Shafira Hijriya HLM.33-35
Shafira Hijriya HLM.33-35
Editor in Chief
Yoserwan
Faculty of Law, Universitas Andalas
Managing Editor
Lucky Raspati
Faculty of Law, Universitas Andalas
Editor Board
Syofriman Syofyan Ahsan Yunus
(Universitas Andalas) (Hasanuddin University)
Muhammad Ilham
Delfina Gusman
Hermawan
(Universitas Andalas)
(Pancasila University)
Romi Armezi Ferdi
(Universitas Andalas) (Universitas Andalas)
Sukanda Husin Ahmad Redi
(Universitas Andalas) (Tarumanegara University)
Hasril Hertanto Nella Sumika Putri
(University of Indonesia) (Padjadjaran University)
Gautama Budi Arundhati Fitriani Ahlan Sjarif
(Jember University) (University of Indonesia)
Assistant Editors
Shafira Hijriya
(Faculty of Law, Universitas Andalas)
i
PENGANTAR
Editor in Chief
Perkembangan teknologi informasi telah membawa perubahan besar dalam pengelolaan jurnal ilmiah di
berbagai kampus di seluruh Indonesia pada umumnya dan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas pada
khususnya. Lahirnya Open Jurnal System (OJS) sebagai salah satu produk teknologi informasi
memberikan banyak kemudahan dalam pengelolaan jurnal, baik dari system pengaturan, penerbitan
jurnal dan website. Dalam Open Jurnal System (OJS) semua aspek penerbitan sebuah jurnal dilakukan
secara online, mulai dari pembuatan website jurnal hingga proses operasional seperti submisi penulis, peer
review, pengeditan, publikasi, penyimpanan dan indeks jurnal. Hal lainnya, Open Jurnal System (OJS) juga
memberikan kemudahan pengaturan aspek pengguna dalam menyusun sebuah jurnal, termasuk
menyimpan track hasil kerja editor, reviewer, dan penulis, memberi tahu pembaca, dan bantuan
menggunakan korespondensi.
Beradaptasi dengan perkembangan teknologi informasi tersebut, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas
menginisiasi lahirnya Open Jurnal System (OJS) yang dinamakan Nagari Law Review atau disingkat
NALREV. Dipilihnya nama Nagari Law Review didasarkan atas pertimbangan bahwa nama Nagari
identik dengan Sumatera Barat, tempat Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas berada. Nagari Law Review
(NALREV) merupakan Jurnal yang membahas isu-isu Hukum yang dikelola oleh Fakultas Hukum
Universitas Andalas.
Satu catatan penting, Jurnal Nagari Law Review (NALREV) merupakan produk pertama jurnal berbasis
Open Jurnal System (OJS) yang dilahirkan dan dikelola oleh Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas.
NALREV hadir dengan basis aplikasi web dalam keseluruhan proses penerbitan jurnal, mulai dari
penyerahan tulisan ilmiah atau makalah, proses peer-review dan penerbitan Jurnal Ilmiah dilakukan
secara elektronik dan mengedepankan akses terbuka (Open Access). Meskipun Jurnal Nagari Law Review
(NALREV) merupakan jurnal “baru” berbasis Open Jurnal System (OJS) yang dikelola oleh Fakultas
Hukum Universitas Andalas, dalam sejarah pengelolaan jurnal kampus ini, Jurnal Nagari Law Review
(NALREV) bukanlah jurnal pertama yang dilahirkan dan dikelola oleh Fakultas Hukum Universitas
Andalas. Dalam versi sebelumnya (cetak konvensional), Jurnal Nagari Law Review (NALREV) bernama
Jurnal Hukum Yustisia. Jurnal Hukum Yustisia merupakan publikasi ilmiah yang sudah menjadi bagian
dari atmosfir akademis Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas sejak puluhan tahun yang lalu sebagai
perwujudan dan komitmen Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas dalam mengemban amanah Tri Dharma
Perguruan Tinggi.
Sebagai penutup, tim redaksi Jurnal Nagari Law Review (NALREV) menyampaikan banyak terima kasih
kepada Jajaran Pimpinan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas yang sudah memberikan dukungan secara
penuh bagi terbitnya edisi perdana Jurnal ini. Terima kasih lainnya juga kami sampaikan kepada Prof
Irwansyah dan Mas Ahsan Yunus (Hasanudin Law Review/ Harlev) yang sudah memberikan banyak
bantuan bagi terbitnya edisi perdana Nagari Law Review (Narlev). Semoga dengan terbitnya edisi
perdana ini dan edisi-edisi selanjutnya, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas dapat berkontribusi lebih
maksimal dalam meningkatkan peradaban bangsa Indonesia. Selamat menulis dan membaca.
(http://nalrev.fhuk.unand.ac.id/index.php/nalrev/index)
iii
DAFTAR ISI
v
Volume 1 Nomor 1, Oktober 2017
Editorial Office : Faculty of Law, Andalas University
Kampus Pancasila, Jalan Pancasila Nomor 10 Padang, West Sumatera
Phone/Fax : 0751-27404 / 0751-34605
E-mail : nagarilawreview@gmail.com | Website : jalj.fhuk.unand.ac.id
ARTICLE HISTORY A B S T R A C T
Received: 28 October 2017; The concept or idea of Ecocracy suggests that the environment has its
Reviewed: 28 October 2017;
own sovereignty called the sovereignty of the environment. The concept
Accepted: 31 October 2017;
Published: 31 October 2017 of Ecocracy places the environment as the subject of law and the right
owner to obtain legal protection, including the right to compensation
KEYWORDS and environmental restoration from pollution and environmental
Hak Gugat Pemerintah; Penggantian Kerugian; damage. The environment as the subject of law cannot be equated with
Pemulihan Lingkungan; Sengketa Lingkungan human beings, because the environment cannot speak and act as human
Hidup beings. Therefore, the environmental right to demand environmental
compensation due to pollution and / or environmental degradation is
CORRESPONDENSE
represented to the state, because one of the legal principles in the PPLH
1.
Kejaksaan Agung Republik Indonesia, Jln.
Law is the principle of state responsibility. The consequence of the
Sultan Hasanuddin Nomor 01 Kebayoran Baru
Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia principle of state responsibility is that the government may take legal
E-mail: mubinpadewa@gmail.com action to represent the environmental interests as regulated in Article
90 paragraph (1) of the PPLH Law. The compensation of the
2.
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Hasanuddin, Jln.
Perintis Kemerdekaan KM. 10, Tamalanrea,
environment and the restoration of the environment shall be carried out
Kota Makassar, Indonesia by means of civil law enforcement instruments such as by filing a civil
E-mail: irwansyah@unhas.ac.id lawsuit to the court by the agency responsible for the environment. The
lawsuit is filed on the basis of Legal Acts (PMH) as enshrined in Article
1365 of the Civil Code and the basis of the Strict Liability Lawsuit as a
model of legal liability which does not need to prove the existence of
liability without fault as set forth in Article 88 UUPPLH.
Pembangunan Berkelanjutan”, Hasanuddin Law Lingkungan, edisi VIII, Cetakan Kesembilan Belas.
Review (Halrev) Volume 1 Issue 3. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, h. 4.
2Pasal 1 angka 14 Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun
Problematika Penerapan Delik Formil Dalam Perspektif 13 Takdir Rahmadi. (2015). Hukum Lingkungan di
Penegakan Hukum Pidana Lingkungan di Indonesia. Indonesia, Edisi Kedua, Cetakan kelima. Jakarta: PT
Jakara: Mandar Maju, h. 62. RajaGrafindo Persada, h. 43.
9 Munadjat Danusaputro dalam Syahrul Machmud. 14 Mahfud MD. (1998). Politik Hukum di Indonesia.
Nomor 32 Tahun 2009. Jurnal Hukum, 2 (18): 390. ng-jawab-perusahaan-terhadap.html, diakses Kamis
17 Dani Amran Hakim. (2015). Politik Hukum tanggal 30 Maret 2017 Jam 10.30 Wib.
Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia Berdasarkan 19 Pasal 1 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun
Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan
Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Lingkungan Hidup
Fiat Justisia Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Universitas
Diponegoro, Semarang, 9(2): 121.
20Pasal 1 ayat 14 Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 23Pasal 1 ayat 17 Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun
2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan
Lingkungan Hidup Lingkungan Hidup.
21http://www.tugasku4u.com/2013/05/pencemaran- 24 Pengertian pencemaran menurut SK Menteri
lingkungan.html Kependudukan Lingkungan Hidup No
22Pasal 1 ayat 16 Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 02/MENKLH/1988.
2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan
Lingkungan Hidup.
Hidup.
31 Christoper Stone dalam N.H.T. Siahaan. 2011. Lingkungan Indonesia, Indonesian Center for
Perkembangan Legal Standing Dalam Hukum Environmental Law, 1(1): 25.
Lingkungan, (Suatu Analisis Yuridis Dalam Public 33 Mas Achmad Santosa dan Sembiring Sulaiman.
34 Sonny A. Keraf (ed). (2001). Hukum Dan Lingkungan 38 Al. Andang L Binawan. (2014). “Jalan Terjal
Hidup, 75 Tahun Prof Dr.Koesnadi Hardjasoemantri, h Ekokrasi”, dalam Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia,
33-38. Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia, Indonesian
35 Jimly Assiddiqie. (2009). Gagasan Kedaulatan Center for Environmental Law, 1(1): 9.
Lingkungan Demokrasi Versus Ekokrasi, h. 17. 39 Skolimowski dalam Ibid.
36Ibid. 40 Ibid., h. 9.
37 Ibid.
bahwa selain orang sebagai subjek hukum, “hukum sebagai sarana penertiban masyarakat”
lingkungan hidup sendiri juga sebagai subjek - ketertiban dan keteraturan sebagai tujuan
hukum berhak untuk mendapatkan ganti rugi pembangunan dan pembaruan, paradigma ini
akibat pencemaran dan/atau kerusakan mengadopsi positivisme dengan kepastian
lingkungan hidup yang dilakukan oleh hukumnya.42 Di sisi lain, teori ini juga
penanggungjawab usaha dan/atau kegiatan. mendalilkan hukum sebagai alat pengatur atau
sarana pembangunan, dalam arti penyalur arah
Lingkungan hidup selaku subyek hukum tidak
kegiatan masyarakat yang dikehendaki ke arah
dapat dipersamakan dengan manusia dalam arti
pembaharuan.43 Penormaan pembangunan,
lingkungan hidup tidak dapat berbicara dan
termasuk pula hukum lingkungan, berada di
bertindak sebagaimana layaknya manusia, oleh
depan masyarakat, sebagaimana pemikiran ini
karena itu hak-hak lingkungan hidup untuk
secara parsial berakar pada pemikiran Rescoe
menuntut ganti kerugian lingkungan akibat
Pound, yang menyatakan hukum sebagai “a tool
41Yustisia Rahman (et.al). (2014). Pengantar Redaksi:, 42 Mas Achmad Santosa & Margaretha Quina.
Adakah Demokrasi Lingkungan?. Jurnal Hukum Op.cit.,h. 28
Lingkungan Indonesia, Indonesian Center for 43 Mochtar Kusumaatmadja. (1995). Hukum,
Environmental Law 1(1): vi. Masyarakat, dan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional. Bandung:
Binacipta, h. 13.
New Brunswick: Yale University Press, Dalam Mas 47A.M. Yunus (et.al). (2015). Penegakan Hukum
Achmad Santosa & Margaretha Quina, Loc. cit. Lingkungan di Sektor Kehutanan (Studi Kawasan
45Sudikno Mertokusumo dalam Fitri Amelina. (2014). Hutan Lindung di Kabupaten Sinjai, Sulawesi
Peran Hukum Indonesia Dalam Penanggulangan Selatan). Hasanuddin Law Review (Halrev) 1(1).
Dampak Perubahan Iklim. Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan 48Ibid.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid.
Perundang-Undangan
Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang
Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan
Lingkungan Hidup
SK Menteri Kependudukan Lingkungan Hidup
No 02/MENKLH/1988.
ARTICLE HISTORY A B S T R A C T
Received: 28 October 2017;
Reviewed: 29 October 2017; Secondary function of criminal law means that criminal law will only
Accepted: 31 October 2017; be needed if other legal norms, especially private and administrative
Published: 31 October 2017 law, cannot protect the society. However, the reality shows that more
criminal laws enacted and more criminal sanction are applied,
KEYWORDS especially in Economic Criminal Law. That phenomenon may lead to
criminal law officer, economic criminal law; over-criminalization. This cause the problem how is the secondary
secondary function.
function of criminal law implemented by criminal alw officers. The
research was used legal empeherical research method. The result
CORRESPONDENSE
1
concludes that there is no synchronization in the implementation of
Dosen Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas,.
Universitas Andalas Kampus Limau Manis, Sumatera secondary function of criminal law both in formulation and
Barat, Padang, Indonesia: implementation of criminal law. Therefore, there should be
yoserwanhamzah@yahoo.com synchronization in implementing the secondary function of criminal
law, in criminal law formation and implementation. The criminal law
officers, investigator, prosecutor and judge should also implement
secondary function of criminal law in porforming their authority.
yang baru, dapat gejala atau peroalan yang Amerika Serikat, sekitar 2.000.000 orang tengah
menjalani pidana di lembaga pemasyarakatan.
5 George P Fletcher, (1998), Basic Concepts of Criminal Jumlah ini meliputi 1 dari 150 penduduk. Sekitar 3
Law, New York, Oxford University Press, hlm. 25 juta orang mendapat pidana bersyarat. Angka
6 P. A. F. Lamintang (2014) Dasar-Dasar Hukum tersebut mencerminkaan 682 orang dari 100.000
Pidana Indonesia, Jakarta, Sinar Grafika, hlm. 17-18 penduduk tengah menjalani pidana. Lihat Ronal
7 Roeslan Saleh (1981) Beberapa Asas-Asas hukum Jl.Allen (2001) Ronal, Comprehensive Criminal
Pidana dalam Perspektif, Jakarta, Aksara Baru, hlm.22 Procedure, New York, Aspen Law and Busines, hlm.
8 Shinta Agustina (2014) Asas Lex Specialis Derogat 1287
Legi Generalis dalam Penegakan Hukum Pidana, 12 Douglas Husak (2009) “Applying Ultima Ratio: A
Mohammad Reza, 3 September 2015 Penyidikan Bea Cukai, Dirjen Beukai, September
2015.
P.A.F. Lamintang, (2014) Dasar-Dasar Hukum Grant Lamond, (2007), “What is A Crime”,
Pidana Indonesia, Jakrta, Sinar Grafika, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 27,
Jakarta No. 4 pp. 609–632
Makalah
Muladi, (2013) Ambiguitas dalam Penerapan
Hukum Pidana: Antara Fungsi Sekunder
Hukum Pidana dan Primum Remedium,
Makalah pada Simposium Mahupiki,
Maksar, 2013
Raimo Lahti (2011) The Principles of Ultima Ratio,
Subsidiarity, and Proportionality in EU
Criminal Law, An EU Approach to
Criminal Law, Hearing in European
Parliament, 8 December, Brussel,
http://www.europarl.europa.eu
Supanto (2013) Antisipasi Hukum Pidana
Menghadapi Perkembangan Kejahatan
Ekonomi Global, Makalah Disampaikan
pada Simposium Mahupiki, Makasar
ARTICLE HISTORY A B S T R A C T
Received: 30 October 2017;
Reviewed: 30 October 2017; Sexual exploitation of children is a crime that makes children not only
Accepted: 31 October 2017; as sex objects as well as commercial objects. This terminology comes
Published: 31 October 2017 from an international criminal law instrument, Commercial Sexual
Exploitation of Children (CSEC). In the national context, this
KEYWORDS terminology has not been mentioned in national criminal law, even
criminal offense; child exploitation; OPSC; academic studies on this issue have not been widely practiced. In
ratification. addition, the crime of child sexual exploitation has not been regulated
in a special article. The terminology found is only about child sexual
CORRESPONDENSE violence, whose meaning is different from child sexual exploitation.
1 Fakultas Hukum Universitas Bina Nusantara, Indonesia has ratified the Optional Protocol on Sale of Children, Child
Jakarta, Indonesia. Prostitution and Child Pornography (OPSC), it is important to
2 Fakultas Hukum Universitas Bina Nusantara,
harmonize national laws related to the crime of child sexual
Jakarta, Indonesia
exploitation. This research is normative law research, with approach of
legislation. This study found that post-ratification of OPSC through
Law no. 10 Year 2012, no steps have been taken to harmonize national
criminal law related to child sexual exploitation as required in OPSC,
so that measures to improve national law and measures to tackle this
criminal problem have not been followed in accordance with the
standard desired by OPSC. Therefore, it is recommended that the
government immediately take steps to transform the current national
law of child protection by incorporating aspects of child sexual
exploitation as set forth in the OPSC into the R-Criminal Code and in
the revision of the Child Protection Act.
ARTICLE HISTORY A B S T R A C T
Received: 29 October 2017;
Reviewed: 30 October 2017; State has preference right in obtaining repayment of the insolvent
Accepted: 31 October 2017; company. The position of secured creditors are not affected by the
Published: 31 October 2017 bankruptcy. This means that creditors can exercise their rights as if no
bankruptcy occurred, so it will generate inequality among creditors
KEYWORDS tax receivables (state) with secured creditors. After the bankruptcy
Bankruptcy; secured creditor; tax debt. decision handed down, the organization of the bankrupt debtor assets
will switch to a curator under the supervision of the supervisory
CORRESPONDENSE judge. Curator duty to sell or transfer the bankruptcy estate to the
1
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas, Kampus extent necessary to cover the cost of bankruptcy. Sometimes the sale of
Unand Limau Manis, Padang, Indonesia.
E-mail: shafira_hijriya1989@yahoo.com the bankruptcy estate is insufficient to pay the debt debtor bankruptcy,
including tax. The purpose of this research article was to compare the
tax receivable creditor position with secured creditor and other
creditors in case of bankruptcy and to know the completion of the
allocation of the bankruptcy estate if it is not sufficient to pay the tax
debt and other debts under the Bankruptcy and Suspension of
Payment Act and the Taxation General Provisions Act. The results of
this research article showed that, first, the position of the state as
compared to the secured creditor and other creditors in case of
bankruptcy under the Bankruptcy and Suspension of Payment Act
and the Taxation General Provisions Act is at a higher position than
the position of the secured creditor and other creditors because of
preference’s rights that take precedence in the repayment of debt of
debtor. Second, the completion of the allocation of the bankruptcy
estate if it is not sufficient to pay the tax bill and other bills is to give
priority to pay off the tax bill is divided in proportion to the ratio of
the amount of the bill, respectively, although the rest of the tax bill has
not been paid off, is not considered the responsibility of the curator
again because the bankruptcy has ended.
dinyatakan dalam jumlah uang baik Analisis Hukum Perselisihan & Hukum Keluarga serta
dalam mata uang Indonesia maupun Harta Benda Perkawinan. Bandung: Keni Media, h. 25.
7 Rochmat Soemitro. (1988). Pengantar Singkat
mata uang asing, baik secara langsung
Hukum Pajak, Bandung: Eresco, h. 12.
maupun yang akan timbul di kemudian 8 Ibid.
hari atau kontingen, yang timbul karena
ARTICLE HISTORY A B S T R A C T
Received: 30 October 2017;
Reviewed: 30 October 2017; Definisi orang dan bukan orang selalu mengalami perubahan dalam
Accepted: 31 October 2017; sepanjang sejarah hukum. Zaman dulu orang tidak mengakui budak
Published: 31 October 2017 sebagai person. Baru-baru ini budak diterima sebagai subjek hukum
secara sah menurut hukum. Artikel ini membahas persyaratan orang
KEYWORDS dihadapan hukum berdasarkan tujuan khusus, dan kemudian
Criminal law; Corporation; Legal person; Legal membahas makna dari manusia sebagai subjek hukum dalam hukum
personality. pidana. Untuk melakukan pembahasan tersebut, metode yang
digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah penelitian doktrinal digabungkan
CORRESPONDENSE dengan pendekatan filosofis. Beberapa teori mengenai orang sebagai
1 Faculty of Law, Universitas Andalas, Padang, subjek hukum dianalisis dan konsen orang dihubungkan dengan
Indonesia definisi tentang subjek hukum yang terima akhir-akhir ini dalam
E-mail: natnoey@gmail.com
2 Faculty of Law, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
rancangan KUHP Indonesia. Dari kajian yang sudah dilakukan dapat
3 Faculty of Law, Universitas Andalas, Padang, dikemukakan bahwa orang dalam hukum pidana berkaitan dengan
Indonesia norma yang menjadi tujuan dari hukum, seperti pelaku perbuatan atau
yang melalaikan perbuatan dan tidak hanya sebagai pemegang hak.
Subjek hukum tersebut harus seseorang atau sesuatu dengan
kemampuan untuk berfikir secara rasional dan kemampuan untuk
bertanggung jawab atas pilihannya. Rancangan KUHP mengakui
orang dan korporasi sebagai subjek hukum. Akibatnya, hal itu
memasukkan tidak hanya badan sebagai subjek hukum melainkan juga
kumpulan tanpa person hukum. Lagi pula termasuk korporasi, segala
bentuk perkumpulan seperti negara, lembaga negara, partai
politik,perusahaan negara, sehingga dapat dipidana.
7 The concept of subject does not only apply in legal Legal Studies: A Preliminary to Applicable Sphere of
science but prevails in all sciences. It developed Legal Science), Book I, 3rd printing, (PT. Alumni,
initially in mathematics and physics. The word 2013) at 80; Soebijono Tjitrowinoto, Hukum di
‘subject’ has been used in legal theory as a Indonesia (Law in Indonesia), (Rahma Kongsi, 1953)
descriptive term, meaning a right and duty- at 17; Riduan Syahrani, Seluk-Beluk dan Asas-Asas
bearing unit. But actually word ‘subject’ has not Hukum Perdata (Subtlety and Principles of Private
been widely used in legal discussion. It has been Law), 3rd edition, (PT. Alumni, 2006) at 41. Bryant
considered important particularly in German Smith, ‘Legal Personality’ (1928) 37 Yale Law
theory, which has applied first to describe what Journal 283 at 283: ‘a person is a capable of rights
makes anything appropriately a subject, as a and duties,’ Maitland also states that person is ‘a
qualification of having right and duties, and in right and duty bearing unit,’ see Frederic William
German theory of “subjectivity” is itself discussed Maitland, in H.A.L. Fisher (editor), The Collective
in depth particularly in Kant writings. John Papers of Frederic William Maitland (The University
Dewey, ‘The Historic Background of Corporate Press, 1911), Michoud asserts that ‘for legal
Legal Personality’ (1926) 35 The Yale Law Journal science, the notion of person... signifies simply a
655 at 659-661. subject of rights –duties,’ cited from John Dewey,
8 Ibid. supra note 9 at 659.
9 Ibid. 13 Kelsen, Pure Theory.., supra note 6 at 116.
10 PW Duff, Personality in Roman Private Law 14 Ibid at 118-119.
(Cambridge University Press, 1938) at 3. 15 The theory of natural law can be traced back to the
11 John Austin, in R. Campbell (ed), 5th edition, Greek logic, the theory of Plato, Aristotle and their
Lectures on Jurisprudence (John Murray, 1885) at followers, where each theory had varied widely
164. through history. And according to this theory,
12 Mochtar Kusumaatmdja dan Arief Sidharta, obligation or duty is moral duty, which binds an
Pengantar Ilmu Hukum: Suatu Pengenalan Ruang individual by reason of the validity of a moral
Lingkup Berlakunya Ilmu Hukum (Introduction to order.
16 United Nation, The Universal Declaration of the meaning of born and dead are legally
Human Rights, formulated with certain conditions. For example,
http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/. Last do foetus, embryo or zygote be determine as
access at May 15, 2017. person that carry the same constitutional legal
17 This theory is introduced by Kelsen in his famous rights and duties with men who has born? If it is
"`The Pure Theory of Law" or "Legal Positivism" included in the meaning of natural person in law,
where he tried to purify law from natural law, or then, abortion, medical experiments on foetal
moral law, social, anthropological, history, parts will count as illegal activity. See Charles I.
political, and so on. Kelsen unlike natural law that Lugosi, ‘Conforming to the Rule of Law: When
view rights and obligations are two different Person and Human Being Finally Mean the Same
things that come from different resources, asserts Thing in Fourteenth Amendment Jurisprudence’
that right and duty are unity in the sense that it is (2006) 22 Issues in Law and Medicine 119 at 125.
specified by the law, See Hans Kelsen supra note 3 See also Michael Stokes Paulsen, ‘The Plausibility
at 495-496. See also James Goetz, ‘Natural Unity of Personhood’ (2012) 74 Ohio State Law Journal
and Paradoxes of Legal Person’ (2013) 27 The 13.
Journal Jurisprudence at 31. 22 Fictitious will refer to something that is not real
18 Roscoe Pound, ‘Interest of Personality’ (1915) 28 and only there in the fantasy or imagination, like
The Harvard Law Review 343 at 344. fiction novel, the story is there, but we cannot
19 Brown, W. Jethro, ‘Personality of the Corporation really see it in reality. While artificial indicate
and the State’ (1905) 21 Law Quarterly Review 365 something that is made to imitate the real one, like
at 376. Also reprinted in (2008) 4 Journal of artificial lake, it is meant to imitate the real lake
Institutional Economics 255. but it is actually made by men, but we can see the
20 Legal persons are sometime addressed as moral lake, there is this artificial lake in front of our eyes.
persons or jural persons or juridical persons. It is In this sense, of course artificial would be more
used interchangeably. However, those words suitable to address other legal persons besides
have emphasizing meaning, which are different human. However, the realist would not agree
from one to another. French writers prefer to use with the term artificial to address legal entity
‘Les Personnes Morales’ or moral persons, even because according to realist, the development of
until now, their Penal Code recognizes moral normal group personality is essentially growth
persons instead of legal persons. and not manufactured.
21 As noted by Austin that ‘a human being 23 Goetz, supra note 19 at 27
considered as invested with rights, or considered 24 In some cases ‘the insane’ can be held accountable
as subject to duties,’ see Hans Kelsen, General criminally. For example to be put in compulsory
Theory…, supra note 7 at 94. There are many detention, or sometimes the courts take the
debates relating the ability of human being to defence of mental illness as a reason for reducing
qualify as person, the requirement of humanity. the sentence. Wells, Corporations and Criminal
For example they are born and not yet dead, and
Responsibility, 2cd edition (Oxford Univerisy 28 Naffine, Legal Theory…, supra note 5.
Press, 2001) at 65. 29 Ngaire Naffine, ‘Who are Law’s Persons? From
25 For example Harvard Law Review’s Notes, When Cheshire Cats to Responsible Cats to Responsible
We Talk about When We Talk about Persons: The Subjects’ (2003) 66 Modern Law Review 346.
Language of a Legal Fiction, (2001) 114 Harvard 30 Ibid at 350.
Law Review 1745 at 1747. 31 Kelsen, Pure Theory…, supra note 6 at 91.
26 Ibid. 32 Kelsen , General Theory…, supra note 7 at 496.
27 Brown, supra note 21 at 258. 33 Ibid at 497.
person in this second sense described by subjects of criminal law, it must at least be
Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) with, vera persona rational agents that possess autonomy in four
est rei rationabilis individua substantia38 In this different senses: emotionality, unified character,
meaning every last word (rationalist, individual,
substantia) has a technical definition where the
discussion back to the concept of metaphysics by
43 Michael S. Moore, Placing Blame: A Theory of the 48 Lacey, supra note 42 at 357.
Criminal law, (Oxford University Press, 2010) at 49 Naffine, Who are Law’s Person…, supra note 30 at
611. 347.
44 Pound, supra note 20 at 355. 50 M. H. Kramer, ‘Do Animals and Dead People
45 In its Penal Code Article 121-2, French defines: Have Legal Rights?’ (2001) 14 Canadian Journal of
“Moral persons (Les personnes morales), with the Law and Jurisprudence 29 at 36.
exception of the State, are criminally liable for the 51 Naffine, Who are Law’s Person…, supra note 30 at
offenses committed on their account by their organs or 347.
representatives . . . in the cases provided for by statute 52 C.N. Nana, Constantine Ntsanyu. Corporate
or regulations.” Criminal Liability in the United Kingdom:
46 Kelsen, Pure Theory...., supra note 6 at 94 Determining the Appropriate Mechanism of
47 Ibid. Imputation (Robert Gordon University, 2009) at 44.
53 Generally, animals do not account to be a legal who have been born. See further Lugosi, supra
person in criminal law. However, there are some note 23 at 125. See also Paulsen, supra note 23.
rare cases that hold an animal to be liable of a 56 Moral consideration sometimes being discussed
crime. For example, a case in Argentina, a dog was with the topic of ”Moral Considerability”. See for
sentenced to life in imprisonment for killing a example Mark H. Bernstein, On Moral
three years old child of the owner. Cited from Considerability: An Essay On Who Morally Matters
Wells, supra note 26 at 65. (1998).
54 There are some discussion about the possibility to 57 Katsuhito Iwai, ‘Persons, Things and
make computers and robots with its intelligent Corporations: The Corporate Personality
agent may be liable in criminal law because it is Controversy and Comparative Corporate
considered to have the same legal capacity with Governance’ (1999) 47 The American Journal of
human. See for example Andrade, Francisco, et al. Comparative Law 583 at 589-590.
‘Contracting agents: legal personality and 58 French, Collective and Corporate Responsibility
representation’ (2007) 15 Artificial Intelligence (Columbia University Press, 1984), at 8
and Law 357 at 371. See also Peter M. Asaro, 59 Ibid at 39.
‘Robots and Responsibility from a Legal 60 Ugo Pagano, ‘Legal Person: the evolution of
Perspective’ (2007) Working Paper University of fictitious species’ (2010) 2 Journal of Institutional
Umea Sweden, can be accessed at Economics 117 at 119.
http://www.peterasaro.org/writing/ 61 Goerge F. Deiser, ‘The Juristic Person. I’ (1908) 57
55 Many scholars are in the opinion that foetus in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review and
womb should be regarded as a person under the American Law Register 131 at 134.
law, and should get all the rights as human being
62 David Gindis, ‘From Fictions and Aggregates to 65 Larry Catà Backer, ‘The Autonomous Global
Real Entities in the Theory of the Firm’ (2009) 5 Corporation: On the Role of Organizational Law
Journal of Institutional Economics 25 at 26. Beyond Asset Partitioning and Legal Personality’
63 Deiser, supra note 63 at 136-137. (2005) 41 Tulsa Law Review 541 at 542.
64 Meir Dan-Cohen, ‘Epilogue on Corporate 66 Michael Jensen and William Meckling, ‘Theory of
Personhood and Humanity’ (2013) 16 New the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and
Criminal Law Review 300 at 302. See also Jothan Ownership Structure’ (1976) 3 Journal of Financial
A. Marcantel, ‘The Corporation as a ”Real” Economics 305 at 310.
Constitutional Person’ (2011) 11 US Davis 67 Ibid.
Business Law Journal 221 at 222. Sometimes, the 68 Cohen, supra note 66 at 302
reductionist (atomistic) theory also addresses as 69 Ibid.
the partnership theory and realist (holistic) theory 70 Gindis, supra note 64 at 27-29.
that is also called entity theory. See Margaret M. 71 Blair, supra note 66 at 804.
Blair, “Corporate Personhood and the Corporate 72 Sanford J. Grossman dan Oliver D. Hart, ‘The Cost
Persona” (2013) 3 University of Illinois Law and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical
Review 785 at 807. and Lateral Integration’ (1986) 94 Journal of
Political Economy 691 at 692.
73 Mark M. Hager, ‘Essays on Bodies Politic: The 76 Blair, supra note 66 at 806.
Progressive History of Organizational "Real 77 Brown, supra note 21 at 372.
Entity" Theory"’ (1988) 50 University of Pittsburgh 78 Machen, supra note 76 at 361.
Law Review 575. 79 Deiser, supra note 63 at 133.
74 Arthur W. Machen, ‘Corporate Personality 80 Kelsen, Pure Theory.., supra note 6 at 128.
(continued)’ (1911) 24 Harvard Law Review 347 at 81 Wells, supra note 26 at 81.
363. 82 Being legal person does not make it automatically
75 Marcantel, supra note 66 at 228. responsible in criminal law. In relation with
corporations, being legal persons, do not make 85 Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights,
corporations automatically liable, unless it The Draft of National Penal Code, 2015, Article
deserves punishment because of its conduct. See 190, see also Indonesia, Law No. 31/1999 on the
Joan MacLeod Heminway, ‘Thoughts on the Eradication of Corruption art 1.
Corporation as a Person for Purposes of Corporate 86 M. Blair, supra note 66
Criminal Liability, (2011) 41 Stetson Law Review 87 As Mark explains that by giving a charter to an
137 at 144. institution, there will be distinction between
83 O.F. Robinson, The Criminal Law of Ancient Rome public property and private property that cannot
(Duckworth, 1995) at 16. be mixed up. See Gregory A. Mark, ‘The
84 Nicola Lacey, ‘Principles, Policies, and Politics of Personification of the Business Corporation in
Criminal Law’ in Lucia Zedner and Julian V. American Law’ (1987) 54 University of Chicago
Roberts (eds), Principles and Values in Criminal Law Law Review at 1449
88 Ron Harris, Industrializing English Law:
and Criminal Justice: Essays in Honour of Andrew
Entrepreneurship and Business Organizations, 1720 –
Ashworth (Oxford Scholarship Online, 2012) at 20.
1844 (Cambrige University Press, 2000) at 1459.
89 M. Blair, supra note 66 at. 788. 93 J.E. Post, L.E Preston, and S. Sachs, Redefining the
90 Christopher Harding, Criminal Enterprise: Corporation (Standford University Press, 2002) at
Individuals, Organisations And Criminal 17.
Responsibility (Willian Publishing. 2007) at 33. 94 See Peter F. Drucker, Concept of the Corporation,
91 Robert Hessen, In Defense of the Corporation, Seventh Printing, (Transaction Publisher, 2008) at
Second Printing (Hoover Institution Press, 1979) 4.
at xiv. 95 See Gower, L.C.B. ‘Some Contrast Between British
92 Bryan A. Garner (editor in Chief), Black’s Law and American Corporation Law’ (1956) 69
Dictionary, ninth Edition (Thomson Reuter, 2009) Harvard Law Review 1369.
at 391. 96 Roman Tomasic, Stephen Bottomley & Rob
Mcqueen, Corporations Law in Australia. Second
Edition. (The Federation Press, 2002) at 5.
97 M. Blair, supra note 66 at 789-790. 99 Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights,
98 Maitland, State, Trust and Corporation edited by The Draft of National Penal Code, 2015, Article
David Runciman and Magnus Ryan (Cambridge 190 see also Indonesia, Law No. 31/1999 on the
University Press, 2003) at xvi. Eradication of Corruption art 1.
100 Deiser supra note 63 at 135.
ARTICLE HISTORY A B S T R A C T
Received: 28 October 2017;
Reviewed: 29 October 2017; As a rule of law state, Indonesia highly upholds the legal values
Accepted: 31 October 2017; existing in societies. By upholding the legal values it indicates that
Published: 31 October 2017 Indonesian is a nation which is abiden by the law. One of the laws that
must be obeyed by people is criminal law which is main source is
KEYWORDS Criminal Cod, usually known as KUHP. As a positive law, Criminal
Insulting President; Urgency; Criminal Law Code (KUHP) is prevailing all over the territorial of Republic of
Renewal. Indonesia and shall be a guide for the entire legal apparatus to impose
sanction for those who violated it. However, such Code is assumed no
CORRESPONDENSE longer appropriates with the current development, especially in term
1. Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pamulang, Jln. of democratization and transparency principle. Actually Criminal
Surya Kencana 1 Pamulang Tangerang Selatan, Code as the colonial law product is not relevant any longer with the
Indonesia
condition of the era and ideology of Indonesian. It is impossible that
E-mail: oksidelfay@gmail.com
Indonesia that have been feeling independence for decades but still use
the law product of the nation who had occupied it. Consequently, it is
urgent that the Criminal Code of Indonesian reformed and replace
with the new one which in line with the principle of democracy.
Buku
Ahmad Bahiej. (2008). Hukum Pidana.
Yogyakarta: Bidang Akademik UIN
Sunan Kalijaga.
ARTICLE HISTORY A B S T R A C T
Received: 28 October 2017;
Reviewed: 29 October 2017; The implementation of the act of number 25 years 2009 about the public
Accepted: 31 October 2017; services in an effort to create the principle of good governance ( good
Published: 31 October 2017 governance ) in the province of Riau and Jakarta west important
because of anything services for the community of course there has been
KEYWORDS a the command of implementation, procedures and authority so that the
Public Services; Good Governance recipient the service will be satisfied for what he received. The
implementation of law number 25 years 2009 concerning public
CORRESPONDENSE services in west sumatra still has not been effective, because of year to
1 Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas, Jln.
year still happens reporting by the community for government agencies,
Universitas Andalas Kampus Limau Manis, soe, who do not give public services such as delays, abuse, received in
Sumatera Barat, Padang, Indonesia exchange for money and services and goods. Constraints that have been
faced in the delivery of public among other: the low the quality of public
services, public service system not clearly regulated, overlapping
authority, the low external supervision from the community, the
ineffectiveness of the decentralised system. The efforts being done to deal
with the obstacles is besides built supervision external by the
community through active provided a report on the ombudsman
representatives to Riau and Jakarta, so internal control each agencies
needs to be improved the system, if a long considered be unable to
improve the quality of public services. The concept of public services
ideal is well applied by ombudsman when is supervision public service
done with activities investigation initiative, supervision public services,
systemic investigation, and the compliance.
aerah/pelayanan_publik_di_pekanbaru_buruk.html,
diakses tanggal 14 Januari 2016.
Tabel 1
Jumlah Laporan Masyarakat Berdasarkan Daerah Instansi Terlapor Tahun 2014
No Instansi Terlapor Jumlah %
1 Kota Pekanbau 41 26,3
2 Kabupaten Rokan Hilir 53 34,0
3 Kabupaten Kampar 4 2,6
4 Kabupaten Siak 4 2,6
5 Kabupaten Pelalawan 2 1,3
6 Kabupaten Rokan Hulu 2 1,3
7 Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir 7 4,5
8 Kabupaten Bengkalis 4 2,6
9 Kota Dumai 1 0,6
10 Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu 1 0,6
11 Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi 1 0,6
12 Kabupaten Kep. Meranti 4 2,6
13 Pemerintah Provinsi 33 21,2
14 Total 156 100
Tabel 2
Laporan Masyarakat Berdasarkan Daerah Instansi Terlapor Tahun 2015
No Instansi Terlapor Jumlah %
1 Kota Pekanbaru 36 37,9
2 Kabupaten Rokan Hilir 2 2,1
3 Kabupaten Kampar 9 9,5
4 Kabupaten Siak 9 9,5
5 Kabupaten Pelalawan 1 1,1
6 Kabupaten Rokan Hulu 2 2,1
7 Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir 3 3,2
8 Kabupaten Bengkalis 4 4,2
9 Kota Dumai 3 3,2
10 Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu 2 2,1
11 Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi 0 0,0
12 Kabupaten Kep. Meranti 2 2,1
13 Provinsi Riau 22 23,2
14 Total 95 100
Sumber Data: Ombudsman Republik Indonesia saja sebagaimana yang terdapat di dalam UU
Perwakilan Riau No.37 Tahun 2008 Tentang Ombudsman.”
Ketidakefektifan UU No.25 Tahun 2009 Tentang Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari
Pelayanan Publik masih terjadi di Ombudsman Perwakilan Riau maka yang
Kabupaten/Kota Riau di tahun 2015, namun paling banyak melakukan pelanggaran
telah terjadi penurunan jumlah pelaporan dari terhadap pelayanan publik adalah pemerintah
156 kasus tahun 2014 menjadi 95 kasus di tahun daerah ( tahun 2014 sebanyak 63,4 % dan tahun
2015. Penurunan jumlah pelaporan juga tidak 2015 sebanyak 47,3 %), BPN ( tahun 2014
bisa dijadikan patokan efektif atau tidaknya UU sebanyak 13 % dan tahun 2015 sebanyak 8,5%),
Pelayanan Publik di Masyarakat, dapat saja Kepolisian (tahun 2014 sebanyak 8,9 % dan
terjadi karena masalah malasnya masyarakat tahun 2015 sebanyak 12,4 %), BUMN/BUMD (
melapor karena tidak ada tindak lanjutnya. tahun 2014 sebanyak 5,3 % dan tahun 2015
sebanyak 18,4 % ), lembaga peradilan ( tahun
Selanjutnya Ahmad Fitri juga menyatakan :10
2014 sebanyak 1,6 % dan tahun 2015 sebanyak
“Pelaporan yang tidak ada di dalam masyarakat 1,0 %) , Komisi/ lembaga negara (tahun 2014
selain faktor tidak tau prosedurnya juga sebanyak 4,1 % dan tahun 2015 sebanyak 0%),
disebabkan oleh sifat hasil laporan kajian Kementerian ( tahun 2014 sebanyak 3,7 % dan
Ombudsman terhadap laporan masyarakat tahun 2015 sebanyak 12,4 %. 11 Sedangkan
yang tidak mengikat hanya berupa rekomendasi bentuk pelanggaran yang sering terjadi dalam
memberikan pelayanan publik adalah sebagai
berikut:12
1. Dugaan penyimpangan prosedur
9 Hasil Wawancara dengan Ahmad Fitri selaku Kepala Dokumen Dari Kantor Ombudsman Perwakilan Riau
11
Ombudsman Perwakilan Riau, tanggal 18 Juli 2016 Hasil Wawancara dengan Ahmad Fitri selaku Kepala
12
10 Hasil Wawancara dengan Ahmad Fitri selaku Kepala Ombudsman Perwakilan Riau, tanggal 18 Juli 2016
Ombudsman Perwakilan Riau, tanggal 18 Juli 2016
13https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2016/07/26/08379051 14 Ibid
9/ombudsman-panggil-pemprov-dki-bahas-pelayanan- 15 Ibid
publik, [diakses 10 November 2016]
Berdasarkan tabel di atas tingkat kepuasan rendah dan warna hijau (81-100) bernilai
pelayanan publik Propinsi DKI Jakarta tinggi. Adapun indikator yang digunakan
berada pada penilaian sedang yang diberi adalah :
tanda warna kuning ( 51-80), sedangkan
yang diberi tanda merah (0-50) bernilai
Tabel 4
Variabel Penilaian17
No Variabel Penilaian Kategori Komponen Indikator Bobot
1 Standar Pelayanan Utama Persyaratan 6.0
Sistem mekanisme dan prosedur 6.0
Produk Pelayanan 6.0
Jangka Waktu Penyelesaian 12.0
Biaya/ Tarif 12.0
2 Maklumat Layanan Utama Ketersediaan Maklumat Pelayanan 12.0
3 Sistem Informasi Utama Ketersediaan Informasi Pelayanan Publik 12.0
Pelayanan Publik Elektronik atau Nonelektronik (booklet,
pamflet, website, monitor televisi, dll)
8 Visi, Misi dan Tambahan Ketersediaan Visi dan Misi Pelayanan 2.0
Motto Pelayanan Ketersediaan Motto Pelayanan 2.0
Berdasarkan hasil monitoring terhadap Provinsi Layanan di Unit Pelayanan Publik Provinsi
maka ditemukan bahwa :18 DKI Jakarta sudah terinformasi. Kesimpang
1. Hanya 52,44% Produk Layanan di Unit siuran alur yang banyak dialami oleh
Pelayanan Publik pada 33 provinsi dan pengguna layanan diharapkan dapat
yang menjadi sampel penelitian yang diminimalisir dengan dipublikasikan nya
menginformasikan persyaratan, hal ini Sistem, Mekanisme, dan Prosedur kepada
menunjukkan masih banyaknya semua pengguna layanan.
pemerintah provinsi yang masih belum 3. Sebesar 63,78% Produk Layanan di Unit
terbuka dalam memberikan informasi Pelayanan Publik pada 32 Provinsi yang
persyaratan. Kejelasan tentang item apa saja menjadi sampel penelitian sudah
yang wajib dipenuhi oleh pengguna menginformasikan produk apa saja yang
layanan menjadi hal yang penting untuk diterbitkan di Unit Pelayanan Publik
diketahui oleh pengguna layanan agar tersebut dan DI DKI Jakarta sebesar
tidak menimbulkan kebingungan dengan 76,02% Produk Layanan yang sudah
syarat yang harus dipenuhi untuk menginformasikan.
mendapatkan layanan yang sesuai. 4. Hanya 42,80% Jangka Waktu Penyelesaian
2. Terdapat 63,78% Produk Layanan di Unit sebuah izin yang dikeluarkan Unit
Pelayanan Publik pada 32 Provinsi yang Pelayanan Publik di 32 Provinsi dan
menjadi sampel penelitian sudah 31,69% di Provinsi DKI Jakarta yang
menginformasikan Sistem, Mekanisme, dan menjadi sampel penelitian sudah
Prosedur. Dan sebesar 57,08% Produk terinformasi, hal ini sangat rendahnya
18 Ibid
F. Sistem pelayanan publik yang belum diatur Kurangnya kontrol masyarakat dan
secara jelas dan tegas. pengkerdilan partisipasi masyarakat dalam
Unsur terpenting dari sebuah sistem pelayanan pelaksanaan pemerintahaan yang merupakan
publik yang belum diatur secara lebih jelas dan sebagai stakeholder terjadi selama ini dan
tegas di dalam sistem pelayanan publik di banyaknya terjadi penyimpangan-
Indonesia dewasa ini adalah Kode Perilaku penyimpangan didalam tubuh birokrasi
Petugas Pelaksana Pelayanan Publik (Code of pemerintah menyebabkan tugas pokok aparatur
Conduct for Public Servants). Hal ini menjadi negara sebagai abdi negara juga sebagai abdi
salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan sistem masyarakat yang memiliki tugas pokok
pelayanan publik, terutama bila disadari bahwa melayani masyarakat tidak terwujud yang
sebagian besar dari permasalahan dan keluhan menimbulkan berbagai masalah diantaranya
mengenai pelayanan publik di Indonesia dapat masalah prosedur pelayanan dan mekanisme
dikembalikan pada unsur manusia pengemban palayanan yang berbelit-belit, diskriminatif,
fungsi pelayanan publiknya. Kehadiran sebuah tidak transparan, kurang akomodatif, kurang
perda yang disertai dengan peraturan gubernur inovatif, kurang konsisten dan praktek pungli
yang mengatur tentang pelayanan publik dan KKN (korupsi, Kolusi dan Nepotisme).
sebaiknya memang harus di segerakan
pelaksanaannya. Selain itu masalah-masalah dikotomi politik
birokrasi yang secara tidak langsung dan secara
Buruknya kinerja pelayanan publik yang jelas dapat dilihat mempengaruhi segi
dilakukan oleh birokrasi Indonesia antara lain pelayanan publik dimana intervensi politik
belum dijalankannya apa yang disebut dengan kedalam wilayah birokrasi pelayanan publik
tranparansi dan akuntabilitas dalam sering kali tidak terhindarkan dimana batas-
penyelenggaraan pelayanan publik dimana batas antara birokrasi dengan politik masih
akuntabilitas mempunyai peranan yang sangat belum jelas. Menurut wahyudi kumorotomo
penting dalam menekan tingkat korupsi di Riau ada beberapa hal yang menyebabkan
dan DKI Jakarta. banyaknya kebijakan, program pelayanan
publik kurang responsif terhadap aspirasi
Oleh karena itu pelayanan publik harus masyrakat sehingga kurang mendapatkan
dilakukan dengan transparan dan akuntabel di dukungan secara luas antara lain dikarenakan
setiap unit pelayanan instansi pemerintah para birokrat kebanyakan masih berorientasi
karena kualitas pelayanan publik berimplikasi kepada kekuasaan dan bukannya kepentingan
luas terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat dan publik secara umum dan terdapat kesenjangan
untuk mencapai suatu pemerintahan yang baik yang lebar antara apa yang diputuskan oleh
atau pemerintahan yang bersih “good pembuat kebijakan dan apa yang benar-benar
governance” serta lemahnya kontrol masyarakat
yang menjelaskan buruknya akuntabiltas dalam
penyelenggaraan pelayanan pubik, karena salah
satu esensi dari akuntabilitas adalah kontrol,
20W. Kumorotomo. (2005). Akuntabilitas Birokrasi Publik. 21 Republika, tanggal 16 Desember 2014
Yogjakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset, h. 6-7
ARTICLE HISTORY A B S T R A C T
Received: 30 October 2017;
Reviewed: 31 October 2017; Pasca ditetapkannya UU No. 12 Tahun 2011, Peraturan Nagari tidak
Accepted: 31 October 2017; lagi diakui dalam hierarki peraturan perundang-undangan di
Published: 31 October 2017 Indonesia. Padahal jika merujuk pada Pasal 18 B ayat (2) UUD NRI
1945 pemerintah wajib mengakui keberadaan masyarakat hukum adat
berikut hak tradisionalnya. Dalam konteks otonomi daerah, jika
KEYWORDS dikaitkan dengan Pasal 18 ayat (6) UUD NRI 1945 bentuk
Bankruptcy; secured creditor; tax debt. pengakuan pemerintah kepada desa sebagai bagian dari pemerintahan
daerah idealnya berupa hak untuk mengatur dan mengurus sendiri
CORRESPONDENSE urusan rumah tangganya. Sebagai lex specialis, Pasal 26 ayat (2)
huruf d UU No. 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa juga menegaskan hak
1 Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas,
nagari untuk membentuk peraturan otonominya. Sebagai solusi,
Kampus Unand Limau Manis, Padang, Indonesi,
25163.
sebenarnya Pasal 8 ayat (1) UU No. 12 Tahun 2011 sebenarnya
2 Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas, Sumatera mengakui keberadaan peraturan nagari yang dibentuk atas
Barat, Padang, Indonesia kewenangan yang bersumber dari perundang-undangan. Dalam
implementasinya, pembentukan peraturan nagari terutama yang
berkenaan dengan hak asal-usul/ulayat di Sumatera Barat mengalami
kendala ytang signifikan. Meski MK melalui putusan PUU
No.35/2012 menetapkan kewenangan itu ada di tangan nagari, dalam
pelaksanaannya kewenangan dimaksud dibatasi secara bersyarat oleh
pemerintah.
Adapun prasaran yang diberikan terhadap Hengki Andora. 2013. Penyelesaian Sengeketa
kesimpulan dimuka adalah bahwa Keberadaan Tanah Ulayat Melalui Mediasi Oleh
peraturan nagari yang mengatur pengelolaan Kerapatan Adat Nagari Air Tabit Kota
dan pemanfaatan hak ulayat nagari atas Payakumbuh. Padang: Jurnal Ilmu
sumber daya alam di wilayah masyarakat Hukum Yustisia, Fakultas Hukum
hukum adatnya merupakan bagian yang tak Universitas Andalas, Vol. 20 Jilid I
terpisahkan dan penting bagi pelaksanaan Perturan Perundang-Undangan
kehidupan sosial-ekonomi masyarakat adat di United Declaration on the Right of the Indegenous
nagari. Oleh sebab itu, dengan adanya Peoples
momentum pengakuan hutan adat pasca Undang-Undang Dasar Tahun 1945
Putusan MK 35 harus dimanfaatkan oleh
Internet
https://geotimes.co.id/opini/menindaklanjuti
-pengakuan-hutan-adat/amp/a
[Diakses Senin 30 Oktober 2017].