I.

Pengenalan Biologi Molekuler

II. Materi Genetik
Struktur dan Sifat Asam Nukleat
Replikasi DNA, Mutasi dan Repair DNA

III. Ekspresi Gena

Transkripsi, Translasi, dan Regulasi

IV. Pertumbuhan Sel Eukariot

Sel Signaling dan Siklus Sel
V. Transformasi Genetik
Rekombinasi, Transposon dan Retrovirus
 III. DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, A.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., Darnell, J.,
2000, Molecular cell Biology, 4th ed., Freeman and Company, New York.

Alberts,B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Robert, K., Watson, JD., 1994,
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3th ed.,Garland Publishing, Inc, New York.

Devlin T.M., 2002, Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 5th ed., wiley-
Liss, New York.

Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., Stryer.,2002, Biochemistry, 5th ed.,W.H. Freeman

and Company, New York.

Freifelder, D.,1987, Molecular Biology, 2th ed., Jones and Bartlett Publisher,
Boston.

Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J., 1998, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles

and Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2nd. Ed. ASM Press, Washington DC.

Brown, T.A., 2001, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis, An Introduction, 4th ed.,
Blackwell Science, UK
Human 2.9x109 bp

46

(Berg JM et al, 2002)

 REKAYASA GENETIK

TEKNOLOGI GENA FARMASETIK

 PERBEDAAN PROKARIOT & EUKARIOT

Prokariot Eukariot

Organisme Bakteria dan Fungi, hewan, manusia

sianobakteria
Ukuran sel 1 - 10m 5 - 100m

Organel Beberapa / tidak ada Inti, mitokondria, kloroplast

GENOM Sirkuler dalam Linier panjang, dipak rapi dgn

sitoplasma, protein histon dalam inti.
Satu molekul kromosom Manusia mempunyai 46
cromosom
RNA dan Disintesis dalam RNA : dalam inti, Protein:
protein sitoplasma dalam sitoplasma

Organisasi Unisel Multisel

 DNA

mRNA

IFs, EF, RF
mRNA Translation

RNAses Regulatory factors

Proteins

Decay
Turnover Interactions

Localization Modification
 Pre-mRNA
Capping
Polyadenylation Splicing

mRNA

eIFs, eEF, eRF

Storage mRNA Translation

RNAses Regulatory factors

Proteins

Decay
Turnover Interactions

Localization Modification
(PO4/dPO4, glycosylation)
 II. MATERI GENETIK

Mahluk hidup tersusun dari → SEL

yang dapat membelah dan menurunkan
INFORMASI GENETIK nya

Dibawa oleh DNA : rantai polimer panjang yang merupakan

rangkaian dari jutaan nukleotida

Fragmen DNA yang mengkode protein, suatu unit

keturunan → Gena

Molekul DNA yang terdiri dari beberapa gena di

paking membentuk CHROMOSOM

Total informasi genetik yang tersimpan

dalam kromosom → GENOM
 What Is Cloning?
A clone is a genetically identical
copy of a living organism, such as
the famous sheep ‘Dolly’
 Similar to an identical twin
The Making of Dolly
Cloning depends on DNA
Step 1: Take the Nuclei out of a sheep egg
Step 2: Transfer nuclei from the Mother

Empty
DNA DNA

Sheep Egg Mother’s Egg

Hello Dolly

July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the

Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
She was cloned using a cell taken from a healthy six-year-old
sheep
 Cloning and the Cell
Nucleus

Its all about DNA

Cloning Depends on DNA
Nucleus

Chromosome
Good-Bye Dolly
◆ At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature
aging.
◆ Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive
lung disease (symptom of old age)
 Dolly’s DNA was already 6 years old when she was born -
WHY?

It’s all about DNA

 Telomeres
Telomeres

TTAGGG Gene 1

Gene 2

Chromosome DNA
 Telomere Length Declines
8,000
Telomere length
in base pairs
(human white 3,000
blood cells)
1,500

0 35 65
Age (years)
More on Dolly and Cloning

Dolly’s experimenters used 277 cloned

embryos to produce one sheep, meaning
276 failed.
Question
How many failures will it
take to produce a human
 Other Cloned Animals

July 1998
Cloned Cloned
cloned calves
mouse mule
Future Experiments

ButterCat CatCow
Future Experiments

SparrowBoxer TigerOwl
JUMLAH BASA VS KOMPLEKS
MAKHLUK
Chromosomes

16 6 24
Chromosomes

78 40 46
 Human Genome

 Genome inti

23 pasang kromosome  2x (4x109 bp)

 2 m DNA/sel
 Genome mitokondria
Some organisms are diploid - that is, they
have paired homologous chromosomes in
their somatic cells, and thus contain two
copies of each gene.

An organism in which both copies of the

gene are identical - that is, have the same
allele - is said to be homozygous for that
gene. An organism which has two
different alleles of the gene is said to be
heterozygous
 Human 4 x 109
→ 22 autosom yang berbeda
2 sex kromosom
Masing2 single linier DNA

E. Coli 4.7 x 106 → 1 Chromosom

40 – 50 loop superkoil
 Kromosom
tanpa histon
 DNA

CHROMOSOME
 KROMOSOM

CENTROMER
region dari chromosom yang diperlukan untuk
pengikatan mitotic spindle saat proses mitosis
TELOMER
fragmen di ujung chromosom linier
replikasi secara khusus
untuk mencegah perpendekan chromosom
ORIGIN REPLIKASI
tempat awal replikasi berlangsung
Introduction
The Central Dogma
of Molecular Biology

Cell

Transcription Reverse
tanscription DNA
mRNA
Translation Ribosome

Polypeptide
(protein)
 KOMPOSISI GENA
FUNGSIONAL

PROMOTER
OPERATOR
ACTIVATOR BINDING SITE
STRUKTURAL GEN : mRNA
TERMINATOR