Power Quality Basicx - Ce

HIOKI MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL 29/10/2015
WORKSHOP
Prof.Dr.Iwa Garniwa M .MT
Pengertian
• Kualitas Daya / Mutu Sumber Daya Listrik
• Semua permasalahan daya listrik, berupa
penyimpangan nilai tegangan, arus dan
frekuensi dari kondisi normalnya, yang dapat
menyebabkan buruknya kinerja peralatan
konsumen.
HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 1

WORKSHOP
Permasalahan Pada Kualitas Daya

• Neutral & Grounding • Pemadaman
• Distorsi Harmonik • Variasi Frekuensi
• Transient Tegangan • R.F.I. (Radio Frequency
• Noise (Derau) Interference)
• Sag & Swell • E.M.F. (Electromagnetic

Force)
• Turun Naik Tegangan
• E.S.D. (Electrostatic
Discharge)

WORKSHOP
Categories and
Characteristics of
Power System
Electromagnetic
Phenomena (IEC)
Permasalahan Kualitas Daya

• Netral dan Grounding
– tidak mengikuti standar-standar pemasangan listrik yang ada, baik
karena disengaja maupun tidak mengerti
– sambungan kabel Ground atau Netral yang tidak sempurna
– adanya kemungkinan sambungan yang kendor atau lepas, baik oleh efek
thermal ataupun pengkarat
• Distorsi Harmonik
– Mesin-mesin yang menggunakan Power Supply
– Gas Discharge Lighting
• Transient Tegangan
– Petir
– Adanya beban atau peralatan-peralatan yang dimatikan dan dihidupkan
baik secara disengaja maupun secara otomatis
– Sikring yang putus (Fault Clearing)
• Pemadaman
– Petir
– Adanya peralatan yang rusak (korsluit) sehingga sikring panel utama putus
– Adanya pembatasan dari PLN
– Beban lebih pada gardu sehingga seluruh distribusi padam
– Kecelakaan, dan lain sebagainya

WORKSHOP
• Noise
– Adanya tegangan (terutama di daerah industri) yang memakai mesin
las
– Switching peralatan-peralatan listrik, (catatan : mesin fotocopy bisa
menghasilkan impulse tegangan sampai 2000 Volt).
– Switching pada Power Factor Correction
– Adanya sambungan listrik yang kurang baik
– Adanya pengontrolan kecepatan motor
– Switching Power Supply
• SAG & SWELL
– SAG (tegangan turun)
– Biasanya terjadi apabila ada beban perlatan listrik yang cukup besar
yang dimatikan.
• ada beban peralatan listrik yang cukup besar yang dihidupkan
• ada petir yang dihubung singkatkan lewat arrestor.
– SWELL (tegangan naik)
• Ada beban perlatan listrik yang cukup besar yang dimatikan.
• Variasi Frekuensi
– Pada daerah-daerah yang memakai PLTD atau bahkan GENSET sendiri
biasanya akan mengalami maslah frekuensi yang tidak stabil
• Turun Naiknya Tegangan

– Turunnya Tegangan (Rendah)
• Sering terjadi pada sistim pelistrikan yang kapasitasnya terbatas
sehingga pada jam-jam tertentu saat semua beban listrik bekerja
teganganya akan rendah.
– Naiknya Tegangan (Tinggi)
• Untuk kondisi seperti di atas maka pada jam-jam tertentu dimana
beban listriknya berkurang maka tegangan akan kembali normal
bahkan bisa menjadi terlampau tinggi.
• R.F.I (Radio Frequncy Interfrence)
– Pada tempat-tempat tertentu, bukan tidak mungkin timbul gangguan
karena adanya transmisi radio yang masuk kedalam sistem kelistrikan
karena tidak adanya perlindungan terhadap RFI ini maupun kemungkinan
panjang kabel tertentu yang bersifat seperti antene.
• E.M.F.
– E.M.F. bisa bersumber dari beberapa peralatan modern seperti televisi,
microwave dan lain-lain, ataupun dari kabel bertegangan / arus tinggi.
• E.S.D.
– Pada beberapa bahan tertentudan kondisi kelembaban tertentu gerakan /
gesekannya akan dapat menyebabkan timbulnya tegangan statis sampai
pada ribuan Volt.

WORKSHOP
Pengaruh PQterhadap lingkungan atau sistem

• Netral dan Grounding
– Benda kerja bertegangan tinggi
– Menyebabkan kemungkinan fatal terhadap jiwa manusia apabila terjadi
hubungan singkat pada salah satu peralatan
– Masuknya noise kedalam sistem yang berakibat rusaknya peralatan.
– Terganggunya aliran data yang dapat menyebabkan error di terminal ataupun
printer.
• Distorsi Harmonik
– Besarnya arus di jalur netral yang bisa mencapai 2 kali arus Phase pada sistim 3
Phase padahal tidak jarang, ukuran kabel netral lebih kecil dari ukuran kabel
Phase dan ditambah lagi jalur Netral tidak dipasang sekering pada halnya pada
jalur Phasa.
– Timbulnya masalah Resonasi
– Overheating pada transformator
– Getaran-getaran mekanik pada motor-motor, suara bising dan lain-lain.
– Alat-alat ukur maupun circuit breaker yang bekerja tidak sesuai dengan
seharusnya
– Kacaunya kerja peralatan-peralatan yang menggunakan frekwensi 50 Hz sebagai
referensi.
– Kerusakan pada peralatan elektronik.
Con’t

WORKSHOP
• Transient
– Kesalahan data pada tape atau disk
– Kesalahan process error
– Kerusakan perengkat keras
– Printer dan terminal error
• Noise
– Korupsi data
– Kerusakan Hardware
• SAG dan Swell
– Kerusakan baik pada perangkat kerasnya maupun perangkat lunaknya
• Tinggi Rendahnya Tegangan
– Kerusakan baik pada perangkat kerasnya maupun perangkat lunaknya
• Pemadaman
– Pemadaman sesaat maupun pemadaman lama asal saja lebih dari 5 milidetik
(5/1000 detik) sudah cukup untuk menyebabkan kerusakan data yang fatal
• Variasi Frekwensi
– Kerusakan pada data, bahkan pada beberapa peralatan bisa mengakibatkan
kerusakan perangkat keras
• R. F.I & E.M.D
– korupsi data
VOLTAGE DIP / SAG

WORKSHOP
Automatically adapts to 50 Hz, 60 Hz, and 400 Hz
Detects all power line disturbances
•Voltage sags •High frequency

•Voltage swells impulses/transients, with fast
•Interruptions 500 nanosecond response
Pengertian Voltage Sag

• Standar IEEE 1159-1995 :
Voltage sag adalah penurunan sementara tegangan rms dengan magnitude antara 10%
dan 90% dari tegangan nominal selama sekitar 0,5-60 cycles (1 menit),
• Penyebab :
a. Short Circuit
- sentuhan hewan pada kawat transmisi
- kecelakaan mobil yang menabrak tiang listrik
- pohon yang menimpa kawat distribusi
- petir yang menyambar kawat listrik
b. Starting beban besar

WORKSHOP
Peralatan industri yang peka terhadap voltage sag
• Motor Kontaktor dan Relay Elektromekanik
• Lampu Intensitas Tinggi atau

High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
• Pengatur Pengarah Kecepatan Motor atau

Adjustable Speed Motor Drives (ASDs)
• Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC’s)

WORKSHOP
Metode Mengurangi Voltage Sag
1. mengurangi jumlah gangguan (khususnya gangguan short-circuit)

2. memodifikasi sistem tenaga untuk meminimalisasi pengaruh voltage sag
3. menggunakan peralatan voltage sag mitigation
4. meningkatkan daya tahan beban sensitive
Upaya Mengatasi Voltage Sag
1. Pemasangan trafo ferroresonant (=(onstant-Voltage Transformer).

2. Pemasangan unit UPS (Uninterepible Power Supply)
3. Pemakaian Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
cara untuk memprediksi karakteristik voltage sag adalah menggunakan software-

PSAPS (Power System Analysis Software Package). Dengan software ini kita dapat
mengetahui indeks Fault Position Sag Coefisient (FPSC). Dengan mengetahui indeks
FPSC ini maka voltage sag yang paling ekstrem dapat diketahui
TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGE

WORKSHOP
Cara Masuknya Transient ke Dalam Sistem
Insurance statistics
Paid overvoltage claims, including lightning strikes (direct and indirect)
Water Fire
6% 5%
Negligence
Theft
23%
7%
Overvoltages (surges)
Miscellaneous
27% Storm 31%
1%
Analysis of about 9000 damage claims

WORKSHOP
Transient overvoltages
Disturbance variables in low-voltage networks
K/
Overvoltage factor Ûr
v
30
Lightning surges
26 6000
(IV)
22
Switching surges
18 4000
(III)
14 Temporary voltage rises
2500
Harmonics
10 II
slow and fast
voltage fluctuations
6 1500
Voltage dips (I)
2 Brief interruptions
How lightning discharges arise
approx 6000 metres
Storm fronts may be caused by rising masses of warm air which expand at altitudes of up to 15000 metres.
At the centre there is a powerful updraught, leading to charge separations.

WORKSHOP

+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
approx 6000 metres
- - -
- - -
- - -
Electric field
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
Typical distribution: Positive charges in the upper part, negative charges in the lower part
On the other hand, close to the ground there are positive charges (ground level field strength)!
The field strength needed to trigger a lightning strike depends on the insulating capacity of the air and
is between 0.5 and 10 kV/cm.

kA
Main discharge
-40
i Period between the discharges, Secondary discharge

-20
up to a few milliseconds
0 ms
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
The energy effects of all lightning discharges within an ionisation channel are simulated by the 10/350 µs
pulse.

WORKSHOP
A direct strike on a building without an external

lightning protection installation
Effects (direct strike)

A direct strike on a building without an
external lightning protection installation
Effects: fire hazard
due to: specific energy, charge
∞
W ∞ 2 Q = ∫ idt
= ∫ i dt
R 0 0
If an electric current flows as a consequence of a

lightning strike to a building, energy is converted,
heating the part of the building through which the
current is conducted to earth.
In addition, material may be melted or ejected at

the foot of the strike.

WORKSHOP
Direct strike on an overhead high-voltage

line
Effects
Direct strike on an overhead
high-voltage line
Effects: Overvoltages (voltage surges)
due to: maximum lightning impulse current
I
U = ZW ⋅
2
For a lightning strike on an overhead line, the

impedance at the first instant is determined by the
surge impedance of the line.
This impedance (ZW) is usually in the region of 400

to 500 ohms for a single conductor.

WORKSHOP
Direct strike on a low-voltage overhead line
Effects
Direct strike on a low-voltage
overhead line
Effects: Overvoltages (surges) in the low-voltage
network, partial lightning currents
The preconditions of a direct strike on a low-

voltage overhead line are not the same as for
direct strikes on high-voltage overhead lines.
The fundamental difference is in the proximity to
the building through which the conduction of
partial lightning currents is possible.
Source: Kopecky/Aachen
09/03/2001 30

WORKSHOP
A direct strike on a building with an external

lightning protection installation
Effects
A direct strike on a building with an
external lightning protection installation
without equipotential bonding for
lightning protection
Effects: Overvoltages, insulation breakdown

L1
L2
L3
U = i ⋅ Rinstallation earth
PEN
If the lightning current from a lightning strike is
diverted to earth, there will be a voltage rise at the
earthing point of the installation. This will be carried
into the house via the equipotential bonding system.
Adequate equipotential bonding for lightning
protection (lightning arresters of requirement class B)
prevents damage to the electrical installations.

WORKSHOP
Lightning strike to a tree (close strike)
Effects
Lightning strike to a tree (close strike)
Effects: Coupling of the lightning current into earth

lines, inductive and galvanic coupling, fire hazard.
If current flows as a result of a lightning strike to a

tree, energy is converted (fire hazard).
In addition, the current diverted to earth can be

coupled into the earth lines or the nearby
building.

WORKSHOP
Inductive coupling
Effects
Inductive coupling
Effects: inductive coupling
due to: maximum steepness of the lightning current

Lines running
parallel  di 
Conductor loop  
 dt max
Lightning A magnetic field forms around every conductor

arresters
through which a current flows. If conductor loops
are located in the vicinity of a conductor in which
lightning current is flowing, the law of induction
states that a voltage will be induced.

WORKSHOP
Switching actions
Effects
Switching actions
Effects: Overvoltages (surges) on network lines
due to: energy being returned to the network
Switching actions occur almost everywhere where

work is done with electrical energy. Especially
vulnerable are areas in which large inductive loads
are switched, for example:
•Motors
•Transformers
•Chokes
•Welding equipment
•Long runs of fluorescent tubes
Source: Kopecky/Aachen

WORKSHOP
Equipotential bonding for lightning protection

according IEC 61024-1 and IEC 61312-1
The 100% of lightning energy breaks down as
follows:
a) 50% of the lightning current will flow through

the ground
b) 50% of the lightning current will flow over the
connected metal parts out of the building:
• about 10% to the water pipe (metal)
• about 10% to the gas pipe (metal)
50 % • about 10% to the oil pipe (metal tank)
• about 10% to the sewage pipe
• about 10% to the power supplier’s incoming feed
• max. 5% or 5 kA shared across all data lines
50 %
Lightning protection zone concept according

IEC 61312-1
Electro- • BSZ = lightning protection zone
BSZ 2 magnetic
field
• PAS = equipotential bonding bar
• Screen 1 = building screen
BSZ 0/E
BSZ 1
• Screen 2 = room screen
BSZ 2 B Lightning arresters
to VDE 0675 Part 6 (A1, A2)
Requirement class B (<4 kV)
D
C Surge arresters
PAS
C
Requirement class C (<2.5 kV)
Cable B Screen 2
PAS D Surge arresters
Screen 1
Earthing system Requirement class D (<1.5 kV)
Computer, telecommunications and control system cables must also be covered by the
equipotential bonding by surge protection devices at their zone interfaces.

WORKSHOP
Proteksi Petir/Transient Internal
FUNGSI : MELINDUNGI PERALATAN DARI TEGANGAN

LEBIH (SURJA) YANG DIAKIBATKAN OLEH :
- SAMBARAN PETIR TIDAK LANGSUNG (MELALUI

KAWAT TRANSMISI TEGANGAN RENDAH)
- INDUKSI ELEKTROMAGNETIK AKIBAT SAMBARAN

PETIR PADA BANGUNAN ATAU SEKITARNYA
PERALATAN PENANGKAL PETIR

INTERNAL TERDIRI DARI
• BONDING (ONE POINT EARTHING SISTEM)
• SHIELDING
• SURGE PROTECTOR DEVICE

WORKSHOP
BONDING (ONE POINT EARTHING SISTEM)
PRINSIP SISTEM INI ADALAH MEMBUAT SATU TITIK

TERMINAL PENTANAHAN (POTENSIAL EQUALIZATOR
BUSBAR) DIMANA SELURUH PERALATAN DAN LOGAM
TERBUKA DI SEKITARNYA DISAMBUNG PADA TERMINAL
TERASEBUT.
FUNGSI DARI BONDING :

1. MENGALIRKAN TEGANGAN LEBIH YANG MUNGKIN TERJADI
AKIBAT GANGGUAN PETIR
2. MENGURANGI BEDA POTENSIAL ANTARA PERALATAN DAN

LOGAM TERBUKA LAINNYA YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH INDUKSI
ELEKTRO MAGNETIK, UNTUK MECEGAH TIMBULNYA BAHAYA
:
• Spark over Antara Logam Terbuka

• Tegangan Kejut Apabila Logam Tersebut Disentuh Oleh
Manusia

WORKSHOP
Induksi Elektromagnet pada dua pipa

yang mempunyai jarak berbeda
terhadap sumber induksi, akan
mengakibatkan tegangan induksi
yang berbeda, sesuai dengan rumus :
µo I
V=
r
v2 sparkover
v1
Sehingga akan terjadi beda tegangan
antara kedua pipa metal tersebut,
yang dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya
PIPA METAL TERBUKA Sparkover ataupun tegangan kejut
Seluruh Logam terbuka (pipa air, gas,

saluran buangan) body peralatan,
disambung dalam satu titik terminal
grounding, untuk mendapatkan beda
potensial (tegangan) yang sama antara
seluruh benda metal terbuka, sehingga
bahaya sparkover dan tegangan kejut
dapat dihindari

WORKSHOP
Energi Petir yang mengalir ke saluran petir

akan terbagi menjadi dua bagian :
1. 50% mengalir ke tanah
2. 50% akan mengalir ke seluruh metal

yang disambung (bonding) ke terminal
grounding, dimana setiap metal
medapat bagian energi petir yang
sama
50 %
50 %
SHIELDING
SHIELDING MERUPAKAN METODA PERLINDUNGAN DENGAN
CARA MELINGKUPI/MENUTUPI SUATU AREA/PERALATAN
DENGAN METAL YANG DITANAHKAN,
FUNGSI SHIELDING
MELINDUNGI AREA/PERALATAN DARI INDUKSI

ELEKTROMAGNETIK AKIBAT SAMBARAN PETIR DENGAN CARA
MENYERAP SEBAGIAN/SELURUH MEDAN YANG DIINDUKSIKAN
DAN MENYAALURKANNYA KE GROUND.

WORKSHOP
Induksi Elektromagnetik akibat

sambaran petir, sebagian akan
diserap oleh shielding, sehingga
induksi yang terjadi akan semakin
kecil
Shielding 1 (Zone 1)
Shielding 2
Akibat penyerapan energi induksi oleh
(Zone 2) shielding, maka Induksi pada Zone 2
lebih kecil daripada induksi pada zone 1
Lightning protection zone concept according

IEC 61312-1
Electro-
magnetic
• BSZ = lightning protection zone
BSZ 2 field
• PAS = equipotential bonding bar
BSZ 0/E
• Screen 1 = building screen
BSZ 1 • Screen 2 = room screen
BSZ 2
B Lightning arresters
Requirement class B (<4 kV)
D
C Surge arresters
PAS to VDE 0675 Part 6 (A1, A2)
C
Cable B
Requirement class C (<2.5 kV)
Screen 2
PAS D Surge arresters
Screen 1
Earthing system Requirement class D (<1.5 kV)
Computer, telecommunications and control system cables must also be covered by the
equipotential bonding by surge protection devices at their zone interfaces.

WORKSHOP
Koordinasi Isolasi dan Tingkat proteksi pada sistem

220/380
kV
6
Kategori Kategori Kategori
5 LP Zone 1 LP Zone 2 LP Zone 3
3 Main Panel
2
Sub Panel
1
Peralatan
Kategori
SURGE PROTECTOR DEVICE (SPD)
SPD merupakan peralatan di berfungsi untuk memotong

Tegangan Lebih (surja) yang mungkin datang pada suatu
peralatan
SPD terbagi kedalam 3 jenis yaitu :
1. Spark GAp
2. Varistor
3. Dioda

WORKSHOP
By what means can surges be limited?
Spark gaps Varistors Diodes
High-performance spark
Varistors are used in surge
gaps have a very high Transzorb diodes, also
arresters.
discharge capacity, which known as suppresser
Unlike other types of
is why they are used as diodes, are used as diode
arrester, their ability to
lightning arresters. arresters. They are
carry lightning current is
However, follow currents characterised by a rapid
limited.
may occur. response, but their
discharge capacity is
limited.
Spark gap technology
Spacers made from

Electrodes insulating material
U
U (kV)
(kV)
4
1
0,5 2
1 µS 1 µS
Input impulse t/(µs) Output impulse t/(µs)
The operating voltage can be determined by the distances between the electrodes.
Spark gaps are arresters in which two or more electrodes in series are opposed to each
other. The electrodes consist of incombustible material (eg carbon).
If a spark gap fires, the operating voltage collapses to the anode-cathode drop voltage.

WORKSHOP
Varistor technology
Electrodes 1) Source: Siemens Druckschrift“Metalloxid-Varistor
Epoxy resin SIOV
Zinc oxide
tinned copper wire Micro-varistor
Intermediate phase
Ι = 10 µm
sintered zinc oxide grains with
additives of other metallic oxides
U U
(V) (V)
Input impulse t/(ns) Output impulse t/(ns)
Varistors are voltage-dependent resistors with a highly non-linear U/I characteristic.

The electrical properties arise from a large number of micro-varistors connected in
parallel and in series.
The transitions between the micro-varistors age under the influence of
overvoltages.
Diode technology
Current
(A)
UC UB UR
Voltage
UR UB UC (V)
U U
(V) (V)
Input impulse t/(ps) Output impulse t/(ps)
Transzorb diodes (also known as suppresser diodes) are diodes that limit both positive
and negative voltage.
They switch in the picosecond region and are especially well suited for use in data line
protection devices.

WORKSHOP
Procedure for selecting surge arresters

Building
•lightning protection installation?
yes no
•overhead line?
•high lightning current coupling possible?
Lightning arresters (Requirement

class B)
Installation as close as possible to Coordination
the entrance of the building between B and C
arresters for line
lengths below 5
Surge protection metres
Surge protection
(Requirement class C) (Requirement class C)
Installation in sub-distribution board Installation In sub-distribution
board
Coordination
Surge protection between C and D Surge protection
(Requirement class D) arresters (Requirement class D)
Installation as close as possible to Installation as close as possible to
the device to be protected the device to be protected
DESTRA ANDIKA, PASCASARJANA TEKNIK ELEKTRO-UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA, 21 March 2010
Harmonisa
© UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
November 2, 2015 | Slide 58

WORKSHOP
Apa Itu Harmonik

• Kelipatan Integer dari pada fundamental frekuensi apapun bentuk gelombang disebut
Hamonik
• Untuk jaringan listrik, 50 Hz (60 Hz) adalah frekuensi dasar dan 150 Hz (180 Hz), 250
Hz(300 Hz) dll, adalah order tertinggi yakni dari harmonik 3rd & 5th
=> Odd Harmonics (5th, 7th…..)
=> Even Harmonics (2nd , 4th ….)
=> Triplen Harmonics (3rd, 9th , 15th ..)
• Kelipatan Non-Integer dari frekuensi fundamental apapun bentuk gelombang periodik

disebut Inter-harmonik misalnya 2.5th => 125 Hz pada dasar 50 Hz.
Apa Itu Harmonik

Gelombang Komponen
Arus Terdistorsi Setara Harmonik
Komponen Harmonik: Besar Harmonik 1st (fundamental)

Terkecil Harmonik 5th
Sedikit Lebih Besar Harmonik 7th

WORKSHOP
Apa yang dimaksud line current dari device ini ?
Perwakilan Harmonik
Frequency domain
Time domain 25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25

WORKSHOP
Darimana Harmonik berasal ?

Semua beban non-linear menciptakan harmonik
• Suatu beban yang digambarkan dengan non-sinusoidal arus terdistorsi, dimana
ketika tegangan sinusoidal murni diterapkan terhadap beban non-linear
‘Sinusoidal’ Beban non-

tegangan suplai liniear
Harmonik = gelombang terdistorsi – bagian 50Hz/60Hz dalam gelombang
Apa Itu Harmonik

Distorsi tegangan vs arus
Beban non-linear menyuntikan arus harmonik kedalam
sistem. Karakteristik impedansi sistem diukur dari distorsi
tegangan
Tanpa distorsi Impedansi Tegangan

tegangan terdistorsi
Sumber
Tegangan Arus Beban non linear
Sinusoidal Terdistorsi

WORKSHOP
Apa Itu Harmonik

Distorsi tegangan vs arus
10 kVA Tr 100 kVA Tr

10% THD 2% THD
Tegangan Tegangan
Identik Beban
Non-Linear
10 Amps
40% THD
Total Harmonik Distorsi (THD)

• Hal yang terpenting mengenai harmonik untuk
fundamental
∑C 2
k
• THD= k =2 (dinyatakan dalam %)
C1
• THD(U): bermakna
• THD(I): ??? apa referensi ???
EX: I1 = 100 A
I5 = 30 A
I7 = 20 A
I11 = 10 A
Ih = = 37.4 A
THDI = 37.4%
302 + 202 +102

WORKSHOP
Dari mana harmonik berasal?
• Power electronics, converters, drives...
– Rectifiers
– Inverters
– ...

• Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
Jaringan
Beban
Accu

WORKSHOP

• Sistem Lampu Fluorescent

• Komputer
• Printer
• Mesin Fax
• ...
Kecil tapi ...
Jika banyak dari masing-

masing peralatan pada
trafo yang sama

WORKSHOP
Dimana menemukan beban harmonik: ringkasan
Harmonik (non linear) beban ada dimana-mana

dan dalam jumlah yang terus meningkat !
Beban Industri (terutama sistem 3-kawat) AC dan DC drives,

UPS-sistem, …
=> Harmonik antara phasa, ketidakseimbangan,
kadang-kadang daya reaktif
Beban Komersial (terutama sistem 4-kawat)

Semua peralatan kantor seperti komputer,
lampu hemat, mesin fotokopi dan faks, …
=> Harmonik di netral dan antara phasa,
ketidakseimbangan, kadang-kadang daya
reaktifAntara koneksi netral dan phasa menghasilkan
harmonik 3rd dalam netral konduktor
Beberapa beban yang tidak seimbang
Masalah yang dihasilkan harmonik

1. Dua Faktor Daya
• Perpindahan / Displacement Power Faktor

– Sama dengan perpindahan sudut antara
fundamental tegangan dan fundamental arus
– Sama dengan kW / kVA hanya untuk sinusoidal V, I
• Total Power Faktor
– Ukuran dari kW / kVA
– Termasuk efek harmonik
– Kapasitor yang benar hanya perpindahan PF.
*Total PF < DPF

WORKSHOP

2. Total harmonik Distorsi
0% 33% 39% 44%
Peak 100% 133% 168% 204%
RMS 100% 105% 108% 110%
=> Modifikasi dari nilai puncak pada bentuk gelombang

=> Peningkatan nilai RMS pada bentuk gelombang

3. Tersandung gangguan di pemutus sirkuit
– Meningkatkan Termal RMS
– Meningkatkan Magnitude Puncak
4. Sekering putus

WORKSHOP

5. Rugi-rugi
Pemanasan yang berlebih pada perangkat pemanas
Distorsi → Peningkatan RMS
Rugi-rugi # R . I2RMS = R . I12 + R . Σ Ih2
Ekstra panas dibawah

oleh harmonik

6. Kabel Daya
• Kabel yang termasuk dalam sistem resonansi dapat terkena tegangan stres
dan korona, yang dapat mengakibatkan kerusan isolasi
• Penyebab kabel derating, arus nonsinusoidal dalam konduktor menyebabkan
pemanasan tambahan, menguatkan rugi-rugi I2 Rac.

WORKSHOP

7. Motor dan Generator
• Peningkatan pemanasan akibat rugi-rugi inti dan tembaga pada
frekuensi harmonik
• Berdenyut dan mengurangi torsi (penolakan starting atau peningkatan
slip)

8. Pemanasan Transformer
Tranformer memberikan rata-rata tegangan dan arus penuh (hanya) dengan
sinusoidal, tegangan seimbang dan arus THD kurang dari 5 %

WORKSHOP
Derate Transformers
Beban Linear
100 kVA
Phase C Current
Panas Kapasitas rata-rata

Transformer
sama 100 kVA
Beban
Harmonik
75 kVA
Kapasitas rata-rata
Transformer
100 kVA

K faktor dari beban harmonik
h Ih I h (pu) I 2h I 2hh2
1 100.0 1.000 1.0000 1.000 Σ Ih 2 h 2 12.64
K= = = 7.56
3
5
65.8
43.6
0.658
0.436
0.4330
0.1901
3.897
4.752
Σ Ih 2 1.671
7 20.3 0.203 0.0412 2.019
9 7.0 0.070 0.0049 0.397
11 0.6 0.006 0.0000 0.004
13 2.6 0.026 0.0007 0.114
15 3.0 0.030 0.0009 0.203
17 1.8 0.018 0.0003 0.094
19 0.9 0.009 0.0001 0.029
21 1.0 0.010 0.0001 0.044
23 1.1 0.011 0.0001 0.064
25 0.6 0.006 0.0000 0.023
1.6714 12.640
Jumlah kuadrat dari arus harmonik
dikali kuatrad dari angka harmonik
Jumlah kuadrat per unit arus harmonik
Arus magnitude dalam per unit
Magnitude dari arus harmonik, amps
Jumlah harmonik (biasanya tidak signifikan)

WORKSHOP

Derating Transformers
• Faktor rugi-rugi arus Eddy (PECR)
• Contoh 1000 kVA Dry Transformer Derating
Slide sebelumnya menunjukan

Dry Transformers Percent Loss %
≤ 1000 kVA 3-8
K faktor = 7.6, dari tabel PECR=
≥ 1500 kVA, 5kV HV 12-20 8% (.08)
≤ 1500 kVA, 15kV HV 9-15
1 + PECR
1 + K * PECR= % Kapasitas
Oil Filled Transformers Percent Loss %
≤ 2500 kVA, 480V,LV 1
> 1500 kVA ≤ 5000 kVA 1-5
> 5000 kVA, kVA 9-15
% Kapasitas = 80 % (.80)
** in table above, always assume the worse case - kVA lama* % Kapasitas = kVA
use the maximum values
baru
1000kVA * .80 = 800 kVA

9. Kerusakan peralatan elektronik
yang sensitif
10. Gangguan komunikasi elektronik

WORKSHOP

11. Masalah Kapasitor
– Penurunan impedansi dengan frekuensi
– Masalah resonansi
ZC # 1/f
& =
Frekuensy Kapasitor beban lebih

Masalah Kapasitor
Karena impedansi yang
lebih rendah, kapasitor
bahkan lebih rentan
terhadap tatanan
harmonik yang lebih
tinggi. Jika tida diproteksi
dari stres harmonik,
suatu kapasitor bisa
segera gagal

WORKSHOP
Masalah Kapasitor
Pabrikan M
Informasi
- Kegagalan kapasitor.
- Umur kapasitor pendek.
- Kapasitor bank tidak memiliki reaktor.
Harapan
- Hal ini memiliki tegangan tinggi dan arus di
kapasitor bank karena harmonik diperkuat
- Kontrol kapasitor bank dan operasi beban
- Lokasi kapasitor bank
Masalah Kapasitor
Pabrikan M
TR.
MDB 01 1250kVA, Z%=6%
22kV/400V
Measuring point
Vbus 400V
Catatan:
5 x 50kvar, 400V
Loads
Capacitor Bank
-Dua step telah gagal
Pengukuran
- Tanpa di koneksi kapasitor.
- Dengan Kapasitor step 1, step2 dan step3 di koneksi

WORKSHOP
Masalah Kapasitor
Hasil Pengukuran
Order Without the With 1step With 2step With 3 step

capacitor
V I V I V I V I
5 14.44 161.6 13.59 146.8 14.47 153.6 19.84 244.4
7 4.41 53.2 6.25 96.0 7.94 106.4 7.47 98.8
11 2.03 32.8 18.06 135.2 29.56 160.4 10.19 45.6
13 4.78 36.8 13.38 74.4 6.81 16.4 6.84 29.6
17 2.22 11.2 8.84 26.4 5.09 14.4 1.09 3.6
THD% 4.71 17.72 7.36 25.36 8.95 28.29 6.26 31.26
Irms 1029.6 963.6 916.0 906.4
I1 1013.6 934.0 880.8 864.8
Ih 179.6 236.9 249.2 270.3
PF 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.72
DPF 0.63 0.66 0.68 0.75
Hasil: Power faktor rentan dan harmonik tinggi
Masalah Kapasitor
Sistem diagram satu garis
Terdapat suatu kapasitor yang ada telah terbakar

WORKSHOP
Masalah Kapasitor
Diukur pada inputan utama
Data pada #M1 (MDB1)
Parameter Tanpa Kapasitors Dengan Kapasitor 10 Steps.
L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3
VL-L (V) 381.76 379.76 380.38 387.20 385.12 385.92
I (Amp.) 2385.98 2355.84 220.68 1769.14 1754.16 1644.73
P (kW) 1189.0 956.9
S (kVA) 1535.0 1152.0
Q (kvar) 970.0 640.9
PF 0.774 0.830
DPF 0.775 0.833
% THDV 1.92 1.89 1.85 2.96 3.14 3.03
% THDI 4.30 4.73 4.87 8.66 9.31 10.17
Masalah Kapasitor
Diukur pada inputan utama
Tanpa Kapasitor Dengan Kapasitor 10 Steps Rekomendasi G5/4 pada 415V

Order
V (%)/L1 I (A)/L1 V (%)/L1 I (A)/L1 V (%) I (A)
3 0.1 27.9 0.1 26.5 4.00 48.10
5 1.5 86.9 1.8 108.7 4.00 28.90
7 1.0 40.0 1.5 64.8 4.00 41.20
11 0.2 11.4 1.4 75.1 3.00 39.40
13 0.4 13.6 1.1 23.9 2.50 27.80
17 0.2 5.2 0.2 6.8 1.60 13.60
21 0.1 2.8 0.0 0.6 0.20 0.70
23 0.2 4.4 0.1 2.3 1.20 7.50
25 0.2 2.9 0.0 0.5 0.70 4.00
THD 1.92 4.30 2.96 8.66 5.00% -
Penyebab masalah
1. Harmonik diperkuat karena kapasitor shunt yang ada.
2. Harmonik mempengaruhi jangka waktu kapasitor.

WORKSHOP
Masalah Kapasitor
Channel Name: Waveform I1 Channel Name: Waveform I1
CurrentRatio: 800.0 CurrentRatio: 800.0
Waveform I1 Waveform I1
2385.98 Arms, 4.30 %THD 2.500E+3 1769.14 Arms, 8.66 %THD
3.000E+3
2.000E+3
2.000E+3 6.0 1.500E+3 12.0
5.0 1000 10.0

1000
500.0
A 0.000 4.0 A 0.000 8.0
3.0 -500.0
-1000 6.0
-1000
-2.000E+3 2.0 -1.500E+3 4.0
1.0 -2.000E+3
-3.000E+3 2.0
-2.500E+3
0.0 0.0
25/6/2551 20.004 (mS) 25/6/2551 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
25/6/2551 19.988 (mS) 25/6/2551
13:35:29.754 4 mSec/Div 13:35:29.774 25/6/2551 - 13:35:29.754 25/6/2551 - 13:32:57.259
13:32:57.259 3 mSec/Div 13:32:57.279
Channel Name: Waveform U1 Channel Name: Waveform U1

VoltageRatio: 1.000 VoltageRatio: 1.000
Waveform U1 Waveform U1
381.76 Vrms, 1.92 %THD 387.20 Vrms , 2.96 %THD
400.0 400.0
6.0 6.0
200.0 5.0 200.0 5.0
V 0.000 4.0 4.0

V 0.000
3.0 3.0
-200.0 -200.0
2.0 2.0
-400.0 -400.0
1.0 1.0
0.0 -600.0 0.0
25/6/2551 20.004 (mS) 25/6/2551 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
25/6/2551 19.988 (mS) 25/6/2551
13:35:29.754 4 mSec/Div 13:35:29.774 25/6/2551 - 13:35:29.754 25/6/2551 - 13:32:57.259
13:32:57.259 3 mSec/Div 13:32:57.279
Waveform I1 Waveform U1 Waveform I1 Waveform U1
RMS RMS RMS (%) (%) (%) RMS RMS RMS (%) (%) (%)
H01 2383.8 H19 5.6 H37 1.6 H01 100.0 H19 0.2 H37 0.1 H01 1762.5 H19 2.0 H37 0.3 H01 100.0 H19 0.1 H37 0.0
H02 9.5 H20 0.3 H38 0.1 H02 0.1 H20 0.0 H38 0.0 H02 8.5 H20 0.2 H38 0.1 H02 0.0 H20 0.0 H38 0.0
H03 27.9 H21 2.8 H39 0.7 H03 0.1 H21 0.1 H39 0.1 H03 26.5 H21 0.6 H39 0.0 H03 0.1 H21 0.0 H39 0.0
H04 1.1 H22 0.4 H40 0.1 H04 0.0 H22 0.0 H40 0.0 H04 1.5 H22 0.2 H40 0.0 H04 0.0 H22 0.0 H40 0.0
H05 86.9 H23 4.4 H41 0.7 H05 1.5 H23 0.2 H41 0.0 H05 108.7 H23 2.3 H41 0.0 H05 1.8 H23 0.1 H41 0.0
H06 0.2 H24 0.1 H42 0.1 H06 0.0 H24 0.0 H42 0.0
H07 40.0 H25 2.9 H43 0.8 H07 1.0 H25 0.2 H43 0.1 H06 0.6 H24 0.1 H42 0.2 H06 0.0 H24 0.0 H42 0.0
H07 64.8 H25 0.5 H43 0.2 H07 1.5 H25 0.0 H43 0.0
H08 0.6 H26 0.1 H44 0.1 H08 0.0 H26 0.0 H44 0.0 H08 0.6 H26 0.2 H44 0.2 H08 0.0 H26 0.0 H44 0.0
H09 7.3 H27 1.8 H45 0.6 H09 0.1 H27 0.1 H45 0.0
H10 0.4 H28 0.2 H46 0.2 H10 0.0 H28 0.0 H46 0.0 H09 16.1 H27 0.5 H45 0.0 H09 0.2 H27 0.0 H45 0.0
H11 11.4 H29 1.7 H47 0.5 H11 0.2 H29 0.1 H47 0.0 H10 0.4 H28 0.2 H46 0.2 H10 0.0 H28 0.0 H46 0.0
H12 0.3 H30 0.3 H48 0.1 H12 0.0 H30 0.0 H48 0.0 H11 75.1 H29 0.2 H47 0.2 H11 1.4 H29 0.0 H47 0.0
H13 13.6 H31 2.5 H49 0.4 H13 0.4 H31 0.2 H49 0.0 H12 1.3 H30 0.1 H48 0.1 H12 0.0 H30 0.0 H48 0.0
H14 0.3 H32 0.1 H50 0.0 H14 0.0 H32 0.0 H50 0.0 H13 23.9 H31 0.3 H49 0.1 H13 1.1 H31 0.0 H49 0.0
H15 3.9 H33 1.2 H15 0.1 H33 0.1 H14 0.8 H32 0.1 H50 0.1 H14 0.0 H32 0.0 H50 0.0
H16 0.2 H34 0.3 H16 0.0 H34 0.0 H15 1.2 H33 0.2 H15 0.1 H33 0.0
H17 5.2 H35 1.5 H17 0.2 H35 0.1 H16 0.4 H34 0.1 H16 0.0 H34 0.0
H18 0.2 H36 0.2 H18 0.0 H36 0.0 H17 6.8 H35 0.2 H17 0.2 H35 0.0
H18 0.4 H36 0.1 H18 0.0 H36 0.0
Tanpa Cap Dengan Cap

Masalah Kapasitor
Rekomendasi
Bank Filter Detuned filter dapa untuk memperbaiki faktor daya dan
menhindari penguatan harmonik
Solusi
LV. Kapasitor bank dengan reaktor 7% ,12x50kvar 400V ,50Hz,3phasa

WORKSHOP
Masalah Kapasitor
Hasil setelah penggunaan 7% Bank Detuned
Data at #M1 (MDB1)
Parameter Tanpa Kapasitor Dengan Kapasitor 8 Steps.
L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3
VL-L (V) 392.71 391.17 391.72 389.58 388.40 389.04
I (Amp) 1936.79 1973.81 1894.14 1842.28 1813.03 1783.67
P (kW) 992.9 1118.0
S (kVA) 1315.0 1218.0
Q (kvar) 861.6 482.1
PF 0.755 0.918
DPF 0.757 0.919
% THDV 2.03 1.93 1.86 1.68 1.60 1.59
% THDI 6.46 7.08 7.34 5.58 6.30 6.62
Masalah Kapasitor
Hasil setelah penggunaan 7% Bank Detuned
Tanpa Kapasitor Dengan Kapasitor 8 Steps Rekomendasi G5/4 at 415V
Harmonics Order
V (%)/L1 I (A)/L1 V (%)/L1 I (A)/L1 V (%) I (A)
3 0.1 24.8 0.0 22.7 4 48.1
5 1.3 113.5 1.0 94.9 4 28.9
7 1.4 39.8 1.1 24.5 4 41.2
11 0.4 11.3 0.4 11.9 3 39.4
13 0.3 13.2 0.4 10.3 2.5 27.8
17 0.2 5.4 0.2 6.0 1.6 13.6
21 0.1 2.4 0.0 1.3 0.2 0.7
23 0.2 3.9 0.2 4.0 1.2 7.5
25 0.2 3.7 0.2 3.3 0.7 4
THD 2.03% 6.46% 1.68% 5.58% 5.00% -
1. Harmonik tidak diperkuat.

2. 7% Detuned dapat menahan harmonik dalam sistem.

WORKSHOP
Masalah Kapasitor
Channel Name: Waveform U1 Channel Name :Waveform I1 Channel Name: Waveform U1 Channel Name :Waveform I1
Frequency: 50.70 Hz Frequency : 50.70 Hz Frequency: 50.40 Hz Frequency : 50.40 Hz
VoltageRatio: 1.000 CurrentRatio : 800.0 VoltageRatio: 1.000 CurrentRatio : 800.0
600.0 600.0
3.000E+3
400.0 2.000E+3
400.0 2.000E+3
200.0 200.0 1000
1000
V 0.000 0.000 V 0.000 0.000
-200.0 -1000 -200.0 -1000
-400.0 -2.000E+3 -400.0 -2.000E+3

-3.000E+3 -600.0
-600.0
24/12/2551 19.972 (m s) 24/12/2551 24/12/2551 19.972 (m s) 24/12/2551 24/12/2551 19.984 (m s) 24/12/2551 24/12/2551 19.984 (m s) 24/12/2551
11:57:10.504 3 ms /Div 11:57:10.523 11:57:10.504 3 ms /Div 11:57:10.523 10:43:44.806 3 ms /Div 10:43:44.825 10:43:44.806 3 ms /Div 10:43:44.825
Waveform U1 Waveform I1 Waveform U1 Waveform I1

392.71 Vrm s, 2.03 %THD 1936.79 Arms , 6.46 %THD 389.58 Vrm s, 1.68 %THD 1842.28 Arms , 5.58 %THD
100 2000 100
1600
80 1600 80
1200
60 1200 60
800 40 800
40
20 400 20 400
0 0 0 0
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
24/12/2551 - 11:57:10.504 24/12/2551 - 11:57:10.504 24/12/2551 - 10:43:44.806 24/12/2551 - 10:43:44.806
Waveform U1 Waveform I1 Waveform U1 Waveform I1
(%) (%) (%) RMS RMS RMS (%) (%) (%) RMS RMS RMS
H01 100.0 H19 0.2 H37 0.1 H01 1932.8 H19 6.0 H37 1.6 H01 100.0 H19 0.2 H37 0.1 H01 1839.4 H19 5.6 H37 1.7
H02 0.0 H20 0.0 H38 0.0 H02 3.3 H20 0.2 H38 0.1 H02 0.0 H20 0.0 H38 0.0 H02 2.6 H20 0.2 H38 0.1
H03 0.1 H21 0.1 H39 0.0 H03 24.8 H21 2.4 H39 0.4 H03 0.0 H21 0.0 H39 0.0 H03 22.7 H21 1.3 H39 0.4
H04 0.0 H22 0.0 H40 0.0 H04 1.6 H22 0.3 H40 0.1 H04 0.0 H22 0.0 H40 0.0 H04 0.7 H22 0.2 H40 0.1
H05 1.3 H23 0.2 H41 0.0 H05 113.5 H23 3.9 H41 0.6 H05 1.0 H23 0.2 H41 0.0 H05 94.9 H23 4.0 H41 0.6
H06 0.0 H24 0.0 H42 0.0 H06 0.5 H24 0.1 H42 0.0 H06 0.0 H24 0.0 H42 0.0 H06 0.1 H24 0.2 H42 0.1
H07 1.4 H25 0.2 H43 0.1 H07 39.8 H25 3.7 H43 0.5 H07 1.1 H25 0.2 H43 0.1 H07 24.5 H25 3.3 H43 0.8
H08 0.0 H26 0.0 H44 0.0 H08 0.6 H26 0.1 H44 0.0 H08 0.0 H26 0.0 H44 0.0 H08 0.5 H26 0.0 H44 0.1
H09 0.1 H27 0.1 H45 0.0 H09 8.0 H27 1.6 H45 0.4 H09 0.1 H27 0.0 H45 0.0 H09 6.0 H27 1.0 H45 0.3
H10 0.0 H28 0.0 H46 0.0 H10 0.5 H28 0.2 H46 0.0 H10 0.0 H28 0.0 H46 0.0 H10 0.3 H28 0.1 H46 0.0
H11 0.4 H29 0.1 H47 0.0 H11 11.3 H29 2.4 H47 0.5 H11 0.4 H29 0.1 H47 0.0 H11 11.9 H29 2.4 H47 0.4
H12 0.0 H30 0.0 H48 0.0 H12 0.1 H30 0.3 H48 0.0 H12 0.0 H30 0.0 H48 0.0 H12 0.3 H30 0.2 H48 0.1
H13 0.3 H31 0.2 H49 0.0 H13 13.2 H31 3.2 H49 0.3 H13 0.4 H31 0.2 H49 0.0 H13 10.3 H31 3.3 H49 0.5
H14 0.0 H32 0.0 H50 0.0 H14 0.3 H32 0.1 H50 0.0 H14 0.0 H32 0.0 H50 0.0 H14 0.3 H32 0.1 H50 0.0
H15 0.1 H33 0.1 H15 3.8 H33 1.1 H15 0.0 H33 0.0 H15 2.9 H33 0.6
H16 0.0 H34 0.0 H16 0.3 H34 0.1 H16 0.0 H34 0.0 H16 0.1 H34 0.1
H17 0.2 H35 0.0 H17 5.4 H35 1.2 H17 0.2 H35 0.1 H17 6.0 H35 1.0
H18 0.0 H36 0.0 H18 0.1 H36 0.2 H18 0.0 H36 0.0 H18 0.1 H36 0.1
24/12/2551 - 11:57:10.504 24/12/2551 - 11:57:10.504 24/12/2551 - 10:43:44.806 24/12/2551 - 10:43:44.806

Value Value Value Value
532.7 Waveform U1 48.30 Waveform I1 441.7 Waveform U1 33.60 Waveform I1
-405.0 Waveform U2 -2.163E+3 Waveform I2 -506.8 Waveform U2 -2.298E+3 Waveform I2
-127.6 Waveform U3 2.154E+3 Waveform I3 65.00 Waveform U3 2.340E+3 Waveform I3
Name Date Duration RMS Units Name Date Duration RMS Units Name Date Duration RMS Units Name Date Duration RMS Units
Waveform U1 24/12/2551 19.972 392.706 V Waveform I1 24/12/2551 19.972 1.937 k A Waveform U1 24/12/2551 19.984 389.577 V Waveform I1 24/12/2551 19.984 1.842 kA
Tanpa Cap Dengan Cap

Masalah Kapasitor
Kesimpulan
-Setelah menggunakan 7% Detuned dapat memperbaiki faktor daya
dan menghidari penguatan harmonik.
-7% Detuned dapat menahan harmonik dalam sistem.

WORKSHOP

12. Arus Netral yang berlebih (terutama harmonik urutan nol)
Biasanya disebabkan oleh peralatan elektronik kantor
dalam sebuah bangunan dengan sumber tiga phasa
Arus netral mungkin lebih tinggi dari kawat phasa saat :
*Netral mungkin tidakmemiliki protaksi arus lebih

*Pemutus utama mungkin lepas / trip karena proteksi arus netral

Aliran arus harmonik ketiga dalam kawat netral
L1
3.L1
L2
3.L2
L3
3.L3
L1
L2
L3

WORKSHOP

Arus Netral
Membangun Aplikasi
Mengapa ada kejadian tegangan netral dan tanah

WORKSHOP
Membangun Aplikasi
Cerita Pelanggan
• Mereka memiliki kegagalan peralatan di lantai 5. Lantai ini memiliki

tegangantinggi antara netral dan tanah.
Tegangan sekitar 11V.

• Incoming utama (sekunder Trafo) tidak memiliki tegangan tinggi antara
netral dan tanah.
Tegangan sekitar 3V
Membangun Aplikasi
Permintaan Pelanggan
– Dapatkan kita membantu memecahkan masalah ?

• Memcahkan masalah tegangan antara netral dan tanah di lantai
lima.
• Target pelanggan, tegangan dilantai lima harus lebih rendah
daripada 5V.

WORKSHOP
Membangun Aplikasi
Sistem diagram satu garis
Tr
400V 60Hz
Problem point
Lantai 1 Lantai 2 Lantai

Lima
Suplai ke komputer.
Membangun Aplikasi
Parameter Sistem
Data Pengukuran
Parameter Data Pengukuran
Load current 378 A
Voltage (U) 216 V
Power factor 0.93 Lead
Tr % THDU 12.5
%THDI 28.0
U neutral to G 10.82
400V 60Hz I1 365 A

I3 94 A
I5 35 A
I7 4A
In 262 A (I3)
Floor 1st Floor Floor 5th
2nd
Titik Pengukuran
1. 262A, Ada arus tinggi di netral kabel. Utamanya adalah harmonik 3rd.
2. 10.82 V, Tegangan antara netral dan tanah.

WORKSHOP
Membangun Aplikasi
Tegangan Netral ke Tanah
Membangun Aplikasi
Berdasarkan data pengukuran.

Kita dapat menyipulkan sebagai berikut bahwa.
Dilantai 5 memiliki harmonik ke 3rd di arus netral. Ini telah menciptakan tegangan antara
netral dan tanah
Trafo
400V 60Hz
Titik Masalah
Lantai 1 Lantai 2 Lantai 5

Suplai ke komputer.

WORKSHOP
Membangun Aplikasi
Parameter Sistem
Parameter Data Pengukuran
Load current 378 A

Voltage (U) 216 V
400V 60Hz Power factor 0.93 Lead
% THDU 12.5
%THDI 28.0
U neutral to G 10.82
Lantai 1 Lantai 2 Lantai 5 I1 365 A

I3 94 A
I5 35 A
I7 4A
Titik Target
In 262 A (I3)
PQFS
120A 60Hz 3ph 4W
Yang Diusulkan
Peralatan Filter untuk mengeliminasi harmonik ke 3rd harmonic di netral
Peralatan Filter dengan sfesifikasi 120A, 400V 60Hz 3phasa 4kawat
Membangun Aplikasi
Parameter Sistem
Parameter Tanpa PQFS Dengan PQFS

Trafo
Load current 378 A 370 A
Voltage (U) 216 V 214 V
Power factor 0.93 Lead 0.95 Lead
% THDU 12.5 1.7
400V 60Hz
%THDI 28.0 2.0
U neutral to G 10.82 3.14
I1 365 A 370 A
I3 94 A 2A
Lantai 1 Lantai 2 Lantai 5
I5 35 A 1A
I7 4A 0A
In 262 A (I3) 36 A (I1)
Titik Pengukuran
PQFS
120A 60Hz 3ph 4W
Hasil
1. Setelah menggunakan PQFS, netral arus berkurang menjadi 36A.
2. Setelah menggunakan PQFS, tegangan antara netral dan tanah berkurang
menjadi 3.1V.

WORKSHOP
Membangun Aplikasi
SEBELUM SETELAH
Bentuk gelombang tegangan Bentuk gelombang tegangan
Bentuk gelombang arus Bentuk gelombang arus
Membangun Aplikasi
SEBELUM SESUDAH
Tegangan antara netral dan tanah


WORKSHOP
Standar dan Peraturan Harmonik

Harmonic Current Distortion Limits (Ih) in % of IL
V n ≤ 69 kV
I sc / I L h < 11 11 ≤ h < 17 17 ≤ h < 23 23 ≤ h < 35 35 ≤ h TDD
<20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0

20-50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50-100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100-1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
∑I
h=2
2
h
TDD = × 100%
IL
Ih = magnitude of individual harmonic components (rms amps)

h = harmonic order
IL = maximum demand load current (rms amps) defined above
Standar dan Peraturan Harmonik

•TDD dan THD(I) tidak sama kecuali pada beban 100%
Measured
Total I, Fund I, Harm I,
rms rms rms THD(I) TDD
Full load 936.68 936.00 35.57 3.8% 3.8%
836.70 836.00 34.28 4.1% 3.7%
767.68 767.00 32.21 4.2% 3.4%
592.63 592.00 27.23 4.6% 2.9%
424.53 424.00 21.20 5.0% 2.3%
246.58 246.00 16.97 6.9% 1.8%
111.80 111.00 13.32 12.0% 1.4%
Sebagaimana penurunan beban, TDD

menurun sementara THD(I) meningkat.

WORKSHOP
Teknik Mitigasi Harmonik

• Struktural Modifikasi
=> Seringkali hanya mungkin dalam tahap desain instalasi atau tidak mungkin sama sekali
(misalnya : pusat komputer, jalur produksi, …)
• Jumlah Pulse tinggi untuk beban industri

=> Dapat berubah menjadi sangat mahal (misalnya biaya perjalanan) dengan kebutuhan ruang
cukup tinggi. Keberhasilan tidak dijamin.
• Teknologi rendah polusi menggunakan switching front-end
=> Teknologi yang menjanjikan tapi mahal ketika diaplikasikan ke semua beban
=> Hanya masalah pada alamat harmonik dari eban yang perlu diperhatikan
• Pengaturan pasif secara seri dengan beban
=> Mengenal tegangan jatuh yang dapat mempengaruhi pengoperasian yang semestinya dari
beban
• Filter Tuned Pasif : Reaktor dan kapasitor secara seri
Struktur Modifikasi
Beban Harmonik Terbesar dapat di Isolasi
Trafo Distorsi Tegangan Lebih

Pelanggan
Sistem Utiliti
Harmonik
Tegangan
Jatuh
ASD’s, harmonik lain
yang diproduksi beban

WORKSHOP
Struktur Modifikasi
Beban Harmonik Terbesar dapat di Isolasi
Trafo Distorsi Tegangan Kurang

Pelanggan
Sistem Utiliti 1500 kVA
6%
Trafo Isolasi
250kVA 4%
ASD’s, harmonik lain

Harmonik yang diproduksi beban
Tegangan
Jatuh
Jumlah pulse / denyutan tinggi pada beban industri

Konfigurasi 12 Pulse Drive
+
DC Bus
Wye
-
AC
Line
Delta
Delta
Belitan Tertiary Feeds Transformer

Two 6 Pulse Diode Bridges

WORKSHOP
Teknologi polusi rendah mengunakan switching

front-end
Active Konverter
S
u DC
m IGBT IGBT
Bus
b
e
r
AC
Motor
A
Filter Converter Inverter
C
•Menarik 5%TDD arus dari sumber (tanpa filter)

•Penyebab hingga 20% THD(V) pada sumber
•Harus memiliki input filer untuk membersihkan
tegangan
Penguatan Pasif diseris dengan beban
AC Reaktor Seri
1500 kVA Transformer

ASD
3% AC Reactor
Other
Loads

WORKSHOP
Filter Tuned Passive
5 7 11 13
SWITCHING ON
SWITCHING OFF
Filter Tuned Trap

VFD
AC
Line
Reaktor dan kapasitors dipilih untuk spesifikasi

shunt arus harmonik ke tanah

WORKSHOP
Matrik Filter
Update
dibutuhkan VFD
Series Reaktor, Auto-Transformer, dan

Jaringan Shunt Capacitor
PQF (Power Quality Filter)
PQFK PQFM PQFI
PQFS
Sistem 4 kawat Sitem 3 kawat

WORKSHOP
Pengukuran Harmonik
H V N e tw o rk
S h o rt -c irc u it p o w e r M V A
V o lt a g e V
F re q u e n c y Hz
R e m o t e c o n t r o l fr e q u e n c y ( i f a n y ) Hz
T ra n s fo rm e r
N o m in a l p o w e r kVA
S h o rt -c irc u it im p e d a n c e %
S e c o n d a ry V o lt a g e V
T r a n f o r m e r - b u s b a r c a b le
L e n g th m
PCC titik 1

C ro s s s e c t io n / p h a s e
N r p a ra lle l c o n n e c t io n s
m m 2
atau titik 2 1
 2
Load
D r iv e A c t ive p o w e r kW
M e a s u re d h a rm o n ic c u rre n t s cos φ
( a t p o i n t  , i f a va i l a b l e ) :
I5 A
I7 A
I1 1 A E x is t in g c a p a c it o r s
I1 3 A F ix & A u t o m a t ic b a n k s k va r
I1 7 A P u ls e n u m b e r (6 / 1 2 / ? ) R e a c to r b a n k s k va r
I1 9 A A p p a re n t p o w e r kVA T u n in g Hz
I2 3 A c os φ F ilt e rs k va r
I2 5 A T u n in g Hz
Must be specified in any case

Better if specified
Referensi
Referensi Standard
IEC-standards
IEEE-standards
NEMA-standards

WORKSHOP
Referensi
Untuk Tegangan
Rendah
Un < 1000V
Referensi

WORKSHOP
BENY RACHMATO
Senior Product and Application Engineer

HIOKI SINGAPORE PTE.LTD
• Karakteristik konsumen listrik

• Kualitas vs Kuantitas
• Undang-undang kelistrikan
BENY RACHMANTO 128

WORKSHOP
Increase of new power source
BENY RACHMANTO 129
Our Power Environment Update

Generation Generation Generation
Open market
for power suppliers
Transmission Transmission Transmission
Distribution Distribution Distribution
Cost: Lower
Quality: ???
BENY RACHMANTO 130

WORKSHOP
• Didominasi oleh beban linier • Didominasi oleh beban-beban non

yang boros energi listrik linier yang jauh lebih efisien dan
hemat energy
BENY RACHMANTO 132

WORKSHOP
Buruknya power faktor menjadi Durability menjadi isu utama

kendala utama
BENY RACHMANTO 133
10 40 nm
µm
BENY RACHMANTO 134

WORKSHOP
• Tegangan Naik Turun

• Mesin produksi lebih rentan rusak
• Circuit breaker sering trip / tidak normal
• Capasitor Bank terbakar
• Panel terbakar / meledak
• Adanya tegangan/arus pada bodi mesin
• Motor terbakar
• Sistem kendali sering reset / tidak bekerja dengan baik
• Relay tidak bekerja dengan benar.
• Lampu sering putus
• Trafo mengalami derating
BENY RACHMANTO 135
BENY RACHMANTO 136

WORKSHOP
Apa Power Quality ?

Adalah terminologi yang digunakan untuk mendefinisikan kemampuan
suatu jaringan listrik dalam mensupply listrik dengan bersih dan stabil
High
Efficiency
Less More
Emission Durable
More
Safety
BENY RACHMANTO 137
ITIC Curve
BENY RACHMANTO 138

WORKSHOP
Efek dari buruknya PQ?
• Malfunctions of equipment
• Damage to equipment
Production in bad quality

Stop production
Destroyed important data
Communication trouble
BENY RACHMANTO 139
Dari mana permasalahan PQ berasal?
• Power supply (SUPPLIER)

– Nature (thunder, wind, animals, etc.)
– Various power source connection
• Other equipment (CUSTOMER)
– High power consuming loads
– Variable frequency drives
BENY RACHMANTO 140

WORKSHOP
POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCE

Automatically adapts to 50 Hz, 60 Hz, and 400 Hz
Detects all power line disturbances
•Voltage sags •High frequency

•Voltage swells impulses/transients, with fast 500
nanosecond response
•Interruptions 141
Peralatan industri yang peka terhadap voltage

DIP/SAG
• Pengatur Kecepatan Motor atau Adjustable Speed Motor Drives (ASDs)
1. It is not possible to supply sufficient voltage to the motor (loss

of torque, slowdown).
2. There is overcurrent when voltage recovers (the drive filter
capacitor is recharged).
3. There is overcurrent and unbalanced current inthe event of
voltage dips on a single phase.
4. There is loss of control of DC drives functioning as inverters
(regenerative braking).
Adjustable speed drives usually trip out when a voltage dip deeper than 15 % occurs.
BENY RACHMANTO 142

WORKSHOP
Efek lain yang di timbulkan

• Malfunction / failure terhadap semua perangkat pengontrolan
yang berbasis komputer/mikroprosessor
• Kerusakan hardware
• Mengurangi umur motor serta perangkat driven nya
• Stall pada motor
BENY RACHMANTO 143
Voltage SAG / DIP

100.00
50.00
Nilai “tegangan kedip”

maksimum
Voltage (%)
0.00
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
-50.00
Lama tegangan kedip yang
melewati batas tegangan
-100.00
standard
100.00
80.00
60.00
RMS Voltage (%)
Batas tegangan operasi

40.00
minimum yang ditetapkan

20.00 oleh pemakai
0.00
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Time (s)
144

WORKSHOP
100.00
Voltage Interruption
50.00
Lama tegangan dibawah

Voltage (%)
0.00
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 10% tegangan nominal
-50.00
-100.00
120.00
100.00
90% Batas yang ditetapkan

oleh pemakai
80.00
RMS Voltage (%)
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Time (s)
TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE
Transients are power quality disturbances that involve destructive high
magnitudes of current and voltage or even both. Such phenomena only
exist in a very short duration from less than 50 nanoseconds to as long as
50 milliseconds.
BENY RACHMANTO 146

WORKSHOP
Penyebab Transient
A. Sambaran Petir
B. Aktifitas Switching beban
• Opening and closing of disconnects on energized lines
• Capacitor bank switching
• Reclosing operations
• Tap changing on transformers
C. Loose connections pada sistem distribusi yang menyebabkanarcing
D. Accidents, human error, animals and bad weather conditions
E. Neighboring facilities
BENY RACHMANTO 147
Efek Transient pada Electronic Equipment
• Equipment will malfunction and produces corrupted results

• Improper specification and installation of TVSS can aggravate
the failures
• Efficiency of electronic devices will be reduced
Harus diketahui secara mendetail mengenai real peak
Perangkat PQA dengan sampling rate tinggi
BENY RACHMANTO 148

WORKSHOP
2 Mhz VS 250 Khz Sampling

Signal Test :
1,8 KV transient injected on 100 V AC 60 Hz
Wave Peak : 1,704 KV Wave Peak : + 240 V, -380V

Duration : 1,5 µS Duration : Not Measure
PW 3198 Other PQA
Efek Transient pada Motor

• Transients menyebabkan motor beroperasi pada temperature
yang lebih tinggi
• Menyebabkan micro-jogging pada motor yang berdampak
pada munculnya vibration, excessive heat dan noise
• Rusaknya insulation pada winding motor yang berakibat umur
motor berkurang
• Meningkatkan losses (hysteresis)
BENY RACHMANTO 150

WORKSHOP
• Defined by IEEE as the ratio of the negative or zero sequence

component to the positive sequence component.
• Is a voltage variation where the voltage magnitudes and
phase angle between them are not equal
• Difference Impedance in power supply conductor

• Unbalance from power supply
• Single-phase load distribution among the three
phases
• Ground fault in power transformer
Voltage unbalance can create a current unbalance 6 to 10 times

the magnitude of voltage unbalance.

WORKSHOP
• The greatest effect of voltage unbalance is on three-

phase induction motors
• These motors are the most common load especially in
industrial environment
• Results of unbalance :
– Reduced efficiency due to effective torque and speed will be less than normal
– Overheating
– loss of insulation life
– Increase in noise & vibration

WORKSHOP
Kelip tegangan (Flicker)
1.5
Tegangan yang bervariasi
1.0
dengan frekuensi antara 0.5 -
25 Hz
0.5
Voltage (pu)
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Batas yang ditetapkan

-0.5
-1.0
pemakai
-1.5
Time (s)
BENY RACHMANTO 155
Penyebab Flicker
Loads have a high rate of change of power with respect to
the short-circuit capacity at the point of common coupling
• Electric arc furnaces

• Static frequency converters
• Cycloconverters
• Rolling mill drives
• Main winders
• Large motors (starting)
Similarly, small power loads such as welders, power regulators, boilers,

cranes and elevators, to name a few, may cause voltage fluctuation and
flicker depending on the electrical system where they are connected.
BENY RACHMANTO 156

WORKSHOP
IEC Standard Flickermeter

• Pst (Perseption short time)
This is based upon an observation period of 10 minutes, allowing evaluation of
disturbances with a short duty cycle or those that generate continuous
fluctuations
• Plt (Perseption long time)

long-term assessment of flicker severity happens if the duty cycle is long or
variable. These include electric arc furnaces or disturbances on the system that
are caused by multiple loads operating simultaneously
The limit for PLT is 0.8 units
BENY RACHMANTO 157
Harmonic Voltage & Current

WORKSHOP
BENY RACHMANTO 159
New Phenomena : High Order Harmonic

Analysis
The noise component higher than 50th harmonic becomes high voltage
(some 10V) in resonance by cable (resistance, capacitance, or inductance).
Resonant by Malfunction
cable Damage
Inverter
equipment

WORKSHOP
HIGH ORDER HARMONIC

WORKSHOP
• Power Quality Survey Procedures

• Tips to Find Out the Cause
• Case Studies
What you should do
Act like detective

WORKSHOP
• Locating or reconstructing a
one line diagram of the site
• The map might already exist
in your head, but it will be a
big help to everyone if it’s on
paper
• The more complete your
documentation, the better of
you’ll be
• Wiring or connection
discolored from heat
• Temperature transformer
• Signal wiring running in
the same trays as power
cables

WORKSHOP
• Last Failure
• Periode of Maintenance
• Last Countermeasure
• Update wiring
A. Power Quality Survey Procedures
Purpose
A：Troubleshooting
(Cause and countermeasure)
B：Survey power quality Countermeasure
A B
Understanding Know the
measurement site Measure Analyze Complete
the trouble
Visualizing trouble
phenomena

WORKSHOP
1. Understanding The Trouble

• Where ?
Equipment / Distribution
• When ?
Always / Periodic / Intermittent Specific time / date
• What to Measure ?
Voltage, Current, (Power), Trend of Voltage and Current,
Simultaneous at multiple places
• Assumed Cause ?
Voltage?
Current?
Remember: sometimes, it isn’t Power Quality.
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Loose connections
• Bad cables
• Damaged media
• Operator error
• False problem reports
• etc.

WORKSHOP
2. Know The Measurement Site

• Circuit (Wiring)
• Nominal supply voltage
• Frequency
• Neutral line
• Current capacity
• Others
– General information of site
– Existence of other equipment
– Running cycle
– Added/Removed equipment
– Distribution network design
Power Quality Survey Procedures

Wiring Check
Makes easier to connect to measurement circuit, and confirm if the connection is correct.

WORKSHOP

Quick Set
Automatically set the event detection thresholds.
(Able to change manually afterwards.)
VIEW screen
View the instantaneous input values and waveforms.

Countermeasure
Measurement Analysis Complete
Threshold settings Understanding the data
The data varies differently according to the place and problem.

The standards (IEC61000-4-15, etc.) often guides an idea.

WORKSHOP
B. Tips to Find Out the Cause

Record the trend of voltage and current at the receptacle!
If the voltage drops during the increase of current consumption in a building, the
cause is considered to come from inside the building. On the other hand, if both the
voltage and current drops, the cause is attributed to equipment or anomaly outside
the building. It is important to determine where to measure as well as to measure
the current itself.
It is sometimes necessary to measure for a long period like 1 week or 1 month.
Voltage
Voltage
Current
Current

Check the power trend
Equipment in overload condition is often the cause of trouble. By knowing
the power trend, it is easier to identify the actual equipment or location that
is causing the problems.

WORKSHOP

Check when the event occurs
When an event is recorded, equipment that is in operation or restarting
during that time can be the cause of the problem. By accurately identifying
what time the event occurred and when the problem subsided, it can be
easier to determine which equipment or location could have caused the
problems.
Cause?

Check for heat and faulty sounds generated in equipment
Overheating or faulty sounds coming from a motor, transformer or cable
are signs that there are problems due to overload or harmonics.

WORKSHOP
EVENT ANALYSIS By PQA

1. Pre-trigger voltage and
current.
2. Voltage dip starts on utility
grid.
3. Motors become generators –
brief big increase in current.
4. Motor overcurrent protection
trips – too fast, probably.
5. Voltage returns, 0.236 seconds
later, but big motors stay off
(compare with pre-trigger
current).
6. Conclusion: grid sag caused
factory motors to trip off-line.
Easy to fix by changing
overcurrent protection delay
settings.
11/2/2015

WORKSHOP
TIME PLOT RECORDING
TRANSIENT EVENT CAPTURE

WORKSHOP
Harmonic Flow Guide

+90deg.
Voltage-Current
Phase Difference
Outflow Inflow
LEAD
+/-180deg. 0deg.
LAG
-90deg.
BENY RACHMANTO 183
Inflow and Outflow of Harmonics

This is an example of judging harmonics inflow and outflow based on harmonics
measurements.
• The fundamental wave (brown) is consumption (inflow) as shown below.
• Most of the 5th harmonic (green) is also inflow.
Outflow
Inflow
Outflow

WORKSHOP

• Time Plot of Harmonic Voltage-Current Phase Difference (fundamental and 5th
harmonic)
• The 3rd harmonic (red) is outflow as shown in the graph below. The 7th harmonic
(blue) is outflow.
180
Phase difference [deg.]
90
-90
-180
Time
Red: 3rd harmonic, Green: 5th harmonic, Blue: 7th harmonic

Inflow /
Date Time AvePhasesum(5) Outflow
2004/9/3 6:50:00 -93.07 Outflow
2004/9/3 6:55:00 -90.63 Outflow
2004/9/3 7:00:00 -84.20 Inflow
2004/9/3 7:05:00 -89.23 Inflow
2004/9/3 7:10:00 -87.79 Inflow
2004/9/3 7:15:00 -87.42 Inflow
2004/9/3 7:20:00 -87.16 Inflow
2004/9/3 7:25:00 -86.08 Inflow
2004/9/3 7:30:00 -79.51 Inflow
2004/9/3 7:35:00 -84.34 Inflow
2004/9/3 7:40:00 -80.74 Inflow
2004/9/3 7:45:00 -78.41 Inflow
Formula
=IF(ABS(C2)>90,"Outflow","Inflow")
Example of Using MS Excel
Inflow

WORKSHOP
Problem
The higher the order, the smaller the harmonics power level.
The smaller level makes it difficult to judge the polarity accurately, thus making it
difficult to judge inflow and outflow.
Recommendations
Judge to see if the harmonic current amplitude is high or exceeds the limit.
Then, judge the inflow or outflow by watching the harmonic voltage-current phase
difference
Harmonic voltage-current phase angle difference

Inflow +90̊ to 0̊ to +90̊
Outflow -180̊ to -90̊ or +90̊ to +180̊
BENY RACHMANTO 187
Concept of inflow and outflow of harmonics

WORKSHOP
CASE 3
AC
VSD MOTOR

Power Quality Basicx - Ce

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Power Quality Basicx - Ce

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

HIOKI MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL 29/10/2015

Prof.Dr.Iwa Garniwa M .MT

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 1

Permasalahan Pada Kualitas Daya

• Sag & Swell • E.M.F. (Electromagnetic

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 2

Permasalahan Kualitas Daya

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 3

• Turun Naiknya Tegangan

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 4

Pengaruh PQterhadap lingkungan atau sistem

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 5

VOLTAGE DIP / SAG

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 6

Automatically adapts to 50 Hz, 60 Hz, and 400 Hz

Detects all power line disturbances

•Voltage sags •High frequency

Pengertian Voltage Sag

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 7

Peralatan industri yang peka terhadap voltage sag

• Motor Kontaktor dan Relay Elektromekanik

• Lampu Intensitas Tinggi atau

• Pengatur Pengarah Kecepatan Motor atau

• Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC’s)

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 8

Metode Mengurangi Voltage Sag

1. mengurangi jumlah gangguan (khususnya gangguan short-circuit)

Upaya Mengatasi Voltage Sag

1. Pemasangan trafo ferroresonant (=(onstant-Voltage Transformer).

cara untuk memprediksi karakteristik voltage sag adalah menggunakan software-

TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGE

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 9

Cara Masuknya Transient ke Dalam Sistem

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 10

How lightning discharges arise

approx 6000 metres

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 11

How lightning discharges arise

approx 6000 metres

How lightning discharges arise

i Period between the discharges, Secondary discharge

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 12

A direct strike on a building without an external

Effects (direct strike)

due to: specific energy, charge

If an electric current flows as a consequence of a

In addition, material may be melted or ejected at

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 13

Direct strike on an overhead high-voltage

due to: maximum lightning impulse current

For a lightning strike on an overhead line, the

This impedance (ZW) is usually in the region of 400

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 14

Direct strike on a low-voltage overhead line

The preconditions of a direct strike on a low-

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 15

A direct strike on a building with an external

due to: maximum lightning impulse current

HIOKI INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE 16

Lightning strike to a tree (close strike)

Effects: Coupling of the lightning current into earth

If current flows as a result of a lightning strike to a

In addition, the current diverted to earth can be