commonestt bacterial
b t i l iinfection
f ti forf GP
substantial morbidity
wide clinical spectrum (mild – severe – sepsis)
Definition of UTI:
any bacteria multiplying in the urinary tract
regardless of bacterial count
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Definisi :
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Prevalensi ISK
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KLASIFIKASI
Lokasi Anatomis: ISK atas & ISK bawah.
ISK Complicated & ISK Uncomplicated.
Uncomplicated
Klasifikasi Klinis :
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
Acute uncomplicated cystitis in women
Recurrent infections in women
Acute uncomplicated
p py
pyelonephritis
p in women
Complicated UTIs in both sexes
Catheter-associated UTIs
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GEJALA
ginjal ISK ATAS
Pyelonefritis Demam
M
Menggigil
i il
Nyeri pinggang
Mual ± muntah
ureter
P
Penurunan BB
± gejala isk bawah
ISK BAWAH
Nyeri supra pubis
Ureteritis Disuria
Kandung Cystitis Frekuensi
kemih Prostatitis Urgensi
Epididimitis Hematuri
Urethritis
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Klasifikasi ISK
Dari segi PENATALAKSANAAN dibedakan atas :
1. ISK uncomplicated ( i l ):
li t d (simple)
ISK sederhana anatomik maupun fungsional TU
normal.
Terutama mengenai wanita.
Infeksi hanya mengenai mukosa superfisial kandung
kemih.
Penyebab kuman tersering (90%) adalah E. coli.
2
2. ISK complicated
Sering menimbulkan banyak masalah, krn didasari hal ttt.
Sering kuman penyebab sulit diberantas resisten
terhadap beberapa macam antibiotik
Sering terjadi bakteriemia, sepsis dan syok.
Penyebab : Pseudomonas, proteus, klebsiela dll.
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ISK Complicated terdapat keadaan sbb :
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Pathogenesis
Routes of bacterial invasion
1. Ascending
common
2. Hematogenous
staphylococcus
mycobacterium
y
tuberculosis
salmonella
3. Lymphatic: rare
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Host defences
1. Bladder
bladder emptying
mucosal phagocytes
2 Antibacterial substances
2.
3. Anti-adherence
mechanisms
urine, bladder & prostatic
secretions
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Pathogenesis
g of urinary
y infection
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Patogenesis
g lanjutan
j
Bacterial factor
95% dari luar TU
5% hematogen g
Host factor
Wanita : uretra pendek, kolonisasi kuman pd
introitus vagina, sex intercourse, tampon,
spermatisid, diafragma, menopause
(lactobaccili).
(lactobaccili)
30% ISK kandung kemih (cystitis) invasi ke
ginjal akibat dari VUR
Infeksi pd ginjal sering di medula kons
amonia ↑, osmol ↑, pH ↓, blood flow ↓, PO2
rendah↓.
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DIAGNOSIS
Jumlah organisme pada ISK :
70% ISK jml kuman > 100.000 kuman/ml urin.
30% ISK jml
j l kuman
k lebih
l bih rendah,
d h mis;
i pend.d
pria, wanita dg disuria akut, wanita dg ISK
berulang karena stapphylococcus
stapphylococcus.
Pemeriksaan
P ik urinalisa
i li :
Epitel skuamos kemungkinan kontaminasi.
Piuria infeksi/ peradangan.
Silinder lekosit pielonefritis.
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Pemeriksaan kultur urin, yg didapat dari :
a
a. Urin porsi tengah (mid stream urin)
b. Urin aspirasi suprapubik
c. Urin kateter kandung kemih (hindari)
Dalam
D l i
interpretasii kultur
k l urin
i porsii tengahh !! sbb
bb :
95% ISK disebabkan monomikrobial
95% ISK disebabkan gram negatif/ enterococci
Staphylococcus
p y epidermidis,
p diptheroids
p &
lactobacilli jarang menimbulkan ISK.
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Bakteri penyebab ISK
E. Coli
E C li 60 - 90 %
Klebsiela / Enterobacter 10 - 20 %
Proteus 5 - 10 %
Pseudomonas aurogenosa 2 - 10 %
Staph Epidermidis
Staph. 2 - 10 %
Enterokokkus 2 - 10 %
Kandida albikan 1-2%
Staph. Aureus 1-3%
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Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
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Asymptomatic UTI
screening & symptoms minimal (urine odour)
Prevalence (%)
Neonates 1 (-> 50% VUR)
S h l il
Schoolgirls 12
1-2
Young women 10
Non-pregnant women 3-10
Pregnant women 5-6
5 6 (15-20%
(15 20% ->
> PN)
Elderly men & women 5-40 (age)
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Terapi ISK Uncomplicated ( Simple )
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Penatalaksanaan klinis wanita dg sindroma disuria frekuensi
Antibiotika dosis
tunggal
T
Tanpa gejala
j l G j l positif
Gejala itif
negatif positif
( ) (-)
(-) () (+) ((-)) (+/ ) (+)
(+/-)
sembuh Antibiotika
5-14 hari
Observasii
Ob Anti
A ti Chl
Chlamidia
idi Antibiotik
A tibi tik
analgetik Trachomatis 4 – 6 Minggu
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Faktor risiko dan komplikasi ISK komplikata
Anatomic or structural risk factors
Obstructive utopathy (stones, strictures, tumors, prostate associated
Instrumentation (catheter associated and nosokomial infection)
Renal cystic disease
Ureteral stents & surgical urinary diversions, ileal loop constructions
Other : vesicoreteral reflux (VUR), urachal remnant
Functional risk factors
Diabetes mellitus
Renal transplantation
S i l cord
Spinal d injury
i j & neurologic
l i dysfunction
d f ti
Neutropenia
Human immunodeficiency virus
Micellanous complicated infection
Pyonephrosis
Emphysematous pyelonephritis & cystitis
Malakoplakia and xantogranulomatous pyelonephritis
Intramural vesical abcess
Urosepsis
Tuberculosis
Infections caused by atipical or resistant organism : vancomycin resistant
enterococci, anaerobes, etc
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TREATMENT
1. Empiric therapy must be broad spectrum with
definitive therapy based on culture and
sensitivity
2. Moderatelyy : Levofloxacin (500
( mgg IV/PO q
q24),),
ciprofloxacin (500 mg PO twice-daily/400 mg q
12h IV))
3. Severely : cefepime 2g IV q12 hrs, ceftazidime
2 g IV q8 hrs, Imipenem 500 mg IV q6 hrs,
meropenem 1 g IV q8 hrs, doripenem 50 mg IV
q8 hrs, piperacillin-tazobactam
piperacillin tazobactam 3.375-4.5g
3.375 4.5g IV
q6 hrs
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Acute pyelonephritis
hemorrhage &
swelling
PMN infiltration
H&E
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Clinical diagnosis:
g py
pyelonephritis
p
PMN
EM BF PMN
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Bacterial casts bacilli
pyelonephritis
usually with leukocytes
PMN
bacilli bacilli
PMN
EM EM
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Pyelonephritis
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Pengelolaan :
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Sambil menunggu hasil kultur, diberikan antibiotika
berspektrum luas seperti :
Kombinasi ampicilin dan sefalosporin gen I
Aminoglycoside dg Betalactam.
Ticarcillin dg clavulanic acid.
Quinolone
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Catheter associated UTI
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Prevention of catheter-associated UTI
short duration
insert under aseptic technique by trained
staff (or trained patient for intermittent self-
catheterisation)
bag below bladder & emptied regularly
keep system closed - sample urine by sterile
aspiration
antimicrobial cream in women
A/B for cardiac valvular abnormalities
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UTI in males
Uncircumcised boys
bacteria under foreskin -> UTI
Ad lt males
Adult l
prostate often source
antibacterial prostatic secretion
-> fails in chronic prostatitis
Homosexual males
5% with
ith UTI
E Coli: same serotype
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Acute bacterial prostatitis
p