<< 1 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

ISSN 2442 8515

 Timas Suplindo’s Derrick Lay Barge (DLB-01)

Timas Office : Offshore Division: The Plaza Office Tower, 39 Fabrication Shop: Jl. Raya Serang KM. 72, Banten 42185,
Floor, Jl. M.H. Thamrin Kav. 28-30, Jakarta 10350, Indonesia Indonesia | P: +62254 401 848, +62254 401 858,
| P: +6221 2992 1828 | F: +6221 2992 2128, +6221 2992 2528 +62254 401 868 | F: +62254 401 808
www.timas.com
Head Office: Graha TIMAS, Jl. Tanah Abang II No. 81,
Jakarta 10160, Indonesia
P: +6221 352 2828 | F: +6221 352 1616, +6221 352 1919
 << 3 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

Membangun knowledge database yang

kedepannya diharapkan dapat menjadi
referensi utama ilmu dan teknologi
dibidang fasilitas produksi migas di
Indonesia, serta referensi kondisi lokal
untuk International Codes.

Mendorong para professional dan

akademisi dibidang fasilitas produksi
migas untuk menerbitkan karya dan
pemikirannya sehingga kompetensi dan
Misi JURNAL IAFMI
keahliannya terangkat ke permukaan
dunia industri migas.

Menjalin jaringan keilmuan dan

teknologi untuk mengembangkan
industri nasional dibidang fasilitas
produksi migas.

Mengangkat aktifitas sumberdaya

pendukung industri infrastruktur migas
ke permukaan.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 4

Dari Redaksi
Mengawali semangat baru pada tahun 2017 ini, Jur-
nal IAFMI hadir mengusung tema “Disain Fasilitas Pro-
duksi Spesifikasi Indonesia”. Pemilihan tema ini sejalan
dengan upaya berkelanjutan untuk mendorong hadirnya
standar Indonesia yang digunakan secara nasional dan
diakui oleh dunia internasional. Standar yang dimaksud
meliputi aspek keahlian dan kompetensi pekerja migas
di bidang Fasilitas Produksi, dan aspek disain yang be-
rangkat dari kondisi internal dan eksternal proyek Migas
Indonesia.
Seperti kita pahami, disain fasilitas produksi Migas di
Indonesia saat ini mengacu pada kode dan standar yang
berlaku di dunia, seperti ANSI, ASME, ASTM, etc. Pada be-
berapa contoh proyek, terdapat kemungkinan ‘over capacity’ atau ‘over design’ yang disebab-
kan penggunaan ‘safety factor’ yang lebih ketat (‘stringent’) pada saat perhitungan ukuran
peralatan produksi ataupun bangunan-bangunan lepas pantai.
Perhitungan ulang yang dilakukan menunjukkan terdapat potensi penghematan biaya
apabila digunakan faktor disain yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi alam Indonesia. Pada saat
ini dengan harga minyak dunia di kisaran USD 50-60/bbl, optimalisasi disain yang dapat
menghemat biaya konstruksi fasilitas produksi migas adalah suatu inisiatif yang harus terus
didorong dan difasilitasi tanpa mengurangi aspek keselamatan dan keamanan fasilitas. Hal
inilah yang mendasari ide perlu adanya suatu standar spesifikasi Indonesia, yang secara legal
diakui dapat dipergunakan dalam melakukan disain fasilitas produksi Migas di Indonesia.
Pada edisi ke-5 ini Jurnal IAFMI menampilkan beberapa makalah dengan topik disain
fasilitas lepas pantai di antaranya pada pembangunan fasilitas produksi terapung (‘Floating
Production Facility’) di Selat Makasar yang termasuk laut sangat dalam, dan analisis perband-
ingan struktur ‘jacket Braced Monopod’ dan ‘Tripod’.
Semoga artikel dan topik yang kami angkat kali ini dapat menggugah semangat dan ini-
siatif para anggota IAFMI untuk terus berkarya guna mewujudkan hadirnya spesifikasi disain
Indonesia.

Salam,

Desi A. Mahdi
Pemimpin Redaksi
 << 5 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

Kata Pengantar
Ketua Umum IAFMI
Assalaamualaikum wrwb.
Alhamdulillah, kita panjatkan puji dan syukur kepada
Allah Yang Maha Kuasa bahwasanya empat edisi Jurnal
IAFMI telah berhasil kita lalui. Masa-masa yang cukup
kritis, namun telah berhasil dilalui oleh Team Redaksi,
Team Pendukung dan Team Ahli Jurnal dengan gemilang.
Penghargaan dan terimakasih saya atas nama pengurus
IAFMI saya sampaikan atas semua jerih payah dan usaha team Jurnal IAFMI beserta
para penulis, juga sponsor.
Jurnal Edisi-5 IAFMI menandai dimulainya kepengurusan IAFMI periode 2016-2019.
Dengan semangat untuk membangun Fasilitas Produksi Migas yang sesuai dengan
karakteristik alam Indonesia, Jurnal IAFMI edisi 5 mengawalinya dengan tema yang
cukup heroik ini.
Langkah IAFMI untuk mulai mengkaji teknologi dan spesifikasi desain fasilitas
produksi yang sesuai dengan karakteristik Indonesia ini tidak saja melalui jurnal,
namun juga melalui team kajian SNI untuk teknologi dan rekayasanya, team kajian
SKKNI untuk standar profesinya, serta melalui bidang-bidang kepengurusan IAFMI
terkait lainnya.
Rencana kerja kepengurusan IAFMI 2016-2019 diantaranya akan memberikan porsi
fokus yang lebih besar untuk pengembangan Riset dan Kajian teknologi dibidang
fasilitas produksi Migas. Keterlibatan para anggota dalam program kajian ini sangat
kami tunggu. Dan, Jurnal IAFMI diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu alat untuk
mengkomunikasikan hasil hasil kajian ini.
Wassalaamualaikum wrwb.

Ir. Rudianto Rimbono, MSc.

Ketua Umum IAFMI
 LIPUTAN KHUSUS
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 6

KONGRES IAFMI II

Pada tanggal 17 Desember 2016, bertempat di

Ruang Serbaguna PERTAMINA EP, Kongres IAFMI
ke-2 telah sukses diselenggarakan dan dihadiri oleh
kurang lebih 200 orang anggota IAFMI. Kongres
IAFMI merupakan amanah AD/ART IAFMI yang
diselenggarakan setiap tiga tahun sekali pada akhir
masa kepengurusan. Kongres IAFMI ke-2 tahun
2016 merupakan kongres untuk kepengurusan
IAFMI tahun 2013-2016, dengan agenda
utama laporan pertangung jawaban
pengurus periode 2013 – 2016 dan
pemilihan Ketua Umum IAFMI periode 2016
– 2019. Selain itu pada rapat pleno yang
dipimpin oleh Dr. Ir. Gde Pradnyana, telah
dilakukan pula penyempurnaan AD/ART dan
 << 7 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

penyusunan Garis Besar Haluan Organisasi.

Berdasarkan penjaringan usulan calon ketua umum

IAFMI, didapat 3 kandidat ketua umum sebagai
berikut: Ir. Edwin Badrusomad (saat ini menjabat
Direktur Eksekutif IAFM), Ir. Taufik Adityawarman
(saat ini menjabat Sekretaris Jendral IAFMI) dan
Ir. Rudianto Rimbono (ketua IAFMI period 2013-
2016). Masing-masing kandidat diberikan waktu
untuk memaparkan visi misinya. Berdasarkan hasil
musyawarah dan mufakat seluruh anggota kongres
IAFMI, Ir. Rudianto Rimbono terpilih kembali
sebagai Ketua Umum IAFMI periode 2016 – 2019.
DAFTAR ISI
MARET 2017
3 Visi Misi

4 Dari Redaksi

5 Kata Pengantar Ketua IAFMI

6-7 Kongres IAFMI II

10 - 21 PHE WMO Success Story

22 Testimoni Team PHE WMO, Gunanusa dan

Timas

24 - 33 Development Ultradeepawater Facilities

34 - 39 Pompa ANSI/ASME

40 - 47 Conceptual Study for Sour Gas Processing

48 - 51 Centralized Integrated Vendor Database

(CIVD)

52 - 58 Memahami Korosi dan Manajemen

Pengendaliannya

59 - 67 The Role of 3D CFD

68 - 74 Studi Spesifikasi Pembongkaran Anjungan

Lepas Pantai

75 - 83 Installation Methods of Reinforced

Thermoplastic Pipe

84 - 94 Analisis perbandingan struktur Monopod

dan Tripod
I SUSUNAN REDAKSI
Pimpinan Redaksi:
Desi A. Mahdi, S.T.,PMP
<< 9 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

Chief Editor:
Adjie Heryanto, S.T

Team Editor:
Sari Amelia
Dwi Nuraini Siregar, S.T

Sponsorship:
Ahmad Diponegoro, ST.,MSc Wiwin lukman Febrianto

Mokhamad Nasyih Aminulloh, S.T

Andre Widhiananto Ariono, ST. MT.

Distribusi:
Auliya Fahmi Syafri, S.T

Lathifah Amalia

Project Sponsor:
Ir. Edwin Badrusomad
(Direktur Eksekutif IAFMI)
Penanggung Jawab:
Ir. Taufik Aditiyawarman, M.M., PMP
(Sekjen IAFMI)

Ketua Dewan Pakar: Anggota Dewan Pakar:

Ir. Bob Djanegara Ir. Steve Adrianto, Prof. Ir. Ricky L Tawekal, MSE.,PhD.
Ahmad Taufik, M.Eng., PhD., Ir. Iwan Jatmika,
Ir. Witoyo, Ir. Sandry Pasambuna,
Juanto Sitorus, MT, CPM, PMP, CSEP,
Adjie Heryanto, ST.

Foto: Koleksi Penulis Masing-masing Makalah | Foto Cover oleh PHE WMO EPC-1
Desain lay out : Dedi The EPM
Sekretariat: Gandaria 8 Office Tower, Lt.5,
Jalan Sultan Iskandar Muda, Jakarta 12240, Telp. +62 21 2903 6664
e-mail : jurnal@iafmi.or.id, website: www.iafmi.or.id
Penulis bertanggung jawab penuh atas foto pada makalahnya. Dewan Redaksi Jurnal IAFMI tidak bertanggung jawab
atas kemungkinan penyalahgunaan hak cipta yang mungkin timbul akibat pemasangan foto dari penulis
 Cover Story : PHE WMO EPC-1
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 10

PHE WMO President / GM Testimony

PHE WMO President / GM Testimony
Ir. Sri BUDIYANI
Ir. Sri BUDIYANI

PT. Pertamina Hulu Energi West Madura Offshore (PHE
PT. Pertamina Hulu Energi West Madura Offshore (PHE WMO) assets
WMO) assets consist of numerous Wellhead Platforms and
consist Platforms
Process of numerous Wellhead
in Offshore Platforms
Madura and one
Strait and Process Platforms in
Onshore
Offshore Madura Strait and one Onshore Receiving Facility (ORF) in
Receiving Facility (ORF) in Gresik, East Java. In line with the
Gresik,
strong East Java. byGovernment
commitment In line with
andthe strong
Ministry of commitment
Mineral by
Government and Ministry of Mineral and Energy
and Energy in particular, PHE WMO is currently working toin particular, PHE
WMO is currently working to develop several new potential fields in
develop several new potential fields in the Northern part of the
the Northern part of the concession, while continuing to develop
concession, while continuing to develop new Platforms under
new Platforms under POD Integrasi-1.
POD Integrasi-1.

The Thedevelopment
development of ofPOD
PODIntegrasi-1
Integrasi-1 is is an
an important
important stepstep forward
forward toto monetizing
monetizing PHE
PHE WMO Block
WMO
Concession as a strategic priority to increase oil and gas production. In order to achieve these objectives
Block Concession as a strategic priority to increase oil and gas production. In order to achieve these
PHE WMO is constructing 3 platforms (2 Wellhead and 1 Process Platforms) under EPCI-1 Contract, with
objectives PHE WMO is constructing 3 platforms (2 Wellhead and 1 Process Platforms) under EPCI-
1the target with
Contract, to increase
the target oil to
production
increase oil up production
to 3000 BOPD
up to and
3000gas
BOPDproduction of 10 MMSCFD
and gas production of 10 by 2017.
Strategically, this will be followed by building more Platforms under EPCI-2
MMSCFD by 2017. Strategically, this will be followed by building more Platforms under EPCI-2 and and EPCI-3 Contracts with
the objectives to increase production of POD Integrasi-1 with target of 12,000 BOPD and 27 MMSCFD for
EPCI-3 Contracts with the objectives to increase production of POD Integrasi-1 with target of 12,000
oil and gas production respectively.
BOPD and 27 MMSCFD for oil and gas production respectively.

The EPCI-1 Project consisted of 2 units Wellhead Platforms, 1 unit Central Processing Platform
The EPCI-1 Project consisted of 2 units Wellhead Platforms, 1 unit Central Processing Platform and 19.5
and 19.5 km Subsea Pipeline in PHE West Madura Offshore areas. It was completed with significant
km Subsea Pipeline in PHE West Madura Offshore areas. It was completed with significant challenges in
the midst of oil and gas business crisis due to steep decline of oil price. With determination and integrity
challenges in the midst of oil and gas business crisis due to steep decline of oil price. With
of all of our National Engineers and Team Leaders of Project Team, backed up by professionalism of all
determination and integrity of all of our National Engineers and Team Leaders of Project Team,
stakeholders in PHE WMO, the EPCI-1 project was able to be completed.
backed up by professionalism of all stakeholders in PHE WMO, the EPCI-1 project was able to be

completed.
I would like to personally extend my thank you to the Consortium Contractor (PT. Timas Suplindo and PT
I would like to personally extend my thank you to the Consortium Contractor (PT. Timas Suplindo
Gunanusa Utama Fabricators) and all EPCI-1 Project Team for successfully executed the EPCI-1 Project
and PT Gunanusa Utama Fabricators) and all EPCI-1 Project Team for successfully executed the
with outstanding performance that the work has been completed safely, on time, on scope, meet the
EPCI-1 Projectwith outstanding performance that the work has been completed safely, on time, on
intended quality, and within the budget.
scope, meet theintended quality, and within the budget.

To complete the Project with 3.5 Million Man-hours (cumulative cod 15 February 2017) without incident
To complete the Project with 3.5 Million Man-hours (cumulative cod 15 February 2017) without
was an outstanding achievement which deserve a special merit to all personnel involved. PHE WMO will
incident was an outstanding achievement which deserve a special merit to all personnel involved.
strive to continue raising the bar on Safety standard even in the challenging period faced by all PSC’s.
PHE WMO will strive to continue raising the bar on Safety standard even in the challenging period
The challenge
faced by all PSC’s.to The
PHE WMO Management
challenge is the difficult
to PHE WMO Management decision
is the difficultto significantly
decision streamlining the
to significantly
manpower which forces us to think harder on how to increase operation
streamlining the manpower which forces us to think harder on how to increase operation efficiency efficiency across the
departments.
across the departments.

IAFMI as a professional institution in the oil and gas production facilities was born at the right
IAFMI as a professional institution in the oil and gas production facilities was born at the right moment
moment to face
to face the the challenges
challenges in the in the industry.
industry. We happy
We are are happy to share
to share our
our successstory
success storyin
in the
the IAFMI
IAFMI Journal,
Journal, hopefully it can inspire oil and gas professionals and be a good lesson learned
hopefully it can inspire oil and gas professionals and be a good lesson learned to be shared across the to be shared
community. We expect in the near future that IAFMI be a professional partner to the GOI in providing
across the community. We expect in the near future that IAFMI be a professional partner to the GOI
breakthrough ideas and become partners with PSC’s in Indonesia to provide technical advice or problem
in providing breakthrough ideas and become partners with PSC’s in Indonesia to provide technical
solving experts for PSC’s needs in their respective working areas.
advice or problem solving experts for PSC’s needs in their respective working areas.

 Cover Story : PHE WMO EPC-1
<< 11 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

PHE WMO EPCI-1 PROJECT

“JOURNEY TO SUCCESS BEGINS
WITH STANDARDIZATION”
Sandry Pasambuna, Project Manager EPC 1, PHE WMO

ABSTRACT
PT. Pertamina Hulu Energi West Madura Offshore (PHE WMO) is a Production Sharing
Contractor (PSC) of SKK Migas. As an operator for West Madura block offshore facilities, PHE
WMO is currently having numerous Wellhead Platforms, 2 (two) Process Platforms (PPP and
KE-5 CPP) and 1 (one) Onshore Receiving Facility (ORF) in Gresik. PHE WMO has discovered
Oil and Gas at the Offshore Madura south area in the vicinity of existing KE-5 CPP in 2013 and
the development plan was approved as part of POD Integrasi-1. Execution of POD Integrasi-1
is divided into two phases; Phase-1 (EPCI-1 and EPC-2) and Phase-2 (EPCI-3). The success
story of EPCI-1 Project which was delivered ahead of schedule with no LTI in total 3,600,000
mhrs involved, the use of standardized design, timely decision making based on sound risks
assessment, and a solid contractor-client work relationship.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 12
EPCI-1 Project consists of 2 (two) Wellhead
Platform (PHE-12 and PHE-24), 19.5 km Subsea
Pipelines, one Process Platform CPP-2 included
a bridge linking the CPP2 platform to the
existing KE-5 CPP Platform (Greenfield scope)
and modification & hook-up work at KE-5 CPP
offshore (Brownfield). The new facilities Wellhead
Platforms and Pipelines are designed for service
life of 10 years and 20 years for CPP2 process
platform.
The project objective is to deliver fabrication
and installation of EPCI-1 Platform’s and Pipeline’s
(PHE-12, PHE-24 and CPP2) safely, meet quality,
on time and within budget. Project is targeted to
be finished on Q4 2016 and ready for start-up in
Q1 2017. This is to provide additional oil and gas
to increase the average daily production of PHE
WMO, and to meet expectations and commitments
to the Government / SKKMIGAS.
The following are the Project Goals:
• Set a benchmark standard for Health, Safety
and Environmental performance within the
region.
Figure 1: EPCI-1: PHE-12, PHE-24 and CPP2 Process Platform Location
• Fast track Project by use of typical standardized
design Platform and Facilities, referring to
existing WHP and CPP Platforms.
• Engineering, procurement and installation the
platform and pipeline scope to meet Integrity
and Operational Standards.
• Deliver the project on time, safely, meet the
quality and within the budget.
The work involves modification & hook-up work at
existing KE-5 CPP which requires a total shutdown
of the existing facility. There are total 5 (five)
slots (3 development wells and 2 future wells) in
the PHE-12 producing oil and gas Platform and 2
(two) slots (1 development well and 1 future well)
in the PHE-24 producing gas Platform. The new
platforms are located offshore in Madura Strait at
the depth of 60-75 m from MSL and it is a part of
POD integration-1 development of existing KE-5
Field. The success story of EPCI-1 Project which
was delivered ahead of schedule with no LTI in total
3,600,000 mhrs involve, the use of standardized
design, timely decision making based on sound
risks assessment, and a solid Client-Contractor
work relationship.
 << 13 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

Figure 2: PUDW Concept

PROJECT SCOPE
PHE-24 wellhead platform is located 4.5 km
Design of the Wellhead Platforms is a stand- away from existing KE5-CPP linked with 6” subsea
alone braced caisson monopod structure, pipeline while the PHE-12 Platform is located 7.5
unmanned and equipped with minimum facilities km away from CPP-2 linked with 8” Production
such as flow line, manifold, testing system, subsea pipeline and 6” Gas Lift subsea pipeline.
pigging facility, crane, utility, closed open drain
CPP2 Platform will receive multi-phase fluid
and venting system. The design of CPP2 Process
from PHE-12 and others future WHP’s, while PHE-
Platform is four legs with facilities such as pigging
24 will be connected directly to existing KE-5 CPP
system, production separation system, produced
Platform. CPP2 Platform is designed to perform
water system, gas lift compression system, flaring,
fluid separation system and produce water
and utilities.

Figure 3 : EPCI-1 Project overview



JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 14
Figure 4: PDMS Modelling of PHE-12, PHE-24 and CPP-2 Platforms
treatment. It will export crude oil that meets the
requirement of crude oil transfer pumps and gas
lift compression system, with maximum flowrate
estimated at 12,000 BOPD for oil, 27 MMSCFD for
gas and 10,000 BWPD for the processed water.
Front End Engineering Design (FEED) was
carried out by PT Technip Indonesia, completed
on 07 February 2014. The FEED result was used as
the basis to develop the Execute AFE for EPCI-1.
These AFE’s was approved by SKKMigas on 23 July
2014.
PROJECT ExECUTION PLAN
AND CONTRACTING STRATEGy
Project Execution Plan was initiated and
performed referring to Pertamina Upstream
Development Way (PUDW). This means that
interface and team member interaction is
required since the beginning of the project. A
clear accountability and responsibility on specific
deliverables was developed at each stage to
ensure a holistic input and review resulting in
a high quality Project that meets Stakeholders
expectations.
Project Contracting Strategy has been
developed from the start of Pre-FEED / FEED stage,
to select a qualified single EPCI Contractor who
will be carrying out all facilities Greenfield and


Brownfield scope. The Company is responsible to
procure Company’s supplied materials (LLI) based
on FEED data and the
Contractor is responsibility to procure balance
materials including all bulk materials and
consumables based on Detail Engineering results.
This contracting strategy is one of PMT strategy
to accelerate project execution stage to meet the
target schedule completion date and to reduce
interfaces and specific risks on fabrication and
installation stage.
The Consortium Contractor divided the scope into
two stages as follows;
· Stage1, Detailed Engineering, Procurement of
balance materials and Construction/ Fabrication
onshore by PT. Gunanusa Utama Fabricator (PTG)
at PTG yard in Grenyang.
• Fabrication of Piles, Boat Landings, Conductors,
Jackets, Topside Decks for 3 Platforms – PHE-
12, PHE-24 and CPP-2.
•
Fabrication of Bridge linked from existing KE-5
CPP to CPP-2
• Load out and sea fastening Piles, Boat
Landings, Conductors, Jackets, Topside Decks
for 3 (Three) Platforms: PHE-12, PHE-24 and
CPP2.
  

 
<< 15 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

 


 

 

Figure 5 : CPP2 Topside (2300 MT) Installation Method by HLV Hilong 3000

• Brownfield modification and hook-up work at • Dog-leg, Riser and Riser Clamp Installation (KE-
KE-5 CPP offshore. 5 CPP Platform) Safe & Reliable Operation

• Assist Commissioning work and Start Up. • Dog-leg & Riser Installation PHE-12 and PHE-
24

· Stage2, Detail Engineering, Procurement of • Tie-In Spool Installation (@PHE-12, PHE-24,

CPP2 and KE-5 CPP)
balance materials and Installation offshore by PT.
Timas Suplindo (PTT) • Pre-com. and assist commissioning work.

• Platform Installation (Total 3 Platforms: PHE-

PROJECT HSE ACHIEvEMENT
12, PHE-24 and CPP2)

• Pipeline Installation (Total 3 Pipelines: from

Strong HSE Commitments from both Top
Managements and Leadership of PHE WMO and
PHE-12 to CPP2 (8”PL Production & 6”PL Gas Safe & Reliable Operation
Consortium Contractor (PTT&PTG) during Project
injection) and from PHE-24 to existing KE-5
Execution Phase (onshore fabrication and offshore
CPP (6”PL Production)
( ) g je installation) on “Safe & Reliable Operation” has

ig 6 : Fig. 6 EPCI-1 HSE

Figure f Performance
andandAAchievement
hi
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 16
Figure 7 : Target of EPCI-1 Project HSE referred to Project Dept. HSE KPI 2016
gave an extraordinary impact and result on EPCI-1
Project HSE achievement.
Top management has provided visible ongoing
commitment and leadership for implementing
process safety management, safety motivating
force and controlling activities within the project
organisation. PMT must act as a role model for how
all project workforces should work to create a safe
work environment. In achieving Project HSE KPI’s,
the Project HSE Team has provided Project HSE
Plan to meet each of PUDW stage requirements.
To achieve HSE KPI targets, Project HSE team has
developed the following HSE programs as leading
indicators:
a) Leadership and Commitment
b) HSE Communication and Meeting
c) HSE Inspection and Audit
d) Hazard Identification Risk Assessment
Determination Control Program (HIRADC)
e) Training and Competency
f) Emergency Response Preparedness
ENGINEERING STRATEGY
Detail Design Engineering is the most critical
part at EPCI execution stage. This exposes the
project to the risk of major issues in Procurement,
Construction, Installation and eventually
commissioning and start up. The Design of new
WHP Platform (PHE-12 and PHE-24) and Proses
Platform CPP2 are typical standard design

platform refer to the existing WHP and CPP1
Platform. It gave an advantage and is extraordinary
helpful to accelerate overall engineering progress
(development, review cycle and approval of
engineering documents), and it is also one of the
key success to deliver EPCI-1 project on time.
To manage engineering execution and ensure
all deliverables across all engineering discipline
are delivered as per the Company’s requirement,
an Engineering Management Plan was developed.
This includes engineering scope for design,
verification and validation of engineering
document, management of change, engineering
organization and schedule. Having to consider
tight schedule, the Engineering Management Plan
focus on:
• Early Engineering to procure Long Lead Item
identified during FEED
• Timely delivery of Detail Design Engineering
deliverables as per target date; the strategy
is co-location of Company and Contractor
Engineers in one office to foster seamless
communication and review process.
• Accelerate proses review documents by setting
up workshops for internal discipline check,
workshops with Contractor Engineering team

for major technical issue, workshops HAZOP/
HAZID/SIL, and PDMS review. The detail design
engineering was completed 3% ahead of
baseline schedule.
PROCUREMENT STRATEGY
The procurement of EPCI-1 material is divided into
two categories;
1. Long Lead Items (LLI) / free issued materials
provided by PHE WMO
2. Balance materials provided by Consortium
Contractor.
FEED EPCI-1 was developed referring to a
standardized design wellhead and CPP platform.
This has given an advantage to PHE WMO PMT
to take an early and timely decision to proceed
with procurement of LLI (material that are taking
more than 6 months delivery time). Examples of
the LLI materials are: caisson and tubular’s for the
structure, and the linepipe materials. This early
procurement strategy allows EPCI Contractor to
start the onshore fabrication early by cutting the
1st steel in September 2015, 1 month after the
 EPCI contract was signed. This is a tremendous
advantages that ensures entire project timely
completion.
 plan, material arrival, NDE plan, weld map,
ig Figure
8 O 8 h: Onshore Fabrication
bric i Duration ti
<< 17 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
ONSHORE CONSTRUCTION / FABRICATION
PT. Gunanusa Utama Fabricators (PTG) is one
of the world-class contractors in the construction
services for Onshore and Offshore Oil and Gas
Production Facilities. In this project PTG has
successfully completed fabrication of 3 (three)
Wellhead Platforms and 1 (one) Bridge PHE-WMO
at PTG Yard Grenyang.
First cutting of pipe materials for PHE-12 and
PHE-24 Platforms commenced on 15 September
2015, followed by the first cutting of pipe materials
for CPP-2 Platform on 2 October 2015.

The following are construction strategy and
method employed during Onshore Fabrication:
• The PHE-12, PHE-24 Deck was transported to
barge by using Multi-wheel method while the
CPP2 Deck used skidding method.
• Construction Engineering Department
 supported Fabrication Department by issuing
pertinent documents such as: shop drawing,
 MTO, cutting instruction and template as
necessary. Such documents were also issued
in parallel to QC Department and Company.
• Design drawings from engineering company,
 fabrication and erection area plan, manpower
inspection and test plan, availability of tools,

 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 18

Figure 9 : Offshore installation campaign


equipment, and consumables were tightly
monitored prior to work execution and during
•Regular briefing was conducted to make sure
 that fabrication and erection works were
the work execution to allow accurate progress
 performed in accordance with the approved
update and schedule resource levelling.
procedure and in a safe manner.


• Fabrication activities were carried out inside
• Specific risk assessment was developed and
 shop area and in open area.
used as guidance during safety toolbox.


Figure 10 : Project Quality Performance


OFFSHORE MOBILIZATION AND
INSTALLATION
PT. Timas Suplindo (PTT) is one of the world-class
in Installation services for offshore Platforms and
Pipelines in the Oil & Gas market. In this project
PTT has successfully completed Installed 3 (three)
Wellhead Platforms, 3 (three) lines of Pipelines
and one linked Bridge between two processes
Platforms.
Offshore Mobilization Readiness has been
evaluated based on readiness of the following key
items prior to start mobilization activities:
• Pre-mobilization Document Checklist Approval
including all permits for marine spread
• Site Survey result
• Marine Spread inspection and readiness
• Construction and Installation drawing/
procedures/ calculation/ analysis approval (in
 AFC status)
• Approved detailed and thorough Project
Execution Plan
QUALITY TARGET & PERFORMANCE
 team members:
The following Quality Programme(s) have been
successfully implemented during the execution of
Figure 11 : EPCI-1 Project Management Integration Overview
<< 19 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
project in order to achieve the quality targets and
goals:
• Very good team work between Company and
Contractor Quality Team.
• Regular QA/QC Meetings between Company
and Contractor Quality Team.
• All of Procedures were followed in accordance
with the corporate and/or project specific
quality procedures as shown in the Quality Plan.
• Quality activities were carried out as per the
Inspection and Test Plans and as per the matrix
shown in the Quality Plan.
Overall project quality target and goals was
achieved during the course of EPCI1: PHE12,
PHE24 & CPP2 Platforms and Pipeline Project.
PROJECT CONTROL, COORDINATION
AND MONITORING
During project execution phase, the PMT has
been able to manage project objectives and
expectations within project boundaries. The
following principles were the focus of each project
• Scope/Quality: No major scope change
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 20
during execution stage, clear deliverables on
each stage, focus on project requirement and
stakeholder expectation and more robust
assurance process.
• Cost/Resources: Integrated multi discipline
approach, accurate cost estimation, effective
organisation, continuous learning and
improvement and early involvement of internal
audit to monitor the execution process.
•
Schedule / Time: Prompt timing for
people deployment, smooth fabrication
and installation process, smooth pre-
commissioning and commissioning activites,
active project risk management in the form of
regular evaluation basis and minimisation of
uncertainty against schedule delivery.
EPCI-1 Project was initiated and performed by
Figure 12 : Project Timeline
a collaborative effort of multidiscipline in each
stage of project life cycle. This mean Interface
and interrelation amongst team members are
required since beginning of the project. A clear
accountability and responsibility on specific
deliverables has been developed at each stage.
A communication strategy was put in place
allowing people to work efficiently as a team.
Communication amongst team members and
Consortia were developed during daily, weekly &
monthly meetings, team building, and workshops.
PROJECT SUMMARY ACHIEVEMENT
EPCI-1 AFE’s were approved by SKKMigas in
Q3-2014, when the oil price level was in the range
of USD100/bbl but when the project started in
Q3-2015 the oil price declined significantly to
around USD50/bbl and this situation affected
to all projects under KKKS. While other projects
being cancelled or suspended, PHE WMO EPCI-1
Project continues with serious challenges. Due to
Pertamina Corporate demand and inquiries with
regard to the economics of the EPCI-1 Project, PHE
WMO Management has to adapt and move swiftly
to safe the Company interest of future oil and
gas production. A decision was then made after
obtaining approval by PHE Management, which
is to invite the Consortium of EPCI-1 Contractor
to negotiate the Contract of EPCI-1 Project during
tender process.
Project Team supported by other PHE


 << 21 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

WMO stake holders (SCM, Legal and Finance
Departments) managed to convince Contractor,
to second time renegotiate the contract 8
(eight) months after the project was awarded,
and Contractor finally agreed to adjust for
reduction from original Contract value without
compromising on the Scope nor Specifications
and Safety of the original Contract requirements.
Fabrication and installation of PHE-12, PHE-
24 and CPP2 Platforms and Pipelines have been
completed at the end of December 2016 and
continued with commissioning and preparation
for start-up, while waiting for drilling well
completion on Q1 2017.
Overall project progress as of end of January
is 94.96% vs 94.09% planned progress and is
estimated to arrive on or slightly below approved
budget. This was a tremendous accomplishment
both for the PHE WMO and the Contractors given
the current situation of low oil price which have
brought impact to oil and gas new projects. The
key factors contributing to project success are:
• Use of standardised design for the wellhead
platform and Central Processing Platform
(CPP) allowing early Long Lead Item (LLI)
identification and a focus FEED and Detail
Engineering Design with minimum design
changes.
• Co-location of PMT and EPCI Contractor
engineering office allowing timely review of
engineering deliverables and collaborative
working environment
• Early procurement of LLI by Company ahead
of EPCI tender, based on FEED results allowing
early arrival of the LLI and expedites starts of
onshore fabrication at site.
• Procurement of remaining balance materials
based on Detail Engineering and progressive
MTO completion
• Strong Company & Contractor HSE
commitment through involvement of PHE
WMO & Consortium Top Managements on the
HSE campaign and regular walk through at
fabrication site.
• Working as one integrated team between PMT,
EPCI Consortia, Internal and External Auditor
and SKK Migas from early stage of the Project
ensuring project stays within the regulation
boundaries.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Sandry Pasambuna,
With more than 20 years outstanding work experienced in both national and
international construction projects related to the Mining and Oil & Gas industries.
Sandry spent his career managing large & complex projects in worldwide Oil and
Gas Companies including Total E&P Indonesie’, Mobil Cepu Limited (Exxonmobil
Oil Indonesia), Kodeco Energy and currently working with Pertamina Hulu Energy
(PHE), therefore he is very familiar with the wide range of Project Management and
Construction methodologies of Onshore, Swamp and Offshore Projects. Currently
Sandry is assigned as a Single Point Accountability (SPA) for EPCI-1 Project, in
several new Project developments (Green Field) and existing facilities (Brown Field)
with PHE in the West Madura Offshore field. In those projects Sandry has lead and managed the projects
successfully from Appraise, Select, Define, Execute (up to start-up), Hand Over (to the Operation) and
Close-Out the projects. Sandry holds a Bachelor degree obtained in Civil Engineering from Sam Ratulangi
University and a degree in the Specialist Environmental & Project Management from The Van Hall Instituut,
The Netherlands. He is currently active as member of IAFMI Expert Board.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 22
 PT GUNANUSA UTAMA FABRICATORS – TESTIMONY
PT Gunanu
Assalamu’alaikum warohmatullahi wabarakatuh.
Praise to Allah SWT of Whom has bestowed on us all, so that we Consortium - PT. TIMAS
Suplindo and PT. Gunanusa Utama Fabricators as Contractor - has completely delivered two (2)
new Wellhead Platforms: PHE24, PHE12 and one (1) Process Platform CPP2 including connecting
pipelines, and brownfield modifications at KE-5 CPP offshore. A Total of more than 3.5 million
manhours spent without Lost Time Incident (LTI).
It is a great honor for the Consortium especially PT. Gunanusa to be entrusted with constructing
platforms PHE-12, PHE-24, CPP2 and brownfield modifications on KE-5 CPP. The Letter of Award
(LOA) was given to the consortium on 4th August 2015 followed by signing of the contract on 14th
August 2015.
Despite several challenges encountered during execution of the fabrication work, it did not hamper our determination
to complete this project and present the best results for PHEWMO in particular, and to the country in general. A lot of
valuable lesson was learned during execution of the work. Seamless process both in safety and quality during Engineering,
Procurement, Construction, Installation, Precommissioning and Commissioning could not be separated from the active
involvement of the PHE WMO as Company that go hand-in-hand with the Contractor. We also received great support from
MIGAS and Custom who played an important role in making this project a success.
Currently we are putting our best effort to support Company for immediate start-up of CPP2 and PHE12 without
compromising the safety and quality aspect of the project. Together, Company and Contractor have succeeded in delivering
this project within the given project time frame, meeting the quality and with excellent safety record. As a contractor we feel
very proud to be part of PHEWMO success story, and also the Republic of Indonesia.
It is our hope that PHE WMO will continue to success in many years to come and be able to prosper the welfare of
Indonesian people in general.
Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh

“We Are World Class In What We Do”

TIMAS OFFSHORE DIVISION – PHE WMO EPSC 1 TESTIMONY

PT. Timas Suplindo Offshore Division evolved in 2006 as a supplier of manpower to
the offshore industry. By 2008 the Offshore Division was an established force operating
independently, managing and executing scope of transportation, installation, and major
offshore modification on operating platforms for large oil and gas projects. Within its brief
life span, The Offshore Division of TIMAS has rapidly grown in both sophistication and
physical presence, expanding its Customer portfolio by consistently wining new and repeat
orders, and firmly establishing itself as a leading offshore installation specialist within the
region. In addition to the Onshore Division existing 3rd Party approvals (ISO 9001 and OHSAS 18001), the Offshore Division
has also acquired 3rd Party approval to the Internationally recognized Internal Management System Standards, ISO 9001
for Quality Management, 14001 for Environmental Management and OHSAS 18001 for Health and Safety Management
at its first application. One of the projects we recently completed is the EPCI 1 Project of PHE WMO for the engineering,
procurement, construction and installation of PHE 24 and PHE 12 Wellhead platforms, CPP 2 Jacket and Topside platform
and 2 pipelines (6” and 8”) from PHE 12 to CPP2 and 1 pipeline (6”) from KE5 to PHE 24 including subsea spools, risers and
precommissioning of the pipelines. The transportation and installation of these facilities were completed by TIMAS ahead
of schedule on 27 December 2016 against the Contract Milestone date of 31 December 2016.
TIMAS is grateful for the trust given by the PHE WMO (“The Client”) to the Consortium of PT. Timas Suplindo and PT.
Gunanusa Utama Fabricators (“The Consortium”). As a Consortium we achieved 57% local content in the project, which is
a tremendous result from a consortium of two local prominent EPCI Contractors.
Furthermore, because of an excellent cooperation among PMT TIMAS, PMT Gunanusa, and the Client itself, we managed
to achieve no Lost Time Incident (LTI) within 3.5 million man-hours albeit working in adverse weather conditions (monsoon
season). Hence TIMAS once again proved itself as a Professional National Contractor who have successfully completed the
project ahead of schedule, meet the quality with perfect HSE record.

Sulianto Entong
President Director
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 24

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

OF ULTRA DEEPWATER
FLOATING PRODUCTION FACILITY
FOR MAKASSAR STRAIT, INDONESIA
Gde Pradnyana - SKKMIGAS, Indonesia Patra Jasa Building, 14th Floor, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia
Jafar Korloo - Chevron, 14141 Southwest Freeway, Sugar Land, Texas 77478 U.S.A.

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the application and selection of various types of dry tree based floating
production facility concepts in the deepwater areas of Makassar Strait offshore Kalimantan,
Indonesia. The first deepwater floating system in the area is the West Seno TLP (Tension Leg
Platform) installed in 3,350 ft of water depth. West Seno TLP is based on a well head TLP concept
with a drilling tender assist vessel and a floating production barge. The paper will also discuss
some of the experiences with the West Seno TLP in the areas of comparison between design, model
test, and prototype performance. The comparison between the analytical results, experimental
results, and actual field measurements should provide some verification and improvements for
application of the future deepwater floating production facilities in this area.

Figure 1: West Seno Field

 << 25 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

I. INTRODUCTION
Developments of Indonesia’s deepwater
oil and gas prospects have unique challenges.
Indonesia began its first deepwater installation
and operation in early 2003 by development of
Unocal’s West Seno field based on a wellhead TLP
with a drilling tender assist vessel and a floating
production barge (Figure 1).
The relatively benign environmental
conditions in the area allow application of a wide
variety of floating system concepts as dry tree
units. Despite benign wind and wave conditions, Figure 1: The Makassar Strait
the area is subjected to strong persistent currents. The current conditions in the Makassar Strait
Combination of deepwater currents and large are of prime concern for their effect on the floating
number of risers introduces unique design facilities as well as on the sub-surface elements
challenges. such as risers. The importance of current has
resulted in long term collection of current data
The following main subjects are presented in this
at every potential installation site for at least one
paper:
year.
• Review of environmental conditions
Typical data set taken over a one year period
• Overview of dry tree floating system concepts
consists of 20,000 current profiles. One of the
suitable for installation in the area
challenges facing the designer is the interpretation
• Pros and cons of the systems in relation to and reduction of the current data to a manageable
application in the Makassar Strait data set and the application for overall loading
• Comparative cost assessments by concept and fatigue calculation due to Vortex Induced
and by major components as percentages of Vibration (VIV).
the overall cost
• West Seno TLP design, performance, riser III. OVERVIEW OF DRY TREE CONCEPTS
Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) measurements, A dry tree development has the wellheads in
comparison with the predicted results and air at deck level of the facility. The wells are drilled
impact on the fatigue life and serviced from the production platform either
by a stand-alone facility or by tender assisted
II. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION
drilling. In a wet tree development the wellheads
From North and South, the Makassar Strait are at the seabed. They can be drilled directly from
protected by Philippine islands and Indonesian the production facility or from another specialist
islands respectively. The wind and waves are quite drilling facility.
benign ranging in the 0.5m to 1.5m wave heights
All concepts are in principle suitable for wet-
with wind speeds of 10 to 20 kts for the normal
tree operations. However, for dry trees the
operating conditions. The waves are generally
motions of the floating facility relative to the risers
short waves with peak periods in the ranges of 5 to
need to be restricted. Risers need to be tensioned
8 seconds (Figure 2).
through connections to the deck and/or by
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 26
buoyancy cans. Therefore, only concepts with low
motions (particularly heave and roll) are suitable
for dry tree operations.
The key requirement of a dry tree floating
system is the ability to accommodate the risers
and associated stroke arising primarily from
heave, transitional motions of the floater, and
tidal changes. There are two basics means of
tensioning and accommodating the risers:
1. The risers are decoupled from the floater in
heave
The risers are tensioned by means of buoyancy
cans. Spars are typical floating systems using
such a concept. The riser weight/tension is not
taken by the floater resulting in saving in the
overall payload.
2. The risers are coupled to the floater
The risers are coupled with the floating system.
Flexibility is introduced by means of tensioners
and/or riser elongation. The family of floating
systems suitable for this application are spar,
semi, TLP, and dry tree barges. The riser weight
is taken by the platform.
The dry tree concepts suitable for application
in the Makassar Strait are TLP, Spar, Semi, dry
tree barges, and a number of other low heave
response type concepts. A brief description of
main concepts, advantages, disadvantages, limits
of applications and comparative cost assessment
with respect to application in the Makassar Strait
are presented herewith.
IV. TLP
A tension leg platform uses a buoyant hull
securely fastened to the seafloor by means of
tensioned tubular (tendons). The buoyancy of
the hull applies the tension to the tendons. TLP’s,
by design, move in surge and sway with wind,
waves and currents but resist heave, roll and pitch
because of the fixed length of the tendons. They
have been developed and used since the early
eighties in variety of shapes, configurations and
sizes.
West Seno TLP is an example of application of a
classic TLP with drilling tender assist.
ADVANTAGES
• Heave restraint
• Deepwater Indonesia experience
• Risers could be locked off to the deck without
requiring tensioners
• May be based on nonproprietary design
• Simple hull form
• Low cost hull fabrication
• Could be fabricated in several local yards
• Large number of suppliers resulting in a
competitive cost
DISADVANTAGES
• Weight sensitive
• Costly tendon fabrication, installation, and
limited fabricators
• Restraints on sea bed well layout/spacing
• No experience to date in water depths deeper
than 4,700ft
• Seabed hydrate commonly associated with
deepwater may impose risks in the design of
foundation
• Limitation of availability suitable deepwater
installation vessels in the area
V. SEMI-SUBMERSIBLES
Semi-submersibles have been in use since
the 1960’s as drilling units. Many have been used
for extended well testing and early production
systems and some have been converted to full
production. A semi-submersible is a deck and
topside facility supported on a series of columns
connected below water by pontoons. The

pontoons provide sufficient buoyancy to maintain
the vessel at constant draft. There are many
different combinations of columns and pontoons
but the most common have twin pontoons
and six or eight columns. Recent production
semis developed for deepwater are designed to
minimize the heave motions. These have typically
four deep draft columns resulting in placing the
pontoons beyond a depth where the vertical
component of the wave particle velocity is small
or negligible. Due to low wave heights in the area
and low heave motions of semi, this concept can
be adopted to accommodate dry tree risers. Most
of the dry tree semi concepts developed to date
are based on tensioning each riser by means of
hydraulic tensioners.
ADVANTAGES
• Nonproprietary design
• Simple hull form
• Could be fabricated in several local yards
• Large number of suppliers resulting in a
competitive cost
• Low cost fabrication
• Ease of station keeping
• Ease of transportation and installation
• Low cost installation
DISADVANTAGES
• Weight sensitive
• No track record – the first prototype
• May encounter some challenges during detail
design
• The design of riser system and their interface
with the hull is at an early conceptual stage
and needs further development
VI. SPAR
The SPAR is a development of the buoy, first
used for offloading most notably by Shell for the
<< 27 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
Brent SPAR in the 1970’s. This had storage and
offloading facilities. The modern production SPARs
were developed in the late 1980’s early 1990’s.
A basic SPAR is a buoyant vertical column
with a moon pool in the center through which
the production and export risers pass to the
production facilities on the deck. The column
is moored to the seabed at its base. The SPAR’s
excellent motions are achieved by having a deep
draft providing buoyancy near the top and ballast
near the base to maintain stability.
A variant of this concept is the Truss SPAR,
which replaces the lower portion of the SPAR,
above the keel ballast tank, with a truss. This
makes the SPAR lighter and cheaper to build. In
addition, a number of companies have developed
a number of varieties of the SPAR type structures
such as multi-column SPARs.
The risers can be tensioned by means of
bouncy cans or tensioners. Most dry tree spars to
date have their risers tensioned by bouncy cans.
BP’s Holstein installed in the Gulf of Mexico is the
first spar having its risers tensioned by tensioners.
ADVANTAGES
• Low heave response platforms suitable for
high wave conditions
• Good deepwater track record
DISADVANTAGES
• Complex hull design
• Expensive fabrication
• Expensive transportation & installation
• Large riser count requires a large diameter hull
• High current loads due to its large diameter and
deep draft (typical 150 ft diameter by 600ft draft)
• Vortex induced motions of the hull creates
additional challenges for design of risers and
mooring system
• Proprietary design
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 28

VII. DRY TREE BARGE The comparative percent CAPEX breakdowns

There are a variety of shallow draft production
systems with full facilities (production, drilling
and storage) ranging from large single columns
to ship shape barges. The primary features of
these concepts are their large size providing large
storage volumes, deck areas and loading to lower
motions.
The deck areas are large and can accommodate
a range of layouts with a high level of segregation.
Because of the deck size, large moonpools are
possible and the concept can support a high riser
count.
The risers can be supported by bouyancy cans
or tensioned by hydraulic tensioners.
by the major components of each of the dry tree
floating systems are presented in Figures 4 and
5. It is pointed out that the comparisons are for
Indonesia deepwater applications.
The following conclusions could be made:
• Due to its geometry and deep draft spar hulls
have very low heave motions and are extremely
efficient in high wave conditions. Considering
the low wave height characteristics of the
area and the high persistent surface and deep
currents, spar may not offer the best solution.
• The dry tree barge concepts have been in the
Floating System Capabilities
South East Asia
3000

2500

Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System (FPSO) (small)

Maximum Design Water Depth (meters)

ADVANTAGES

Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System (FPSO) (medium)

Max Feasible Depth- composite

Wellhead Barge Type Structures with Drilling

Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System (FPSO) (large)

Deep Draft Semi-submersible (DDS) (small)
Tendons

Deep Draft Semi-submersible (DDS) (medium)

2000

• Simple hull form Deep Draft Semi-submersible (DDS) (large)

Deep Draft Floater (small)

Semi-submersible (small)
Wellhead Barge Type Structures

Semi-submersible (medium)
Deep Draft Floater (medium)

Spar (small)

Semi-submersible (large)
Spar (medium)
• Low cost fabrication
Deep Draft Floater (large)

1500

Spar (large)

• Could be locally fabricated

Mini-TLP (medium)
Mini-TLP (large)
TLP (medium)

Mini-TLP (small)

1000
TLP (large)
TLP (small)

• Insensitive to weight
500

• Ease of station keeping

• Ease of transportation and installation
0
No Storage
Dry Tree Storage Wet Tree
Maximum depth installed world wide

• Low cost installation Figure 3: Floating Systems Applications for SE Asia

DISADVANTAGES Categories Spar TLP DT Semi DT Barge

Hull, deck and outfitting
• No track record – the first prototype Mooring

• May encounter some challenges during detail Transportation

Installation
design Risers and Tensioning system

• The design of riser system and their interface Highest Low

with the hull is at a conceptual stage and
High Lowest
needs further development
Figure 4: Comparative Cost Breakdown for Deepwater
VIII. COMPARISON AND COMPARATIVE Makassar Strait Application
COST ASSESSMENT
The application of dry tree floaters and wet development for more than a decade. The
tree floaters by size and water depth are depicted dry barge concept having risers tensioned
in Figure 3. by means of buoyancy cans is quite mature
and has been proposed for several West
 << 29 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

100
installation issues, and the procurement issue
90 when selecting a floating system concept.
80

70

60 Eng & PM IX. WEST SENO TLP

% TOTAL

Tens Pkg
50
Moor & Trans/Inst West Seno TLP with 28 dry tree risers is
40 Hull
producing to a floating production unit (FPU)
30
moored approximately 200 meters from the TLP.
20
This is the first wellhead TLP with a drilling tender
10
assist installed in deepwater having large number
0
Spars TLPs Semis DT of top tensioned risers.
Barges

The West Seno TLP is a conventional TLP

Figure 5: Comparative Cost Breakdown as percentage of
the total CAPEX with four columns and four pontoons which is
moored by 8 tendons. Total displacement at
Africa deepwater projects. However, the riser mean design draft is about 23,000 mt. It supports
tensioning system is quite complex and may 28 production risers and a tender drilling rig with
require further specific site investigations. minimal production facility. The production fluids
are transferred to the FPU by flexible flowlines
• Considering the low wave height nature of
(Figures 1 and 6).
the area, the semi concept offers no major
advantage over the dry tree barge concept and The TLP went into operation early 2003 with the
it suffers from the same riser system issues as drilling campaign. The drilling tender vessel was
the barge. The maturity of the dry tree semi moored to the TLP for approximately two years
concept is not at the same level as the dry tree without any unplanned disconnections. During
barge. the drilling operations several severe storms have
passed through the site. The overall system has
• TLP concept could be based on nonproprietary
been performing in accordance with expectations.
hull forms. The West Seno TLP brings extremely
From time to time some field adjustments have
valuable experience to the application of
been made to the pretensions to accommodate
TLP concept based on a drilling tender assist
ease of operations.
scenario in the SE Asia.
• Due to lack of availability of deepwater
installation vessels and complexity of
installation, TLP and Spar concepts have the
highest installation costs.
• The riser tensioning system cost is lowest for
the TLP due to the fact that the risers could
be locked off to the TLP without utilization of
tensioners.
• SPARs have the highest hull cost.
• Dry tree barges have the lowest hull cost.
• Careful consideration should be given to the
maturity of the concept, transportation and Figure 6: Close up of West Seno TLP, Risers, DTV, and FPU
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 30
West Seno TLP is unique in terms of having
more steel area due to its large number of risers
from the surface to seabed than the hull itself.
Considering the strong persistent surface and
submerged currents, the design of the TLP and
in particular the risers were quite challenging.
Extensive amount of analytical work and model
tests were carried out during FEED and detail
engineering. Substantial effort was concentrated
around VIV and design of the risers and tendons.
The risers are an integral part of the TLP
restoring stiffness. The 28 risers were incrementally
installed; addition of each riser resulted in an
increase in the transitional stiffness as well as an
increase in the overall current load. In extreme
current events, the benefit of increase in stiffness
is undermined by higher current load.
Consideration of current loads is of the prime
importance when selecting a hull form or type. For
example, under extreme conditions, 75% of the
total environmental load on the West Seno TLP is
from the current.
During the FEED, a series of detailed model
tests (Figure 7) were carried out with the following
objectives:
• Verify the design
• Capture any phenomenon that might have not
been realized during analytical work
• Study and validate the drilling tender assist
concept
• Provide a comprehensive data base to calibrate
and verify analytical tools and procedures to
be used during detail design
To monitor the performance of the TLP and
the coupled drilling tender vessel/TLP the West
Seno TLP has been instrumented. The following
measurements are made:
• Tendon tensions (total of 8)
• Riser tensions (28 risers)
• TLP surge and sway motions
• Accelerations at several locations on the TLP
• Tensions in the mooring hawsers between TLP
and drilling tender vessel
• Drilling tender vessel moorings
The performance of TLP, tendon and riser
tensions, and behavior of the coupled drilling
tender semi and TLP have all been in accordance
to the expectations.
Despite extensive site specific current
measurement program, there always exists some
level of uncertainty surrounding metocean data.
During the first two years of operations, surface
current speed exceeding the design 100 year
return current speed was observed.
Considering the importance of the riser
design, issues and uncertainties surrounding
understanding of VIV and designing for it, it was
decided to carryout an extensive riser response
measurement followed by VIV analyses and
comparison of analytical results with the actual
measured data.
Three months of riser VIV motions
measurements at 12 locations along a riser and
simultaneous current profile measurements
were carried out. The VIV measurement program
consisted of the following:
• Installation of a mooring buoy with two ADCPs
for measurement of current through the water
column
• A single data logger (accelerometer) on the TLP
• Ten data loggers attached to the a riser string
distributed below the TLP keel near surface
• Two data loggers attached to the a riser string
in the lower section of the riser near seabed
Twelve data loggers recorded accelerations over
30 minute periods every 2 hours. The position of data
loggers along the riser, close up of the data logger,
and underwater picture of the logger clamped to

the riser are shown in Figures 8, 10 and 9.
The objectives were as follows:
• Obtain simultaneous current profile data, riser
response, and platform response
• Determine VIV response of riser from measured
accelerations
• Compare measured VIV response with SHEAR7
predicted response
Figure 8: Positions of data loggers
• Calibrate the analytical tool (SHEAR7) using
the measured data
• Assess the fatigue design life using the
calibrated software
X. KEY FINDINGS
The measurement program and corresponding
analysis indicate that there is not a correlation
between high current and VIV. This indicates that
the strakes are highly effective in suppressing
almost all the VIV.
Figure 11 presents plots of current speeds and
the maximum RMS of accelerations measured
along the riser. From this graph it could be noted
that the highest accelerations occur at low current
speeds and there is no relationship between high
<< 31 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
Prototype Clamp
•Shown being tested on a
13-3/8-inch pipe sample in the
workshop of Falmouth Scientific,
Inc.
•The upper band covers about
180 degrees of the right-hand
side of the pipe
•The lower band covers about
180 degrees of the left-hand
side of the pipe
Figure 9: Data Logger Assembly
Accelerometer / Datalogger
clamped on West Seno riser
Figure 10: Underwater view of clamped data logger
currents and VIV.
The findings are summarized as follows:
• Analytical results over predict the fatigue
damage by as much as a factor of 10.
• The over prediction of fatigue damage is due to
over prediction of response amplitudes. This
may be reduced with increased hydrodynamic
damping, structural damping or reduced lift.
Further work is required to calibrate these
analysis inputs.
• Current speeds of exceeding the 100 year
return were observed during the measurement
campaign.
• Measured response was found to be multi-
mode.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 32

Unocal - West Seno TTR Monitoring Although the VIV back analysis shows that the
MAX RMS ACCELERATION AND CURRENT

1.6 0.300
widely used VIV analyses tolls could over predict
1.4
0.250
the fatigue damage, it is not recommended to
adopt lower safety factors at this point in time.

RMS Acceleration (m/s2)

1.2
Current Speed (m/s)

0.200
1
To adopt lower safety factors, further long term
0.8 0.150

0.6
measurement and analyses are required.
0.100

0.4
0.050
The transportation and installation costs
0.2
could be substantial and should be considered in
0 0.000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 selection of a floating system.

Event Number

Max Current (m/s) Max RMS Acceleration

The stand alone TLP and coupled TLP and
Figure 11: Maximum current vs. Maximum RMS drilling tender assist global performance have
been according to the expectations.
• Maximum motion amplitudes range were less The drilling tender assist concept has been
than 0.45 A/D. successful. The West Seno drilling tender assist
• The high current events did not demonstrate semi has been in operation since February 2003
any VIV. The high currents occur in the straked without disconnection. During this period several
region of the riser, close to the vessel keel. severe storms have passed through the site. The
This indicates that the strakes are effective at overall system has been performing in accordance
suppressing VIV. with expectations. From time to time some field
adjustments have been made to the pretensions
• Due to effectiveness of the strakes, fatigue
of tendons, risers, and the mooring hawsers
damage accumulation due to VIV were found
between TLP and the drilling tender vessel.
to be negligible during the monitoring period.

XI. CONCLUSIONS XII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The benign wind and wave conditions in the
area allows utilization of a wide range of floaters The authors wish to express their appreciation to
as dry tree units which are normally used for the management of Government of Indonesia’s
subsea developments. These includes barge type SKKMIGAS, Chevron, and the effort and data
hulls and semis. provided by various contractors.
The key deriver is the riser system and their
integration and interface with the hull. Most of
the fields in the area require a large number of
top tensioned risers requiring a complex riser
management system as well as the payload on the
platform.
The current is particularly challenging as there
could be high degree of variability in the design
current data compared to the actual, adding to
the uncertainties in VIV analysis and designing for
fatigue.
 << 33 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Gde Pradnyana is currently the Senior Advisor of SKKMIGAS, which is the
government body in managing the operation of oil and gas Production Sharing
Contractors operating in Indonesia. He received his first degree in the field of Civil
Engineering from Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB, 1984) and subsequently
MSc in Offshore Engineering (University College London, 1988), and PhD Offshore
Engineering (University of Oxford, 1992).

Dr. Gde Pradnyana has been working in oil and gas industry since 1984. He
started his career as an offshore platforms structural engineer in a local consulting
firm in Jakarta, where he was involved in designing and constructing many offshore
platforms that are currently still operating in Natuna Sea, Java Sea, Makassar Strait, etc prior to his further
study. His work in deep water floating platforms may easily be found in google using keyword non-linear
dynamics of tautly moored offshore platforms, West Seno – Gde Pradnyana.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 34

POMPA ANSI/ASME
UNTUK INDUSTRI MIGAS
Ir. Suharto, M.T., IPM., ACPE - PT. Duraquipt Cemerlang, Indonesia

ABSTRAK
Pompa merupakan salah satu mesin yang paling banyak digunakan pada industri
Minyak dan Gas Bumi (MIGAS). Jenis pompa yang paling banyak digunakan adalah pompa
sentrifugal. Pompa sentrifugal terdiri dari banyak sekali jenisnya, namun secara garis besar
dapat dibagi menjadi 3 jenis yaitu overhung (OH), between bearings (BB) dan vertically
suspended (VS). Selain mempunyai banyak jenisnya, pompa sentrifugal didesain sesuai
dengan standar pompa yang diinginkan. Ada beberapa standar pompa sentrifugal yang
dapat kita temui di industri pompa, antara lain: API 610, API 685, ANSI/ASME B73.1, ASME
B73.2, ASME B73.3, B73.5, ISO 2858 dan ISO 5199. Selain itu beberapa negara mempunyai
standar pompa sendiri, misalnya Jerman dengan DIN 24255, Perancis dengan NF E 44121,
Inggris dengan BS 5257, dan lain lain. Perlu diketahui ada juga pabrik pompa yang membuat
pompanya tanpa mengikuti standar apapun, alias mengikuti desain yang dibuat oleh pabrik
pompa itu sendiri. Mudah-mudahan suatu saat nanti Indonesia dapat mempunyai standar
pompa dengan standar SNI-nya.

Diantara standar-standar tersebut di atas, standar API 610 adalah standar yang paling
populer dan banyak digunakan pada industri MIGAS. Saking populernya, dalam aplikasi
sehari-hari sering ditemui hampir setiap pengadaan pompa untuk fasilitas produksi di
industri hulu minyak dan gas bumi, dimana pengguna cenderung berusaha membeli pompa
yang dibuat dengan standar API 610, tanpa memperhatikan apakah aplikasi dari pompa
yang akan dibeli itu memang memerlukan standar desain yang comply dengan API 610.

Untuk aplikasi yang tidak memerlukan desain tekanan yang tinggi dan suhu yang tinggi,
ada alternatif standar pompa yang sangat cocok untuk aplikasi tersebut, yaitu standar
ANSI/ASME B73.1. Begitu juga halnya dengan aplikasi untuk fluida non-hidrokarbon, dapat
menggunakan pompa jenis ini. Pompa ANSI/ASME ini bahkan dapat sama bagusnya atau
malah lebih handal dibanding dengan pompa API 610 untuk aplikasi tertentu seperti aplikasi
yang korosif, tekanan yang rendah dan untuk cairan yang mengandung padatan (solid)/
erosif, tetapi dengan harga yang lebih murah.
 << 35 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

I. Perbedaan antara Pompa POMPA API 610 I.2 Standar API 610
dan ANSI/ASME B73.1 Standar ini menentukan persyaratan untuk
I.1 Standar ANSI/ASME B73.1 pompa sentrifugal yang digunakan pada industri
Standar ini meliputi desain pompa sentrifugal petrokimia dan industri minyak & gas. Standar
horisontal, end suction, single stage, centerline ini berlaku untuk pompa overhung (OH), pompa
discharge. Selain mengatur dimensi pompa & between bearings (BB) dan pompa vertically
baseplate-nya, standar ANSI/ASME mengatur suspended (VS).
sangat detail tentang desain pompa dan fitur
1. Berbeda dengan pompa ANSI/ASME B73.1
konstruksinya antara lain: batasan suhu &
yang mempunyai desain foot mounted casing,
tekanan (pressure & temperature limits), flange
pompa API 610 mempunyai desain centerline
rating-nya, desain casing-nya, desain impeler-nya,
mounting casing. Perbedaan yang mencolok
desain porosnya, desain shaft sealing-nya, desain
lainnya adalah: pompa ANSI/ASME mempunyai
bearing-nya, konstruksi materialnya (material
kaki pada bearing housing sedangkan pompa
of construction), batasan korosi yang diizinkan
API 610 edisi 10 dan 11 tidak mempunyai kaki,
(corrosion allowance)-nya, arah putaran porosnya
pompa API mempunyai standar flange rating
(harus searah dengan jarum jam bila dilihat dari
ANSI 300# RF, sedangkan pompa ANSI/ASME
ujung kopling), dan lain lain, termasuk juga
mempunyai standar flange rating ANSI 150#
mengenai uji pengetesan pompa dan dokumentasi
FF. Oleh karena itu pompa API 610 lebih cocok
sertifikasi pompa. Gambar 1 di bagian kiri dan
digunakan untuk aplikasi yang mempunyai
Gambar 2 menunjukkan gambar pompa ANSI/
tekanan dan suhu yang tinggi seperti yang
ASME B73.1.
terdapat pada industri minyak & gas serta
Pompa ANSI/ASME ini didesain untuk proses industri petrokimia.
kimia. Namun demikian dapat juga digunakan
Tabel dan gambar berikut dapat menunjukkan
pada industri minyak dan gas untuk aplikasi yang
perbedaan antara desain dan aplikasi pompa API
tidak membutuhkan suhu dan tekanan yang
610 dan ANSI/ASME B73.1 secara lebih rinci.
tinggi. Pompa ANSI/ASME sering juga digunakan
untuk memompa air.

Flanges:150# FF
Pompa ANSI/ Pompa API 610
ASME B73.1 OH2
Flanges:300# RF

Tidak ada kaki

bearing housing-
Centerline mounting
Bearing housing Foot mounted nya
casing
foot casing
Gambar 1. Perbedaan Pompa ANSI/ASME B73.1 vs API 610
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 36

FEATURES API 610 PUMPS ANSI/ASME B73.1 PUMPS

Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural
Service Chemical / Utilities Process
gas
Overhung (OH), Between Bearings (BB),
Pump types Overhung
Vertically Suspended (VS)
Casing support Centerline of casing Foot under the casing
Flanges ANSI 300 #, usually Raise-Faced ANSI 150 # Flat-Faced
Wear rings Casing and impeller Not required
Fully enclosed, semi open or open.
Open, semi open or closed
Akan tetapi, fully enclosed (closed)
Impeller types Akan tetapi, open atau semi open impeller
impeller adalah jenis impeler yang
adalah jenis impeler yang paling banyak
paling banyak digunakan pada pompa
digunakan pada pompa ANSI/ASME B73.1
API 610
Impeller Balancing ISO 1940-1 Grade 2.5 ISO 1940-1 Grade 6.3
Impeller mounting Keyed Threaded
Standard dimension Seal chambers, baseplates Pumps, baseplates
Hydrostatic test Min 30 minutes Min 10 minutes
Baseplate Heavy duty Simple design
May be provided in accordance with API
Mechanical seal Shall be in accordance with API 682
682
Ball thrust bearing Duplex angular contact bearing Not specified
- 17,500 hours in the
- 25,000 hours at rated
conditions
Bearing life allowable operating
- 16,000 hours at max
load at rated speed
region
Bearing housing support Not allowed Yes

Tabel 1. Perbedaan antara pompa API 610 dan ANSI/ASME B73.1

2. Untuk aplikasi yang korosif, pompa ANSI/
ASME akan lebih cocok karena tersedia banyak
pilihan bahan yang tahan korosi seperti duplex
SS, alloy 20, nickel, monel, hastelloy C, hastelloy
B, titanium dan zirconium. Aplikasi yang korosif
ini sering kita jumpai pada industri kimia, pulp
& paper, dan lain-lain. Sedangkan pada pompa
API yang banyak digunakan, material yang
tahan terhadap korosi hanya duplex SS & super
duplex SS.
API 610 sendiri telah memberikan ruang
untuk pemakaian pompa yang bukan pompa API
pada industri Minyak & Gas. Pada API 610 edisi 7,
Apendix A, API mengizinkan penggunaan pompa
yang bukan pompa API (non conforming pumps)
untuk kondisi tertentu. Demikian juga dengan API
610 edisi 8, 9 dan 10. Bahkan sampai pada edisi
11, API 610 masih tetap mengizinkan pemakaian
pompa yang bukan pompa API untuk kondisi yang
hampir sama dengan yang terdapat pada Apendix
A pada API 610 edisi 7. API 610 edisi 11 menyatakan
bahwa pompa API 610 lebih hemat (cost effective)
untuk memompa cairan pada kondisi yang
melebihi salah satu dari berikut ini.

1. Discharge pressure : 1900 kPa (275 psig;
19.0 barg)
2. Suction pressure : 500 kPa (75 psig;
5.0 barg)
3. Pumping temperature : 150 oC (300 oF)
4. Rotative speed : 3600 rpm
5. Rated total head : 120 m (400 ft)
6. Impeller diameter,
overhung pump : 330 mm (13 in)
Jadi apabila kondisi cairan yang akan dipompa
tidak melebihi 6 (enam) kondisi tersebut di atas,
maka sebaiknya menggunakan pompa ANSI/
ASME. Selain karena pompa ANSI/ASME mampu
dan cocok untuk kondisi tersebut di atas, harganya
pun jauh lebih murah. Harga bare pump pompa
API 610 bisa mencapai 4 (empat) kali lebih mahal
daripada pompa ANSI/ASME. Apalagi pada saat
kondisi harga minyak yang redah seperti sekarang
ini, maka akan sangat bijak untuk meninjau ulang
lagi kebutuhan pompanya, apakah pompa ANSI/
ASME dapat digunakan untuk aplikasi-aplikasi
yang dimaksud. Selain harga bare pump pompa
API 610 jauh lebih mahal, harga spare parts-nya
pun jauh lebih mahal dan delivery time-nya juga
lebih lama. Jarang sekali pabrik pompa API 610
yang mempunyai stok spare part di gudangnya.
II. Pompa ANSI/ASME B73.1 bisa sama atau
lebih bagus daripada pompa API 610
Pompa ANSI/ASME B73.1 mempunyai
spesifikasi yang sama atau bahkan lebih bagus
daripada pompa API 610 untuk hal-hal berikut ini:
a. Corrosion allowance
Pompa ANSI/ASME B73.1 mempunyai
Corrosion allowance yang sama dengan pompa
API 610, yaitu minimum 0,12 inch (3,0 mm)
b. Shaft Stiffness
Pompa ANSI/ASME B73.1 mempunyai Shaft
Stiffness yang sama dengan pompa API 610
seperti terlihat pada tabel berikut ini.
<< 37 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
Criteria API 610 ANSI/ASME B73.1
Shaft Runout 0.001 in 0.001 in
Seal Chamber
0.005 in 0.005 in
Concentricity
Max Shaft
Deflection at Seal 0.002” 0.002”
Face
c. Material Selection
Pilihan material pompa untuk pompa ANSI/
ASME B73.1 jauh lebih banyak dibandingkan
dengan pompa API 610, terutama untuk
yang exotic material seperti Inkonel, Monel,
Nikel, Hastelloy B, Hastelloy C, Titanium, dan
Zirkonium. Pompa API 610 tidak mempunyai
material-material exotic tersebut.
d. Bearing system life
Pompa API 610 edisi 11 mensyaratkan
bearing system life sekurang-kurangnya 25.000
jam pada rated condition, dan sekurang-
kurangnya 16.000 jam pada beban maksimum.
API 610 hanya mensyaratkan bearing system
life 3 tahun (25.000 jam), tetapi bukan garansi.
Sedangkan di Indonesia sudah ada vendor
yang dapat memberikan garansi selama 3
tahun (25.000 jam), tidak hanya untuk part
bearings-nya, tetapi termasuk juga bearing
isolators, shaft dan bearing housing.
III. LOCAL MANUFACTURER
Di Indonesia sudah ada perusahaan nasional
yang telah memproduksi pompa ANSI/ASME
dengan merk lokal dan telah banyak digunakan
oleh banyak oleh perusahaan-perusahaan hulu
migas di Indonesia serta juga digunakan pada
industri kimia, pulp & paper, pupuk dan lain-lain
dengan kandungan TKDN sudah mencapai di atas
40%. Gambar berikut adalah contoh pompa ANSI/
ASME yang siap dikirim ke pembelinya.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 38
Gambar 2. Pompa ANSI/ASME B73.1
Hampir semua jenis pengujian termasuk
hydrostatic test, performance test, NPSH test dan
mechanical run test dapat dilakukan di pabrik di
Indonesia. Demikian juga persediaan spare parts-
nya terjamin di dalam negeri dan delivery time-nya
lebih cepat dibanding pompa yang diproduksi di
luar negeri.
Bisa dilihat juga pada gambar berikut untuk
pompa API 610 BB5, API 610 VS1, Fire Pumps dan
API 674 yang semuanya telah diproduksi di dalam
negeri.
Gambar 4. Pompa API 610 VS1 sedang di-performance test dengan motor 750kW
Gambar 3. Pompa API 610 BB5 sedang di-performance
test dengan motor 1600hp
IV. Referensi
1. ANSI/API Standard 610, Centrifugal Pumps
for Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas
Industries, 11th Edition, Washington, D.C, 2010.
2. ASME B73.1-2012, Specification for Horizontal
End Suction Centrifugal Pumps for Chemical
Process, New York, 2013.
3. Suharto, POMPA SENTRIFUGAL Panduan
Lengkap: Standarisasi, Teori, Pemilihan,
Pembelian, Pengoperasian, Maintenance dan
Troubleshooting,
Jakarta, Ray Press, 2016

Gambar 5. Pompa Fire Pumps sedang
diuji performance test & string test
Gambar 6. Pompa API 674 di lapangan
<< 39 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
BIOGRAFI PENULIS
Ir. Suharto, M.T.,
IPM., ACPE. lahir
tahun 1965 dan
lulus dari program
Sarjana Teknik Mesin
di IST “AKPRIND”
Yogyakarta. Beliau
telah berpengalaman di industri pompa
selama lebih dari 24 tahun. Sejak 2001 beliau
menjabat sebagai Direktur PT Duraquipt
Cemerlang, pabrik pompa nasional yang
telah memproduksi ANSI/ASME B73.1 dan
API 610.
Pada tahun 2005, beliau juga telah
menyelesaikan program S-2 di ISTN
Jakarta jurusan Teknik Industri, lulus
dengan predikat cum laude dan mendapat
penghargaan sebagai lulusan terbaik
dengan IPK 3.95.
Saat ini beliau aktif sebagai pengurus
pusat Badan Kejuruan Mesin - PII masa bakti
2014-2017. Juga memperoleh gelar IPM dari
PII dan Sertifikat Keahlian Ahli Manajemen
Proyek - Madya dari LPJK tahun 2015. Tahun
2016 beliau juga telah memperoleh gelar
profesi dari ACPE serta menyelesaikan
penulisan buku tentang Pompa Sentrifugal
tahun 2016.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 40

CONCEPTUAL STUDy
FOR EMPHASIzED ON
ACID GAS INJECTION
Rendra B. Haristyawan, M. Basuki Rakhmat, Mira Yuliatri, I. Totok Sugiarto, Slamet Susilo, Adi F. M.
Ringoringo; Pertamina; and Tri P. Adhi, Institut Teknologi Bandung
This paper was presented at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference (ADIPEC) held in Abu Dhabi, UAE, 7–10
November 2016.

Abstract
Despite of its popularity as cleaner fuel natural gas exist in the ground occasionally
contaminated with high contents of acid gases. Venting the acid gases from the resource is
somehow unviable in the near future while many countries all over the world has pledged
to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. This study presents a conceptual approach for
processing natural gas to address the acid gas injection option as the environmentally friendly
manner to deal with in the development of highly contaminated natural gas, regardless the
importance of the acid gas injection, storage, and field economics. Preliminary selection
and comparison of gas processing technologies has been evaluated considering the proven
technologies as well as the emerging cryogenic technologies. As the results a potential cost
saving which may benefit to the field economics and higher process performance can be
achieved by the emerging cryogenic technologies compared to current proven technologies as
base case. The challenges is how making the technology feasible at commercial scale.

Despite of its category as cleaner fuel, natural

I. Introduction
Natural gas has become an important source
of energy. It has clear advantages, as cleaner-
burning fuel, as well as its versatility, efficiency
and availability, when compared to crude oil or
coal derived fuel. Its anticipated demand will
increase significantly in the next few decades.
The demand growth is basically supported by
abundant resource of natural gas in the ground,
either conventional or unconventional resources.
gas exist underground contains impurities
including carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
referenced as sour gas. Sour gas reserve
contributes quite significant to the total world
reserve which some of them contains acid gases
in significant amount, where are mostly located
in South East Asia, Middle East, Northern America
and Northern Africa(Burgers, Northrop et al.
2011). Indonesia has large reserve of these type
of gas fields contaminated with carbon dioxide,

including the largest one in the East Natuna Block
(formerly Natuna D-Alpha) in offshore South China
Sea.
Once the natural gas leaves production wells
impurities must be removed to meet either
technical specification (i.e. pipeline transportation
requirement) or gas market quality. To do so, gas
processing technology is required to sweeten
the impurities to the level required. Historically,
development of highly sour gas fields are
economically unfavorable. However, a higher
demand of natural gas and novel technology
development have led reevaluation of highly sour
gas field development to unlock its potential.
A proper acid gas disposal creates additional
challenge to the development of sour gas field.
Direct release acid gas into the air is not desirable
which contributes to climate change. An important
milestone on climate change was achieved on
COP21 held in Paris, December 2015. Hundreds
of countries have pledged to reduce greenhouse
gas emission formally signed as Paris Agreement.
Thus, traditional approach in venting/burning sour
gas is less likely happened in the future, especially
for highly sour gas. Acid gas geo-sequestration is
considered environmentally friendly alternative.
A better way if it can be converted into valuable
products or used for enhanced oil recovery.
In this study, a conceptual gas processing
alternatives are evaluated using typical sour gas
composition in Indonesia. The intention of the gas
processing is to consider reinjection of acid gas
into the ground comply with current regulation
trends. The study considers technology options to
utilize the proven sour gas processing as base case
as well as the current emerging technologies.
II. Sour Gas Processing Overview
Sour gas processing design contingent
upon feed gas composition and sales gas
specification. Contaminants rejection requires
<< 41 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
specific processes to refine gas quality. A typical
gas composition described in Table 1 is used as
basis of study. Acid gas is the main contaminants
considered. Their presence degrades the heat
content of natural gas, impact to the corrosion
issues and may cause hazardous condition to the
people and environment.
Acid gas removal also commonly known as gas
sweetening is separation of carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. In the world
of natural gas processing, acid gas removal may
be divided into four categories: (1) CO2 removal
without H2S present in natural gas; (2) H2S
removal without CO2 present in natural gas; (3)
simultaneous removal of both CO2 and H2S; and
(4) selective removal of H2S in gas containing both
CO2 and H2S. However, the complexity may varies
with other contaminants that may contained.
Removal process configuration choices depend
upon treated gas specification. Several removal
process technologies has been developed, either
using absorption, adsorption, permeation,
direct conversion, or fractionation techniques.
Absorption process can be tailored to remove acid
gas for either bulk removal applications or removal
to reach acceptable ppm levels of acid gas. It
depends on what type of solvent is used and the
operating condition. Zeolites are able to remove
acid gases as well as water from natural gas by
physical adsorption. With the same principle, H2S
can be removed using a molecular sieve. Physical
adsorption may only be capable of handling low
inlet acid gas concentration due to economic
consideration. Direct conversion process is
particularly used for H2S removal purpose.
Membrane permeation has been developed for
constrained bulk removal of acid gas. Distillation
process also capable to fractionate the acid gas
and methane as they have distinctive boiling
point.
Acid gas disposal increase the processing
complexity. Traditionally, near pure separated
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 42
CO2 is allowed to be vented to atmosphere. This
may be avoided for the current time forward due
to greenhouse gas concerns. The CO2 stream can
be injected into reservoir to create additional
oil recovery in the enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
scheme or safely sequestered underground for
the better option if H2S is present in the feed gas,
sulfur recovery unit (SRU) and tail gas recovery
unit (TGU) are needed for its removal. The SRU
and TGU process the waste gas following the acid
gas removal unit, to prevent sulfur emission to the
atmosphere. The SRU convert H2S into products
i.e. elemental sulfur or valuable sulfur compound.
Problem arises when sulfur product is difficult
to market. Reinjection to the ground has been
implemented in several fields as an option.
Inlet Gas
Flowrate (MMSCFD) 190
Composition (%mol)
CO2 40
H2S 1
C1 56
C2 1.9
C3 0.6
C4+ 0.15
Mercaptans 0.03
N2 0.32
Table 1—Inlet gas composition
III. Selected Processing Options
An evaluation had been made in this study
to screen the reliable technologies for sour gas
processing addressed to the gas composition
mentioned in Table 1. Typical processed sales gas
composition consists CO2 and H2S less than 5%
and 4 ppm, respectively, and it is used as output
specification of this study. The acid gas, rather
than processed in conventional way which adds
quite significant complexity to the processing
plant, is re-injected to the ground.
High level sour gas technology screening
is available based on any references
elsewhere(Maddox and Campbell 2008, Bergel
and Tiarno 2009). According to the acid gas
content the technology screening leads to solvent
technologies or membrane process. Further
screening is based on our experience in actual
field with similar gas characteristics as above
where a hybrid solvent is used. The hybrid solvent
contains physical solvent and amine solvent with
exact recipe to handle the sour gas, including the
mercaptans. As mentioned earlier, membrane
process is capable for bulk removal of acid gas.
In addition, the presence of H2S and mercaptans
cause the membrane processes cannot be
used standalone. Combined membrane as bulk
removal and solvent technology to refine gas
further may create process optimization. Recent
development in sour gas processing technology
is also considered in the study. A process
development based on cryogenic separation is
selected with understanding of optimization in the
acid gas injection section where liquid acid gas is
produced in liquid form, easily to be pumped than
compressed. Further detail about the technology
can be found elsewhere(Hart and Gnanendran
2009, Valencia, Denton et al. 2014).
Following high level screening above, more
detail analysis is used. Process simulation
approach had been done using commercial
software package to evaluate the process
performance presented in the subsequent
section. We proceed further three options of sour
gas processing, all of it is considered to reinjection
of acid gas into the ground as follows:

Option 1: Hybrid solvent technology as a base case
Option 2: Combined membrane and hybrid solvent
Option 3: Emerging cryogenic separations
IV. Process Simulation & Performance
Comparison
Figure 1 describes block diagram of processing
sour gas using hybrid solvent technology. Prior
entering the hybrid solvent process, feed gas is
cooled to 50 oF by propane refrigeration in the gas-
gas exchangers to control its hydrocarbon and
water dew point. A glycol injection, commonly
uses mono-ethylene glycol (MEG), is required to
prevent any damage due to hydrate formation.
Thus, it requires MEG separation and recovery
downstream of the dew point control unit to
supply fresh MEG. The process helps reducing the
amount of heavier hydrocarbon that may cause
operational problem in the solvent absorption and
regeneration system such as foaming problem.
Foaming may occurs in the solvent absorption
and regeneration process, impacts significantly
to the process performance and stability. The
hybrid solvent process, as similar to any other
solvent process, consist of absorption section and
regeneration section. In the absorption section,
inlet gas from bottom of the tower contacts with
Figure 1— Simplified block diagram of hybrid solvent process
<< 43 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
fresh solvent from the top. Acid gas is physically
and chemically bonded into the solvent stream,
making the gas phase become leaner in the upper
sections. The acid-rich solvent leaves from the
bottom of absorption tower, be flashed in the
flash drum, heated and routed to the regeneration
tower. In the regeneration tower, acid gas is
released by heating and contacting the solvent
with vapor generated in the reboiler. A fresh
solvent produced at the bottom of regeneration
tower then is recirculated back to the absorption
tower. Solvent make up is periodically needed to
overcome any losses. The gas leaving from the
top of the absorption tower meets with required
acid gas content/specification. Lean gas is further
dehydrated using typical glycol gas dehydration
system. The acid gas leaving acid gas removal
system is compressed to the level required for
injection points. A series of compressors are
required to increase the acid gas pressure from
near atmospheric pressure up to 2000 psig,
assumed in this study.
The combined membrane-hybrid solvent
uses similar configuration of above. Membrane
package is inserted between dew point control
and hybrid-solvent package as shown in Figure 2.
The membrane module, reduce the CO2 content
to around 18%, thus reduces required amount of
solvent needed to further refine the gas quality.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 44
The membrane comprises quite significant
losses of hydrocarbon. For that reason, this study
considers two stage membrane system. Permeate
produced from the first stage is compressed via
recycled compressor and sent to the second stage
membrane. The residue gas from the second
stage is recycled upstream, improving the overall
hydrocarbon recovery of the system. Permeate/
acid gas leaving second stage membrane
combined with acid gas produced in solvent
package pass through compressor package to the
injection well.
Figure 3 depicts the configuration of cryogenic
acid gas separation. Inlet gas is dehydrated to
prevent any icing problem in the system. Typical
molecular sieve is used in the scheme. The dry gas
is then cooled down sequentially by integrating
Figure 2—Simplified block diagram of combined membrane-hybrid solvent process
Figure 3—Simplified block diagram of cryogenic separation process
the cold lean gas stream and cold propane
stream. The cooling process knocks down heavy
hydrocarbon, which may encounter solidification
problems in the distillation column. The separated
liquid hydrocarbon is sent to the condensate
recovery, stabilized. The inlet gas stream is cooled
further around -62 oF utilize ethylene refrigeration
stream and routed to the cryogenic fractionation.
The cold inlet gas enter the top of stripper. The
reboiler gas strips the methane component and
results liquid acid gas in the bottom of stripper.
The vapor leaving of the stripper flows into the
proprietary developed device/chamber. Unlike
any conventional fractionation, the emerging
technologies employ the solidification of CO2.
Thus, great separation can be achieved in the
solidification chamber(Valencia, Denton et al.
 << 45 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

2014). In this stage, carbon dioxide can be reduced
significantly. Further refinement may be required
especially when H2S is present in the stream. In
the downstream of the solidification separation,
the gas is further refined in a rectifier. The rectifier
utilizes cold reflux stream generated by ethylene
refrigeration cooling, produces the lean gas
predominantly methane. A cascade propane-
ethylene is provided for overall process cooling in
this cryogenic separation.
In-house created process simulation defines
more detail evaluation of the three options using
configurations above. Standard Peng Robinson
equation of state (EOS) and specific EOS (acid
gas) are used in the simulation package. Capital
cost is also evaluated using integration features
of simulation package and capital cost software.
We set the comparison envelope limited to sour
gas processing and acid gas injection, as shown in
each block diagrams.
Table 2 summarizes the material balance of
the options resulted in the process simulations.
The three options seem likely to produce treated
gas less than 1% CO2 and 4ppm H2S. Option 3
produces less treated gas than others, means
greater hydrocarbon losses. In option 3, it is true
that some amount of hydrocarbons exist in the
injection stream, particularly C2+ components
(NGL). In the cryogenic fractionation, separating
CO2 from CH4 will remove the NGL components
as well. The additional NGL recovery upstream
of cryogenic fraction may reduce the losses but
implies extra capital cost. Option 1 and 2 show
better hydrocarbon losses to the injection stream
than option 3.
Some parameters used in the process
simulations are given in Table 3. The MEG and
TEG dehydration unit are used in option 1 and 2.
A higher level dehydration is needed for option 3
using molecular sieve. The solvent flow rate and
concentration specifications are selected in order
to meet required amount of acid gas pick up. The
refrigeration flow rates are adjusted depended
upon the necessary cooling duties. Option 1 and
2 provide propane refrigeration for cooling the gas
in the dew point control unit. Meanwhile, option
3 utilizes cascade propane-ethylene refrigeration
for inlet and fractionation cooling. Table 3 also
provides utilities requirement for each options.
The utility duty defines the amount of fuel gas to

Treated Gas Acid Gas Injection

Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 1 Option 2 Option 3
Flow (MMSCFD) 109.7 108.2 104.6 78.56 80.11 82.7
P (psig) 610 610 600 2000 2000 2000
o
T ( F) 105 105 110 302 304 63
Composition (% mol)
CO2 0.09 0.06 0.16 93.65 91.87 88.92
H2S 2.13 ppm 1.7 ppm 1.5 ppm 2.4 2.35 2.28
C1 94.3 94.6 99.26 2.48 3.84 2
C2 3.2 3.3 0 0.17 0.1 4.39
C3 1 1.1 0 0.07 0.05 1.46
C4+ 0.86 0.94 0 1.16 0.97 0.89
Mercaptans 0 0 0 0.07 0.07 0.06
N2 0.55 0 0.58 0 0.75 0

Table 2— Material balance of the three options

JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 46

Option 1 Option 2 Option 3

Solvent + Refrigerant
- Chemical used MEG+TEG MEG+TEG Molecular sieve

MDEA + Sulfo- MDEA + Sulfolane

lane
- Refrigerant type Propane Propane Propane + Ethylene
- Solvent concentration (%-mass) 51 51 -
- Solvent circulation rate (USGPM) 11402 3578 -
- Solvent loading 0.41 0.41 -
Energy requirement
- Cooling/heating utility(kw) 152298 49483 1631
- Pump/compressor duty (kw) 49379 28614 29556

Table 3— Simulation parameters

drive the processes. It can be inferred that option

1 has the highest energy requirement. Addition of
membrane unit upstream of the solvent process
reduces the energy input quite drastically as
shown in option 2. On the other hand, option 3
provides the least energy requirement. Very little
utility requirement is employed in option 3 which
is used mainly in the condensate stabilization unit
and compression cooling.
Figure 4 depicts hydrocarbon shrinkage in the
process systems. It is calculated by summation of
hydrocarbon losses, fuel gas required for utility Figure 4—Hydrocarbon shrinkage (in energy basis)
and power generation in percentage of energy
basis relative to the inlet gas. Option 1 has the least
hydrocarbon losses, but requires greater energy
for utility and power consumption. Membrane
combined in option 2 shows increase amount of
losses but insignificant compared to reduction of
energy inputs. The highest hydrocarbon losses
is occurred in option 3, but it requires the lowest
energy inputs. Totally, option 3 has the least
energy requirement followed by option 2.
Comparative cost estimates shows cost
reduction achieved in option 2 and option 3,
both capital and operating cost as revealed in the
Figure 5.Estimated around 14% and 29% capital
cost optimization is achieved for option 2 and Figure 5—Comparative capital and yearly operating cost

option 3, respectively, relative to option 1 as base
case. In addition, operating cost saving up to 44%,
and 59% is estimated in option 2 and option 3,
correspondingly.
V. Conclusion
In this work, qualitative screening and
quantitative comparison on sour gas processing
aiming for acid gas sequestration were carried
out. High level screening results the solvents
and membrane process technology best suited
the feed gas characteristic. In addition, current
novel development of cryogenic separation
process is included as the emerging technology.
According to the process simulation results, the
three options shown above are capable to process
the feed gas to the required specification. A
combined membrane process and solvent process
provides greater advantages, offers lower energy
requirement, capital, and operating cost. Both
membrane and solvent process are already proven
in the field, so less doubt for such application. The
emerging cryogenic separation option provides
much better optimization. It shows further
reduction in energy input, capital, and operating
cost. However, this kind of technologies are not
well-known in the field. Further qualification may
be required to ensure the technology is working
properly for such condition in intended period
of time. Nonetheless, the emerging technology
provides greater advantages in this case and has
a chance for the implementation, especially when
acid injection is preferred.
VI. References
- Bergel, M. and I. Tiarno (2009). Sweetening
Technologies - A look at the Whole Picture.
24th World Gas Conf. Argentina: 1-17.
- Burgers, W. F. J., P. S. Northrop, H. S. Kheshgi
and J. A. Valencia (2011). “Worldwide
<< 47 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
development potential for sour gas.” Energy
Procedia4: 2178-2184.
- Hart, A. and N. Gnanendran (2009). “Cryogenic
CO2 capture in natural gas.” Energy
Procedia1(1): 697-706.
- Maddox, R. N. and J. M. Campbell (2008). Gas
Conditioning and Processing, Volume 4: Gas
and Liquid Sweetening, Campbell Petroleum
Series.
- Valencia, J. A., R. D. Denton, P. S. Northrop, C. J.
Mart and R. K. Smith (2014). Controlled Freeze
Zone Technology for the Commercialisation
of Australian High CO2 Natural Gas. SPE Asia
Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition.
Adelaide, SPE: 1-11.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Rendra Bayu
Haristyawan is an pro-
fessional engineer at PT
Pertamina, Upstream
Directorate. He grad-
uated with honor in
his Bachelor degree at
Chemical Engineering
department, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB)
in 2008, and finished his Master of Engineering
degree in Chemical Engineering at Texas A&M
University in 2015.
He has experience in various upstream proj-
ects, more specific as process engineer in the
concept development and engineering. He has
also been involved in the upstream business de-
velopment projects as technical team in acquir-
ing new blocks or assets.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 48
CENTRALIZED INTEGRATED
VENDOR DATABASE (CIVD)
Team Redaksi Jurnal IAFMI
I. LATAR BELAKANG
Centralized Integrated Vendor Database (CIVD)
merupakan media sentralisasi database rekanan
KKKS terintegrasi berbasis jaringan. Database ini
berfungsi untuk penilaian kualifikasi administrasi
vendor secara terpusat dan terintegrasi sehingga
pelaksanaan pengadaan dapat lebih efisien sesuai
Pedoman Tata Kerja (PTK) 007 Revisi 03 dan atau
revisi lainnya dari waktu ke waktu.
Ide awal CIVD muncul sejak tanggal 4 Agustus
2010 dimana pada saat itu disepakati suatu
rencana kerja sama pengembangan database
rekanan secara terpusat dan terintegrasi dengan
ketentuan berupa:
1. Membuat suatu kerja sama berkenaan dengan
proses dan kontrak bersama terkait dengan
pengembangan, perawatan, dan operasional
untuk perangkat lunak dan perangkat keras
teknologi informasi yang berhubungan dengan
CIVD.
2. Untuk sentralisasi proses kualifikasi standard
yang dilakukan secara online dan terintegrasi
antar para pihak untuk menyeragamkan
penilaian persyaratan kualifikasi administrasi
yang dilakukan secara online antar para pihak.
3. Proses administrasi kualifikasi akan dilakukan
di salah satu pihak di mana database hasil
kualifikasi tersebut dapat dipergunakan oleh
para pihak.
5. SPDA akan dikeluarkan oleh masing-masing
pihak secara online di dalam sistem CIVD.
6. Dalam memperoleh dan mendayagunakan
barang/jasa yang dibutuhkan secara efektif dan
efisien serta dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
sesuai ketentuan dan prosedur yang berlaku.
Lahirnya CIVD ini sejalan dengan semangat
perubahan yang dibawa oleh Divisi Pengelolaan
Rantai Suplai (PRS) SKK MIGAS, yaitu:
1. Simplifikasi proses pengadaan barang dan
jasa di lingkungan industri hulu Minyak Bumi
dan Gas melalui revisi PTK-007. Saat ini, PTK-
007 Rev.4 sedang dalam penyusunan dan akan
dikeluarkan dalam waktu dekat.
2. Menjalankan perubahan tata kelola rantai
suplai dalam mendukung usaha eksplorasi dan
eksploitasi Minyak Bumi dan Gas Indonesia.
3. Memastikan proses pengadaan barang dan jasa
yang transparan dan jelas akuntabilitasnya,
sehingga dapat meminimalisir terjadinya
praktek-praktek KKN.
4. Mendukung keterlibatan vendor, kontraktor dan
konsultan lokal dengan tujuan meningkatkan
kapasitas nasional yang berkesinambungan
dalam setiap usaha eksplorasi dan eksploitasi
Migas.
Rencana tersebut kemudian ditindaklanjuti
dengan penandatanganan Nota Kesepahaman
antara SKK Migas dengan 14 Kontraktor Kontrak

Kerja Sama (KKKS) pada tanggal 29 Mei 2013
dan menunjuk PT Medco E&P Indonesia sebagai
pelaksana pengadaan perangkat lunak dan
perangkat keras teknologi informasi serta jasa
perawatan dan pengoperasian CIVD sesuai
ketentuan PTK 007.
Keempat belas KKKS tersebut adalah:
1. JOB PT Bumi Siak Pusako – Pertamina Hulu
2. CNOOC SES Ltd.
3. Conoco Phillips Indonesia
4. EMP Malacca Strait S.A.
5. JOB Pertamina – Talisman (Ogan Komering)
Ltd.
6. JOB Pertamian – Jambi Merang
7. Kangean Energy Indonesia Ltd.
8. Pertamina Hulu Energy ONWJ
9. Petrochina International Jabung Ltd.
10. Premier Oil Natuna Sea B.V.
11. PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia
12. PT Medco E&P Indonesia
13. PT Pertamina EP
14. Star Energy (Kakap) Ltd.
CIVD diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat
baik bagi KKKS ataupun penyedia barang/jasa
sebagai berikut:
1. Bagi KKKS
a. Percepatan proses penilaian kualifikasi
administrasi melalui SPDA.
b. Memperoleh informasi vendor
kompeten.
2. Bagi Penyedia Barang/Jasa
a. Terdaftar di KKKS anggota CIVD secara
otomatis.
<< 49 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
b. Memperoleh informasi tender di KKKS
anggota CIVD.
II. IMPLEMENTASI
CIVD mulai dioperasikan pada tanggal 26
Februari 2016. Vendor, kontraktor, dan konsultan
yang mendaftar melalui CIVD akan diverifikasi
oleh tim pengadaan CIVD dan setelah dinyatakan
memenuhi persyaratan administrasi dapat
memperoleh SPDA (Surat Pengganti Data
Administrasi). SPDA ini kemudian dapat digunakan
oleh penyedia barang/jasa untuk mengikuti
proses pengadaan di seluruh KKKS anggota CIVD.
Penyedia barang/jasa yang sudah memiliki SPDA
dicatat di dalam Daftar Penyedia Mampu (DPM) di
masing-masing KKKS anggota CIVD sehingga tidak
perlu lagi mengikuti proses administrasi di KKKS
lain.
Penyedia barang/jasa dapat memperoleh
SPDA apabila memenuhi persayaratan berikut:
1. Mengisi formulir pendaftaran.
2. Mengunggah persyaratan administrasi umum
ke dalam sistem CIVD, berupa:
a. Akte pendirian perusahaan dan akte
perubahan terakhir, dilengkapi SK
Kehakiman (bagi PT) atau pengesahan
anggaran dasar koperasi oleh Dirjen Bina
Lembaga Koperasi (bagi koperasi).
b. Surat Izin Usaha yang sesuai dengan
kegiatan usaha dan dikeluarkan oleh
instansi yang berwenang diantaranya: SIUP,
SIUP Jasa Konsultasi, SIUPAL, SIOPSUS, IUT,
SIUJK, STP, surat ijin dari instansi terkait
dan SKT Migas untuk golongan usaha besar.
yang
c. Surat keterangan domisili.
d. NPWP/PKP.
e. Bukti pembayaran pajak perusahaan.
i. PPh 29 (SPT Tahunan): tahun
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 50
sebelumnya
ii. PPh 25, 21, atau 23 dan PPN; minimal 1
bulan pada tahun sebelumnya
f. Jika dalam salah satu dokumen surat izin
usaha tidak tercantum golongan usaha,
maka rekanan wajib mengunggah neraca
dan laporan rugi-laba tahun terakhir.
g. Dokumen pendukung untuk data
kompetensi, data pengalaman perusahaan,
dan rekening bank.
3. Verifikasi dan penelitian atas kebenaran data.
4. KKKS melakukan verifikasi dan penelitian
atas kebenaran data persyaratan administrasi
perusahaan penyedia barang/jasa,
berdasarkan data yang disampaikan oleh
penyedia barang/jasa.
5. KKKS berhak meminta penyedia barang/jasa
untuk memperlihatkan dokumen asli.
6. Apabila dalam hal hasil verifikasi dan penelitian
Gambar 1 : Business Flow CIVD
ditemukan dan terbukti ada ketidak benaran
data, maka KKKS akan memberikan sanksi
sesuai dengan PTK 007 (dan perubahannya).
7. Masa berlaku SPDA berdasarkan pada masa
berlaku yang paling cepat berakhir dari
dokumen-dokumen di bawah ini:
a. Surat keterangan domisili.
b. PPh badan 29, PPh 25, PPh 21 atau 23 dan
PPN.
c. Semua jenis izin usaha.
Enam bulan sejak CIVD beroperasi, tepatnya
pada tanggal 8 Agustus 2016 Kepala SKK Migas
mengeluarkan surat edaran berisi:
1. Bagi KKKS anggota CIVD wajib menggunakan
daftar penyedia barang/jasa yang telah
tercantum di dalam CIVD dan bagi penyedia
barang/jasa yang belum memiliki SPDA
tidak dapat diikutsertakan dalam proses
pendaftaran pengadaan barang/jasa di KKKS
 << 51 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

tersebut. Ketentuan ini mulai berlaku sejak 15 selanjutnya dalam pengembangan penggunaan
Agustus 2016. CIVD guna terus mendorong efisiensi dan
standardisasi penilaian dalam proses pengadaan.
2. Bagi KKKS Eksploitasi yang belum bergabung
Di antaranya adalah penyeragaman faktor
menjadi anggota CIVD wajib menerapkan
penilaian kualifikasi HSE dan penggunaan alat
program CIVD selambat-lambatnya 1 Januari
kerja utama.
2017.
Informasi lebih lengkap mengenai CIVD dapat
Sampai dengan bulan Januari 2017, terdapat
diperoleh dengan mengakses website https://
tambahan sebanyak 19 KKKS Eksploitasi yang
www.civd-migas.com/.
bergabung menjadi anggota CIVD. Ditargetkan
sampai dengan akhir kuartal pertama, seluruh
KKKS Eksploitasi telah menjadi anggota.
Divisi Pengelolaan Rantai Suplai (PRS)
SKK MIGAS saat ini tengah menjajaki langkah

Gambar 2 : Contoh SPDA

JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 52

MEMAHAMI KOROSI
DAN MANAJEMEN
PENGENDALIANNYA
Edi Marwanto S- Industrial Thermal Insulation, PT. Rockwool South East Asia, Jakarta,
Amrullah A. Azis (ii) - TBA

I. PENDAHULUAN material, mengindikasikan kerugian dari sisi

harga material karena korosi dinyatakan dalam
Korosi atau secara umum dikenal sebagai
cost rating.
perkaratan terjadi sebagai akibat interaksi
antara material dengan lingkungannya yang Cost Rating = C x ℮ / ῥd
menyebabkan kerusakan dan penurunan kualitas C = Cost per unit mass, USD / kg
material tersebut (Sunarya, 2012). Istilah korosi
paling identik dan mudah diamati pada material ℮ = Density, kg/m3
yang berasal dari logam, yang paling umum ῥd = Desain tegangan, N/mm2
adalah besi (Fe).
Nilai C, ℮ dan ῥd bervariasi tegantung jenis logam,
Para ahli mendefinisikan korosi secara spesifik sehingga cost rating juga berbeda.
sebagai peristiwa reaksi kimia (elektrokimia)
Data kerugian korosi Sektor Produksi &
Dimana logam (misal besi Fe) mengalami oksidasi
Industri Manufaktur total (USD 17.6 milyar)
karena kehadiran oksigen di udara. Hasil proses
reaksi menghasilkan senyawa oksida besi Fe2O3.
X H2O. Senyawa kompleks ini adalah rumus kimia
besi karat (Brady & Humiston, 1990).
Kerugian yang diakibatkan karena korosi
sangat besar, Data Statistik di Amerika tahun 2002
melaporkan kerusakan akibat korosi diperkirakan
USD 276 milyar per tahun, untuk keseluruhan
sektor termasuk infrastruktur, otomotif dll.
Sumber dari Jurnal Riset yang dirilis oleh
National Assosiation of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) (Sumber: National Association of Corrosion
untuk beberapa sektor industri yang diteliti, Engineers NACE, Corrosion cost & preventive
kerugian akibat dari korosi mencapai sekitar USD strategies)
17.6 milyar per tahun.
 Fasilitas eksplorasi dan produksi migas (USD
Coulson (1976) memaparkan kalkulasi harga 1.4 milyar);

 Petroleum refining (USD 3.7 milyar);
 Pertambangan (USD 0.1 milyar);
 Industri kimia, petrokimia dan farmasi (USD
1.7 milyar);
 Pulp and paper (USD 6.0 milyar);
 Pertanian (USD 1.1 milyar);
 Industri pengolahan makanan (USD 2.1
milyar);
 Industri peralatan rumah tangga (USD 1.5
milyar).
II. MENGENAL ELEMEN DASAR KOROSI
Ada beberapa elemen dasar yang perlu kita
ketahui mengenai syarat proses terjadinya
perkaratan / korosi akibat proses elektrokimia
pada suatu material metal (besi Fe sebagai
contoh) sebagai berikut:
• Anodik: adalah elektroda negatif, area
yang mengalami reaksi oksidasi, ion besi
mengalami kenaikan bilangan oksidasi. Pada
area anodik terjadi pelarutan atom-atom
besi Fe disertai dengan pelepasan elektron
membentuk ion Fe2+ yang larut dalam air.
Keberadaan air bisa jadi berasal dari uap air di
udara dsb.
Reaksi anode sebagai berikt:
Fe2+(s) Fe2+ + 2e-
• Katodik: adalah elektrode positif, area yang
mengalami reaksi reduksi, gas oksigen di
udara mengalami reaksi reduksi. Oksigen
bereaksi dengan uap air dan menerima
elektron yang dilepas pada reaksi anodik.
Reaksi di katodik sebagai berikut :
O2 (g) + 2H2O(g) + 2e- 4OH-(aq)
<< 53 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
Keberadaan ion Fe2+, yang larut dalam air
bergerak menuju daerah katodik. Reaksinya
sebagai berikut:
Fe2+ (aq ) + 4OH- (aq) Fe(OH)2 (s).
Masih didaerah katodik, Fe(OH)2 yang
terbentukmengalami di oksidasi lanjut oleh
Oksigen membentuk Senyawa karat. Reaksi
sebagai berikut:
2Fe(OH)2 (s) + O2 (g) Fe2O3 .n H2O(s)
( senyawa karat )
• Elektrolit adalah suatu zat yang larut atau
terurai dalam bentuk ion-ion dan selanjutnya
larutan menjadi konduktor elektrik, ion-ion
merupakan atom-atom yang bermuatan
listrik. Elektrolit bisa berupa air, asam, basa
ataupun senyawa kimia lainnya.
• Penghantar / metalic path: Penghantar
merupakan media penghubung antara anodik
– Katodik serta elektrolit. Jika tidak ada
penghantar maka korosi tidak akan terjadi.
Pada prinsipnya pengendalian korosi adalah
memutus mata rantai anodik – katodik –
elektrolit dan penghantar, bila salah satu
elemen tidak ada, maka proses korosi akan
terkendali.
III. KOROSI DALAM LINGKUNGAN MIGAS
Masalah korosi dilingkungan indutri migas, baik
di hulu maupun hilir serta industri pada umumnya
adalah masalah serius karena kerusakan fasilitas,
peralatan dan komponen pendukung yang
menyebabkan kerugian yang besar. Sayangnya
sampai saat ini penulis belum menemukan data
yang kongkrit kerugian akibat korosi di Indonesia,
berapa besarnya kerugian yang diakibatkan
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 54

laju korosi. Bisa kita bandingkan dari data di

Amerika, tentunya Indonesia mengalami masalah
yang sama, bahkan bisa lebih besar karena
secara Geografis Wilayah Indonesia merupakan
daerah Iklim tropis basah yang berarti memiliki
kelembaban udara yang relatif tinggi, rata-
rata diatas 90%. Selain faktor lingkungan alam,
kerusakan yang diakibat korosi bisa dikarenakan
faktor teknis berupa faktor pengetahuan dan
metode pencegahan / penanggulangan korosi
yang tidak tepat. Faktor non teknis berupa niat,
kepedulian yang rendah maupun anggaran yang
terbatas untuk melakukan tindakan pencegahan
korosi.

IV. DAMPAK KOROSI

Dalam industri Migas, dampak yang
ditimbulkan korosi bisa berupa kerugian secara
langsung dan tidak langsung. Dampak kerugian
langsung yang dialami misalnya berupa kerusakan
karena korosi pada peralatan, permesinan atau
struktur fasilitas produksi migas, tangki, valve, Gambar 1 - Ilustrasi kerusakan akibat korosi
pada fasilitas produksi migas
heat exchanger (HE) dan sebagainya. Kebocoran
Karena begitu banyaknya jenis korosi, dalam
pada jaringan pemipaan atau tangki menyebabkan
tulisan tahap pertama ini hnaya akan memaparkan
kerugian minyak mentah ataupun bahan bakar.
beberapa jenis korosi dan penanggulangannya.
Akumulasi karat pada HE menyebabkan efisiensi
perpindahan panas turun dan seterusnya. Akibat
secara tidak langsung dapat berupa terjadinya V. MENGENAL BENTUK – BENTUK
kecelakaan kerja yang menimbulkan korban jiwa KOROSI DAN PENGENDALIANNYA
dan kebocoran karena korosi bisa menyebabkan
1. Korosi Merata (Uniform Corrosion), yaitu
kebakaran, dampak lebih fatal adalah proses
korosi yang terjadi pada permukaan logam,
produksi berhenti yang berakibat kerugian
karena logam mengalami pengikisan secara
ekonomi yang lebih besar.
merata sehingga dimensi ketebalan berkurang
Pengetahuan dan pemahaman terhadap sebagai akibat permukaan terkonversi
korosi sangat penting bagi semua pihak yang menjadi produk karat. Biasanya terjadi pada
terlibat langsung dalam proses produksi dan peralatan-peralatan yang terpapar langsung
pemeliharaan unit-unit fasilitas produksi Migas. oleh lingkungan atmosper. Misal: permukaan
Hal ini sangat berguna dalam hal perencanaan tangki, pipa bagian luar. Pengendaliannya bisa
awal saat engineering design, pemeliharaan dengan: proteksi katodik, pemilihan Inhibitor
untuk pencegahan dan tindakan penanggulangan untuk mengurangi laju korosi dan aplikasi
korosi. protective coating: rust bullet dll.

Gambar 2 - Ilustrasi korosi merata
Karena korosinya bersifat uniform pada seluruh
bagian logam, maka laju korosi (corrosion rate)
bisa dihitung dengan persamaan:
CR (mpy) = K w / t A ῥ
CR (mmpy) = Corrosion rate, mm per year.
Besarnya laju penetrasi korosi
dalam mmpy.
w = massa yang hilang dalam
waktu t (gr,kg)
K = Konstanta
t = Waktu (exsposure time), jJam
A = Luas permukaan, m2
ῥ = Density logam, gr /m3
2. Korosi Galvanik (Galvanic Corrosion) yaitu
korosi yang terjadi akibat hubungan antara
dua logam yang kontak dalam lingkungan
korosif dan terdapat perbedaan beda
Gambar 3 - Ilustrasi korosi galvanik
<< 55 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
potensial yang menimbulkan tegangan listrik.
Salah satu logam akan mengalami korosi,
sementara logam laiannya akan terlindung
dari korosi. Logam yang memiliki beda
potensial lebih rendah akan mengalami korosi,
logam yang memiliki beda potensial lebih
tinggi tidak mengalami korosi. Logam yang
petensialnya lebih rendah berfungsi sebagai
Anodik, maka disebut sebagai anode korban
(sacrifice anode). Pengendaliannya dengan:
Isolasi, Coating Protection dan menghindari
pemakaian bersama logam yang berbeda jenis
atau memilih jenis logam dengan deret volta
sedekat mungkin.
3. Korosi Sumuran (Pitting Corrosion) adalah korosi
lokal yang terjadi pada permukaan yang terbuka
akibat pecahnya lapisan pasif. Terjadinya korosi
sumuran ini diawalii dengan pembentukan
lapisan pasif dipermukaan, pada antar muka
lapaisan pasif dan elektrolit terjadi penurunan
pH, sehingga lapisan pasif larut secara perlahan-
lahan, sampai akhirnya pecah. Korosi sumur
ini sangat berbahaya karena areanya kecil
(spot) membentuk sumur.Pengendalian korosi
dengan: pemilihan protective coating, desain
permukaan material diperhalus, inhibitor dan
sedapat mungkin meletakkan material dengan
posisi vertikal untuk mengurangi genangan air
pada pemukaan logam.
Gambar 4 - Bentuk Korosi sumuran
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 56

5. Korosi retak tegang (Stress Corrosion Cracking

– SCC), korosi retak tegang/fatigue dan korosi
akibat akibat pengaruh hidrogen (corrosion
induced hydrogen) adalah bentuk korosi
dimana material logam mengalami keretakan
akibat pengaruh lingkungannya. Korosi retak
tegang terjadi pada paduan logam yang
mengalami tegangan tarik statis dilingkungan
tertentu, seperti: Baja tahan karat sangat
rentan terhadap lingkungan klorida panas,
tembaga (Cu) rentan di larutan amonia
Gambar 5: Berbagai profile korosi sumuran
(NH3), baja karbon rentan terhadap larutan
4. Korosi celah (Crevice Corrosion), yaitu korosi asam nitrat (HNO3). Sedangkan korosi akibat
lokal yang terjadi pada celah diantara dua pengaruh hidrogen terjadi karena proses difusi
komponen. Mekanisme terjadinya korosi hidrogen kedalam kisi paduan.
ini diawali dengan terjadinya korosi merata
(uniform) diluar dan didalam celah, sehingga
terjadi reaksi oksidasi pada logam, dan
reduksi pada oksigen. O2 didalam celah habis,
sedangkan O2 di luar celah masih banyak
akibatnya permukaan logam yang terhubung
dengan bagian luar menjadi katodik, dan
permukaan logam yang didalam celah menjadi
Anodik. Pengendalian korosinya dengan: Untuk
peralatan baru bisa memakai butt joint dengan
pengelasan, tutup celah sambungan dengan
pengelasan menerus, jaga kebersihan daerah
sambungan atau celah, hindari pemakaian
packing yang higroskopis.

Gambar 6 - Ilustrasi korosi celah Gambar 7 - Korosi retak tegang pada baja karbon
rendahdan profile crack–nya

6. Korosi Mikroba (Microbially Induced Corrosion
- MIC), adalah korosi yang disebabkan oleh
aktivitas jasad renik mikroba atau bakteri.
Korosi jenis ini banyak terjadi di area struktur
seperti jetty, pelabuhan atau bagian fasilitas
produksi migas di offshore drilling facility yang
bersentuhan langsung dengan air. Bagian
Struktur yang dekat/bersentuhan dengan
air terdapat area yang disebut sebagai tidal
zone atau area pasang surut permukaan
air, dimana area tidal zone ini sangat besar
korosinya, merupakan wilayah yang kaya
oksigen dan juga merupakan area yang sangat
subur bagi pertumbuhan dan metabolisme
bakteri. Bakteri hidup membentuk koloni-
koloni menempel dipermukaan metal, hasil
metabolisme bakteri membentuk acetic acid
yang sangat korosif pada area koloni, maka
90% korosi akibat dari MIC adalah type korosi
sumuran (pitting corrosion). Pengendaliannya
dengan: untuk pemeliharaan memakai under
water protective coating, misal : Alocit, Hempel
dan lain-lain.
Gambar 8 : Ilustrasi tidal zone, area MIC
7. Korosi Bawah Insulasi ( Corrosion Under
Insulation – CUI )
Korosi di bawah permukaan insulasi terjadi
pada permukaan eksternal suatu material
yang terbungkus oleh Insulasi. Pada kasus CUI
umumnya ada 2 type korosi yang sering terjadi:
- Korosi Sumuran (Pitting Corrosion) untuk
material carbon steel, terjadi karena air
<< 57 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
menembus serta berkumpul didalam
insulasi, bereaksi dengan oksigen yang
terdapat dibawah insulasi. Air dan oksigen
menjadi penggerak utama korosi sumuran
dibawah insulasi.
- Korosi Retak Tegang (Stress Corrosion
Cracking) untuk material baja karbon
rendah (stainless steel). Tejadi karena
kehadiran chloride yang terlarut dalam air
yang meresap dalam insulasi, pada saat
yang sama kondisi operasi alat sekitar -50C
– +200oC, dalam pengalaman dilapangan
pada range ini diatas merupakan
criticaltemperature terjadinya proses CUI.
Pencegahan korosi CUI bisa dilakukan dengan
beberapa strategi:
- Disain, perencanaan struktur dan insulasi
yang tepat.
- Pemilihan material insulasi, spesifikasi
material mengacu pada: chloride content <
10 mg/kg (ASTM C871), moisture absorption
< 1% weight (ASTM 1104), water absorption <
1kg/m3 (EN1609) e.g: Rocwool ProRox.
- Pemilihan jenis protective coating (ISO
12944), inert polymeric resin CUI grade, e.g:
Sherwin.
- Pemeliharaan dan Inspeksi secara periodik
pada area-area insulasi.
Gambar 9: Rockwool ProRox technical insulation
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 58
Gambar 10: Ilustrasi CUI pada pipa.
CUI adalah jenis korosi yang unik dan
menjadi masalah luas dalam berbagai
macam industri. Segala macam proses
Industri yang didalamnya melibatkan
panas hampir pasti juga melibatkan
Insulasi. Insulasi diperlukan untuk
berbagai macam tujuan diantaranya:
untuk menjaga stabilitas temperature,
menekan heat loss, peredam suara bising
(noise barrier) dan juga untuk fire safety.
Karena begitu kompleknya mengenai
masalah korosi dibawah insulasi CUI ini,
akan dibahas secara khusus pada tulisan
tersendiri di kesempatan lain.
VI. KESIMPULAN
Korosi tidak dapat dihentikan karena
merupakan fenomena alam, tetapi korosi
dapat dikendalikan.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Arthur A.Tracton (2006), Coatings Technology
Handbook 3rd, CRC Press.
2. Brady and Humiston (1990), General Chemistry
4th edition, John Wiley & Son, New York
3. Hariyotejo Pujowidodo dan Bhakti Nuryadin
(2015), jurnal evaluasi kinerja insulasi dan
kerusakan CUI pipa distribusi uap unit Utility
Plant pengolahan minyak.
4. J.M Coulson and J.F.Richardson (1983), An
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Design,
6th edition, Pergamon Press
5. National Association of Corrosion Engineers
(NACE) (2002), Journal of Cost Corrosion and
preventive strategies.
6. National Association of Corrosion Engineers
(NACE) (2002), Corrosion Engineer reference
book, 3rd edition
7. Pierre R. Roberge (2000), Handbook of
Corrosion Engineering, Mc Graw-Hill, New York
8. Rockwool Technical Insulation (2015),
Corrosion Under Insulation
9. Yayan Sunarya (2012), Kimia Dasar 2, Yrama
Widya
TENTANG PENULIS
Edi Marwanto
memiliki pengalaman
lebih dari 8 (delapan)
tahun di dalam bidang
pencegahan korosi. Saat
ini beliau bekerja pada
PT. Rockwool South East
Asia di bagian Industrial Thermal Association.
Sebelumnya Edi Marwanto juga pernah bekerja
pada PT. National Energy Solutions di bidang
Protective and Marine Coating serta pada PT.
Jebsen & Jessen Chemicals Indonesia di bagian
Raw Material for Coating and Resin Products.
Edi menyelesaikan pendidikannya
sebagai Sarjana Teknik Kimia dari Universitas
Diponegoro Semarang, serta menamatkan
program pasca sarjana dari Universitas Budi
Luhur di bidang Manajemen Pemasaran.
 << 59 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

THE ROLE OF 3D CFD

SIMULATION IN
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
AND ExPLOSION RISK
ASSESSMENT
Muhammad Zulkiflii), Mochamad Safarudin i), Teguh Cahyono i), Kees van Wingerden ii)
i) Gexcon Indonesia, 18 Office Park, Jl. TB. Simatupang Kav. 18, Jakarta, Indonesia
ii) Gexcon AS, Fantoftvegen 38, NO-5072 Bergen , Norway

I. INTRODUCTION be estimated using simplified method such as TNT

In the oil and gas industry, stake holders
have been dealing with safety issues during the
design engineering phase, during modifications
and during operation of a facility. These safety
issues include assessing major accidents in the
facility such as fire, explosion, and dispersion of
toxic gas to inhabited area, etc. Such events can
result in catastrophic consequences that lead
to casualties, property damage, and pollution.
Major accidents occurred in the past have given
knowledge and insights for developing guidelines
to improve safety. This is reflected in regulations
and standards (e.g. NORSOK [4], API [5, 6] etc.) of
which demand that already during the design
phase of a facility functional, health, and safety
requirements are assured including those related
to the risks of explosion and fire.
To achieve that a number of methods have
been developed to estimate the physical effect
of major accident events such as explosion. The
explosion overpressure in the far field area is can
equivalency methods [7], Multi Energy method [8] or
Baker-Strehlow-Tang method [9], etc. However, for
predicting explosion loads in the explosion region
and the near-field these methods are not capable.
Over simplification may render to conservative
results and overlook the chance to understand
how risks can be made acceptable.
In addition, these methods do not take into
account the interaction of the flow and actual
geometry during the explosion event. This flow
phenomena can be modelled in 3D Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in which all governing
equations of flow, energy, momentum, mass
and thermal are solved numerically using power
of computers. The interaction of the flow and
actual geometry during the explosion creates
turbulence enhancing combustion rates and
resulting in an increase of explosion overpressure.
Accurate prediction of explosion overpressure
in the area directly affected by the explosion is
important in order to evaluate whether damage
to nearby equipment would lead to escalation.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 60

Figure 1 illustrate the comparison between a TNT-

equivalency method, the Multi-energy method
(for various initial explosion strengths) and CFD
(FLACS [10]) for an idealised geometry.
Where in the past, the cost of use of CFD
was high due to the price of high performance
computers the advancement of computer
technology in recent years has made the costs
of high performance computers become more
affordable making the implementation of 3D CFD
for safety studies sensible.

Figure 2 - 3D flow visualisation of flammable

gas dispersion simulation results using FLACS

Figure 3 - 3D flow visualisation of overpressure of explosion

simulation results using FLACS

Figure 1 - Comparison of overpressure vs. distance

between simple methods and FLACS simulations [3]

3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

can be used to simulate dispersion, fire and
explosion phenomena. The physical effects of
these phenomena such as overpressure loading,
radiation heat load, and gas concentration can be
predicted directly. This important information can
be used for consideration in safety assessment
Figure 4 - 3D flow visualisation of fire simulation results
studies. Figure 2 to Figure 4 shows the visualization using FLACS

Figure 5 - FLACS simulation results submitted prior to
BFETS full-scale test 24 [11], flame (top) and pressure
contours (lower) at time of maximum pressure. Predicted
pressure curve compared with test result
(left versus right) [1].
of 3D CFD simulation results using FLACS for
various applications such as dispersion, fire and
explosion.
It is important to note, that sometimes the user
needs to make assumptions and simplifications
of the problem in modelling dispersion, fire
or explosion using CFD software. Despite the
advanced features of the validated CFD software,
modelling mistakes or errors can lead to
unreliable, unrealistic, under predicted or over
predicted results. Therefore, it is highly important
to conduct the CFD simulation and analysis by
users who fully understand the phenomena
simulated and have experience in CFD modelling.
This will ensure that simulations are done in an as
realistic way as possible.
FLACS is a CFD software used for consequence
<< 61 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
modelling such as dispersion, fire and explosion.
FLACS has become an industry standard and is
the required tool in several oil and gas companies
for their explosion hazard assessments. It is
developed by Gexcon AS, a company owned by
Christian Michelsen Research (CMR) Norway.
The development of FLACS was funded by major
oil and gas companies during a number joint
industrial projects.
II. QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT
USING 3D CFD
Oil and gas processing plants consist of
complex processing equipment, piping, vessels,
facilities, structures and etc. Equipment containing
flammable materials have the potential to cause
an accidental release of flammable gas or liquid to
the atmosphere. When such an unfortunate event
occurs, the released flammable material could be
accidentally ignited and result in a fire or explosion.
Moreover, this initial fire or explosion event could
cause escalation as the impact due to the first
explosion impairs other equipment, vessels or
piping containing flammable material. Therefore,
mitigation of such a situation should be considered
during the early phase of engineering design.
Preventive design and maintenance could
minimize the probability and consequence of an
accident. A quantitative risk analysis should be
performed in order to arrive at reasonable and
practicable mitigation measures or emergency
actions. Water deluge, blast walls, and venting
are some options of mitigation measures that
could reduce the explosion impact. To assess and
design the mitigation measures, the potential
explosion impact should be investigated in the
corresponding area of concern.
The use of CFD simulations and Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) are becoming more popular to be
used for predicting the explosion load equipment,
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 62

structures, or piping can be exposed to as well as on the Norwegian continental shelf. However,
their structural response. For the latter the output the methodology is not exclusively used only for
of strains, stresses and deformations are observed Norwegian oil and gas, but it has been used for
to see how these structures responded to the other oil and gas facilities around the world as
explosion loading. well.
Figure 6 shows a procedure of quantitative
explosion risk assessment using CFD and Finite
Element Analysis. The procedure is probabilistic
estimating the frequency of accidental explosion
events and their consequence. The consequence
is estimated using CFD and FEA simulations. Thus
the explosion risk can be assessed quantitatively.
The described way of performing probabilistic
explosion risk assessments is in accordance with
the guidelines given in NORSOK Z-013, Annex G
[4]
. NORSOK is applied for gas and oil installations Figure 7 - Example of FLACS 3D geometry model of an
onshore oil & gas processing facility

Since the flammable gas cloud formed

from gas released is strongly influenced by
its interaction with the wind flow pattern in
the facility, an assessment of the ventilation
conditions prevailing in the facility is required.
The purpose of ventilation simulation is to assess
the actual ventilation conditions inside the facility
and determine representative wind conditions use
for dispersion simulations.

Figure 6 - The procedure for quantitative explosion risk

Figure 8 - Wind directions frequency distribution [3]
assessment and management(left versus right) [1].

Figure 9 - ACH exceedance curve of an offshore platform
Figure 10 - Wind flow pattern and velocity
visualisation in FLACS
After the ventilation analysis are carried
out and the representative wind speeds and
directions are determined, dispersion simulations
can be performed. The purpose is to establish
representative gas clouds that might be generated
for various wind and release conditions. To
present the simulation results, the frozen cloud
assumption a method developed to estimate
gas cloud volume by interpolation of available
simulated result is used [4]. Figure 11 shows an
Figure 11 - Maximum and average flammable
gas cloud volumes for various leak rates
<< 63 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
example of maximum and average gas flammable
cloud volumes for various leak rates.
The dispersion simulations give information
regarding the various flammable gas cloud
volumes that are likely generated for various
wind and release conditions. The volumes are
then categorized into several classes to define
the gas cloud sizes that will be investigated in the
explosion simulations. Parameters that are varied
and investigated during the explosion simulations
are ignition locations (centre and edge ignition)
and gas cloud locations. The monitor points for
measuring the overpressure are also defined at
this stage. The maximum and average explosion
loads, drag, pressure impulse and drag impulse
are the variables that normally are recorded on
every monitor points in explosion simulations.
The explosion loads are then extracted
and combined with the calculated explosion
probability to form an exceedance curve for each
target. An exceedance curve is the main outcome
of the probabilistic explosion risk analysis. Figure
12 shows explosion load exceedance curves for a
particular target viz. a fire wall. The graph shows
the relationship between the overpressure a fire
wall in an offshore platform is exposed to with
its corresponding explosion probability per year.
In this particular graph, there are six exceedance
curves that show various mitigation scenarios of
actual water deluge activation time after high gas
alarm. This type of analysis is called a sensitivity
study where one parameter is varied to observe
and compare its effect on the result.
For design consideration, explosion
-4 -5
overpressures at 10 and 10 per year are often used
as the minimum value for design against explosion
overpressures. These probability values are then
considered as the limit of significant probability. It
is not practicable to design the facility to withstand
the highest conceivable explosion load that could
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 64

Z
Floor,
plated deck
Y

X
Figure 12 - Example of exceedance curves for a fire wall in
an offshore platform with different water deluge
activation times.
Figure 13 - Geometry of a FPSO module

occur. In this way the design is balance between

the probability of explosion overpressures and the
provision of barriers sufficient to withstand the
explosion loads.
Structural response due to explosion is
an important aspect to be considered in risk
assessment and engineering design. It will help
evaluating the physical effects occurring to the
structure and the equipment during the explosion
that might get damaged: the dynamic loads during
the explosion transferred to the structure that
might result in excessive deformation, vibration,
torsional moment or even structural failure. By Figure 14 - Visualization of explosion simulation results
showing explosion flame and the max overpressure exerted
using CFD simulation, the dynamic loads from to the structure of FPSO module
explosion can be represented in more realistic
way than other simplified method mentioned
earlier. Figure 15 shows the dynamics pressure
loads on the floor deck of a FPSO module shown in
Figure 13 and Figure 14 extracted from explosion
simulations using FLACS.

III. STRUCTURAL RESPONSE

TO EXPLOSION LOAD
Major catastrophes from gas explosion can
result in large dynamic loads, greater than the Figure 15 - Explosion overpressure load on the module
floor deck
original design loads for the piping, equipment
 << 65 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

and structure. Due to the catastrophic effects of the

explosion loads, efforts have been made during
past decades to develop methods of structural
analysis and design to resist the explosion/blast
loads. The analysis and design of structures
subjected to blast loads require the understanding
of blast phenomena and dynamic response of the
various components of the structures. 
The structural response of the building
structures can be determined by solving
equation of motions involving mass and stiffness
characteristics of the structural elements. In the Figure 16 - Figure 16 - Single Degree of Freedom Response
of a single story structure
early design stage, a single degree of freedom
structural response analysis is adequate to obtain
structural deflections and stresses caused by
blast loads as depicted in Figure 3.16. However,
in the detail design stage, more comprehensive
approach involving multi degree of freedom
response analysis should be performed. Finite
Element Method can be used as numerical analysis
tool to solve the equation of motions of multi
degree of freedom response. In addition, material
non linearity of the structural components and
structural connections can be modelled using this
method.  Figure 3.16 illustrates stress contour as
a result of commercial Finite Element simulation
About the Authors
software of blast load subjected to a stiffened
wall structure. A risk-based structural response to
explosion loads by coupling CFD (FLACS) to Non-
Figure 17 - Stress contour of a stiffened wall structure
linear Finite Element Analysis software (IMPETUS subjected to blast load
Afea) had been carried out by Salaun, Nicolas et.al
[13]
.
IV. SUMMARY
installations than if only simplified methods are
3D CFD simulations as a consequence modelling applied to predict the consequences. The insight
tool in a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) one obtains with such analyses is beneficial in risk
setting can provide more details of the physical evaluation and decision making processes for risk
effects that can occur during dispersion, fire reduction measures.
and explosion events. Coupled with a structural
response analysis, such an analysis gives a One major factor that simplified methods for
much better basis for design of petrochemical prediction of explosion overpressures is lacking is
the modelling of the actual geometry in which the
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 66

events unfold. The interaction of wind, flammable

his Engineer degree in Mechanical Engineering
clouds and combustion and the geometry can
from Institute of Technology Bandung and a
only be modelled using CFD resulting in realistic
Master degree in Mechanical System from the
loads. Realistic loads are important for a structural
same institution. He is responsible for using CFD
response analysis especially with the loads
in explosion risk analysis and F&G mapping/
changing in time. Over simplified load profiles
optimization, structural response to explosion
may result in considerable conservatism in the
and fire using analytical method as well as
design of safety critical elements and facilities.
Finite Element Method. He also has published
many international papers and journals about
structural analysis, light weight material and
dynamics of structure.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS Teguh Cahyono has lead

projects analysing the
Muhammad Zulkifli is a
consequences of flammable
full time risk engineer
and toxic emissions, fire
with 4 years’ experience
and explosion for offshore
in explosion and fire risk
facilities including fixed
assessment for oil and gas
platforms, FPSOs and FLNGs
facilities. Involved in handful
and on-shore plants worldwide. He completed
of projects covering explosion
Bachelor Degree in Aerospace Engineering at the
modelling, accident investigation, explosion
Institut Teknologi Bandung. After working for
risk assessment, fire modelling, fire and gas
several companies including on the job training
detection system mapping & optimization for
in the Orbital Sciences Corporation in the USA,
facilities located in Asia, Australia and Middle
he attended Master Degree in Mechanical
East. Currently working as engineer consultant
Engineering at the University of Hannover and
in GexCon Indonesia since 2013. Earned bachelor
has involved in the research activities focusing
degree in Aeronautics & Astronautics from
on the use of numerical modelling (CFD and
Institut Teknologi Bandung and a master degree
FEM) to solve engineering problem during post
in mechatronics from American University of
graduate program in the same university.
Sharjah, United Arab Emirate.
Dr. Kees van Wingerden
Mochamad Safarudin is
has 38 years of experience
Safety and Risk Engineer at
related to gas and dust
PT. Gexcon Indonesia who has
explosions. Work performed
experience in CFD and FEA
comprises R&D, consultancy
analysis of safety in oil and
work, project, company
gas as well as petrochemical
management and sales and standardisation. He
facilities. He has more than 20 years of
has also been involved in numerous accident
experience in structural analysis in aerospace
investigations.
industry and oil and gas industry. He obtained
 << 67 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

REFERENCES Burst, BLEVE and Flash Fire Hazards 2nd Edition,

CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety)
1. J.R. Bakke and O.R. Hansen, GexCon AS, Norway.
8. Van den Berg, A.C. (1985). The Multi-Energy Method
(2003). Probabilistic analysis of gas explosion loads.
- a framework for vapour cloud explosion blast
FABIG Newsletter, Issue No. 34.
prediction, J.of Hazardous Materials, 12, 1-10
2. Limited, U. O. (2003). Fire and explosion guidance.
9. M.J. Tang, Q.A. Baker (2000) Comparison of blast
Part 1: Avoidance and mitigation of explosions -
curves from vapor cloud explosions, Journal of Loss
ISSUE 1. UK Offshore Operators Association.
Prevention in the Process Industries 13, 433–438
3. P. Hoorelbeke; J.R. Bakke, J. Renoult, R.W. Brewerton;
10. Arntzen, B. J. (1998) Modelling of turbulence
C. Izatt, (2006). Vapor cloud explosion analysis of
and combustion for simulation of gas explosions
onshore petrochemical facilities. 7th Professional
in complex geometries, Dr. Ing. Thesis, NTNU,
Development Conference & Exhibition. Kingdom
Trondheim, Norway
of Bahrain: American Society of Safety Engineers –
Middle East Chapter (161). 11 Selby, C., Burgan, B. Blast and fire engineering for
topside structures, Phase 2, Final summary report,
4. The Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF)
Steel Construction Institute, UK, Publication number
and The Federation of Norwegian Industry. (2010,
253, 1998
October). NORSOK STANDARD - Z-013, Risk and
emergency preparedness assessment. Edition 3. 12 NORSOK standard S-001, Technical safety. Edition 4,
February 2008
5. RP 752: Management of Hazards Associated with
Location of Process Plant Permanent Buildings, API 13. Salaun, Nicolas et.al, Risk-based Structural Response
against Explosion Blast Loads: Systematic One-
6. RP 753: Management of Hazards Associated with
to-one CFD (FLACS) /NLFEA (Impetus Afea Solver)
Location of Process Plant Portable Buildings, API
Coupling to Derive Quantified Response Exceedance,
7. Guidelines for Vapor Cloud Explosion, Pressure Vessel
Chemical Engineering Transactions, Vol 48, 2016
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 68

STUDI SPESIFIKASI
PEMBONGKARAN
ANJUNGAN LEPAS
PANTAI INDONESIA
Sari Amelia, S.Si. i), MM., Faisal D. Purnawarman, ST., MT. ii), Prof. Ir. Ricky Tawekal iii).
Staf Redaksi, Jurnal IAFMI
Offshore Structure Engineer, Mubadala Petroleum
Dosen, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB)

ABSTRAK
Sesuai data SKKMigas, 335 atau 54.65% anjungan lepas pantai di Indonesia telah habis masa
akhir produksi dan diperkirakan akan dibongkar pada periode 2010 – 2030. Di antara data terse-
but, 6 anjungan lepas pantai yang dioperasikan oleh Pertamina Hulu Energi Offshore North West
Java (PHE ONWJ) dan 7 instalasi lepas pantai di wilayah kerja Chevron Indonesia Company (CICo)
dibongkar pada periode 2016 – 2018. Sampai saat ini, praktek pembongkaran anjungan lepas
pantai menjadi polemik di masyarakat minyak dan gas bumi terutama mengenai aspek-aspek
spesifikasi yang dapat dijadikan acuan pelaksanaan. Makalah ini memaparkan hasil studi penu-
lis mengenai aspek spesifikasi pembongkaran anjungan lepas pantai di Indonesia yang dirang-
kum dari berbagai referensi dan pengalaman dalam melakukan studi kelayakan proyek pem-
bongkaran anjungan lepas pantai.
Kata kunci: anjungan lepas pantai, decommissioning, umbilikal

Gambar 1 – Umur Anjungan Lepas Pantai Indonesia (sumber: SKKMigas, 2016)
I. PENDAHULUAN
Sejumlah 335 atau 54.65% anjungan lepas pan-
tai di Indonesia telah habis masa akhir produksi
dan diperkirakan akan dibongkar pada periode
2010 – 2030. Sebagian besar anjungan di Indone-
sia memiliki struktur jaket 4 kaki dan berada pada
kedalaman 50 – 100 meter di bawah permukaan
laut. Anjungan-anjungan lepas pantai ini banyak
yang telah terpasang sejak tahun 1970.
II. DASAR HUKUM
Perangkat aturan terkait pembongkaran anjungan
lepas pantai merupakan tantangan baru bagi se-
bagian negara produsen minyak dan gas, terma-
suk Indonesia. Apek-aspek yang menjadi pertim-
bangan dalam mengambil dasar hukum terkait
pembongkaran anjungan lepas pantai adalah:
1. Kepemilikan dan pengelolaan aset
2. Kewajiban dan praktek pembongkaran anjun-
gan lepas pantai (decommissioning)
3. Analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan untuk
usulan kegiatan dan keterlibatan pemangku
kepentingan
<< 69 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
III.PEDOMAN TEKNIS
Berdasarkan kedalaman, terdapat 3 (tiga)
metode umum yang diterapkan dalam pembong-
karan anjungan lepas pantai, yaitu: total remov-
al, partial removal, dan toppling. Total removal
disarankan untuk fasilitas anjungan lepas pantai
dengan kedalaman di bawah 100 (seratus) meter.
Sedangkan partial removal dan toppling dapat di-
aplikasikan untuk fasilitas instalasi lepas pantai
dengan kedalaman > 100 meter.
Sebagian besar anjungan di Indonesia memili-
ki struktur jaket 4 kaki dan dipasang di kedalaman
50 – 100 meter di bawah permukaan laut, sehing-
ga pembongkaran dengan metode total removal
disarankan untuk dapat diaplikasikan.
PERMEN ESDM No. 01/2011 memuat pedoman
teknis mengenai pembongkaran anjungan lepas
pantai minyak dan gas bumi. Dalam Pasal 11, 12,
dan 13 disebutkan kewajiban-kewajiban kontrak-
tor dalam pelaksanaan pembongkaran. Kewa-
jiban-kewajiban tersebut selanjutnya diterjemah-
kan ke dalam bentuk tahapan pekerjaan (Work
Breakdown Structure/ WBS) pembongkaran insta-
lasi lepas pantai, berupa:
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 70

Tabel 1 – Daftar Regulasi Terkait Pem-

bongkaran Anjungan Lepas Pantai

Tabel 2 - Daftar Regulasi Terkait

Pembongkaran Anjungan Lepas
Pantai (lanjutan)

Tabel 3 - Daftar Regulasi Terkait Pembongkaran Anjungan Lepas Pantai (lanjutan)
• WBS 1: Survey dan pembersihan sebelum pem-
bongkaran
• WBS 2: Persiapan pembongkaran dan pem-
bongkaran conductor, spool, dan riser
• WBS 3: Pembongkaran fasilitas topside dan
jacket
• WBS 4: Pembongkaran pipa penyalur dan ka-
bel daya
• WBS 5: Survey pasca pembongkaran
Pada tahap survey dan pembersihan sebelum
pembongkaran (WBS 1), fasilitas yang diperiksa
dipastikan kondisinya tersimpan dengan benar
sehingga dapat dinilai apakah ada potensi untuk
perbaikan dan/atau penjualan kembali. Selama
survey juga dimungkinkan untuk melakukan per-
siapan pra pembongkaran berupa identifikasi dan
<< 71 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
penandaan lokasi material berbahaya (B3), identi-
fikasi area berbahaya bagi personel dan lingkun-
gan, serta pengumpulan referensi mengenai fasil-
itas anjungan yang akan dibongkar. Selama tahap
ini juga, inspeksi juga dilakukan terhadap jacket,
riser, conductor, spool-piece, pipa penyalur, dan
kabel daya. Pipa penyalur dan topside dibersihkan
untuk mendapatkan sertifikat bebas gas.
Persiapan yang diperlukan pada tahap persia-
pan pembongkaran dan pembongkaran konduk-
tor (WBS 2) antara lain: preparasi lifting, penco-
potan wellhead dan membuka akses ke conductor,
pencopotan spool, riser serta instalasi sling untuk
dukungan selama fase pencopotan jacket. Oper-
asi ini sebaiknya telah selesai dilakukan sebelum
crane vessel datang untuk meminimumkan biaya
standby.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 72

Untuk tahap pekerjaan pembongkaran fasil-

itas topside dan jacket (WBS 3), perlu ditentukan
jenis vessel pengangkut struktur hasil pembong-
karan sebelum pekerjaan dieksekusi. Penentuan
jenis vessel didasarkan pada pertimbangan: kapa-
sitas ideal crane, kapasitas muatan vessel, dan dai-
ly rate. Untuk mengoptimalkan biaya, crane yang
digunakan sebaiknya efisien untuk mengangkat
jacket dalam satu pengangkatan dan vessel yang
dipilih dapat menampung seluruh hasil pembong-
karan dengan biaya mobilisasi minimum.
Pedoman teknis menyebutkan bahwa pipa
Gambar 3 – Contoh Dek dan Jaket yang telah
penyalur pada pekerjaan pembongkaran pipa Dibongkar (sumber: TSB Offshore)
penyalur dan kabel daya (WBS 4) dipotong di atas
titik riser bend dan pada jarak 3 (tiga) meter dari Dalam pekerjaan survey pasca pembongkaran
dasar kaki anjungan. Pipa penyalur yang akan (WBS 5), kebersihan dasar laut dari sisa pekerjaan
dipindahkan dipotong menjadi bagian-bagian pembongkaran diverifikasi menggunakan side
sepanjang 9 (sembilan) hingga 12 (dua belas) scan sonar system dan/atau test trawling. Pem-
meter. Sedangkan pipa penyalur yang ditinggal- bersihan dilakukan untuk memastikan bahwa
kan disumbat dan ujungnya dipendam sedalam 1 dasar laut aman untuk pengguna laut lain dalam
(satu) meter atau dilindungi dengan material pen- radius 500 (lima ratus) meter dari anjungan lepas
gaman. pantai.
Detail penjadwalan WBS dapat dilihat pada
tabel di bawah ini. WBS ini dibatasi pada asumsi
kondisi anjungan lepas pantai dengan kriteria 4
kaki dengan tiang pancang, 1 riser, 4 conductor,
dan 1 pipa penyalur sepanjang 10 km.

IV. SIMPULAN
Dari hasil studi dapat ditarik beberapa gambaran
mengenai spesifikasi pembongkaran fasilitas in-
stalasi lepas pantai di Indonesia, yaitu:
1. Dasar hukum yang berkaitan dengan pem-
bongkaran anjungan lepas pantai di Indonesia
cukup tersedia untuk dijadikan acuan dalam
melakukan penilaian kriteria yang berlaku,
mungkin berlaku, atau tidak berlaku sesuai
dengan kondisi lapangan dan anjungan lepas
Gambar 2 –Metode Pembongkaran Fasilitas pantai yang akan dibongkar.
Anjungan Lepas pantai
 << 73 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

Gambar 4 – Pemuatan Pipa Penyalur yang telah Dipotong ke Vessel Pengangkut

2. Mayoritas anjungan lepas pantai Indonesia SKK Migas. Pedoman Tata Kerja. www.skkmigas.
berada pada kedalaman < 100 (seratus) meter go.id.
di bawah permukaan laut sehingga pembong-
SKK Migas. The Challenges of Oil and Gas Platform
karan dengan metode total removal disarank-
Decommissioning in Indonesia. The 3rd IndoDecom
an untuk diaplikasikan.
Conference, 2016
3. Terdapat 5 (lima) tahapan pekerjaan (WBS)
utama dalam proyek pembongkaran fasilitas vI. TENTANG PENULIS
instalasi lepas pantai di Indonesia, yaitu: sur- Faisal Purnawarman
vey dan pembersihan sebelum pembongkaran, sudah bekerja dengan
persiapan pembongkaran dan pembongkaran pengalaman 5+ tahun
konduktor, pembongkaran fasilitas topside di bidang struktur dan
dan jaket, pembongkaran pipa penyalur dan integritas aset lepas
kabel daya, serta survey pasca pembongkaran. pantai. Faisal memperoleh
gelar sarjana Teknik
Kelautan dan gelar master Teknik Lepas
V. DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Pantai dari Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB).
Desrina, R. Chairil Anwar and Tri Muji Susantoro. Faisal sudah pernah terlibat dalam riset,
Environmental Impacts of the Oil and Gas Platform seminar, pelatihan, dan proyek seputar
Decommissioning. Indonesia Research and Devel- pembongkaran anjungan lepas pantai pada
opment Centre for Oil and Gas Technology (Lemi- aspek teknis, perencanaan, dan metode
gas), Jakarta. 2013 yang dapat diaplikasikan di Indonesia.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 74

Tabel 4 – Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Pekerjaan Pembongkaran Anjungan Lepas Pantai
 << 75 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

INSTALLATION METHOD OF
REINFORCED THERMOPLASTIC
PIPE IN SHALLOW WATER;
LESSON LEARNED FROM ESRA
– ESA PIPELINE REPLACEMENT
PROJECT
Edim Toto Sinulingga, Aditya Pratama, dan Januar Murdani i)
i) PT. Pertamina Hulu Energi Offshore North West Java

ABSTRACT
ESRA is one of the well platforms in a marginal gas field operated by PT Pertamina Hulu Energi
Offshore North West Java (PHE ONWJ). Its production had been flowed to ESA platform through
a 6.3 km 8 inch carbon steel subsea Main Gas Line (MGL) since 2002. However, the respective
subsea pipeline stopped operating in 2015 because of the occurrence of several leaks along the
line due to inner wall pipe corrosion affected by high CO2 content from one of the wells. The
existing carbon steel pipeline was therefore decided to be replaced and in response, a study on
the replacement scheme took placerespectively. The study concluded that the flexible pipe of
Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe (RTP) type was the selected option, to replace the existing carbon
steel pipe in order to maintain production from marginal field with high CO2 content.
RTP installation is unprecedented in ONJW field. The engineering study for its installation
assurance was therefore a top priority of which study was conducted by EPCI Contractor
collaborating with RTP provider representative.A critical aspectof the RTP installation anticipated
during the study was the RTP’son-bottom stability during and post installation since unlike un-
bonded flexible pipe, a bare RTP is very light and not designed to be self-submerged in the water.
Additional mean to keep the RTP pipe submerged during and post installation is required and
needs to be designed and implemented towards the RTPso as to ensure the RTP pipe can be
installed and operated safely.
The installation of RTP in this project was conducted by a conventional Pipe Lay Barge (PLB).
Thus, some arrangements and modification needed to be made on the PLB main deck to enable
the production line of the RTP constructed. The production line designedby EPCI contractor was
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 76

eventually proven to install the RTP pipe. Moreover, it was evident thatcommon method used to
install carbon steel pipe and unbonded flexible pipe can be also implemented for RTP installation.
However, issue in pipe abandonment and RTP final installation at downstream platform was
encountered and needed different technical approach to have it resolved.
The installation method of the RTP pipe in this project is made as lesson learned for future
reference of the same application. In addition,the completion of the RTP pipe installation from
ESRA-ESA has introduced a competitive optionagainst conventional carbon steel pipe one for
ONWJ in replacing aging pipeline in marginal field especially to that of high CO2 content.

I. INTRODUCTION sheet and can allow traces of gases such as CH4,

CO2, H2S, and H2O1. The specification of the RTP
ONWJ field is located in Offshore North West
obtained in this project is shown in Table-1.
Java, Indonesia. ESRA and ESA are part of ON-
WJ’s 223 platforms which have
been operated for more than 30
years.Subsea Pipeline Main Gas
Line (MGL) ESRA-ESA 8”- 6.3 km
had been operated since 2002. In
June 2015, several leaks occurred
along the respective subsea pipe-
line which eventually made the
subsea pipeline stop operating.
It has been known that one of
ESRA wells produced CO2 and
the CO2 level flowing to the sub-
sea pipeline became increasing
in 2015 since the respective well
had had its choke opening wider
for production purpose1.During
appraisal stage, 6 inch diameter
of Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe
(RTP) was the selected option to
replace the leaking carbon steel
pipe based on technical and com-
mercial consideration.The rein-
forced thermoplastic plastic pipe
assessed is a flexible pipe for shal-
low water consisting of polyeth-
ylene (PE) internal liner, annular
ring steel strip armor, and PE outer Table-1. RTP specification (courtesy of Flexsteel)

As can be seen from its Specific Gravity property
in Table-1, the RTP is very light and not designed
to be self-submerged in the water. Additional
mean to keep the RTP pipe submerged during
and post installation is also required and need to
be designed and implemented towards the RTP
so as to ensure the RTP pipe can be installed and
operated safely.
The RTP procured was 6.8 km in length, thus
providing 500 meter length for spare. The 6.8
meter was broken down into 9 coiled packages for
shipping purposeand each coil package was of 650
- 800 meter long. Each RTP package later would be
connected between one to another by a mean of
mid line connection during offshore installation
(Figure-1).
Figure -1 Mid Line Connection and End Fittings (Courtesy of Flexsteel)
II. INSTALLATION ENGINEERING
The EPCI Contractor conducted installation
engineering whose scope covered RTP on-bottom
stability and offshore installation method.The on-
bottom stability analysis was performed based on
DNV-RP-F109. As mentioned previously, one of the
critical issues on the RTP’s on- bottom stability
is its inability to be self-submerged in the water
<< 77 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
which consequently requires additional mean
of weighting. There have been three weighting
methods which have been used successfully,
i.e. attaching concrete weight blocks at regular
intervals, piggybacking a steel wire cable parallel
to the RTP and covering the RTP with concrete
mattress2. In this project, the weighting method
was the concrete block oneat regular interval
along the RTP length, as modeled in Figure 2.
From engineering analysis, the weighting
required for on bottom stability is 233 kg of dry
weight and space interval between one weighting
to another is 10 meter. The weighting was made
from reinforced concrete and was designed to
be attached to the RTP by clamping mechanism
(Figure 3).
Figure -2 RTP model for On Bottom Stability Analysis
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 78

Figure -3 Concrete Weight Design

Installation engineering concluded that the

RTP installed with concrete weight arrangement
as per design satisfied the stability requirement
in accordance with DNV RP F109.The RTP was
planned to be laid from ESRA to ESA platform and
both platform ESRA and ESA would have J-Tube
structure as a mean to help erect the RTP from
seabed up to the platform

III.PRE-OFFSHORE INSTALLATION WORK Figure -4 RTP coiled package

As mentioned previously, the procured 6.8

km long RTP was broken down and packed into
9 coiled packages and each package has the RTP
coiled by the mean of tensioning strap (Figure 4).
The coiled RTP needs to be released and
recoiled into a steel reel in advance before
offshore installation could take place. In contrary
to one of RTP benefits for being able to be
supplied on long coils thus allowing a simple and
very fast installation 2, the whole 9 coil packages
of 6.8 km RTP were not joined and recoiled into a
single big reel.In this project, each coiled package
was recoiled into a single but smaller dedicated
installation reelbecause the PLB itself has limited
capacity to carry bigger installation reel. In
consequence, 9 steel reels should be required.
Later, each reel would be able to function as a
single installation reelwhich is ableto be rotated
in order to pay out the RTP during offshore
installation.The joining between one coil package
to another is therefore conducted on the PLB deck
during laying operation.
 << 79 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

The transfer operation from coiled RTP into installation reel. After the recoiling completes,
an installation reel took place on flat top barge the RTP is then secured and locked to the
deck of which barge was alongside at public installation reel. At the end of the process, there
jetty.Followings are sequential steps for recoiling should be 9 reels with coiled RTP. However in
operation: this project, there were only 8 installation reels
available for recoiling operation in onshore.
The 9th recoiling was later conducted in
1. RTP coil package installation to Coil Transfer offshore after one of available installation reels
Machine (CTM) completely paying out the RTP to the water.
Normal lifting operation is applicable for
handling RTP coil. However, a special lifting
gear, i.e. a structural steelin the shape of half
cut cylinder, shall be used to lift the coil so as
to avoid excessive deformation on the RTP of
which could occur should common sling/belt
be used instead.The RTP coil shall be lifted and
fitted into a Coil Transfer Machine (CTM). CTM,
as in Figure 5 below, is a custom made tool
which is used to hold the RTP coil temporarily
before the RTP coil is pulled or paid out to the
installation reel. The CTM itself is able to be
freely rotated from pulling force for paying out
purpose.

Figure-5 RTP lifting gear and CTM

2. Recoiling Operation
The tip of the RTP coil at CTM is connected to
the installation reel with rigging gears. A reel
hub drive powered the installation reel to start
rotatingwhich therefore pull the RTP out of
CTM. As the CTM is able to be freely rotated, the
RTP coil is then paid out and recoiled into the
Figure 6 Recoiling operation on flat top barge deck and
final RTP coil in Reel
IV. OFFSHORE INSTALLATION WORK
The marine spread used to install the RTP
in this project was a Pipe Lay Barge (PLB), i.e.
a construction barge which is normally used to
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 80

Figure 7 - RTP construction line on PLB deck

install carbon steel pipe. The reason of using PLB

instead of vessel was because the RTP installation
in this project was part of pipeline replacement
campaign of which also included other three
carbon steel pipeline replacement works. In
consequence, the PLB needed to have her deck
arrangement compatible for a RTP production line
to be constructed (Figure 7).
As shown in Figure 7, the RTP construction
line on the PLB deck consisted of installation reel
station, mid Line connection station, tensioner
station and over-boarding chute.
The installation reel station consisted of
reel hub drive which can support a retractable
installation reel. The retractable installation reel
would be coming from the 8 reels which already
had the sectional RTP coiled in each of them. After
a reel mounted onto a reel hub drive, the RTP
was then paid out to pass through subsequent
stations. As soon as one reel had its coil completely
paid out,the respective reel was taken out of the
hub drive and replaced with the new subsequent
Figure 8 Station 1 and Station 2

reel. The former RTP was then connected with the
latter one from the new reel by mid line connection
fitting in the second station (Figure 8).
As the PLB moved forward, the RTP was paid
out through the next station of tensioner.When
the marked section of the RTP at which concrete
weight would be installed arrived at concrete
weight installation station, PLB would then stop
moving. The concrete weight installation to the
RTP took place subsequently which was done by
construction crews (Figure 9). The concrete weight
station was equipped with alight overhead crane
which functioned to lift and handle the concrete
weight. Afterwards, the PLB moved again to have
the RTP continue paid out and passed through
over-boarding chute station and the RTP went
down to the water before the PLB stopped again
for the next concrete weight installation. The
whole cycle would repeat continuously until the
PLB arrived at the downstream platform.
Figure 8 Tensioner and Concrete Weight Installation Station
<< 81 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
The subsea RTP installation methodology
in this project was approached with common
industry standard in installing subsea carbon steel
pipeline and unbounded flexible pipe, providing
that respective method, based on engineering
calculation,will not harm the RTP integrity during
installation.The subsea installation plan of the RTP
started with J-Tube installation at both platforms
ESRA and ESA. The J-Tube installation method was
similar to common riser installation. Afterwards,
RTP initiation was conducted from ESRA platform.
The initiation method was typical to that specified
in API 17B for Unbonded Flexible Pipe Installation
(Figure 10).
Figure 10 - RTP Initiation
After initiation completed, the PLB assumes
RTP normal laying, whose method is the same
as the J-laying method. RTP was full with water
during normal laying to help its stability during
installation. As soon as PLB arrived at ESA
platform, the RTP was laid down on the seabed
before the RTP was pulled throughout J-Tube for
its final erection to ESA platform.
Normal hydrotest post installation would be
conducted towards the RTP. After the hdyrotest,
the RTP needed to be dewatered and swabbed by
bi-di pig and had N2 purging applied.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 82
V. OFFSHORE INSTALLATION OUTCOME
The RTP initiation using the planned method
was successful and followed by RTP normal
laying. However, a site decision was made to
not immediately laying the RTP in full speed
after initiation completed. This was meant as a
conservative approach by site management to
avoid the RTP experience excessive load which
could break the RTP off. The method was to have
the tensioner paid out the RTP slowlyto the water
in the first place, thus providing sufficient RTP
slack on the seabed and followed by slow barge
moving forward. The objective of this method was
to allow as many concrete weight laidas possible
before full speed laying can start. Increasing
number of concrete weight laidshould slowly
increase the system weight, hence should prevent
the RTP from excessive force. This approach needs
further engineering study in the future to validate
its case
After 500 meter radius from the first initiation
point, the RTP full speed laying commenced.The
RTP laying was completed 2 days ahead than plan.
One of the major contributors was the efficiency
of concrete weight installation station in installing
the concrete weight to the RTP that each concrete
weight installation could be done in 70 seconds.
Problem was encountered during RTP abandon
and final riser installation at ESA platform. The
original plan was to abandon the RTP on the
seabed andsubsequently to have it aligned with
the J Tube bellmouth orientation by a single
subsea lifting prior to pullingit through the J-Tube
up to the ESA platform.However, the plan did not
work as expected. The RTP could not move closer
to the bell mouth and eventually had itself buckled.
The RTP was then retrieved back to the barge for
further sectional cut and replacement with a new
section. The resolution made to solve the issue
was to keep the RTP section laid on the seabed
and rotate the J-Tube bell mouth orientation to
the same direction as the RTP’s. The installation
with this method was finally successful.This case is
another example of the RTP installation limitation
due to its maximum allowable axial load capacity,
that although the pipe’s submerged weight is very
low and static load is small, dynamic movement
may lead to high axial forces of which beyond RTP
capacity2.
The whole RTP precommissioning works were
also done successfully and finally had the RTP
ready for production
VI. CONCLUSION
The Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe (RTP) is
technically feasible to be installed in shallow
water. To achieve the objective, a Pipelay Barge
(PLB) or any other accommodation work barge
can be utilized providing the respective barge
deck can accommodate the RTP production line
to be constructed. Common industry method to
install carbon steel pipe or unbonded flexible pipe
is also applicable for RTP installation however
it shall be acknowledged that RTP has more
installation limitations compared to carbon steel
pipe or unbonded flexible pipe.
Concrete weighting in regular interval for RTP
on bottom stability offer benefits in the term of
construction and installation simplicity. However
it has a drawback in the sense that it makes
RTP remain vulnerable towards axial load from
installation dynamic movement which can go
beyond its capacity. In that case, if installation
condition suggests that axial loads may become
too high, it is suggested to look at and exercise
the other option, i.e. pig back a steel wire tension
relief cable on the RTP that shall provide sufficient
submerged weight simultaneously2.
 << 83 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

VII. REFERENCES
1
Yananto, H., et al, “Conceptual Design for
Maintaining Production of High CO2 Gas in Aditya Pratama
Marginal Field Offshore by Using a Thermoplastic is Project Engineer
Pipe”, SPE Paper No. SPE-182208182208-MS, 2016 for Pipeline Repair &
2 Replacement Project
Dalmolen, L.G.P., et al, “Offshore Applications
(PRRP) at Pertamina Hulu
of Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe (RTP)”, paper
Energi North West Java
presented at the 4th Asian Conference and Exhibi-
(PHE ONWJ). Began his
tion, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2009
career since 2012 and handle three projects
American Petroleum Institute, “Recommend- afterwards. He received his master degree
ed Practice for Flexible Pipe”, API Recommended (M.T.) from Institut Teknologi Bandung
Practice 17B, Third Edition, 2002 directly after finish his bachelor degree (S.T.)
American Petroleum Institute, “Spoolable Re- from Civil Engineering at Institut Teknologi
inforced Plastic Line Pipe”, API Recommended Bandung.
Practice 15S, Second Edition, 2016

Januar Adi Murdani

AUTHORS worked for PHE ONWJ as
Project Engineer since
2012 part of Pipeline
Edim Toto Sinulingga Repair and Replacement
is currently Project Project (PRRP) Team,
Leader at Pertamina Hulu have more than 8 years
Energi-Offshore North experience on Offshore pipeline engineering
West Java (PHE ONWJ) and construction. He graduated in 2007
who is in charge for from Sepuluh Nopember Institute of
annual Pipeline Repair Technology (ITS) Surabaya Majoring in
Replacement Project. Previously, he was Offshore Engineering.
Subsea Engineering Lead at the same
company running the Subsea Inspection
Maintenance and Repair Program. He
began his career in Oil and Gas Industry
in 2002 at J Ray McDermott Batam Yard as
Production Engineer. Edim completed his
Bachelor Degree in Ocean Engineering from
ITB in 2002 and received his MSc. Degree
in Construction Management from The
University of Birmingham UK in 2005.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 84

ANALISIS
PERBANDINGAN STRUKTUR
BRACED MONOPOD
DAN TRIPOD JACKET
Ricky Lukman Tawekal i), Bintang Wiratama Hendarko ii)
i) Kelompok Keahlian Teknik Lepas Pantai, Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jalan Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, E-mail: ricky@ocean.itb.ac.id
ii) Program Studi Sarjana Teknik Kelautan, Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jalan Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, E-mail:bintangwh@gmail.com

ABSTRAK
Aspek keselamatan dan aspek ekonomi menjadi isu paling penting dalam industri minyak
bumi dan gas saat ini. Oleh karena itu dalam prosesnya tidak hanya dibutuhkan struktur
yang kuat tetapi juga struktur dengan tingkat efisiensi yang tinggi terutama untuk marginal
field. Hingga saat ini struktur fixed platform tipe jacket masih menjadi pilihan utama sebagai
salah satu fasilitas penting dalam kegiatan eksploitasi minyak bumi dan gas di lepas pantai.
Dalam studi kasus ini akan dilakukan pemodelan serta analisa struktur untuk 2 jenis offshore
fixed platform berbeda yaitu tipe braced monopod dan tipe tripod jacket. Analisa struktur yang
dilakukan meliputi analisa staticin-place, analisa seismic, dan analisa fatigue berdasarkan
standar API RP 2A WSD. Setelah struktur dinilai memenuhi kriteria desain ketiga analisa
tersebut, selanjutnya dilakukan analisa push-over untuk mengetahui kekuatan keseluruhan
struktur sampai collapse untuk mendapatkan nilai Reserve Strength Ratio (RSR). Dalam studi
kasus ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa untuk kondisi pembebanan yg sama struktur braced
monopod lebih efisien karena mempunyai berat total yg lebih ringan dari disain struktur
tripod jacket walaupun RSR pada braced monopod lebih bervarisai dibandingkan dengan
nilai RSR pada tripod jacket.

Kata Kunci: Analisa in-place, analisa seismic, analisa fatigue, analisa push-over, RSR
 << 85 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

I. PENDAHULUAN jenis analisa yang dilakukan yaitu analisa in-place,

Jenis struktur yang umum digunakan untuk analisa seismic, analisa fatigue dan analisa push-
kegiatan eksploitasi minyak bumi dan gas over. Tahap analisa yang pertama adalah analisa
khususnya di daerah lepas pantai adalah fixed in-place. Apabila hasil dari analisa inplace pada
platform tipe jacket. Dalam proses desain struktur telah memenuhi kriteria desain yang
struktur platform selain kemampuan struktur disyaratkan, dilanjutkan dengan tahap analisa
dalam menopang beban yang dikenainya, faktor seismic dan diikuti dengan tahap analisa fatigue.
ekonomi juga menjadi pertimbangan penting Setelah struktur dinilai telah memenuhi kriteria
sehingga dibutuhkan desain struktur dengan desain untuk ketiga analisa tersebut, barulah
tingkat efisiensi yang tinggi. Berdasarkan API dilakukan analisa push-over.
RP 2A[1]proses analisa yang wajib dilakukan III. PEMODELAN
dalam proses desain struktur paltform adalah
analisa inplace, seismic dan fatigue untuk a. Pemodelan Struktur
mengetahui kemampuan struktur menopang
Struktur braced monopod terdiri dari 1 buah
beban lingkungan (seastate), beban hidup,
caisson dengan diameter 56 inch sebagai struktur
beban mati, beban removal/reinstallation,
utama, dan 2 buah pile dengan diameter 36 inch
beban konstruksi dan beban gempa. Sedangkan
sebagai struktur tambahan yang menahan beban
untuk mengetahui ultimate strength struktur
lateral. Struktur tripod jacket terdiri dari jacket
dibutuhkan analisa push-over.Analisa push-over
3 kaki dengan 3 buah pile yang berdiameter 42
umumnya juga digunakan untuk menggambarkan
inch di dalamnya. Kedua jenis struktur dipasang
ketidakstabilan global pada jacket platform. Dari
pada kedalaman perairan 198 feet. Model struktur
hasil analisa push-over, akan dihasilkan nilai RSR
dapat dilihat pada gambar di bawah ini:
(Reserve Strength Ratio)[4] yang menjadi parameter
penting untuk menentukan platform integrity, Berikut adalah gambar tampak atas struktur
serta memperkirakan komponen paling kritis dari braced monopod dan tripod jacket.
seluruh sistem struktur untuk menjadi prioritas
inspeksi. Dalam studi kasus ini akan dilakukan
pemodelan 2 jenis struktur fixed platform yaitu
tipe braced monopod dan tipe tripod jacket untuk
mengetahui perbandingan hasil analisa push-over
dari kedua jenis struktur tersebut.

II. METHODOLOGY
Terdapat 4 tahap utama yang dilakukan dalam
studi kasus ini meliputi pengumpulan data desain
basis struktur, pemodelan struktur, pembebanan
struktur, dan analisa struktur. Setelah semua
data lingkungan dan data desain basis struktur
lengkap, mula mula struktur dimodelkan.
Kemudian dilakukan penyusunan pembebanan.
Penyusunan skenario kombinasi pembebanan
pada struktur yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan Gambar 1. Model Struktur
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 86

Model topside yang digunakan memiliki berat 1. Berat Sendiri Struktur

yang sama untuk kedua jenis struktur yaitu
Tabel 1 dan Tabel 2 menunjukkan berat sendiri
sebesar 161 kips dan memiliki 3 elevasi deck
struktur braced monopod dan tripod jacket.

Total Beban (kips)

Load
Deskripsi 1-Tahun Op- 100-Tahun
Case
erasi Badai
B e b a n
M a t i 1609.886 1609.886
1 Struktur
Buoyancy 600.34 620.491
Gambar 2. Tampak Atas Struktur Total 1009.55 989.395

Tabel 1. Berat Sendiri Struktur Braced Monopod

dengan framing deck yang sama, yaitu Main Deck
pada elevasi (+) 54.5 ft, Wellhead Deck pada elevasi Total Beban (kips)
Load
(+) 42.5 ft, dan Cellar Deck pada elevasi (+) 32.5 ft, Case
Deskripsi 1 Tahun 100 Tahun
serta satu buah Sub-Cellar Deck pada elevasi (+) Operasi Badai
20.5 ft. Beban Mati
3343.688 3343.688
1 Struktur
Pondasi kedua struktur berupa pile yang Buoyancy 1321.812 1342.095
ditanam hingga kedalaman 316 feet. Interaksi Total 2021.883 2001.593

Tabel 2. Berat Sendiri Struktur Tripod Jacket

Untuk beban sendiri struktur yang tidak

dimodelkan (non-generated) dicantumkan
dalam Tabel 3.

Gambar 3. Top-Side Model ( braced monopod

(kiri), tripod jacket (kanan))
Total
antara struktur dengan tanah yang diaplikasikan Load
Deskripsi Beban
ke dalam model fondasi struktur berupa gesekan Case
(kips)
tanah arah aksial dengan perpindahan (T-Z), Beban Mati Non-Generated -
end bearing pile dengan perpindahan (Q-Z), dan 21 25.171
Main Deck
gesekan tanah arah lateral dengan perpindahan Beban Mati Non-Generated -
22 8.391
(P-Y). Wellhead Deck
Beban Mati Non-Generated - Cel-
b. Pembebanan Model Struktur 23 23.186
lar Deck
Pembebanan yang diberikan pada model struktur Beban Mati Non-Generated -
24 8.400
Deck Stairs
terdiri dari:

Tabel 3. Beban Sendiri Struktur yang Tidak

Dimodelkan
 << 87 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

2. Beban Peralatan 5. Beban Work Over Rig (WOR)

Tabel 4 berikut menunjukkan beban peralatan Beban WOR tercantum dalam Tabel 7.
yang berada pada struktur. Total
Load
Deskripsi Beban
Case
(kips)
Total 401 Work Over Rig 01 - Beban Operasi 285.000
Load
Deskripsi Beban 402 Work Over Rig 02 - Beban Operasi 285.000
Case
(kips) 403 Work Over Rig 03 - Beban Operasi 285.000
111 Beban Peralatan - Main Deck 9.654 411 Work Over Rig 01 - Beban Mati 265.008
112 Beban Peralatan - Wellhead Deck 4.140 412 Work Over Rig 02 - Beban Mati 265.074
113 Beban Peralatan - Cellar Deck 86.489 413 Work Over Rig 03 - Beban Mati 265.074
Beban Peralatan - Sub Cellar Work Over Rig 01 - Beban Mati (100
114 2.480 415 293.003
Tahun)
Deck
Work Over Rig 02 - Beban Mati (100
416 293.001
Tahun)
Tabel 4. Beban Peralatan Struktur
Work Over Rig 03 - Beban Mati (100
417 293.001
Tahun)
3. Beban Perpipaan
Tabel 7. Beban Work Over Rig
Beban perpipaan yang berada pada strukur
tercantum dalam Tabel 5. 6. Beban Crane

Total Beban crane yang berada pada strukur

Load
Deskripsi Beban tercantum dalam Tabel 8.
Case
(kips)
201 Beban Perpipaan - Cellar Deck 11.991 Load Total
Deskripsi
Case Beban
Tabel 5. Beban Perpipaan 501 Beban Mati Crane 14.0Kips
502 Beban Operasi Crane 24.0Kips
4. Beban Hidup 705.0
503 Momen Operasi Crane Arah X
Kips.in
Beban hidup yang berada pada strukur
702.5
tercantum dalam Tabel 6. 504 Momen Operasi Crane Arah Y
Kips.in

Tabel 8. Beban Crane

Total
Load
Deskripsi Beban 7. Beban Angin
Case
(kips)
Beban Hidup - Main Deck (100 Beban angin yang diberikan pada struktur
301 69.423
psf) telah dihitung berdasarkan elevasi deck dan
Beban Hidup - Wellhead Deck besar proyeksi luas deck yang terkena gaya
302 13.152
(100 psf) angin. Kecepatan angin yang digunakan untuk
Beban Hidup - Cellar Deck (100 menghitung gaya angin adalah 48 mph pada
303 37.990
psf) kondisi operasi dan 73 mph pada kondisi badai
Tabel 6. Beban Hidup dalam arah X dan Y struktur, seperti pada
gambar berikut:
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 88

Kecepatan Arus
Operasi Badai
Persen Persen
Kecepa- Kecepatan
Kedalaman Kedala-
tan (ft/s) (ft/s)
(%) man (%)
0 3.5 0 4.5
10 3.3 10 4.2
20 3.1 20 3.9
30 2.9 30 3.2
Gambar 4. Gambar Proyeksi Area Beban Angin 40 2.7 40 3.6
50 2.4 50 3.3
Total Beban 60 2.2 60 2.9
Load (kips)
Deskripsi 70 2.0 70 2.6
Case
X Y 80 1.8 80 2.3
Beban Angin Arah X (1 90 1.5 90 2.0
601 7.840
Tahun)
100 0.8 100 0.8
Beban Angin Arah Y (1
602 7.600 Tabel 10. Data Kecepatan Arus
Tahun)
Beban Angin Arah X
611 18.120 a. Analisa In-Place
(100 Tahun)
Beban Angin Arah Y Analisa in-place dilakukan dengan memberikan
612 17.480
(100 Tahun) kombinasi pembebanan berdasarkan kondisi
Tabel 9. Beban Angin lingkungan di lokasi yang direncanakan.
Pembebanan dilakukan untuk kondisi operasi dan
8. Beban Gelombang dan Arus
badai. Terdapat 4 jenis kombinasi pembebanan
Input untuk perhitungan beban gelombang struktur saat kondisi operasi dan badai yang
dalam software yang digunakan meliputi tinggi dilakukan dalam analisa in-place. Berikut adalah
gelombang sebesar 17 ft dengan periode 7.2 kombinasi pembebanan struktur saat kondisi
s saat kondisi operasi dan tinggi gelombang operasi:
30 ft dengan periode 10 s saat kondisi badai. 1. Beban mati + beban hidup + beban mati dan
Parameter arus yang digunakan untuk operasi rig lokasi 1 + beban lingkungan kondisi
menghitung gaya yang diterima oleh struktur operasi 12 arah (Kombinasi Pembebanan 2001
tercantum pada Tabel 10. – 2012)
c. Analisa Struktur 2. Beban mati + beban hidup + beban mati dan
operasi rig lokasi 2 + beban lingkungan kondisi
Sebelum dilakukan analisa push-over, dalam
operasi 12 arah (Kombinasi Pembebanan 2101
proses desain platform terdapat 3 jenis analisa
– 2112)
yang harus dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah
desain struktur mampu menahan beban sesuai 3. Beban mati + beban hidup + beban mati dan
yang direncanakan serta memenuhi kriteria operasi rig lokasi 3 + beban lingkungan kondisi
desain struktur berdasarkan API RP 2A. Ketiga operasi 12 arah (Kombinasi Pembebanan 2201
analisa tersebut meliputi: – 2212)
 << 89 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

4. Beban mati + beban hidup + beban mati dan Deskripsi Kondisi DLE
operasi crane + beban lingkungan kondisi Base Shear Arah X (kips) 188.00
operasi 12 arah (Kombinasi Pembebanan 2301 Base Shear Arah Y (kips) 144.00
– 2312)
Overturning Moment Arah X
232000.00
(kips.in)
Sedangkan kombinasi pembebanan untuk kondisi
badai adalah sebagai berikut: Overturning Moment Arah Y
282000.00
(kips.in)
1. Beban mati + beban hidup + beban mati lokasi
Tabel 11 Base Shear Braced Monopod
1 + beban lingkungan kondisi operasi 12 arah
(Kombinasi Pembebanan 3001 – 3012) Description Kondisi DLE
2. Beban mati + beban hidup + beban mati lokasi Base Shear Arah X (kips) 405.00
2 + beban lingkungan kondisi operasi 12 arah Base Shear Arah Y (kips) 442.00
(Kombinasi Pembebanan 3101 – 3112) Overturning Moment Arah X
655000.00
(kips.in)
3. Beban mati + beban hidup + beban mati lokasi Overturning Moment Arah Y
600000.00
3 + beban lingkungan kondisi operasi 12 arah (kips.in)
(Kombinasi Pembebanan 3201 – 3212)
Tabel 12 Base Shear Tripod Monopod
4. Beban mati + beban hidup + beban mati crane
+ beban lingkungan kondisi operasi 12 arah dilakukan pengecekan tegangan pada member,
(Kombinasi Pembebanan 3301 – 3312) joint, dan kapasitas pile. Unity check pada member
dan joint tidak boleh melebihi 1 dengan pemberian
Setelah diberikan kombinasi pembebanan, faktor sebesar 1.7 pada tegangan izin. Safety factor
didapatkan hasil dari analisa in-place berupa unity yang didapatkan minimal 1 untuk analisa seismic.
check dari tiap member dan joint yang merupakan
rasio antara tegangan yang terjadi dibandingkan c. Analisa Fatigue
tegangan yang diizinkan pada struktur dan safety
Analisa fatigue dilakukan untuk mengetahui
factor pada pile. Unity check yang diizinkan pada
ketahanan joint pada struktur terhadap beban
struktur maksimal 1 dengan pemberian faktor
siklik dari gelombang selama masa layan. Metode
pada tegangan izin saat kondisi badai sebesar
analisa yang dilakukan menggunakan metode
1.33 dan safety factor pada pile minimal 2 untuk
deterministik dari hipotesis Palmgren-Miner yang
kondisi operasi dan 1.5 untuk kondisi badai.
menyatakan perhitungan kerusakan (damage)
b. Analisa Seismik akibat beban siklik dihitung secara kumulatif dan
linier. Kurva S-N yang digunakan untuk mengetahui
Analisa seismic dilakukan untuk mengetahui jumlah beban siklik yang diperbolehkan adalah
reaksi struktur terhadap kejadian seismic. kurva WJ (Welded Joint) yang tercantum dalam
Analisa pada tahap ini dilakukan dengan API RP 2A[1], serta menggunakan rumus Efthymiou
memperhitungkan PGA (Peak Ground untuk menghitung stress concentration factor.
Acceleration) sebesar 0.33 G dan redaman sebesar Beban gelombang yang digunakan untuk analisa
2% untuk kondisi DLE (Ductility Level Eartquake). ini menggunakan 8 arah, dengan masing-
Berdasarkan data tersebut didapatkan base shear masing arah memiliki 16 kelas gelombang. Data
sebagai berikut: gelombang yang digunakan untuk analisa ini
Berdasarkan beban gempa bumi tersebut, adalah data yang terjadi dalam 100 tahun sesuai
dengan desain basis.
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 90

d. Analisa Push-over badai struktur tripod jacket sebesar 0.90 yang

terdapat pada pile. Berikut adalah gambar yang
Dalam analisa push-over, mula-mula struktur
menunjukkan lokasi member dengan unity check
dikenai beban gravitasi dan beban vertikal,
maksimum terjadi.
kemudian struktur dikenai beban lingkungan
secara bertahap. Nodal displacement dan element Unity check joint maksimum kondisi operasi
force dihitung untuk setiap tahap pembebanan pada struktur braced monopod terdapat pada joint
(load steps) dan matrix kekakuan di-update. Gaya 2001 sebesar 0.99, sedangkan saat kondisi badai
dalam dan deformasi struktur dihitung hingga
mencapai tingkat displacement tertentu untuk
dibandingkan dengan available capacity struktur.
Proses ini dilakukan secara berulang hingga
keseluruhan struktur runtuh. Dari hasil analisa
push-over akan dihasilkan RSR (Reserve Strength
Ratio).

RSR adalah ukuran kemampuan struktur untuk

menahan beban, lebih dari yang ditentukan dalam
proses desain. Secara matematis, RSR diartikan
sebagai rasio/perbandngan antara collapse base
shear maksimum dan collapse base shear pada
periode ulang 100 tahun desain. Gambar 5 Maksimum Unity Check kondisi Operasi

 ℎ 

 =
 ℎ  /

Analisa dilakukan sebanyak arah beban

lingkungan yang diperhitungkan, dalam kasus ini
digunakan 12 arah sesuai dengan kondisi In-place.

IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

a. Analisa In-place
Dari hasil analisa in-place didapatkan hasil
unity check maksimum untuk member pada
braced monopod kondisi operasi sebesar 0.98
yang berada pada cellar deck. Sedangkan untuk
kondisi badai unity check maksimum sebesar 0.97
terdapat pada guardian structure bracing. Pada
struktur tripod jacket, unity check maksimum
pada member yang dihasilkan saat kondisi
operasi sebesar 0.96 terdapat pada deck bracing.
Sedangkan unity check maksimum kondisi Gambar 6 Maksimum Unity Check Kondisi Badai
 << 91 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

unity check joint maksimum terdapat pada joint

523 sebesar 0.75. Untuk struktur tripod jacket,
unity check joint maksimum terjadi pada joint
437 untuk kondisi operasi dan badai. Lokasi joint
tercantum dalam Gambar 7.

Gambar 8.
Unity Check Maksimum Analisis Seismik

Gambar 7. Unity Check Joint Maksimum
Safety factor terkecil pada struktur braced
monopod adalah sebesar 2.27 dan pada struktur
tripod jacket sebesar 1.54.
Jadi berdasarkan hasil analisa In-place yang
telah dilakukan, struktur braced monopod dan
tripod jacket telah memenuhi kriteria desain yang
disyaratkan.
Jadi berdasarkan hasil analisa seismic yang telah
dilakukan, struktur braced monopod dan tripod
jacket telah memenuhi kriteria desain yang
disyaratkan.
c. Analisa Fatigue
Berdasarkan hasil analisa fatigue didapatkan hasil
prediksi usia layan joint struktur braced monopod
sebagai berikut:

b. Analisa Seismic Lokasi joint braced monopod dengan masa

layan terendah tercantum dalam Gambar 9.
Berdasarkan hasil analisa seismic, didapatkan
hasil unity check maksimum terdapat pada pile
Member Masa
yang berada di bawah mudline sebesar 0.81 untuk
braced monopod dan 0.92 untuk tripod jacket. Joint Kerusakan Layan
Brace Chord
Sedangkan unity check joint maksimum braced (Tahun)
monopod terdapat pada joint 2002, dan untuk 424 424-414 423-424 0.983 20.35
struktur tripod jacket terdapat pada joint 3004. 416 426-416 416-436 0.857 23.34
Berikut adalah lokasi joint dengan nilai unity check 301 305-301 212-301 0.853 23.45
maksimum.
201 201-205 111-201 0.643 31.10

Safety factor terkecil untuk hasil analisa seismic 305 201-305 216-305 0.506 39.50
pada struktur braced monopod sebesar 5.49
sedangkan pada struktur tripod jacket sebesar 3.48. Tabel 13. Hasil Analisis Fatigue Braced Monopod
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 92

Gambar 9. Lokasi Joint Braced Monopod dengan Gambar 10.

Fatigue Life Minimum Lokasi Joint dengan Fatigue Life Minimum

Member Masa Layan 4.4 Analisa Push-over

Joint Kerusakan
Brace Chord (Tahun)
434 434-420 434-302 0.821 24.35 Berdasarkan hasil analisa push-over didapatkan
437 336-437 320-437 0.473 42.29 hasil RSR berikut ini untuk braced monopod.
417 417-335 415-417 0.461 43.34

419 0101-419 419-411 0.164 122.27 Base Shear

Base Shear
Arah Maksimum RSR
101 309-0101 0101-419 0.139 143.9 Desain (Kips)
(Kips)
Tabel 14. Hasil Analisis Fatigue Tripod Jacket 0o 551.35 1578.28 2.86
30o 552.63 2075.06 3.75
Hasil analisa fatigue untuk struktur tripod 60o 542.45 1552 2.86
jacket tercantum dalam Tabel 14. 90o 540.91 1229.23 2.27
Gambar berikut menunjukkan lokasi joint
120o 531.89 1587.45 2.98
dengan masa layan paling minimum untuk 150o 535.14 1478.77 2.76
struktur . 180o 549.65 1287.44 2.34
210o 549.39 1240.71 2.26
Dari hasil analisa fatigue yang telah dilakukan,
240o 544.81 1240.71 2.28
kedua struktur memiliki usia layan lebih dari
270o 539.25 1280.45 2.37
20 tahun. Sehingga dapat diambil kesimpulan
300o 530.75 1364.07 2.57
berdasarkan analisa fatigue, struktur braced
monopod dan tripod jacket telah memenuhi 330o 536.42 1694.05 3.16
kriteria desain yang disyaratkan.
Tabel 15. Hasil RSR Braced Mnopod
 << 93 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017

Gambar 12. Hasil RSR Tripod Jacket

Gambar 11. Hasil RSR Braced Monopod
Dari hasi analisa push-over struktur braced
monopod didapatkan hasil RSR minimum sebesar
2.26 pada arah datang beban lingkungan 210o.
Sedangkan besar nilai RSR maksimum terjadi
pada arah datang beban lingkungan 30o sebesar
3.75.
Untuk hasil analisa push-over tripod jacket
didapatkan hasil RSR sebagai berikut:
Dari hasil analisa push-over struktur tripod
jacket didapatkan hasil RSR minimum terjadi pada
arah datang beban lingkungan 1500 sebesar 1.88
dengan RSR maksimum terjadi sebesar 2.46 pada
arah datang beban lingkungan 60o, 120o, 240o, dan
300o.
Dari hasil analisa push-over ini dapat
disimpulkan kedua struktur telah memenuhi
kriteria desain yang disyaratkan API RP 2A yaitu
nilai RSR tidak kurang dari 1.6.

V. KESIMPULAN
Base Shear Base Shear
Arah Desain Maksimum RSR Dengan kondisi beban topside dan beban
(Kips) (Kips)
lingkungan yg sama, model struktur braced
0o 1053.47 2394.63 2.27
monopod dengan berat mati 1609.9 ton, dan
30o 1043.46 2167.4 2.07
model tripod jacket dengan berat mati 3343.7 ton
60o 1037.99 2562.84 2.46
memenuhi kriteria untuk analisa in-place, seismic,
90o 1041.62 2266.4 2.17
dan fatigue. Karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa
120o 1035.64 2556.9 2.46
model struktur braced monopod lebih efisien dari
150o 1038.38 1953.95 1.88
model struktur tripod jacket karena mempunyai
180o 1053.97 2395.57 2.27
berat mati yg lebih kecil.
210o 1047.2 2175.93 2.07
240o 1045.01 2580.93 2.46 Konfigurasi struktur braced monopod
270o 1049.5 2386.15 2.27 memberikan nilai RSR yg lebih bervariasi
300o 1042.52 2574.95 2.46 dibandingkan nilai RSR struktur tripod jacket.
330o 1042.14 2267.54 2.17
Perbandingan yg dilakukan dalam makalah ini
Tabel 16. Hasil RSR Tripod Jacket hanya terhadap kriteria disain dalam analisa
JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017 >> 94

in-place (static in-place, seismic, dan fatigue). Scientist. Singapura: World Scientific
Perbandingan lebih lanjut harus dilakukan
[4] Kurnian, V.J, dkk. 2014. System Reliability
terhadap proses pemasangan (installation)
Assesment of Existing Jacket Platforms
struktur.
in Malaysian Waters. Malaysia: Universiti
VI. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Teknologi PETRONAS

[1] American Petroleum Institute. 2007.
Recommended Practice for Planning,
Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore
Platform – Working Stress Design, API RP
2A-WSD, 21ST Edition. Washington D.C.:
American Petroleum Institute
[2] Chakrabarti, Subrata K. 2005. Handbook of
Offshore Engineering. Plainfield: Elsevier
[3] Dean, Robert G. dan Robert A. Dalrymple.
1991. Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and
[5] Tawekal, Ricky Lukman. 2011. SI 7173
Perencanaan Bangunan Lepas Pantai.
Bandung: Penerbit ITB.
[6] Tawekal, Ricky Lukman. 2010. KL 4121
Bangunan Lepas Pantai I. Bandung: Penerbit
ITB.
[7] Nallayarasu, Seeninaidu. Offshore Structures:
Analysis and Design. India: Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

TENTANG PENULIS
Prof. Ir. Ricky Lukman Tawekal MSE. Ph.D.

Saat ini beliau menjabat sebagai Kepala Kelompok Riset Rekayasa Kelautan,
anggota Senat Akademik serta Profesor dari Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan,
Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB). Pernah juga menjabat sebagai Wakil Presiden dari PT
PAL (1995-1998), Presiden Direktur dari PT PALAMEC Indonesia (1998-2000), Direktur
PT LAPI ITB (2006-2010), serta juga pendiri dari PT Bina Rekacipta Utama (2000).
Berpengalaman lebih dari 30 (tigapuluh) tahun dalam memimpin berbagai
riset, desain dan analisis terkait anjungan lepas pantai (offshore platform), jaringan pipa bawah laut (subsea
pipeline). Selama 10 (sepuluh) tahun terakhir, aktif dalam berbagai pengembangan metode dan program
untuk analisa resiko (risk analysis), sistem manajemen integritas struktur serta program inspeksi berbasis
resiko, baik untuk anjungan lepas pantai ataupun jalur pipa bawah laut. Belaiu juga terlibat dalam beberapa
kajian Rencana Pengembangan (Plan of Development), Decommissioning anjungan lepas pantai serta berbagai
kajian analisa estimasi biaya proyek.
Mendapatkan gelar Sarjana dari Jurusan Teknik Sipil dari Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB). Selain itu juga
mendapatkan dua gelar Master di bidang Engineering dari Universitas Michigan, USA untuk bidang Teknik
& Arsitektur Kelautan (Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering) serta untuk bidang Rekayasa Luar Angkasa
(Aerospace). Terakhir, beliau juga mendapatkan gelar Ph.D. dari Universitas Michigan, USA untuk bidang
Teknik & Arsitektur Kelautan tersebut.

Bintang Wiratama Hendarko ST.

Bintang menyelesaikan studinya di Program Studi Sarjana Teknik Kelautan pada

Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan ITB pada tahun 2015.
<< 95 JURNAL IAFMI 05 MARET 2017
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