groups per 100 000 population per year of total strokes in high-income and low to middle income countries across the
four study periods

(three of these centres64,65,71 reported case fatality by 281 per 100 000 (Uhhgorod, West Ukraine) in 1990–99;
some or all stroke pathological types). and from 73 per 100 000 (Iquique, Chile) to 165 per
Table 1 and figure 3 show that for the whole study 100 000 (Tbilisi, Georgia) in 2000–08. Reliable data on
period (1970–2008), there was noticeable variation in stroke pathological types were not available in low to
crude and age-adjusted stroke incidence rates among middle income countries until after 2000. During
countries or centres. During the four decades, total crude 2000–08, the highest rates of ischaemic stroke, primary
stroke incidence rates (per 100 000 person-years) among intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haem-
high-income countries ranged from 125 (Rochester, MN, orrhage were reported in Matão, Brazil (ischaemic stroke
USA) to 460 (Oyabe, Japan) in 1970–79; from 92 per 100 000) and Tbilisi, Georgia (primary intracerebral
156 (Rochester, MN, USA) to 466 (Turku, Finland) in haemorrhage 44 per 100 000 and subarachnoid
1980–89; from 131 (south London, UK) to 451 (Turku, haemorrhage 16 per 100 000). The lowest rates were
Finland) in 1990–99; and from 112 (Dijon, France) to reported in Iquique, Chile (ischaemic stroke 47 per
223 (Tartu, Estonia, and Valley d’Aosta, Italy) in 2000–08. 100 000, primary intracerebral haemorrhage 17 per
In 1990–99, the highest crude incidence rates of ischaemic 100 000, and subarachnoid haemorrhage 4 per 100 000).
stroke were reported in Vibo Valentia, Italy (264 of Figure 4 shows the proportional frequency of stroke
100 000), of primary intracerebral haemorrhage in pathological types in 18 centres (14 countries,
Arcadia, Greece (48 per 100 000), and of subarachnoid 12 242 strokes) by study period and country income level.
haemorrhage in Arcadia, Greece; Innherred, Norway; Of the studies included in the analysis, no accurate data
and Melbourne, Australia (9 per 100 000). The lowest on stroke types were available until after 2000 in low to
rates of these pathological types of stroke were reported middle income countries. Among high-income countries,
in Erlangen, Germany (ischaemic stroke 137 per 100 000 in 1970–79 such data were only reported in Rochester,
and primary intracerebral haemorrhage 24 per 100 000), MN, USA (ischaemic stroke 82%, primary intracerebral
and Dijon, France (subarachnoid haemorrhage 4 per haemorrhage 9%, and subarachnoid haemorrhage 95%).
100 000). In 2000–08, the highest crude stroke type- In 1980–89, 70–85% of strokes were classified as
specific incidence rates were reported in Valley d’Aosta, ischaemic stroke (highest in Rochester, MN, USA; lowest
Italy (ischaemic stroke 174 per 100 000 and primary in Perth, Australia), 6–12% as primary intracerebral
intracerebral haemorrhage 23 per 100 000) and Auckland haemorrhage (highest in Perth, Australia; lowest in
(subarachnoid haemorrhage 10 per 100 000). The lowest Frederiksberg, Denmark), 5–10% as subarachnoid
rate was in Dijon, France (ischaemic stroke 101 per haemorrhage (highest in Perth, Australia; lowest in
100 000, primary intracerebral haemorrhage 10 per Frederiksberg, Denmark). In 1990–99, the frequency of
100 000, and subarachnoid haemorrhage 2 per 100 000). ischaemic stroke ranged from 67% in Belluno, Italy, to
Among low to middle income countries, crude rates of 84% in greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky, USA;
stroke incidence ranged from 15 per 100 000 (Ibadan, primary intracerebral haemorrhage from 8% in the
Nigeria) to 50 per 100 000 (Ulan Bator, Mongolia) in Scottish Borders region, UK, to 20% in Belluno, Italy;
1970–79; from 202 per 100 000 (Novosibirsk, Russia) to subarachnoid haemorrhage from 10% in Belluno, Italy to
217 per 100 000 (Krasnoyarsk, Russia) in 1980–89; from 2% in Melbourne, Australia, and greater Cincinnati/
167 per 100 000 (Martinique, French West Indies) to Northern Kentucky, USA. In 2000–08, the lowest

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proportion of ischaemic stroke (73%) was recorded in


Auckland, New Zealand, and the highest (90%) in Dijon, 100 IS PICH SAH UND
France; the proportion of primary intracerebral 90

Pooled overall age-adjusted incidence rate


haemorrhage ranged from 9% in Dijon, France, to 13% 80
in Barbados and the proportion of subarachnoid

(per 100 000 person-years)


70
haemorrhage ranged from 1% in Dijon, France, to 6% in 60
Auckland, New Zealand. Among low to middle income 50
countries in 2000–08, the proportional frequency of
40
ischaemic stroke ranged from 54% in Tbilisi, Georgia, to
30
85% in Matão, Brazil; primary intracerebral haemorrhage
20
ranged from 14% in Matão, Brazil, to 27% in Tbilisi,
Georgia; and subarachnoid haemorrhage ranged from 10

5% in Iquique, Chile, to 10% in Tbilisi, Georgia. 0


1980–89 1990–99 2000–08 2000–08
The proportional frequency of ischaemic stroke causal
and anatomical subtypes among six of the centres High-income countries Low to middle
income countries
included in the analysis30,42-45,54,55,65,66 varied substantially,
largely owing to the variations in the completeness of Figure 5: Pooled overall age-adjusted stroke incidence rates of stroke pathological types and total strokes in
diagnostic work-ups between the centres. The proportion high-income countries and low to middle income countries across different periods
of large arterial disease ranged from 6% in Auckland, Only studies where a CT/MRI or autopsy was done in no less than about 70% of patients were included in the
analyses of stroke subtypes. All stroke subtype analyses were based on cases classified by either CT/MRI or autopsy
New Zealand,30 to 71% in Perth, Australia; cardioembolic findings for ischaemic stroke (IS) and primary intracerebral haemorrhage (PICH), or CSF examination and/or
ranged from 19% to 55% at different times in Perth, cerebral angiography for subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). IS=ischaemic stroke. PICH=posterior intracerebral
Australia;42–45 small artery disease from 10% in Perth, haemorrhage. SAH=subarachnoid haemorrhage. UND=undefined pathological type of stroke.
Australia,42–45 to 23% in Erlangen, Germany.54,55 In
Barbados66 and Iquique, Chile,65 the proportions of 90 IS PICH SAH UND
anatomical subtypes of ischaemic stroke were reported 80
respectively as 18% and 17% for total anterior circulation
Proportional frequency (%) of stroke

70
infarct, 31% and 27% for partial anterior circulation
infarct, 6% and 43% for lacunar infarcts, and 60% and 60
pathological type

7% for posterior circulation infarcts. 50


The variations in crude stroke incidence rates across all 40
countries narrowed considerably when age-adjusted rates 30
within each of the four study periods were compared
20
separately in high-income countries (2 fold to 4 fold
10
difference, with reduced between-country variations over
time) and low to middle income countries (1·5–2·0 fold 0
1980–89
difference; figure 3). 1990–99 2000–08 2000–08
Early stroke case fatality (total and by pathological High-income countries Low to middle
types) varied substantially among countries and study income countries
periods (table 2). In high-income countries, the lowest
Figure 6: Proportional frequency of stroke pathological types in high-income countries and low to middle
early stroke case fatality was reported in Dijon, France, in income countries across different study periods (pooled estimates)
2002–04 (8%) and the highest in Tartu, Estonia, in IS=ischaemic stroke. PICH=posterior intracerebral haemorrhage. SAH=subarachnoid haemorrhage.
1970–73 (49·2%). In low to middle income counties, the UND=undefined pathological type of stroke.
lowest early stroke case fatality was reported in Matão,
Brazil, in 2005–06 (18·5%) and the highest was reported 1970–2008 was –1·0% in high-income countries and
in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, in 1987–88 (37·6%). Variations in 5·6% in low to middle income countries. In high-income
stroke case fatality were less noticeable if compared by countries, a significant decrease in incidence rates was
study decades. seen in people younger than 75 years (44% reduction;
Over the four decades, age-adjusted stroke incidence p<0·0001) and aged 75 years or older (41% reduction;
rates in high-income countries decreased by 42% p<0·0001). Conversely, in low to middle income countries
(from 163 per 100 000 person-years in 1970–79 to there was a significant two fold increase in the incidence
94 per 100 000 person-years in 2000–08; p=0·0004), rates in the younger (<75 years) age group of the
whereas in low to middle income countries the stroke population (p=0·001) and an almost four fold increase in
incidence rates more than doubled (52 per 100 000 and the older (≥75 years) group of the population (p<0·0001).
117 per 100 000 person-years, respectively; p<0·0001) and Figure 5 shows that from 1980 to 2008, the pooled age-
exceeded the rate observed in high-income countries in adjusted incidence rates of ischaemic stroke in high-
the last decade (table 3). Yearly percentage change in income countries fell by 11% (p for trend 0·53) and there
pooled age-standardised stroke incidence rates during was no change in the incidence of primary intracerebral

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Review Review

were not altered when pooled estimates were calculated by


A a fixed effects method, but the significance of changes in
40 the pooled estimates were enhanced (table 3).
35 In high-income countries, the mean total stroke case
30
fatalities in 1970–79, 1980–89, 1990–99, and 2000–08 were
1 month case fatality (%)

35·9%, 21·5%, 22·2% and 19·8%, respectively. Mean


25
case fatality figures for ischaemic stroke, primary
20 intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid
15 haemorrhage were 15·2%, 45·5%, and 31·6%,
respectively, in 1980–89; 17·5%, 35·2%, and 35·7% in
10
1990–99, respectively; and 14·3%, 41·0%, and 30·0% in
5 2000–08, respectively. In low to middle income countries,
0 mean total stroke case fatalities were 35·2% in 1980–89,
23·0% in 1990–99, and 26·6% in 2000–08. In these low
B to middle income countries, the mean case fatalities for
40 ischaemic stroke, primary intracerebral haemorrhage,
35
and subarachnoid haemorrhage were 16·7%, 38·7%, and
43·9% in 2000–08. Overall, during the four decades
30
studied, there was a non-significant reduction in early
1 month case fatality (%)

25 stroke case fatality in high-income and low to middle


20 income counties (figure 7). In high-income countries, the
yearly averaged percentage change in stroke case fatality
15
during 1970–2008 was –1·1%. In low to middle income
10 countries, the yearly averaged percentage change in
5 stroke case fatality during 1980–2008 was –0·6%.
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Discussion
Year To the best of our knowledge, this study reviews all the
available data from population-based stroke incidence
Figure 7: Early (21-day to 1 month) stroke case fatality by study year studies and documents stroke incidence rates over the
(A) High-income countries. (B) Low to middle income countries. Solid line is a
past four decades: there has been a 42% decrease in stroke
linear regression line
incidence in high-income countries and more than 100%
haemorrhage (p for trend 0·45) and subarachnoid increase in low to middle income countries. A summary
haemorrhage (p for trend 0·41). In 2000–08, there was no of key findings is shown in the panel. From 1970 to 2008,
difference in the pooled age-adjusted incidence rates of the yearly percentage change in pooled age-standardised
ischaemic stroke between high-income (70 per 100 000) stroke incidence rates was reduced by 1·1% in high-
and low to middle income countries (67 per 100 000), but income countries and increased by 5·3% in low to middle
the rates of primary intracerebral haemorrhage and income countries. This divergence means that the overall
subarachnoid haemorrhage in low to middle income stroke incidence rates in low to middle income countries
countries were almost twice the rates in high-income have, for the first time, exceeded the level of stroke
countries (primary intracerebral haemorrhage 22 per incidence currently seen in high-income countries—a
100 000 vs 10 per 100 000 and subarachnoid haemorrhage difference of 20% (117 per 100 000 and 94 per 100 000,
seven per 100 000 vs four per 100 000, respectively). Figure 6 respectively). With the more than two fold increase in the
shows that among high-income countries over three incidence rates of stroke in low to middle income countries
decades, the pooled proportional frequency of ischaemic from 1970 to 2008, the incidence of stroke in low to middle
stroke was 74% in 1980–89, 77% in 1990–99, and 82% in income countries has reached an epidemic level. These
2000–08, and the frequencies of primary intracerebral divergent trends were evident in younger (<75 years) and
haemorrhage were 9%, 13%, and 11%, respectively. The older (≥75 years) individuals, although more pronounced
proportional frequency of subarachnoid haemorrhage was in the older group. Another important finding of this study
increased slightly (1·5%, 3%, and 3%, respectively; p=0·04). was the greater, although non-significant, reductions in
The pooled proportional frequency of ischaemic stroke in the incidence of primary intracerebral haemorrhage than
2000–08 was lower in low to middle income countries than of ischaemic stroke in high-income countries over the past
in high-income countries (67% and 82%, respectively), but four decades, but virtually no change in the incidence of
the frequencies of primary intracerebral haemorrhage subarachnoid haemorrhage in high-income countries over
(22% and 11%, respectively) and subarachnoid haemorrhage the same period.
(7% and 3%, respectively) were twice the frequencies in Our data on the decline in stroke incidence and early
high-income countries for the same decade. The results case fatality in high-income countries but an increase in

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stroke incidence in low to middle income countries implementation of preventive treatments and reductions
correspond to the reported divergence in stroke mortality in risk factors at the population level contribute to the
in these groups74–76 and the difference observed in the significant reduction of stroke incidence. The high and
WHO MONICA project.77–79 However, the causes of these increasing incidence of stroke in low to middle income
changes in stroke mortality are not fully understood. For countries over the past four decades is probably due to
example, recent data from the WHO MONICA project80 health and demographic transitions in these countries.83
suggested that changes in stroke mortality are largely This fits Omran’s theory of the epidemiology of population
attributable to changes in early case fatality rather than change,84 and suggests that countries included in this
due to changes in stroke incidence. However, the WHO Review have entered the “health transition”. Although
MONICA project only looked at 14 centres in nine possible improvements in health-care systems and clinical
countries and only at individuals aged 35–64 years; thus, diagnosis that might have contributed to the apparent
about three-quarters of patients will not have been increases in stroke incidence rates in these countries over
included in the analysis. Our systematic review was based the four study decades were not available for our analysis,
on population-based stroke incidence data from 47 centres the effect of these improvements on total stroke incidence
in 28 countries, included all patients, and was not rates is likely to be low because only stroke incidence
restricted by an upper age limit. Although our overview studies that were truly population-based and
cannot provide direct evidence of the associations methodologically comparable were included in the analysis
between changes in stroke incidence and mortality rates, across all study periods. The increases in the rates of
the pattern of changes in stroke incidence rates in high- mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in
income and low to middle income countries and the data developing countries over the past few decades85–87 are in
from studies of international mortality might imply that line with our findings. As exposure to cardiovascular risk
changes in stroke mortality rate are most probably due to factors (particularly smoking, raised blood pressure and
the corresponding changes in stroke incidence rates. blood glucose concentrations, westernised diets that are
Our results also imply that the significant decrease in low in fruit and vegetables but high in fat and salt, and
stroke incidence in high-income countries was largely due physical inactivity) and as the average age in low to middle
to a reduction in the incidence of ischaemic stroke and income countries increases,85,88,89 the burden of stroke in
primary intracerebral haemorrhage over the past four these countries will increase unless measures to control
decades (the observed rise in the incidence of primary cardiovascular risk factors are urgently introduced.
intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage The discrepancy in the time trends of major pathological
in 1990–99 is likely to be accounted for by a wider types of stroke (decreasing incidence rates of ischaemic
worldwide introduction of CT or MRI brain scanning into stroke and primary intracerebral haemorrhage and
clinical practice at around this time). Recent data from relatively stable incidence rates of subarachnoid
Oxfordshire68 and London,81 UK, and from Beijing, haemorrhage) adds to the evidence that the causes of
Shanghai, and Changsha, China,82 suggest that the subarachnoid haemorrhage are substantially different to

Panel: Key findings


• There are trends in stroke incidence among high-income and low to middle income countries over the past four decades, with a
42% decrease in stroke incidence in high-income countries and greater than 100% increase in low to middle income countries.
Corresponding trends in stroke incidence are observed in younger (<75 years) and older (≥75 years) age groups, although the
differences are far more pronounced in the older group.
• In 2000–08, stroke incidence rates in low to middle income countries have, for the first time, exceeded those in high-income
countries.
• In high-income countries, there was a greater albeit non-significant reduction in the incidence of primary intracerebral
haemorrhage than of ischaemic stroke, whereas the incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage has remained relatively stable over
the past four decades. The incidence and proportional frequency of intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage
in low to middle income countries are significantly greater than the incidence and frequency in high-income countries.
• The pattern of changes in stroke incidence rates in high-income and low to middle income countries corresponds to those
reported in studies of international mortality trends, suggesting that changes in stroke mortality rates are most likely to be
attributable to the corresponding changes in stroke incidence rates.
• In 2000–08, early (21 days to 1 month) case fatality ranged from 17% to 30% (13–23% for ischaemic stroke, 25–35% for primary
intracerebral haemorrhage, and 25–35% for subarachnoid haemorrhage) in high-income countries and from 18 to 35% in low to
middle income countries (13–19% for ischaemic stroke, 30–48% for primary intracerebral haemorrhage, and 40–48% for
subarachnoid haemorrhage).
• Early stroke case fatality is decreasing in both high-income and low to middle income countries but, overall, early stroke case
fatality in low to middle income countries in the past decade is 25% higher than early stroke case fatality in high-income countries.

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the causes of ischaemic stroke and primary intracerebral diagnostic investigations in these centres; therefore,
haemorrhage. Our finding of no significant change in these data should be interpreted with caution.
the incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage corresponds Our findings show a decrease in early (21 days to
with that observed in the recent review of subarachnoid 1 month) stroke case fatality in high-income and low to
haemorrhage epidemiology from 1960 to 1994 by Linn middle income countries. This decrease was greatest in
and co-workers.90 The stable incidence of subarachnoid high-income countries, but the ranges for case fatality
haemorrhage, rather than other pathological types of overlapped between high-income and low to middle
stroke, re-emphasises the differences in the causes of income countries. Although the overall early stroke case
subarachnoid haemorrhage compared with ischaemic fatality in low to middle income countries in the past
stroke and primary intracerebral haemorrhage and decade was 25% higher than in high-income countries
indicates the need to implement more effective and (26·6% vs 19·8%), there was not much difference between
targeted preventive measures for subarachnoid high-income and low to middle income countries in terms
haemorrhage. We hypothesise that the differences of early case fatality of ischaemic stroke and primary
between ischaemic stroke/primary intracerebral intracerebral haemorrhage. The only pathological type of
haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage over time stroke case fatality that was different between the two
reflects the differences in the lag time between initiation groups of countries was subarachnoid haemorrhage: case
of programmes geared towards reducing stroke risk fatality of subarachnoid haemorrhage in low to middle
factors and the effect of such programmes on different income countries was 31·7% higher than it was in high-
stroke types. For example, the effect of strategies to income countries (43·9% vs 30·0%). This difference is
reduce smoking—one of the most significant risk factors likely to be explained by poorer management of
for subarachnoid haemorrhage—might be more delayed subarachnoid haemorrhage in low to middle income
in reducing subarachnoid haemorrhage incidence when countries compared with the management in high-income
compared with interventions that target raised blood countries.96 The absence of differences in early case fatality
pressure. For those with intracerebral haemorrhage and for ischaemic stroke and primary intracerebral
ischaemic stroke, interventions to reduce raised blood haemorrhage during 2000–08 can be explained by the fact
pressure are expected to have a much more immediate that the most effective management strategies of acute
effect than is smoking cessation.91,92 In addition, we stroke were not widely available until after 1995
cannot exclude the possibility that the effect of preventive (eg, availability of alteplase and organised multidisciplinary
interventions at different times of life might influence stroke units) and their wider implementation into practice
the risk of stroke differently and, therefore, the incidence is still in progress.97,98 In light of these findings, the decline
of different stroke types. in early stroke case fatality in high-income and low to
Unlike the rather moderate differences in the incidence middle income countries is probably due to changes in the
of ischaemic stroke between high-income (70 per 100 000) natural history of stroke (eg, a shift to less severe strokes),
and low to middle income countries (67 per 100 000) which has been suggested in some reports. These changes
during the last decade, the incidence of primary have been linked with better management of pre-stroke
intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid risk factors, particularly the use of ACE inhibitors99,100 and
haemorrhage in low to middle income countries (22 per aspirin,101,102 the wider use of pre-stroke statins,103,104 and
100 000 and 7 per 100 000, respectively) is currently almost improved stroke care105 over the past decades.
twice the incidence in high-income countries (10 per The main strengths of this study are four fold. First, this
100 000 and 4 per 100 000, respectively). During 2000–08, overview was based on all population-based stroke
the proportional frequency of ischaemic stroke among incidence studies that met the criteria for an ideal stroke
low to middle income countries is 20% lower than that in incidence study,18 which ensured the data were
high-income countries, but the proportional frequency of comprehensive and comparable and provided the most
primary intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid accurate estimates of stroke incidence rates and early case
haemorrhage are about double those currently reported fatality. Second, this study included 56 eligible population-
in high-income countries (67%, 22%, and 7%, respectively, based stroke incidence studies from 47 centres in
vs 82%, 11%, and 3%, respectively). These noticeable 28 countries on all continents, totalling 22 006 940 person-
differences in the risk and proportions of patients with years of observation of people of all ages and 37 016
ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes between high- incident strokes, thus ensuring the precision and
income and low to middle income countries probably robustness of the main estimates. Third, the study period
indicate differences in the exposure to environmental comprised the past four decades, enabling estimates of
risk factors for stroke, particularly raised blood pressure stroke incidence and case fatality over a long period.
and smoking.93–95 Our analysis of ischaemic stroke Fourth, in addition to descriptive analysis, this overview
subtypes was limited to only the six centres that reported used meta-analytic techniques, providing pooled estimates
relevant data, and this analysis was further complicated of stroke incidence rates and early case fatality by different
by substantial variations in the proportions of these study periods, age groups of the populations, and country
subtypes, owing to differences in the completeness of income levels. However, even for such a large database,

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there was still not enough data for estimates of population- continued implementation of population-based and high-
based stroke mortality and some subgroup analyses (eg, risk stroke preventive strategies is vitally important to
ischaemic stroke subtypes) and data from low to middle maintain the positive decrease in stroke incidence in
income countries were limited to only ten countries (20% high-income countries, and the immediate launch of
of the total strokes included in the analysis). In addition, stroke prevention programmes, particularly blood
these studies might not be entirely representative of the pressure control and smoking cessation interventions, at
countries in which they were done owing to within- the population and individual level, together with
country variations in stroke incidence rates.5 The paucity improved access to primary health care in low to middle
of good quality stroke epidemiology data from low to income countries is needed. The time to decide whether
middle income countries is widely acknowledged by or not stroke should be on governmental agendas in low
researchers and WHO. Although restricting our analysis to middle income countries has passed. Now is the time
to published reports might have introduced publication for action.
bias, the size of this bias is likely to be small for the reasons Contributors
listed above. There was heterogeneity in the studies VLF designed the study, searched the literature, and wrote the first draft.
examined and the use of a random effects model to CMML and SLB-C designed the study, searched the literature, and
reviewed the manuscript. DAB and VP designed the study, analysed the
incorporate this statistical heterogeneity, which we were data, and reviewed the manuscript.
unable to explain, must also be highlighted as a potential
Conflicts of interest
weakness. The only variation in the definition of case We have no conflicts of interest.
fatality permitted by our selection of studies was that it
Acknowledgments
could cover a period of 21 to 30 days (1 month), because We thank Peter Rothwell, University of Oxford, Department of Clinical
differences between 21 days and 30 days in case fatality are Neurology, Oxford, UK; Brett Kissela from the Department of Neurology,
negligible.106 In addition, of all the studies included in the University of Cincinnati, USA; Maurice Giroud and Yannick Béjot from
the Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitare, Dijon, France;
analysis of case fatality only one study, from Tilburg,
Praful Dalal, Madhumita Bhattacharjee, and Jaee Vairale from the
Netherlands,28 reported stroke case fatality at 21 days (all Research Centre at Lilavati Hospital, India, for additional (unpublished)
other relevant studies reported case fatality at 28 days or at information on stroke incidence and case fatality from their respective
1 month), and the exclusion of this study from the analysis population-based studies. CMML is supported by a National Heart
Foundation (New Zealand) Fellowship.
did not alter the results. The only difference in case
ascertainment among studies was that some studies used References
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