KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah Yang Maha Kuasa atas berkat
dan karunia-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan Laporan Praktikum Fenomena
Dasar Mesin yang dilaksanakan dari tanggal 16 Maret 2021 sampai dengan 03
April 2021.
Tujuan dari Laporan Praktikum Fenomena Dasar Mesin ini dibuat penulis
adalah untuk mengembangkan ilmu yang telah penulis dapatkan selama
melakukan Praktikum Fenomena Dasar Mesin. Selain itu juga untuk dokumentasi
dan evaluasi dalam Praktikum Fenomena Dasar Mesin yang telah penulis
laksanakan langsung di Laboratorium Fenomena Dasar Mesin Fakultas Teknik
Unuversitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat..
Pada kesempatan ini, penulis juga ingin mengucapkan terima kasih yang
sebesar - besarnya kepada :
1. Kedua orang tua yang telah memberikan dukungan dan doanya kepada
penulis
2. Bapak Masril, ST. MT selaku Dekan Fakultas Teknik UMSB Bukittinggi
3. Bapak Muchlisinalahuddin, ST. MT selaku Ketua Program Studi Teknik
Mesin Fakultas Teknik UMSB Bukittinggi
4. Bapak maupun Ibu Dosen yang telah memberikan bekal ilmu pengetahuan
selama penulis menempuh pendidikan di Fakultas Teknik UMSB Bukittinggi
5. Kanda Rizky Abdurrahman ST selaku Asisten Labor dalam Alat Uji
Governor, Alat Uji Tekuk dan Alat Uji Aliran Udara Serba Guna
6. Kanda Jasman ST selaku Asisten Labor dalam Alat Uji Pompa dan Alat Uji
Pendingin.

ii
7. Kanda Syahri Ramadhan ST selaku Asisten Labor dalam Alat Uji Aliran
Fluida
Atas segala bimbingan yang telah diberikannya dalam menyelesaikan laporan
ini. Maka dengan itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran atas penyempurnaan
Laporan Praktikum Fenomena Dasar Mesin ini. Demikianlah penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih.

Bukittinggi, April 2021

PENULIS

iii
 DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................ i

KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................... ii
DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................... ix
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................... xi
DAFTAR GRAFIK ......................................................................... xiii

ALAT UJI GOVERNOR

LEMBAR ASISTENSI
BAB I : PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................... 1
1.2 Maksud Dan Tujuan ................................................................. 1
BAB II : TEORI DASAR
2.1 Gaya Sentrifugal ....................................................................... 2
2.2 Governor ................................................................................... 3
2.3 Prinsip Kerja Governor ............................................................. 5
2.4 Jenis-jenis Governor ................................................................. 6
BAB III : ANALISA DATA
3.1 Data Pengujian .......................................................................... 8
3.2 Data Perhitungan ...................................................................... 13
BAB IV : PENUTUP
4.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................... 15
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN

ALAT UJI POMPA

LEMBAR ASISTENSI
BAB I : PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................... 16
1.2 Maksud Dan Tujuan ................................................................. 16

iv
BAB II : TEORI DASAR
2.1 Teori Dasar Pompa ................................................................... 17
2.2 Dasar Perhitungan Pompa......................................................... 20
2.3 Hukum Kesebangunan Pompa .................................................. 21
2.4 Operasi Pompa Seri Dan Paralel............................................... 21
2.5 Pengukuran Tekanan ................................................................ 22
2.6 Pengukuran Aliran .................................................................... 23
2.7 Definisi Fluida .......................................................................... 25
2.8 Sifat Dasar Fluida ..................................................................... 26
2.9 Aliran Fluida ............................................................................. 28
2.10 Head.......................................................................................... 29
2.11 Hukum Bernoulli ...................................................................... 31
BAB III : DATA DAN ANALISA
3.1 Data Hasil Percobaan ................................................................ 33
3.2 Pengolahan Data ....................................................................... 38
BAB IV : PENUTUP
4.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................... 42
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN

ALAT UJI ALIRAN FLUIDA

LEMBAR ASISTENSI
BAB I : PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................... 43
1.2 Tinjauan Umum ........................................................................ 43
BAB II : TEORI DASAR
2.1 Definisi Fluida .......................................................................... 44
2.2 Viskositas .................................................................................. 44
2.3 Kerapatan, Volume Jenis, Dan Berat Jenis ............................... 45
2.4 Tekanan..................................................................................... 46
2.5 Ciri – Ciri Aliran ....................................................................... 46
2.6 Aliran Dalam Pipa .................................................................... 48

v
 2.7 Perubahan Penampang Pipa ...................................................... 48
2.8 Belokan Dan Katup................................................................... 49
2.9 Pompa ....................................................................................... 50
BAB III : DATA DAN ANALISA
3.1 Analisa Data Laju / Debit Aliran Dalam Pipa Saluran ............. 52
BAB IV : PENUTUP
4.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................... 56
4.2 Saran ......................................................................................... 56
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN

ALAT UJI TEKUK

LEMBAR ASISTENSI
BAB I : PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................... 57
1.2 Tinjauan ................................................................................... 58
BAB II : TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Teori Tentang Uji Tekuk ........................................................... 59
2.2 Fenomena Tekuk ...................................................................... 61
2.3 Mekanisme Tekuk .................................................................... 63
2.4 Kolom ....................................................................................... 64
2.5 Rumus Euler Untuk Kolom ...................................................... 65
2.6 Rasio Kelangsingan Kolom ...................................................... 66
2.7 Tegangan Kritis Pada Kolom.................................................... 66
2.8 Elastisitas Dan Plastisitas ......................................................... 67
2.9 Modolus Elastisitas ................................................................... 67
2.10 Batang Tekan ............................................................................ 68
2.11 Prosedur Pengujian ................................................................... 69
BAB III : DATA DAN ANALISA
3.1 Data ........................................................................................... 71

vi
BAB IV : PENUTUP
4.3 Kesimpulan ............................................................................... 73
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN

ALAT UJI PENDINGIN

LEMBAR ASISTENSI
BAB I : PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................... 74
1.2 Maksud Dan Tujuan ................................................................. 75
BAB II : TEORI DASAR
2.1 Definisi Mesin Pendingin ......................................................... 76
2.2 Mesin Pendingin ....................................................................... 76
2.3 Macam Mesin Pendingin .......................................................... 77
2.4 Fungsi Mesin Pendingin ........................................................... 79
2.5 Bagian Utama Mesin Pendingin Kompresi Uap ....................... 79
BAB III : ANALISA DATA
3.1 Data Pengujian .......................................................................... 85
BAB IV : PENUTUP
4.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................... 87
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN

ALAT UJI ALIRAN UDARA SERBAGUNA

LEMBAR ASISTENSI
BAB I : PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................... 88
1.2 Maksud Dan Tujuan ................................................................. 88
BAB II : TEORI DASAR
2.1 Teori Dasar ............................................................................... 89
2.2 Sifat-sifat Udara ........................................................................ 90
2.3 Mesin Pendingin Saluran Udara Serbaguna ............................. 92

vii
 2.4 Prinsip Kerja Refrigerasi .......................................................... 93
2.5 Siklus Refrigerasi...................................................................... 94
2.6 Kurva Kelembaban (Psychrometric) Dan Penggunaanya ........ 96
BAB III : ANALISA DATA
3.1 Data Pengujian .......................................................................... 104
BAB IV : PENUTUP
4.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................... 111
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN

viii
 DAFTAR GAMBAR

ALAT UJI GOVERNOR

2.1 Gaya Setntrifugal ..................................................................... 3
2.2 Governor .................................................................................. 3

ALAT UJI POMPA

2.1 Bagian Aliran Fluida Dalam Pompa Sentrifugal ..................... 20
2.2 Operasi Seri Dan Paralel Pompa Karakteristik Sama .............. 21
2.3 Manometer Tabung U .............................................................. 23
2.4 Tabung Bourdon ...................................................................... 23
2.5 Venturi Meter ........................................................................... 24
2.6 Flow Nozzle .............................................................................. 24
2.7 Float Variable Area Flowmeter ............................................... 25
2.8 Instlasi Pompa Dan Head Total ............................................... 30
2.9 Aliran Bernouli ........................................................................ 31

ALAT UJI ALIRAN FLUIDA

2.1 Karakter Aliran Pada Belokan 90° ........................................... 49
2.2 Karakter Aliran Pada Belokan 90° Dan Koefisien Kerugian ... 49
2.3 Struktur Bagian Dalam Dari Berbagai Katup .......................... 50

ALAT UJI TEKUK

2.1 Fenomena Buckling Pada Struktur ........................................... 61
2.2 Perilaku Tekuk Pada Struktur .................................................. 61
2.3 Batang Kembali Lurus Dan Bola Kembali Ditengah Wadah .. 63
2.4 Batang Tidak Kembali Lurus ................................................... 64
2.5 Batang Yang Diberi Gaya Melengkung Lalu Gagal ................ 64
2.6 Teori Euler ............................................................................... 65
2.7 Batang Tekan ........................................................................... 69

ix
ALAT UJI PENDINGIN
2.1 Sistem Pendingin Kompresi Uap ............................................. 78
2.2 Sistem Pendingin Absorbsi ...................................................... 79
2.3 Kompresi Torak Bolak Balik ................................................... 80
2.4 Kompresi Tingkat Ganda Bolak Balik ..................................... 80
2.5 Mekanisme Kompresor Sekrup ................................................ 80
2.6 Kompresor Hermetik ................................................................ 82
2.7 Kondensor Tabung Dan Pipa Horizontal ................................. 83
2.8 Kondensor Tabung Dan Koil ................................................... 83
2.9 Kondensor Jenis Pipa Ganda .................................................... 84
2.10 Kondensor Pendingin Udara Koil Bersirip Pelat ..................... 84

ALAT UJI ALIRAN UDARA SERBAGUNA

2.1 Diagram Psikrometrik .............................................................. 89
2.2 Siklus Refrigerasi ..................................................................... 93
2.3 Siklus Refrigerasi Kompresi Uap Ideal.................................... 95
2.4 Siklus Refrigerasi Kompresi Uap Actual ................................. 95
2.5 Wet-bulb Temperature ............................................................. 97
2.6 Pendingin Karena Evaporasi Pada Sumbu ............................... 98
2.7 Koordinat Utama Grafik Humiditi ........................................... 99
2.8 Representasi Proses Wet-bulb ................................................. 99
2.9 Proses Humidifikasi Adiabatis Dengan Air Yang Di-Recycle 100
2.10 Kerangka Grafik Humidity ...................................................... 101
2.11 Grafik Humidity Dalam Satuan AE ......................................... 102
2.12 Grafik Humidity Dalam Satuan ............................................... 103

x
 DAFTAR TABEL

ALAT UJI GOVERNOR

3.1 Percobaan 1 .............................................................................. 8
3.2 Percobaan 2 .............................................................................. 9
3.3 Percobaan 3 .............................................................................. 10
3.4 Percobaan 4 .............................................................................. 11
3.5 Percobaan 5 .............................................................................. 12
3.6 Rata-Rata Percobaan ................................................................ 13

ALAT UJI POMPA

3.1 Data Pengujian Pompa 1 .......................................................... 33
3.2 Data Pengujian Pompa 2 .......................................................... 34
3.3 Data Pengujian Pompa Seri ...................................................... 36
3.4 Data Pengujian Pompa Paralel ................................................. 37

ALAT UJI ALIRAN FLUIDA

3.1 Fariasi Bukaan Valve 4/4, 3/4, Dan 1/2 Laminer ..................... 52
3.2 Fariasi Bukaan Valve 4/4, 3/4, Dan 1/2 Turbuelen .................. 54

ALAT UJI TEKUK

2.8 Data Pengujian Dengan Specimen Baja Slab Hitam ................ 71
2.9 Data Pengujian Dengan Specimen Baja Rod ........................... 71
2.10 Data Pengujian Dengan Specimen Baja Slab Silver ................ 71

ALAT UJI PENDINGIN

3.1 Data Pengujian Dengan Golda ................................................. 85
3.2 Data Pengujian Dengan Asri .................................................... 85
3.3 Data Pengujian Dengan Fanta .................................................. 86

xi
ALAT UJI ALIRAN UDARA SERBAGUNA
3.1 Kecepatan Udara Kering .......................................................... 104
3.2 Kecepatan Udara Basah ........................................................... 107
3.3 Suhu Udara Kering................................................................... 109
3.4 Suhu Udara Basah .................................................................... 110

xii
 DAFTAR GRAFIK

ALAT UJI GOVERNOR

3.7 Rpm Percobaan 1 ..................................................................... 8
3.8 Sleeve Percobaan 1 ................................................................... 9
3.9 Rpm Percobaan 2 .................................................................... 9
3.10 Sleeve Percobaan 2 ................................................................... 10
3.11 Rpm Percobaan 3 ..................................................................... 11
3.12 Sleeve Percobaan 3 ................................................................... 11
3.13 Rpm Percobaan 4 .................................................................... 12
3.14 Sleeve Percobaan 4 ................................................................... 12
3.15 Rpm Percobaan 5 ..................................................................... 13
3.16 Sleeve Percobaan 5 ................................................................... 13
3.17 Rpm Rata-Rata Percobaan ...................................................... 14
3.18 Sleeve Rata-Rata Percobaan ..................................................... 14

ALAT UJI POMPA

3.5 Pengujian Pompa 1 ................................................................... 34
3.6 Pengujian Pompa 2 ................................................................... 35
3.7 Pengujian Pompa Seri .............................................................. 36
3.8 Pengujian Pompa Paralel ......................................................... 37

ALAT UJI ALIRAN FLUIDA

3.3 Bukaan Katup 4/4 Laminer ...................................................... 52
3.4 Bukaan Katup 3/4 Laminer ...................................................... 53
3.5 Bukaan Katup 1/2 Laminer ...................................................... 53
3.6 Bukaan Katup 4/4 Turbulen ..................................................... 54
3.7 Bukaan Katup 3/4 Turbulen ..................................................... 54
3.8 Bukaan Katup 1/2 Turbulen ..................................................... 55

xiii
ALAT UJI TEKUK
3.1 Data Defleksi Terhadap Tekanan. ............................................ 72

ALAT UJI PENDINGIN

3.4 Data Perbandingan Suhu Terhadap Tekanan ........................... 86

ALAT UJI ALIRAN UDARA SERBAGUNA

3.1 Kecepatan Udara Kering Putaran Dimmer ¼ .......................... 104
3.2 Kecepatan Udara Kering Putaran Dimmer ½ ......................... 105
3.3 Kecepatan Udara Kering Putaran Dimmer ¾ ......................... 105
3.4 Kecepatan Udara Kering Putaran Dimmer 1 .......................... 106
3.5 Gabungan Kecepatan Udara Kering......................................... 106
3.6 Kecepatan Udara Basah Putaran Dimmer ¼ ........................... 107\
3.7 Kecepatan Udara Basah Putaran Dimmer ½ ........................... 107
3.8 Kecepatan Udara Basah Putaran Dimmer ¾ ........................... 108
3.9 Kecepatan Udara Basah Putaran Dimmer 1 ............................ 108
3.10 Gabungan Kecepatan Udara Basah ......................................... 109
3.11 Suhu Udara Kering .................................................................. 109
3.12 Suhu Udara Basah ................................................................... 110

xiv