Pengantar Bioteknologi Pertanian

Rani A. Wulandari
Fskultas Pertanian UGM
 Gene – transfer methods

Conventional
breeding

Tissue culture Plants

Genetic engineering

karthikumarbt@kcetvnr.org 2
 Bioteknologi Tanaman
1) Budidaya Jaringan Tanaman (Cloning)
2) Rekayasa genetika (Genetic Engineering)
Perkembangan tanaman
transgenik

Periode Tujuan Tahap

I ketahanan tanaman Komersialisasi

terhadap cekaman biotik
dan abiotik
II perbaikan kandungan Pengembangan
nutrisi dari produk
pertanian
III pendukung industri Pengembangan
 Transgenic Plants In Use or
About to be on a Large Scale

 Herbicide-resistant plants
 Pest-resistant plants
 Vaccine plants (just starting to be used)
 Kedelai Roundup Ready™

Permasalahan dalam budidaya tanaman adalah gangguan gulma. Di negara maju

karena tenaga kerjanya yang sedikit untuk mengendalian gulma digunakan
herbisida. Herbicida seperti RoundupTM dan Liberty LinkTM dapat membunuh
beragam gulma dan mudah terurai. Perakitan varietas tanaman tahan herbisida
akan mengatasi permasalahan gulma di lahan pertanian tanpa menghambat
tanaman yang dibudidayakan.
 Peningkatan daya hasil
Tanaman dapat dioptimalkan
pertumbuhaannya dengan
memperbaiki asimilasi
nitrogennya, penyerapan
oksigen, efisiensi alur
fotosinthesis dan biosintesis
patinya..
Tanaman transgenik Tetua

Tahan hama
Varietas tahan hama dapat
dirakit dengan menyisipkan
gen Cry yang berasal dari
bakteria Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt). Gen ini menyandi suatu
protein yang dapat membunuh
beberapa serangga.
Tetua
Jagung transgenik dengan
gen bt
 Beras “Emas”

Padi transgenik yang dapat mengandung beta-

carotene dalam berasnya. Apabila dikonsumsi,
beta-carotene akan berubah menjadi vitamin A.

Beras biasa Beras “Emas”

Tanaman Tahan Penyakit
 Produksi bahan obat
Tanaman transgenik daapt digunakan sebagai “bioreactors”
untuk menghasilkan protein yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat
terapi dan diagnostik di bidang kedokteran (Vaksin mulut).

Vaksin mulut adalah vaksin yang dihasilkan dalam jaringan

tanaman yang dapat dikonsumsi langsung. Mengkonsumsi tanaman
transgenik penghasil vaksin dapat menyebabkan tahan penyakit.
Recombinant miraculin - tomatos

leaves (102.5) &

Fruits(90.7) μg/g fresh weight

12
 Medical hypothesis, 2006

Tomatoes comes in many varieties,

colors and shapes

Transgenic tomatoes –
expressing
different malarial
antigens

13
Delivery of a corn-based edible
vaccine

Transgenic corn kernels (a)

Corn snack (b) or

Embryo or germ cells (c)

14
 Tearless Onion

Dr Eady
Crop & Food Research in New Zealand
and his collaborators in Japan
As onions are sliced, cells are broken,
- generate sulphenic acids - unstable –
rearrange into a volatile gas - syn-propanethial-S-oxide – diffuses by air –

reaches the eye - reacts with the water to form a diluted solution of sulphuric acid –

Tear glands produce tears to dilute and flush out the irritant
15
COLORED FRIUTS/FLOWERS/VEGETABLES

The-orange-purple-green-cauliflowers

karthikumarbt@kcetvnr.org 16
 Purple tomatoes high in anthocyanins

High anthocyanin purple tomato and red

wild-type tomato

17
 World's First Blue Roses On Display In Japan

Tokyo, Japan –

World's first blue roses have been unveiled to the public

for the first time at an international flower fair in Japan,
following nearly two decades of scientific research.

The blue-hued blooms are genetically modified and have been

implanted with a gene that simulates the synthesis of
blue pigment in pansies.

Its scientists successfully pioneered implanting into the

flowers the gene that produces Delphinidin,
the primary plant pigment that produces a blue hue The Blue Rose was
but is not found naturally in roses. developed by Suntory
Flowers

18
Transgenic plants and animals

 Transgenic plants are plants that have been

genetically engineered, a breeding approach
that uses recombinant DNA techniques to
create plants with new characteristics.
Advantages
 In plants:
 Increased and improved nutrients
 Longer shelf life, less waste
 Enhanced taste and quality
 Reduced maturation time
 Higher yielding crops, more efficient use of land
 Higher yielding crops, more efficient use of land
 Improved resistance to disease or illness
 Increased food security for growing populations and growth
challenges
 Transgenics:
1. Direct DNA Transfer
2. Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation

 Introduce naked DNA into cells (plant or animal)

 Can assay expression of the gene immediately,
or select cells that are permanently transformed
cells
 DNA introduction via direct methods:
 Chemical : using lipid
 Microinjection
 Electroporation
 Particle bombardment (Biolistics)
 needle

Microinjection of
DNA into the
pronucleus of a
newly fertilized ~ 1-2
picoliter
egg.
vol is
injected.
Injection is usually
into the sperm’s ~5-40% of
pronucleus animals
because its larger. will
contain
transgene.

From Primrose, Molec. Biotechnology

 MICROINJECTION:-
The microinjection is the process of transferring the desirable
DNA into the living cell ,through the use of glass
micropipette .

 This glass micropipette is usually of 0.5 to 5

micrometer,that easily penetrates into the cell membrane
and nuclear envelope.

 The desired gene is then injected into the sub cellular

compartment and needle is removed.
Microinjection
 Electroporation
 Use on cells without walls
(plant protoplasts or animal
cells )
 Used on monocots (maize,
rice, etc.)
 High-voltage pulses cause
pores to form transiently in
cell membrane, DNA slips in
 Drawback - its more
cumbersome to regenerate
plants from single
protoplasts than from the
tissue transformations with
Agrobacterium
 Original biolistic gun, a modified .22

DNA is bound to the microprojectiles, which are

accelerated by the macroprojectile and impact the
tissue or immobilized cells at high speeds.
J. Sanford and T. Klein, Cornell
 An Air Rifle for a DNA Gun –
Circa 1989

A.J. Thompson and D. Herrin

Repairing an organellar gene: ~ 1 x 107 cells of a
mutant of Chlamydomonas that had a deletion in the atpB
gene for photosynthesis was bombarded with the intact atpB
gene. Then, the cells were transferred to minimal medium so
that only photosynthetically competent cells could grow.

Control plate – cells were shot with tungsten

particles without DNA
The Helium Gas Gun – Circa 2000
The Hand-Held Gas Gun

Purpose:
Introduce DNA into cells that
are below the top surface
layer of tissues (penetrate
into lower layers of a tissue)

One interesting use:

Making DNA Vaccines in
whole animals.
PROSES CGE DENGAN TEKNIK BIOLISTIC

Skema Proses Chloroplast Genetic Engineering

(Wani, 2010)
KLOROPLAS

PLANT CELL CHLOROPLAST

KLOROPLAS
• Material genetik di dalam kloroplas
pertama kali dilaporkan oleh
Iwamura pada tahun 1960 (Bogorad
dan Indra, 2012).

• Genom kloroplas berbentuk sirkuler

dan double-stranded DNA

• Pada tanaman tingkat tinggi, genom

kloroplas berukuran sekitar 120-160
kb dan memiliki sekitar130 gen.

lh3.googleusercontent.com
 PERBANDINGAN REKAYASA GENOM INTI DENGAN
REKAYASA GENOM KLOROPLAS
Nucleus Engineering Chloroplast Engineering
Level ekspresi gen lebih rendah Level ekspresi transgen tinggi
1.Ekspresi gen
sehingga akumulasi protein asing sehingga akumulasi protein asing
rendah. tinggi.

Salinan transgen per sel sedikit Salinan transgen per sel banyak,
2.Jumlah kopian
karena dalam 1 sel hanya ada 1 inti sel. dapat mencapai lebih dari 10.000
transgen kopian.

Pewarisan transgen secara paternal Pewarisan transgen secara maternal,

3.Polusi gen
melalui polen, memungkinkan transgen tidak terdapat pada polen.
terjadinya gene flow dengan wild-
type.
Pernah terjadi, dan mengakibatkan Belum pernah dilaporkan.
4.Gene silencing
penurunan ekspresi transgen.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
 Characteristics
 Plant parasite that causes Crown Gall Disease
 Encodes a large (~250kbp) plasmid called
Tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid
 Portion of the Ti plasmid is transferred between
bacterial cells and plant cells  T-DNA (Tumor
DNA)
 Agrobacterium tumefaciens
 Tumor formation = hyperplasia
 Hormone imbalance
 Caused by A. tumefaciens

Lives in intercellular spaces of the plant

 Plasmid contains genes responsible for the
disease
 Part of plasmid is inserted into plant
DNA
 Wound = entry point  10-14 days
later, tumor forms
Ti plasmid of A. tumefaciens
1. Auxin, cytokinin, opine
synthetic genes
transferred to plant
2. Plant makes all 3
compounds
3. Auxins and cytokines
cause gall formation
4. Opines provide unique
carbon/nitrogen source
only A. tumefaciens can
use!
  How is T-DNA modified to allow genes of
interest to be inserted?
 In vitro modification of Ti plasmid
 T-DNA tumor causing genes are deleted and replaced
with desirable genes (under proper regulatory control)
 Insertion genes are retained (vir genes)
 Selectable marker gene added to track plant cells
successfully rendered transgenic [antibiotic resistance
gene  geneticin (G418) or hygromycin]
 Ti plasmid is reintroduced into A. tumefaciens
 A. tumefaciens is co-cultured with plant leaf disks under
hormone conditions favoring callus development
(undifferentiated)
 Antibacterial agents (e.g. chloramphenicol) added to kill
A. tumefaciens
 G418 or hygromycin added to kill non-transgenic plant
cells  Surviving cells = transgenic plant cells
Agrobacterium and genetic engineering:
Engineering the Ti plasmid
Tanaman Transgenik
 Tanaman yang padanya DNA sebagai
bahan genetik yang berasal dari
spesies yang lain dimasukkan dan
mampu disandikan
 Tanaman yang dipaksa mengandung
gen yang berasal dari spesies yang
tidak sekerabat (virus, bakteri,
hewan, manusia dan tanaman yang
lain)
 Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

cause ‘Crown gall’ disease

Agrobacterium is a ‘natural genetic engineer’

i.e. it transfers some of its DNA to plants
karthikumarbt@kcetvnr.org 47
karthikumarbt@kcetvnr.org 48
VirE2 may get DNA-protein complex across host PM

Dumas et al.,karthikumarbt@kcetvnr.org
(2001), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98:485 49
 Production of transgenic plants

Isolate and clone gene of interest

Add DNA segments to initiate or enhance gene

expression

Add selectable markers

Introduce gene construct into plant cells

(transformation)

Select transformed cells or tissues

Regenerate whole plants

50
Tanaman Transgenik
 BIOTEKNOLOGI
PEMULIAAN TANAMAN

Pengantar Bioteknologi Pertanian

Rani A. Wulandari
Fakultas Pertanian UGM
 QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI

 QTL = Quantitative Trait Loci

 Karakter tanaman yang bersifat kuantitatif
dikendalikan oleh banyak gen (poligenik). Lokus gen
tsb dinamakan QTL.
 Identifikasi QTL dapat dilakukan dengan
marka/penanda molekuler
 MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION

 Marker assisted selection (MAS) is a combined

product of traditional genetics and molecular
biology. MAS allows for the selection of genes that
control traits of interest. Combined with traditional
selection techniques, MAS has become a valuable
tool in selecting organisms for traits of interest, such
as color or disease resistance.
 PENANDA GENETIK DALAM
PEMULIAAN TANAMAN

PENANDA MORFOLOGIS PENANDA MOLEKULER

Sifat tanaman dikendalikan Dapat digunakan untuk
oleh banyak gen Mengorganisir plasma nutfah
(poligenik) Mengevaluasi varietas, klon, dan
hybrid
Sifat tanaman merupakan Menganalisis tingkat
hasil interaksi antara homozigositas/hetrozigositas
faktor genetik dan Mengungkapkan genotip tanaman
lingkungan induk dengan sistem back cross
Pada tanaman tahunan Berpotensi untuk menetapkan
membutuhkan waktu pautan-pautan dengan sifat-
sifat agronomi tertentu
yang lama untuk
mengamatinya
 PENANDA MOLEKULER

1. Penanda Sitologi
melihat/menghitung jumlah kromosom
melihat perbedaan kromosom antar individu
(FISH/GISH)
 menggabungkan teknik sitologi dan
hibridisasi untuk menentukan urutan DNA
spesifik dalam kromosom

2. Penanda Biokimia
a. Penanda Protein
b. Penanda DNA
 PENANDA SITOLOGI

FISH
(Fluorescent in situ hybridisation)
 Kromosom diprobe dengan oligonukleotida berlabel
untuk mengetahui letak potongan tersebut dalam
kromosom
 Kromosom
 protoplas
 squashed
 PENANDA SITOLOGI

FISH
(Fluorescent in situ hybridisation)

 Label
 Radioaktif  Non radio aktif
 Kelemahan:
 rumit
 Mahal
 Probenya sulit dibuat
 Fluorescence in situ hybridization
(FISH)

 Meningkatkan sensitifitas ,
kespesifikan dan resolusi analisis
kromosom
 Menggunakan DNA yang dilabel
sebagai probe (beukuran ~40 kb)
untuk mendeteksi atau
mengkonfirmasi gen atau
kromosom abnormal yang
melebihi resolusi sitogenetik yang
rutin
Apakah FISH itu?
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) menggunakan molekul
fluorescent untuk mewarnai gen atau kromosom. Teknik ini secara
khusus berguna untuk gene mapping dan untuk mengidentifikasi
kromosom abnormal.

Bagaimana FISH bekerja?

1) Persiapan sekuens pendek DNA yang berutas tunggal yang disebut

probes, yang komplemen dengan sekuens DNA yang ingin diwarnai/
diteliti.
2) Zat kimia yang berfluorescen (shines brightly) yang berikatan dengan
probe
3) Probe berikatan dengan kromosom. Karena probes merupakan DNA
utas tunggal, maka mampu berikatan dengan utas DNA yang
komplementer. Proses ini disebut hybridization.
9
3. Whole chromosome probes sebuah kombinasi probes yang
berhibridisasi sepanjang keseluruhan kromosom. Probes ini
digunakan untuk melihat abnormalitas pada kromosom misalnya
jika terdapat translokasi.
FISH dapat digunakan untuk:
-Mengidentifikasi spesies
-Membandingkan genom untuk membandingkan
hubungan evolusi antara dua spesies
 PENANDA PROTEIN
Kelemahan :
Jumlah protein terlarut dalam ekstrak buffer
sangat sedikit
pola sangat dipengaruhi lingkungan, tingkat
perkembangan sel, umur jaringan

1. Isozim  enzim dengan ukuran berbeda tapi

mengkatalisis reaksi yang sama

2. Protein  deteksi protein berdasarkan ukuran

polipeptidanya
 Penanda protein

Kelemahan:
 Jumlah protein yang terlarut dalam penyangga
ekstraksi sangat sedikit
 Pola peptidanya tergantung dari lingkungan,
jaringan dan tingkat perkembangan sel
 PENANDA PROTEIN
 Isozyme  salah satu penanda biokimia
 Isozyme adalah enzim yang memiliki bentuk
berbeda tetapi memiliki fungsi yang identik
 Kelebihan Isozyme

Adams (1983) dan Rider &Taylor (1980) :

 alel pada kebanyakan lokus isozim di alam
bersifat kodominan
 dapat dilakukan pengujian banyak sample,
sehingga dapat diteliti banyak lokus dalam
waktu yang relatif singkat;
 dapat diidentifikasi dengan materi dari berbagai
jaringan tanaman;
 HASIL PEWARNAAN ENZIM

Enzim staining EST (Esterase) Enzim staining PGI

(Glucose Phosphate Isomerase)
 Tahapan:

 Protein dipisahkan menggunakan teknologi

elektroforesis poliakrilamida
 Poliakrilamida setelah selesai elektroforesis
dipindahkan ke dalam senyawa pereaksi yang
spesifik menunjukkan keberadaan suatu protein
 Perbedaan letak diantara protein yang terdeteksi
merupakan gambaran dengan adanya polimorfik
 Perbedaan ukuran karena perbedaan komposisi
sub unit
 PENANDA MOLEKULER

 RFLP : restriction fragment length polymorphism

 RAPD : random amplified polymorphic DNA
 AFLP : amplified fragment length polymorphism
 SNP : single nucleotide polymorphism
 SSR : single sequence repeats/microsatelit
 Molecular markers:

Var. Dom/ through costs application

codom put

sequencing +++ codom - ++ phylogeny

Multilocus ++ codom + + Parental analysis

fingerpinting ?

microsatellites ++ codom +++ + Population

studies(parental analysis,
dispersal, etc.)
RAPD +++ dom +++ + Mapping, populatios
studies

AFLP ++ dom ++ +++ Mapping, population

studies
Molecular markers
Sequencing (SNPs)
Microsatellites (SSRs)
Multi-locus fingerprints
AFLP
(Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)

RAPD
(random amplified polymorphic DNA)

chloroplastDNA PCR-RFLP

allozymes (protein-electrophoresis)
 Dominant versus Co-dominant

Dominant:
No distinction between homo- and heterozygotes
possible

No allele frequencies available

AFLP, RAPD

Co-dominant:
homozygotes can be distinguished from
heterozygotes; allele frequencies can be calculated

microsatellites, SNP, RFLPs, Isozyme

 Marka molekuler / marka DNA
berdasar metode deteksi :

 Hybridization-based
 Polymerase chain reaction-based
 DNA sequence-based
 DNA/DNA Hybridization

Denaturation

Elevated temperature

Known DNA sequence

Hybridization
 Blotting

 Memindahkan molekul dari gel ke kertas membran

 Southern blot  pita DNA

 Northern blot  RNA
 Western Protein
 Southern Blot
+ve -ve

 Begin by cutting DNA of GMO into

fragments with Restriction Enzymes
 Run DNA on an agarose gel
 “Blot” onto a membrane
 Probe membrane
 Autoradiography P32 labelled
probe
 Polymerase Chain Reaction

•Powerful technique for amplifying DNA

• Amplified DNA are then
separated by gel
electrophoresis
 Annealing (renaturasi)

 Proses 2 untai DNA tunggal yang saling

komplemen bergabung menjadi 2 untai

 Kegunaan:
1. Mencari urutan DNA spesifik dalam suatu
campuran DNA secara selektif
2. Mendeteksi keragaman ukuran DNA hasil
pemotongan
PCR (Polimerase Chain Reaction)

 Reaksi berantai dengan bantuan ensim DNA

polimerase
 Tata cara menggandakan urutan DNA secara
ensimatis secara berulang-ulang dengan bantuan
ensim DNA polimerase
 Alat : Thermo-cycler
Faktor penentu keberhasilan PCR

 Ensim DNA polimerase

 Oligonukleotida yang berfungsi sebagai primer
 Urutan reaksi

 Denaturasi  95C
 Annealing  tergantung ukuran primer
 Pemanjangan untai DNA  72C
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA

RAPD
 RAPD

 Mempelajari keragaman genetik

 Kemurnian hasil hibrida
 Pemetaan genome
 Identifikasi kultivar
 Menetapkan keeratan kekerabatan
 Mempelajari perbedaan tanaman normal dan abnormal
 Menetapkan penanda molekul karakter agronomis
secara cepat
 Semakin banyak kesamaan pita DNA semakin dekat
kekerabatannya
RAPD
 Separated RAPD Fragments
4mM MgCl2 4mM MgCl2 2mM MgCl2
1.2 U Taq 0.6 U Taq 1.2 U Taq
5 pM OPA-1610 pM OPA-1610 pM OPA-16
RAPD reactions Which variable
were run in groups M 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 M has the greatest
of 3 using the same impact on
template and primer, fragment
but varying patterns?
Magnesium,
polymerase and
Lowering
primer
Magnesium ion
concentrations
concentration
results in loss of
the largest
Normal fragment visible
concentrations are in lanes 2-7
shown in yellow
text. M = A size
standard
RFLP
 RFLP

 Identifikasi kultivar
 Melacak lokasi gen yang diinginkan
 Membuat peta genetik
 Peta pautan genetik dengan potongan DNA
(penanda pola segregasi)
 Menentukan kemurnian klon/hibrida unggul
 Studi pautan antar sifat
 Pemilihan tetua persilangan yang tepat untuk sifat-
sifat tertentu
 RFLP
(Restriction fragment length polymorphism)

 DNA genom dipotong menggunakan ensim

restriksi yang mengenali urutan palindromik 6 bp
agar diperoleh pola potongan terkendali
 Potongan dipisahkan dalam gel agarosa secara
elektroforesis, didenaturasi, dibloting
(dipindahkan) ke dalam nilon
 Keberadaan potongan target dibuktikan dengan
probe (DNA yang urutannya diketahui)
 RFLP

 Mendeteksi perbedaan ukuran hasil pemotongan

yang didalamnya terdapat urutan gen yang
diharapkan
 Bersifat kodominan
 Penilaiannya mudah karena jumlah pitanya sedikit
RFLP analysis by DNA blot and PCR
 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism

 Originally used to discriminate between and identify

various plant varieties
 Can identify variety genotypes and low levels of DNA
 Detection technique
possible with GMO-
specific primer and
identifiable genomic
primer
 SNP

SNPs on a DNA strand

 SSR/Mikrosatelit

 Grup nukleotida DNA yang berulang dan memiliki

urutan yang sederhana yang berukuran sangat
pendek pada genome tanaman, manusia, dan hewan

Contoh : penetapan perbedaan kultivar padi,

identifikasi genotipe,& pemetaan genome tanaman
 SSR polymorphisms

P1 AATCCGGACTAGCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTTAGCGAATTAGG

P2 AAGGTTATTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTAGGCTAGGCG

P1 P2

Gel configuration
Plant tissue culture
techniques
 KULTUR JARINGAN
• Pengertian
→Tehnik perbanyakan dan atau budidaya tanaman
dengan menggunakan sel, jaringan, atau organ yang
dikerjakan dalam kondisi aseptik/secara in vitro
→Akibat adanya Kemampuan “totipotency”
yaitu kemampuan sel untuk melakukan seluruh
proses hidup
Concept of totipotency
• As cell divide mitotically, they do so
eqautionally to produce daughters
cells.
• G.Haberlandt’s claimed that one day
it could be possible to rear plants
from isolated would be rarely
surviving cells of flowering plants.
• He also sated that out of surviving
somatic cells artificial embryos would
be reared asexually
• Therefore every cell within the plant
has a potential to regenerate into a
whole plant.
Power of regeneration of plants
 Kelebihan Kultur Jaringan
• Perbanyakan klonal
– Salah satu cara untuk mempertahankan heterozigositas
• Tahap multiplikasi dapat dilakukan berulang kali
untuk menghasilkan bibit dalam jumlah tidak
terbatas
– Digunakan secara rutin untuk tanaman hias dan beberapa
tanaman yang dapat diperbanyak secara vegetatif
• Siklus produksi dapat dimanipulasi dengan mudah
– Tidak dibatasi oleh musim dan kondisi lingkungan
• Dapat menghasilkan tanaman bebas penyakit
– Dapat digunakan untuk mengeliminasi virus dari induk
 Aplikasi Kultur Jaringan

✓Micropropagasi
✓Konservasi Plasma nutfah
✓Variasi somaklonal
✓Kultur embrio
✓Produksi Haploid & dihaploid
✓Isolasi dan fusi protoplast
✓Kultur sel

Kuliah Pengantar Bioteknologi 2017-Rani A.Wulandari-Pertanian UGM

 ISTILAH-ISTILAH
• EKSPLAN :
→sel, jaringan, atau organ yang digunakan
sebagai bahan tanam dalam
budidaya/kultur jaringan
• KALUS :
→sekumpulan sel amorphous (tidak
berbentuk atau belum terdiferensiasi) yang
terbentuk dari sel-sel yang membelah terus
menerus secara in vitro
• PLANLET
→tanaman kecil hasil kultur jaringan yang
sudah memiliki organ yang lengkap
I. Kultur Jaringan Berdasarkan
Jenis Eksplan yang digunakan

• Meristem
(daun, akar, tunas/pucuk, shoot tip)
• Embrio
• Sel dan kalus
• Protoplast
• Anther, polen
Kultur Meristem Apical Meristem Culture

Mendapatkan planlet bebas penyakit

➢ menggunakan mikroskop
➢ dilakukan secara aseptik
 KULTUR EMBRIO

Embrio kacang tanah Planlet kacang tanah

 Kultur Embrio
• Kultur embrio berkembang dari kebutuhan untuk
menyelamatkan embrio (embryo rescue) dari
persilangan antara spesies berkerabat jauh,
dimana terjadi fertilisasi, tetapi pembentukan
embryo tidak terjadi
• Dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan tanaman
baru dengan menggunakan embryos developed
by non-sexual methods
 Kegunaan Kultur Embrio

• Menyelamatkan F1 hybrida hasil persilangan dua

tetua berkerabat jauh
• Mengatasi dormansi benih, dengan penambahan
hormone ke dalam media (GA)
• Mengatasi immaturity in seed
– Mempercepat program pemuliaan (speed
generations)
– Menyelamatkan biji dari tanaman yang
mati/akan mati
Kultur Kalus & Suspensi Sel
Kalus kumpulan sel yang tidak terbentuk dan
tidak terorganisasi

Terbentuk karena adanya luka / irisan

Ex: Embrio muda, hipoktil, kotiledon, daun

& batang muda
Eksplan Media padat Morfogenesis

KALUS

Media cair Kultur suspensi sel

Morfogenesis
Kultur Protoplas
Protoplas Sel yang tidak mempunyai dinding sel

Membran sel

Kultur Protoplas:
1. Isolasi Protoplas
2. Regenerasi Dinding Sel & Morfogenesis

3. Fusi Protoplas
Protoplasts Isolation and Culture
Kultur Anther Padi
 ii. BEBERAPA PROSES
DALAM kultur jaringan

Peristiwa terjadinya organisasi serta bentukan-

bentukan baru yang sebelumnya belum ada

Proses pembentukan organ dari eksplan / kalus

Proses pembentukan Embriosomatik

(suatubentukan yang mempunyai struktur seperti
embrio dari biji)
 Morfogenesis
Peristiwa terjadinya organisasi serta bentukan-
bentukan baru yang sebelumnya belum ada
 Organogenesis
Proses pembentukan organ dari eksplan / kalus
Embryogenesis Somatik
• Produksi embrio dari sel
somatic atau “non-
germ” cells.
• Pada umumnya
menggunakan callus
intermediate stage yang
dapat mengakibatkan
terjadinya variasi
 III. Metode Kultur Jaringan Berdasarkan
Pemeliharaan
❑ One Step Methode
- Kalus & Planlet pada 1 medium
❑ Two Step Methode
- Kalus → differensiasi
❑ Three Step Methode
- Kalus → Tunas → Akar

(Hendaryono & Wijayani, 2002)

IV. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
dalam budidaya jaringan
1. EKSPLAN Ukuran dan umur eksplan
Mother plant / Sumber eksplan

Genotip

2. MEDIA Mineral/ Unsur hara makro & mikro

Kandungan Zat Pengatur Tumbuh

Sumber karbon

3. LINGKUNGAN Suhu
Kelembaban
Cahaya (Matahari)
Sterilitas
 Kultur Jaringan Berdasarkan Jenis Media
yang Digunakan

• Solid Medium/Media Padat

• Semi solid Medium/Media Semi Padat

• Liquid Medium/Media Cair

 UNSUR PENYUSUN MEDIA KULTUR
JARINGAN
• Unsur Hara Makro → N, P, K, Ca, S, Mg
• Unsur Hara Mikro → Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu, Co, I, Mo
• Vitamin → Thiamine, Nicotinamide, Myo-Inositol, Choline
Ca-Panthothenat, Vit B6, Asam Folat,, Riboflavin/B2
• Iron → Fe2SO4 dan Na2EDTA
• Gula (sumber energi) → Sukrose, Dextrose
• Agar (bahan pemadat)
• Aquadest (pelarut)
• Zat Pengatur Tumbuh
Pengaturan pH (dengan HCl dan NaOH)
PEMBUATAN LARUTAN STOK
Tujuan : untuk memudahkan penimbangan terutama untuk bahan-
bahan kimia yang dibutuhkan dalam jumlah yang sedikit
 Beberapa Jenis Media
• MS (Murashige & Skoog)
• VW (Vacin & Went)
• Heller
• Schenk & Hildebrant
• White
• Nitch & Nitch
• Gamborg
• Tanaman berkayu → MSG, DCR
• B5
VI. Dasar Tehnik Kultur Jaringan/ZPT

• ZPT/Hormones yang mempengaruhi diferensiasi

tanaman :
– Auxin: Stimulates Root Development
– Cytokinin: Stimulates Shoot Development
• Secara umum, rasio dari kedua hormon tersebut
dapat menentukan perkembangan eksplan :
–  Auxin ↓Cytokinin = Root Development
–  Cytokinin ↓Auxin = Shoot Development
– Auxin = Cytokinin = Callus Development

Kuliah Pengantar Bioteknologi 2017-Rani A.Wulandari-Pertanian UGM

 Zat Pengatur Tumbuh
→ Interaksi dan Keseimbangan kandungan zpt dalam
media menentukan pertumbuhan dan morfogenesis
sel/jaringan/organ yang dikulturkan

• AUKSIN • SITOKININ
1. Merangsang pertumbuhan 1. Mengatur pertumbuhan
kalus melalui pembelahan sel
2. Merangsang pembesaran sel 2. Mengawasi perkecambahan
dan pertumbuhan akar biji
3. Mengatur morphogenensis 3. Mengatur transport auksin
→ zeatin, 2-iP, Kinetin,
→ IAA, NAA, IBA, PCPA, NOA, Dicamba, → Benzyl Amino Purin (BAP)
2,4D
 Zat Pengatur Tumbuh
SITOKININ AUKSIN
TINGGI RENDAH
Proliferasi tunas axiler RENDAH

Pembentukan tunas adventif

Inisiasi kalus

Pembentukan akar adventif

Embriogenesis

Pembentukan akar

Kuliah Pengantar Bioteknologi 2017-Rani A.Wulandari-Pertanian UGM

Control of in vitro culture
Cytokinin
Leaf strip

Adventitious
Shoot

Root

Callus Auxin
B. Aseptic techniques
• Sterilization : destruction of
living matter
• Disinfectant : chemical agent
used to kill pathogens without
sterilizing matter to which
chemical is applied
• Sanitation: substantially
reducing & then maintaining the
micro-organism population in air
& on objects in lab to acceptable
levels.
Sterilization of plant tissues
• Sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) : 0.025%-0.25%
• Calcium hypochloride (CaOCl):
• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): 3% -10 %
• Bromium water: 1% - 2%
• Silver nitrate (AgNO3) : 1%
• Mercuric chloride (HgCl2): 0.1 % - 1.1 %
 Lab instruments
• pH meter
• Balances
• Electronic hot air over
• Microscopes
• Centrifuge
• Filter sterilizing equipment
• Laminar air flow (LAF)
cabinet.
VII. Steps of Micropropagation
• Stage 0 – Selection & preparation of the mother plant
– sterilization of the plant tissue takes place

• Stage I - Initiation of culture

– explant placed into growth media

• Stage II – Multiplication (Organogenesis/morfogenesis)

– explant transferred to another medium; shoots/callus/root can
be formed

• Stage III - Rooting

– explant transferred to root media

• Stage IV - Transfer to soil

– explant returned to soil; hardened off
 TAHAP PELAKSANAAN
KULTUR JARINGAN
Sterilisasi ruangan, alat dan glassware
Pembuatan media
Persiapan eksplan
Penanaman / Inokulasi
Pemeliharaan
Subkultur (multiplikasi/sesuai tujuan)
Perakaran
Aklimatisasi
 Biotechnology in
Crop Protection:
Transgenic Crops

Y. Andi Trisyono
Department of Crop Protection
Faculty of Agriculture, GMU
May 10, 2022
Why crop protection? Why transgenic crops?
The adoption of transgenic crops world wide
Major transgenic crops for crop protection
Indonesian experience with the Bt transgenic
cotton
 CROP
PROTECTION
Scientists: 25-30% world wide
Trisyono et al.
(2019). JPTI, in press

UGJ
Dua Hama Utama Jagung:
UGJ (umumnya menyerang tanaman
muda) and Penggerek batang jagung Asia
[PBJA] (menyerang batang)

PBJA PBJA

Photo credit: Y. Andi Trisyono

Corn ear worm
in USA
THE FOOD SECURITY CHALLENGE
World Population (B)
Transition Nations
Developed Nations
9
Developing Nations
8

1981 1999 2015 2030

3 BILLION MORE PEOPLE BY 2030

Source: Glick 2010
 Overall impact on U.S. agriculture of
biotechnology-derived crops

Parameter 2001 2003

Planted acreage (million acres) 80 106

Yield increase (billion pounds) 3.79 5.34
Cost reduction (billion dollars) 1.2 1.5
Pesticide reduction (million pounds) 45.7 46.4

Source: Sankula and Blumenthal 2004

Transgenic Crops
• Not the silver bullet to solve all the
problems in crop protection and crop
production.
• May contribute in reducing yield loss,
increasing the farmers’ benefit, and
minimizing the risks of pesticides
 Adoption of
Transgenic Crops
(Rashmi 2012)
5/8/2022 12
Cultivating Countries
29 countries grew biotech crops in 2019

(Courtesy of Abigail Simmons, Ph.D.; 2021) Helping Farmers Grow

13
 Worldwide Adoption

(Courtesy of Abigail Simmons, Ph.D.; 2021)

14 Helping Farmers Grow
GM Crop in Indonesia

• Drought tolerance of sugarcane: planted

• Bt transgenic corns: in the pipeline
• Late blight-resistant potato, Bt transgenic rice: in the
process of registration
5/8/2022 16
 Adoption of Different
Transgenic Maize in the USA
No. Trait 2007 (%) 2008 (%)
Single 37 22
Double 35 30
Triple 28 48
Farmers prefer transgenic crops with more traits
Source: James (2008)
 Adoption of Biotechnology
Key Points

• 29 countries cultivated GM crops in 2019

• 44 additional countries import GM crops for
food/feed.
• The most common GM crops are row crops such
as soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola.
• GM specialty crops include brinjal, pineapple,
squash, sugarcane, and papaya.

(Courtesy of Abigail Simmons, Ph.D.; 2021)

18 Helping Farmers Grow
Major Transgenic Crops
 Based on
traits

5/8/2022 20
 Based on crops

5/8/2022 21
 Adoption in U.S.

• The majority
of soybeans,
cotton, and
corn grown
in the U.S. is
GM

22 (Courtesy of Abigail Simmons, Ph.D.; 2021) Helping Farmers Grow

 Insect Resistance

Testing of “Bt” cotton for resistance to

bollworms

(Photos by ? )
 Herbicide
tolerance

✓ current: soybean, corn,

canola, cotton, alfalfa
✓ coming: sugarbeet (on
hold), lettuce, strawberry,
wheat (on hold), Turf grass

(Photos by ? )
 Resistance to Fungal
Transgenic Wild-type
Disease

Sunflower
White mold
resistance

Control and transgenic tomato plants that express an oxalate oxidase

gene construct two days after inoculation with the phytopathogenic
fungus Sclerotinia which causes stem-rot diseases in a wide variety of
economically important plants.
(Photos by ? )
 Viral Resistance

Coat protein based

protection from
Papaya Ringspot
Virus

(Photos by ? )
WHY Bacillus thuringiensis?
Long history of safe use
Specificity
Variety of toxins
Learning from the past:
Indonesia
The transgenic cotton expressing Cry1Ac from
Bacillus thuringiensis
The target insect pest: Helicoverpa armigera
Additional target insect pest: Earias vitella
 Response of the Bt
transgenic cotton to the
NON target insect pest
(Empoasca fabae)
 The Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac is not
INTENDED and effective against larvae of
Spodoptera litura (non-targeted insect pest)
 TAKE HOME MESSAGES

Transgenic crops provide a new tool

to combat pests, and the adoption of
this technology must be inline with
the principles of Integrated Pest
Management (IPM).
 Insect Protected Maize Expressing the
Cry1Ab Protein from Bacillus thuringiensis:

An Overview

Jeff Stein
Biosafety Advisor
Program for Biosafety Systems

Bandung 2012

Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/

 A Very Brief History of Bt Corn

•1st product commercially approved in 1995 in the U.S.

•Regulatory Approvals: EPA; USDA – APHIS; FDA

•Cultivation approvals in:

•Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North & South America
•annual plantings of all Bt corn exceed 25 million hectare

•Food/feed approvals:
•Arg, Aust, Brazil, China, EU, Jpn, Korea, Mex, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Romania,
Russia, Taiwan, UK, Uruguay, U.S., Canada

•Basis for safety decision:

•Cry proteins are non-toxic & non-allergenic
•Grain, whole plants, and silage substantially equivalent to non-GM corn

Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/

Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Biolistic Transformation: the “Gene Gun”

+
DNA gold particles
pressure
and
vacuum

Select and regenerate Some of the DNA will

plants with the new integrate into the plant’s
DNA. These are DNA, or genome.
transgenic plants.

Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/

Regenerated Shoots Transgenic Plantlets

Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/

15
 Bt Maize

Non-GM maize Bt GM maize

damaged by caterpillars resistant to caterpillars

Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/

Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Program for Biosafety Systems – Facilitated by IFPRI – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
 PENGATURAN DAN BIOETIKA
PEMANFAATAN ORGANISME
HASIL REKAYASA GENETIK
UNTUK TUJUAN KOMERSIAL

Y. Andi Trisyono

Departemen Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan

Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta 55281
Subjects of Discussion
• Regulations related to
GMO
• Registration of GMOs
products in Indonesia
• Biosafety in confined field
trial
 The development and
deployment of a GM crop
move through different
stages General
release

Full safety
assessment

Confined
Field Trials
Growth
Chamber or Safety Regulation
greenhouse
is Adapted to Each
Lab
Level
 PERATURAN DAN PEDOMAN
1. SK Mentan No. 856/Kpts/HK.330/9/1997 tentang
Ketentuan Keamanan Hayati PBPHRG
2. SK Bersama Empat Menteri (Pertanian, Kehutanan dan
Perkebunan, Kesehatan, dan Pangan dan Hortikultura)
No. 998.1/Kpts/OT.210/9/99; 790.a/Kpts-IX/1999;
1145A/Menkes/SKB/IX/199; 015A?Nmeneg
PHOR/09/1999 tentang Keamanan Hayati dan
Keamanan Pangan Produk Pertanian Hasil Rekayasa
Genetik (PPHRG)
3. Pedoman pengujian keamanan hayati PPHRG
4. SK Mentan No. 737/Kpts/TP.240/9/98 tentang pengujian,
penilaian, dan pelepasan varietas
5. UU RI No 21 Tahun 2004 tentang Pengesahan
Cartagene Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on
Biological Diversity
6. Peraturan Pemerintah RI Tahun 2005 tentang
Keamanan Hayati Produk Rekayasa Genetik
 Peraturan terkait PRG (Djohor 2016)
1. Peraturan Presiden Nomor 53 Tahun 2014 tentang
Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 39 Tahun
2010 tentang Komisi KKH PRG
2. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No. 61/2011 tentang
Pengujian, Penilaian, Pelepasan dan Penarikan Varietas
3. Peraturan Kepala Badan POM tahun 2012 tentang
Pedoman Pengkajian Keamanan Pangan Produk
Rekayasa Genetik
4. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No. 25/2012
tentang Pedoman penyusunan dokumen Analisis Risiko
Lingkungan Produk Rekayasa Genetik
5. Peraturan Kepala Badan POM tahun 2012 tentang
Pengawasan Pelabelan Pangan Produk Rekayasa Genetik
PROTOKOL CARTAGENA

Indonesia telah meratifikasi Konvensi

Keanekaragaman Hayati (United Nations
Convention on Biological Diversity) dengan UU No.
5 Tahun 1995 yang mengamanatkan
ditetapkannya suatu Protokol tentang Keamanan
Hayati

Tahun 2004 melalui UU No. 21 Tahun 2004 telah

diratifikasi Protokol Cartagena

Berlaku bagi perpindahan lintas batas,

persinggahan, penanganan dan pemanfaatan
semua organisme hasil modifikasi genetik
(Djohor 2016)
 MENERIMA

PENDEKATAN
KEHATI-HATIAN

(Djohor 2016)
KEBIJAKAN PEMANFAATAN PRODUK
REKAYASA GENETIK (PRG)
Pemanfaatan PRG memberi peluang untuk
menunjang produksi pertanian, ketahanan
pangan dan peningkatan kualitas hidup
manusia.
Pemanfaatan bioteknologi harus dapat dijamin
tidak menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap
lingkungan hidup, kesehatan manusia
dan/atau kesehatan hewan

(Djohor 2016)
 Pemohon Peraturan
Pemerintah RI No
FUT, LUT 21 Tahun 2005

Menteri yang
Tim Penilai dan berwenang/Kepala
Pelepas Varietas
LPND Menteri
Lingkungan
Hidup
Pelepasan KKHKP (= KKH)

BKKH
TTKHKP (= TTKH)

FUT LUT
 TIM TEKNIS KEAMANAN HAYATI PRG
(TTKH PRG)
TTKH PRG dibentuk berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Ketua
KKH PRG Nomor 01/KKHPRG/11/2011 tanggal 4 November
2011.
TTKH PRG bertugas melakukan pengkajian dokumen
teknis,uji lanjutan keamanan hayati dan evaluasi atas
permohonan pengujian PRG di laboratorium, Fasilitas Uji
Terbatas (FUT) atau Lapangan Uji Terbatas (LUT).
TTKH PRG terdiri atas :
TTKH PRG bidang lingkungan berkedudukan di
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup;
TTKH PRG bidang pangan berkedudukan di Badan
POM;
TTKH PRG bidang pakan berkedudukan di Kementerian
Pertanian.
(Djohor 2016)
ANALISIS RISIKO LINGKUNGAN PRG
Pasal 47 UU 32/2009 : Setiap usaha dan/atau
kegiatan yang berpotensi menimbulkan dampak
penting terhadap lingkungan hidup, ancaman
terhadap ekosistem dan kehidupan, dan/atau
kesehatan dan keselamatan manusia wajib
melakukan analisis risiko lingkungan hidup
➔ termasuk pelepasan dan peredaran PRG
Analisis Risiko Lingkungan meliputi: analisis
risiko, pengelolaan risiko, dan komunikasi risiko

(Djohor 2016)
 Tim Pengkajian Hukum, Sosial Budaya,
Ekonomi Produk Rekayasa Genetik
(TIM PHSBE – PRG)

• Tim PHSBE dibentuk berdasarkan SK

Nomor: 02/KKH PRG/01/2012 tanggal 14
Januari 2012.
• TIM PHSBE – PRG bertugas untuk
membantu KKH PRG dalam memberikan
pertimbangan hukum, sosial budaya dan
ekonomi untuk kelayakan pemanfaatan
Produk Rekayasa Genetik
(Djohor 2016)
 Prosedur Sertifikasi PRG

Peredaran/
1 Pengujian
PRG di Lab, 2 Pengkajian
Keamanan 3 Pelepasan
FUT, LUT Hayati PRG

(Djohor 2016)
 Bagaimana PRG dikaji
keamanannya?

▪ Kajian keamanan pangan

▪ Kajian keamanan pakan
▪ Kajian keamanan lingkungan

Plus etika, agama, dan

sosio-ekonomi

HANYA YG LOLOS PENGKAJIAN YANG DIBERI IZIN EDAR

(Djohor 2016)
PRG yang telah mendapatkan
sertifikat Keamanan Hayati

Keamanan Pangan: 18 PRG

Keamanan Pakan : 3 PRG

Keamanan Lingkungan : 5 PRG (2

tanaman PRG + 3 Vaksin Hewan PRG)

(Djohor 2016)
 Komersialisasi
• Tim Pengawas Tanaman Produk Rekayasa
Genetik Pertanian (SK Kepala Badan
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian No
145 Tahun 2021)
• Tugas utama: pengawasan, melakukan
kajian adanya laporan dampak negative,
dan menyusun hasil kajian
 The development and
deployment of a GM crop
move through different
stages General
release

Full safety
assessment

Confined
Field Trials
Growth
Chamber or Safety Regulation
greenhouse
is Adapted to Each
Lab
Level
 Confined Field Trials
Prevent Gene Flow Genes in Pollen Environment
I
S
O
L
A
T
Seed I
O
N

C
O
Prevent Eating N
F
I Eaten by
Plant
N • Livestock
Parts
E
M
• Humans
E
N
T

Prevent Persistence Environment

M
O
N
I
T
O
R
I
Volunteers N
G
GENETIC ISOLATION FOR MAIZE

• Destroy before flowering, or

Detassel, tassel bag, or distance

200m

200m
Regulated 200m
Maize
Trial

200m
Alternative Methods -- Maize
 Gene flow in Maize
8

7
Percent Outcrossing

6
5

4
3

2
1
0
6 9 11 14 17
Distance ((m)
 Isolation Distances for Some Crop
Species
Crop OECD Malawi Zambia Can/US
Species
Maize 200m 200m 200m 200m
Sorghum 200m 200m
Groundnut 5m 10m
Cotton 200m 100m 300m 200m
Pearl Millet 200m 200m
Cowpea 5m 5m
Wheat 50m 30m/10m
• How do we Prevent Eating?

– Material Confinement
Plant material produced at site
– Storage, labeling,
packaging, transport,
disposal
Crop Destruction
Looking for Volunteer Corn the 2nd Year over 45 Acres
Ethics in Biotechnology

Y. Andi Trisyono
Department of Crop Protection
Faculty of Agriculture, GMU
 GM Products: Benefits and Controversies
(Sakarindr Bhumiratana [2005], The Ethical Use of GMOs)
Benefits
Crops
Enhanced taste and quality
Reduced maturation time
Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance
Improved resistance to disease, pests, and
herbicides
New products and growing techniques
Animals
Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and
feed efficiency
Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk
Environment
"Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides
Conservation of soil, water, and energy
Better natural waste management
Society
Increased food security for growing populations
Controversies
Safety
Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of
antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects.
Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer
of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown
effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes),
and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity
Access and Intellectual Property
Domination of world food production by a few
companies
Biopiracy—foreign exploitation of natural resources
Ethics
Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values
Tampering with nature by mixing genes among
species
Labeling
Not mandatory in some countries
Society
New advances may be skewed to interests of rich
countries
 Agenda
• Definition of ethics and bioethics
• Opportunities and making decisions
• Example: Issues related with biotech
food
• Communications
 13.1 What Is Ethics?

• Ethics identifies a code of values for our

actions
• Bioethics – area of ethics that deals with
the implications of biological research and
biotechnological applications on humanity,
especially regarding medicine
– Ask "Should this be done?" not "Can this be
done?"

(Source: Lisa Werner, Ethics and Biotechnology)

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 13.1 What Is Ethics?

• Approaches to Ethical Decision Making

– Two main viewpoints
• Utilitarian approach – states that something is
good if it is useful, and an action is moral if it
produces the "greatest good for the greatest
number"
• Deontological approach (Kantian approach or
duty ethics) – focuses on certain imperatives, or
absolute principles, which we should follow out of a
sense of duty and which should dictate our actions

(Source: Lisa Werner, Ethics and Biotechnology)

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 13.1 What Is Ethics?

• Modern Bioethics
– Primarily the work of two ethicists in the 1970s
• Joseph Fletcher refined utilitarian or "situational
ethics"
• Paul Ramsey refined deontology or "objectivism"

(Source: Lisa Werner, Ethics and Biotechnology)

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 13.1 What Is Ethics?

• Utilitarianism
– Emphasizes consequences, not intentions
– Analyze possible consequences to determine
course of action which will have the greatest
positive effect
– Disadvantages:
• Must assign a value to what is being considered
– Love and family not easily quantified
– Quantifiable things, such as material goods and life span
could be emphasized
• Who does the calculating and assigns the values?
(Source: Lisa Werner, Ethics and Biotechnology)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 13.1 What Is Ethics?

• Deontology (objectivism)
– There are some absolutes – definitive rules
that cannot be broken
– Deeply held convictions (may or may not be
religious)
– Advantage: firm guidelines, clear cut ethical
formula for decision making
– Disadvantage: rigid, may not take important
factors into account, or changes in values

(Source: Lisa Werner, Ethics and Biotechnology)

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 13.1 What Is Ethics?

• There can be other approaches or blending

of the two main approaches
• Key objective is to gather information,
consider the facts, and make a thoughtful,
informed decision
• When debating contentious ethical issues,
respect and consider other viewpoints

(Source: Lisa Werner, Ethics and Biotechnology)

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Food Biotech Public Issues
• Food Safety
• Labeling
• Intellectual property
• Environment
 Biotechnology and Food

Personal Choices & Public Policies

Thomas M. Zinnen
Biotechnology Policy & Outreach Specialist
University of Wisconsin-Madison/Extension
The Challenge of Perception is
the Potential for The Feeling
of Deception
• How Consumers Think New Foods Are
Developed, Tested and Regulated
• How New Foods Are Actually
Developed, Tested and Regulated
 The Consumer Sovereignty
Argument:
• The consumer has a right to know what
goes in the consumer’s body.
• WWW2NO: Whatever We Want to
Know
Need to:
3. Communication
▪ increase public understanding of the science
behind GMOs debate
▪ develop tools for public communication and
promoting the public understanding of this and
related issues
▪ not just one-way communication but should
encourage dialogue between all participants
(Sakarindr Bhumiratana [2005], The Ethical Use of GMOs)
Need to:
3. Communication (cont’d)

▪ two-way flow of understanding

between scientists and the
public is also required

▪ make sure all stakeholder

voice are heard
(Sakarindr Bhumiratana [2005],
The Ethical Use of GMOs)