Sumber: Sari RP, Muhartono. Angka kejadian infeksi saluran kemih (isk) dan faktor resiko yang mempengaruhi pada karyawan wanita di universitas lampung. Majority. 2018;7(3): 115-20.
JENIS BAKTERI PENYEBAB
INFEKSI SALURAN KEMIH
Sumber: : Sari RP, Muhartono. Angka kejadian infeksi saluran kemih (isk) dan faktor resiko yang mempengaruhi pada karyawan wanita di universitas lampung. Majority. 2018;7(3): 115-20.
80% kasus ISK terjadi karena adanya bakteri E.coli yang
menempel pada dinding saluran kemih
Menahan
buang air
kecil
Toilet
Cara dengan air
pembasuhan yang kotor
yang salah
setelah
BAB/BAK
Aktif secara
seksual
CN/Med/Mrt/2022
Mengapa wanita lebih rentan terkena ISK ?
Non-Komplikata
Komplikata
Sumber: Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(5): 269-84
Bono MJ, Reygaert WC. Urinary tract infection. Treasure Islands: StatPearls Publishing.
JENIS
JENIS
ISK
ISK
INFEKSI SALURAN KEMIH PADA KEHAMILAN
Jenis ISK pada Kehamilan:
• Asymptomatic bacteriuria → ISK tanpa
gejala → disebabkan oleh bakteri
komensal, bila tidak diobati dapat
menjadi → pyelonephritis
• Urethritis akut/ cystitis
Gejala: nyeri, rasa panas, sering BAK
→ seperti gejala pada ISK bagian bawah
• Pyelonefritis
Gejala: panas, demam, menggigil,
malaise, nyeri pinggang (nyeri
ketok/CVA)
CN/Med/Mrt/2022
GEJALA ISK
Bradshaw CS, Denham IM, Fairley CK. Characteristics of adenovirus associated urethritis. Sex Transm Infect. 2002 Dec;78(6):445-7
Taylor SN, DiCarlo RP, Martin DH. Comparison of methylene blue/gentian violet stain to Gram's stain for the rapid diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in men. Sex Transm Dis. 2011 Nov;38(11):995-6.
Tahun 2008 WHO
memperkirakan 106 juta kasus
gonore terjadi secara global pada
orang dewasa.
Bignell C, Unemo M, Jensen JS. 2012 European Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gonorrhoea in Adults. Department of Microbiological Surveilance and Research, Staten Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. 2012.
Ito S, Hanaoka N, Shimuta K, Seike K, Tsuchiya T, Yasuda M, Yokoi S, Nakano M, Ohnishi M, Deguchi T. Male non-gonococcal urethritis: From microbiological etiologies to demographic and clinical features. Int J Urol. 2016 (4):325-31.
Totten PA, Schwartz MA, Sjöström KE, Kenny GE, Handsfield HH, Weiss JB, Whittington WL. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with nongonococcal urethritis in heterosexual men. J Infect Dis. 2001 Jan 15;183(2):269-276.
Prevalensi
Bradshaw CS, Denham IM, Fairley CK. Characteristics of adenovirus associated urethritis. Sex Transm Infect. 2002 Dec;78(6):445-7
Taylor SN, DiCarlo RP, Martin DH. Comparison of methylene blue/gentian violet stain to Gram's stain for the rapid diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in men. Sex Transm Dis. 2011 Nov;38(11):995-6.
Prinisip tatalaksana ISK
• Hilangkan infeksi
• Cegah komplikasi
• Cegah terjadinya infeksi
berulang
Gonorrhea: CDC's sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2010 chapter 7. US Centers for Disease Control. Washington. 2010.
Workowski KA, Berman SM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Dec;53 Suppl 3:S59-63.
CYSTITIS
• Sistitis → Infeksi kandung kemih.
• Infeksi bakteri biasanya menyebabkan sistitis
akut.
• 75% sampai 95% kasus sistitis pada wanita
disebabkan Eschericia coli.
• Patogen etiologi umum lainnya: Proteus mirabilis
dan Klebsiella pneumoniae dan bakteri lain
seperti Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
Byron JK. Urinary Tract Infection. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2019 Mar;49(2):211-221.
Rank EL, Lodise T, Avery L, Bankert E, Dobson E, Dumyati G, Hassett S, Keller M, Pearsall M, Lubowski T, Carreno JJ. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends Observed in Urinary Pathogens Obtained From New York State. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018 Nov;5(11):ofy297
Prevalensi
Kranz J, Schmidt S, Lebert C, Schneidewind L, Mandraka F, Kunze M, Helbig S, Vahlensieck W, Naber K, Schmiemann G, Wagenlehner FM. The 2017 Update of the German Clinical Guideline on Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Therapy, Prevention, and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary
Tract Infections in Adult Patients. Part II: Therapy and Prevention. Urol Int. 2018;100(3):271-278.
Sistitis
tanpa
Hubungan seksual
komplikasi
Penggunaan spermisida
Faktor
Risiko
Pasangan seks baru dalam
setahun terakhir
Riwayat ISK sebelumnya
Kranz J, Schmidt S, Lebert C, Schneidewind L, Mandraka F, Kunze M, Helbig S, Vahlensieck W, Naber K, Schmiemann G, Wagenlehner FM. The 2017 Update of the German Clinical Guideline on Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Therapy, Prevention, and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary
Tract Infections in Adult Patients. Part II: Therapy and Prevention. Urol Int. 2018;100(3):271-278.
Sistitis Batu ginjal/ nefrolitiasis
dengan
komplikasi Status immunocompromised seperti akibat HIV, dll.
Kranz J, Schmidt S, Lebert C, Schneidewind L, Mandraka F, Kunze M, Helbig S, Vahlensieck W, Naber K, Schmiemann G, Wagenlehner FM. The 2017 Update of the German Clinical Guideline on Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Therapy, Prevention, and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary
Tract Infections in Adult Patients. Part II: Therapy and Prevention. Urol Int. 2018;100(3):271-278.
Rasa panas Nyeri sekitar
Gejala Ketika berkemih kandung kemih
GEJALA
Anyang- Hematuria
anyangan
Kranz J, Schmidt S, Lebert C, Schneidewind L, Mandraka F, Kunze M, Helbig S, Vahlensieck W, Naber K, Schmiemann G, Wagenlehner FM. The 2017 Update of the German Clinical Guideline on Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Therapy, Prevention, and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary
Tract Infections in Adult Patients. Part II: Therapy and Prevention. Urol Int. 2018;100(3):271-278.
Rank EL, Lodise T, Avery L, Bankert E, Dobson E, Dumyati G, Hassett S, Keller M, Pearsall M, Lubowski T, Carreno JJ. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends Observed in Urinary Pathogens Obtained From New York State. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018 Nov;5(11):ofy297.
PEMERIKSAAN
PEMERIKSAAN
Anamnesis
Gejala, riwayat ISK sebelumnya , faktor risiko
Byron JK. Urinary Tract Infection. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2019 Mar;49(2):211-221.
Rank EL, Lodise T, Avery L, Bankert E, Dobson E, Dumyati G, Hassett S, Keller M, Pearsall M, Lubowski T, Carreno JJ. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends Observed in Urinary Pathogens Obtained From New York State. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018 Nov;5(11):ofy297
TATALAKSANA
Pouwels KB, Hopkins S, Llewelyn MJ, Walker AS, McNulty CA, Robotham JV. Duration of antibiotic treatment for common infections in English primary care: cross sectional analysis and comparison with guidelines. BMJ. 2019 Feb 27;364:l440
Phamnguyen TJ, Murphy G, Hashem F. Single centre observational study on antibiotic prescribing adherence to clinical practice guidelines for treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Health. 2019 May;24(2):75-81.
PIELONEFRITIS
Merupakan infeksi jaringan dan saluran ginjal.
Gejala:
PIELONEFRITIS
Demam Menggigil
Sumber: Rowley J, Hoorn SV, Korenromp E, Low N, Unemo M, Abu-Raddad LJ, et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97: 548-62
Rabiah MG, Mutahar R, Sitorus RJ. The Risk Factors Analysis Occurrence of Chlamydia Infection to Direct Female Seks Workers (DFSW) in Indonesia. E3S Web of Conferences. 2018;68: 1-8
Bethel J. Acute pyelonephritis: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Nursing Standard. 2012;27(5): 51-56.
10.5-25.9 juta kasus secara global
per tahun.
Sumber: Johnson, J. R., & Russo, T. A. (2018). Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(1), 48–59.
Belyayeva M, Jeong JM. Acute pyelonephritis. Treasure Islands: StatPearls Publishing..
Bethel J. Acute pyelonephritis: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Nursing Standard. 2012;27(5): 51-56.
Faktor risiko Pyelonefritis
Usia ≥ 65 tahun
Diabetes
Batu ginjal
Sumber: Johnson, J. R., & Russo, T. A. (2018). Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(1), 48–59.
Belyayeva M, Jeong JM. Acute pyelonephritis. Treasure Islands: StatPearls Publishing..
Bethel J. Acute pyelonephritis: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Nursing Standard. 2012;27(5): 51-56.
PIELONEFRITIS
• Pemeriksaan: urinalisis, cek darah, nitrit, bakteri urin > 104/ml
dianggap positif.
• Pemeriksaan radiologis atau USG dapat dilakukan untuk pasien yang
dicurigai memiliki batu ginjal.
• Tatalaksana: rawat inap untuk pasien dengan demam dan gejala
berat. Pemberian antibiotik
• 3% pasien pielonefritis dapat mengalami gagal ginjal.
Sumber: Perkumpulan Nefrologi Indonesia. 11th Report of Indonesian Renal Registry. 2018.: 1-46
Johnson, J. R., & Russo, T. A. (2018). Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(1), 48–59.
INFEKSI SALURAN KEMIH PADA
KEHAMILAN
Sumber: Johnson, J. R., & Russo, T. A. (2018). Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(1), 48–59.
KOMPLIKASI SERIUS : UROSEPSIS
Sumber: Wagenlehner, F. M. E., Pilatz, A., Weidner, W., & Naber, K. G. (2015). Urosepsis: Overview of the Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges. Microbiology Spectrum, 3(5).
Porat A, Bhutta BS, Kesler S. Urosepsis. Treasure Island: StatPearls
Sepsis Urosepsis
UROSEPSIS
12%
30%
70%
88%
Sumber: Wagenlehner, F. M. E., Pilatz, A., Weidner, W., & Naber, K. G. (2015). Urosepsis: Overview of the Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges. Microbiology Spectrum, 3(5).
Porat A, Bhutta BS, Kesler S. Urosepsis. Treasure Island: StatPearls
UROSEPSIS
Tanda dan
Gejala
Kultur bakteri
Sumber: Ikatan Ahli Urologi Indonesia. 2015. Guideline Penatalaksanaan Infeksi Saluran Kemih dan Genitalia Pria 2015. Edisi ke-2. Jakarta: IAUI.
Porat A, Bhutta BS, Kesler S. Urosepsis. Treasure Island: StatPearls
UROSEPSIS • Tatalaksana dengan antibiotik
sesuai jenis bakteri
• Resusitasi: terapi oksigen dan
cairan
• Vasopresor
• Head elevation
• Nutrisi secara oral atau
enteral
Sumber: Wagenlehner, F. M. E., Pilatz, A., Weidner, W., & Naber, K. G. (2015). Urosepsis: Overview of the Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges. Microbiology Spectrum, 3(5).
Porat A, Bhutta BS, Kesler S. Urosepsis. Treasure Island: StatPearls
Prinisip tatalaksana ISK
• Hilangkan infeksi
• Cegah komplikasi
• Cegah terjadinya infeksi
berulang
Gonorrhea: CDC's sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2010 chapter 7. US Centers for Disease Control. Washington. 2010.
Workowski KA, Berman SM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Dec;53 Suppl 3:S59-63.
Antibiotik untuk ISK pada Ibu Hamil :
Pemberian antibiotik broad spectrum yang tergolong aman dalam jangka
waktu 3-7 hari.
• Ampisilin
• Amoksisilin
• Cephalosporin : Cefixime, Cephalexin
• Nitrofurantoin