TOEFL Preparation

TOEFL PREPARATION
CONTENTS
TOEFL INTRODUCTION 2
WHY DO PEOPLE TAKE THE TOEFL ? 3
WHAT IS TO KNOW ABOUT TOEFL BEFORE TAKING THE TOEFL TEST ? 3
SKILLS TESTED ON THE TOEFL 3
TOEFL SCORE CONVERSION TABLE 5
LISTENING COMPREHENSION PART A 6
T.E 1/On the second line 6
T.E 2/Look for the same meaning 6
T.E 3/Avoid similiar sound 7
T.E 1-3 8
T.E 4/Who, what, and where 8
T.E 5/Passive 9
T.E 6/Who is doing what 10
T.E 4-6 11
T.E 1-6 12
T.E 7/Listen for negative expression 12
T.E 8/Double negatives 13
T.E 9/Almost negative expression 14
T.E 10/Comparative with negative 15
T.E 7-10 15
T.E 11/Listen for expressions of agreement 16
T.E 12/Listen for expressions of uncertainly and suggestion 17
T.E 13/Listen for emphatic expressions of surprise 18
T.E 11-13 18
T.E 1-13 19
PART B and PART C 20
STRUCTURE OPENING 21
SKILL 1 : PAY ATTENTION TO THE SUBJECT, FINITE AND INFINITE VERB 22
SKILL 2 : BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES 23
SKILL 3 : PARALLEL STRUCTURE 24
SKILL 4 : DEGREE of COMPARISON 26
TOEFL EXERCISE 27
SKILL 5 : SENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS 28
SKILL 6 : PROBLEMS WITH SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT 32
SKILL 7 : WORD CHOICE 34
TOEFL EXERCISE 35
TOEFL EXERCISE 36
WORD FORMS 37
TOEFL EXERCISE 38
CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 1

TOEFL PREPARATION
READING COMPREHENSION 39
SKILL 1/ANSWER MAIN IDEA QUESTION CORRECTLY 39
SKILL 2/RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS 41
SKILL 3/ANSWER STATED DETAIL QUESTION CORRECTLY 42
SKILL 4/FIND “UNSTATED” DETAILS 44
SKILL 5/FIND PRONOUN REFERENTS 45
SKILL 6/ANSWER IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY 46
SKILL 7/ANSWER TRANSITION QUESTIONS CORRECTLY 47
‘The Qualified English Course for Future Generations’

TOEFL PREPARATION
TOEFL (Test of English As a Foreign Language) sudah sangat umum di telinga

masyarakat Indonesia, khususnya pada kaum akademisi. Tes ini dilakukan untuk mengukur
dan mengetahui kapabilitas dan kecakapan kita dalam berbahasa Inggris. Tes ini
diselenggarakan oleh ETS atau Educational Testing Service dan pertama kali diperkenalkan
pada tahun 1963. Tes ini juga memiliki peran yang sangat besar dalam peluang karir dan
akademik. Sebagai contoh, hasil dari tes TOEFL dapat digunakan untuk melamar pekerjaan
pada sebuah instansi dan berfungsi sebagai syarat masuk ke universitas. Tes TOEFL juga bisa
digunakan untuk mendapat bantuan dana pendidikan atau beasiswa. Berikut akan dibahas
dan disebutkan mengenai tiga jenis tes TOEFL serta perbedaan dari masing-masing tes.
Ada tiga jenis TOEFL yang dilakukan dengan metode yang berbeda pula, yaitu :
1. PBT-TOEFL (Paper Based Test)-TOEFL atau dalam bahasa kita adalah tes TOEFL
berbasis kertas. Seperti namanya, tes ini dilakukan di atas kertas dengan tiga sesi
ujian yaitu Listening, Structure, dan Reading. Jenis TOEFL ini memiliki rentang nilai
atau skor dari 310 hingga 677 sebagai nilai paling maksimum. Tes ini berlangsung
selama 2 hingga 2,5 jam. Saat ini, PBT-TOEFL sudah tidak diberlakukan lagi di lingkup
internasional, kecuali beberapa negara saja. Namun, ada banyak instansi lokal di
Indonesia yang masih mau menerima hasil score PBT-TOEFL.
2. CBT-TOEFL (Computer Based Test)-TOEFL atau tes TOEFL berbasis komputer. Tes ini
menggunakan perangkat lunak resmi yang diterbitkan oleh ETS sebagai media
pengujian. Dengan kata lain, peserta ujian mengerjakan soal-soal ujian TOEFL
berbasis komputer. Pada tes jenis ini terdapat empat sesi ujian yaitu Listening,
Structure, Reading, dan Writing. Selain itu, tes ini berlangsung selama 2 hingga 2,5
jam. CBT-TOEFL memiliki rentang nilai antara nol hingga 330 sebagai nilai paling
tinggi.
3. iBT-TOEFL (internet Based Test)-TOEFL atau bisa juga disebut tes TOEFL berbasis
internet. Jenis tes TOEFL inilah yang sudah berlaku dan diakui secara global. TOEFL
jenis ini diperkenalkan dan diberlakukan di dunia internasional pada 2005 silam.
Jenis tes TOEFL ini masih dilakukan di komputer, hanya saja kali ini tidak ada
dukungan perangkat lunak sebagai media pengujian, namun dilakukan secara online
atau dengan kata lain, peserta ujian akan mengerjakan soal-soal tes yang langsung
disediakan oleh ETS secara online. Tes terdiri dari empat sesi ujian yaitu Listening,
Writing, Reading, dan Speaking dengan nilai maksimum 120, dan berlangsung selama
4 jam. Jenis ujian pun dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu Individual Test dan Integrated
Test. Jenis tes inilah yang cocok bila anda ingin melanjutkan studi anda di luar negeri
karena universitas di luar negeri mensyaratkan skor iBT-TOEFL sebagai salah satu
syarat wajib.
Singkatnya, tes TOEFL terbagi menjadi tiga jenis yaitu PBT-TOEFL, CBT-TOEFL, dan iBT-
TOEFL. Ketiga-tiganya masih dapat dijumpai karena masih berlaku. Namun, dalam dunia
internasional, iBT-TOEFL lah yang disahkan dan diakui secara global. Sangatlah penting
untuk mengetahui semua hal itu sebagai tolak ukur kebutuhan dan tujuan anda dalam
mengambil tes TOEFL tersebut karena masing-masing jenis tes memiliki nilai dan tingkatan
yang berbeda.

TOEFL PREPARATION
➢ Mengapa orang mengambil TOEFL ?

Why do people take the TOEFL ?
Saat ini terdapat berbagai alasan dan pertimbangan orang mempelajari dan mengambil
TOEFL, misalnya :
1. Ingin melanjutkan studi di luar negeri (overseas), dimana bahasa inggris digunakan
sebagai bahasa pengantar.
2. Ingin melanjutkan studi dari S1 (Sarjana) ke S2 (Magister/Master) dan S3
(Doctor/Ph.D) di program Pascasarjana didalam negeri.
3. Ingin menduduki jabatan struktural tertentu di instansi pemerintahan atau jabatan
penting diperusahaan swasta tertentu.
4. Ingin menyelesaikan studi S1 (Sarjana) atau S2 (Magister/Master) di Universitas,
Institut ataupun Akademi Kedinasan maupun Non-Kedinasan tertentu didalam
negeri.
5. Ingin mengambil Short Course Program (Program Khusus Pendek) yang dibiayai oleh
Kedutaan, Departemen-departemen, ataupun yayasan lain dalam dan luar negeri
dibidang tertentu.
➢ Apa yang harus anda ketahui tentang TOEFL sebelum mengambil TOEFL ?
What is to know about TOEFL before taking the TOEFL Test ?
1. Soal TOEFL sering kali menggunakan distractor (pengecut) yang membuat jawaban
salah kelihatannya benar.
2. Sebagian topik pembicaraan dalam soal TOEFL didasarkan pada Sejarah Amerika
Serikat dan Lingkungan Sosialnya.
3. Masalah-masalah kontroversial yang berkaitan dengan agama, kematian, perbedaan
ras, suku TIDAK AKAN MUNCUL dalam soal TOEFL.
➢ Keterampilan apa saja yang diteskan dalam TOEFL ?

What skills are tested on the TOEFL ?
Ada 3 section (tiga bagian) keterampilan yang diteskan dalam TOEFL, yaitu :
SECTION PAPER-BASED TOEFL JUMLAH WAKTU

(PBT) SOAL
1 Listening Comprehension 50 40 MINUTES
2 Structure & Written 40 25 MINUTES
Expression
3 Reading Comprehension 50 55 MINUTES
JUMLAH SOAL/ALOKASI WAKTU 140 120 MINUTES

TOEFL PREPARATION
❖ SECTION 1
Listening Comprehension (Pemahaman dalam Mendengarkan). Bagian ini menguji
kemampuan anda dalam mendengarkan percakapan ataupun pidato pendek dalam
bahasa inggris Amerika melalui tape, CD, DVD atau media audio lainnya yang
disediakan oleh panitia TOEFL.
❖ SECTION 2
Structure and Written Expression (Struktur dan Ungkapan tertulis berkaitan dengan
Grammar). Bagian ini menguji kemampuan anda dalam memahami Grammar (tata
bahasa inggris) dan Ungkapan-ungkapan yang lazim ada dalam bahasa tulis dalam
bahasa inggris serta dapat menggunakan dan mengetahui letak kesalahan dalam
penggunaan.
❖ SECTION 3
Reading Comprehension (Pemahaman bacaan). Bagian ini menguji kemampuan
anda dalam memahami berbagai jenis bacaan ilmiah berkaitan dengan : topik, ide
utama, isi bacaan, arti kata atau kelompok kata, serta informasi rinci yang berkaitan
dengan bacaan tadi.
Tidak ada hal besar yang pernah dicapai tanpa antusiasme.

TOEFL PREPARATION
Toefl Score Conversion Table (Tabel Konversi Skor TOEFL)

RAW SCORE SCORE PER SECTION
(SKOR MENTAH) SECTION SECTION SECTION
1 2 3
50 68 67
49 66 66
48 64 65
47 63 63
46 62 61
45 61 60
44 60 59
43 59 58
42 58 57
41 57 56
40 56 67 55
39 56 66 54
38 55 64 53
37 54 63 52
36 53 61 51
35 52 59 50
34 52 58 49
33 51 57 49
32 50 55 48
31 50 54 48
30 49 53 47
29 49 52 47
28 48 51 46
27 48 50 45
26 47 49 45
25 46 48 44
24 46 47 43
23 45 46 42
22 44 45 41
21 44 44 41
20 43 43 40
19 43 42 39
18 42 41 38
17 41 40 37
16 41 39 36
15 40 38 35
14 39 37 34
13 38 36 33
12 37 35 32
11 36 34 31
10 34 33 30
9 33 32 29
8 32 30 28
7 31 29 28
6 30 28 27
5 29 26 26
4 28 25 25
3 27 24 24
2 26 22 23
1 25 20 22
0 24 20 21

TOEFL PREPARATION
PART A
“LISTENING COMPREHENSION”
SHORT CONVERSATION
TOEFL EXERCISE 1
Focus : On the second line 8. A. She hasn’t seen Tim.
1. A. He is leaving now. B. Tim was there only for a moment.
B. He has to go out of his way. C. Tim was around a short time ago.
C. He will not be leaving soon. D. Tim will return in a minute.
D. He will do it his own way. 9. A. She doesn’t like the place he chose.
2. A. He looked the door. B. She doesn’t want to get into the car.
B. he tried unsuccessfully to get into C. She’s glad the spot is reserved.
the house. D. They can’t park the car there.
C. He was able to open the door. 10. A. There’s plenty to eat.
D. He left the house without looking B. The refrigerator’s broken.
the door. C. The food isn’t in the refrigerator.
3. A. She doesn’t like to listen to turkeys. D. He’s not sure if there’s enough.
B. She thinks the dinner sounds special.
C. She especially likes the mast turkeys. TOEFL EXERCISE 2
D. she’d prefer a different dinner. Focus : look for the same meaning
4. A. He’ll be busy with her homework 1. A. The final exam was harder than
tonight. the others.
B. He can’t help her tonight. B. There were two exams rather than one.
C. He’s sorry he can’t ever help her. C. He thought the exam would be easier.
D. He’ll help her with her physics. D. The exam was not very difficult.
5. A. Her eyes hurt. 2. A. He’s not feeling very well.
B. She thought the lecture was great. B. He’s rather sick of working.
C. The class was boring. C. He’s feeling better today than
D. She didn’t want to watch Professor Yesterday.
Martin. D. He’d really rather not answer
6. A. Not all the bills have been paid. the question.
B. They don’t have enough credit to pay 3. A. The company was founded about
the bills. a year ago.
C. What she said on the phone was B. It was just established that he could go
not credible. into business.
D. He used a credit card to pay some of C. The family is well established
the bills. D. The business only lasted a year
7. A. She’ll call back quickly. 4. A. He did not look at the right schedule.
B. She’ll definitely be back by 4:00. B. The plane landed in the right place.
C. She’ll give it back by 4:00. C. The plane arrived on time.
D. She’ll try to return fast. D. He had to wait for the plane to land.

TOEFL PREPARATION
5. A. She’d rather go running. 2. A. The sweater’s the wrong size.

B. She doesn’t want to go into the pool. B. The man’s feet aren’t sweating.
C. She’ll change the clothes quickly and C. The sweater makes the man seem fat.
go swimming. D. The sweet girl doesn’t feel right.
D. She needs a sweat suit to go running. 3. A. He has been regularly using a computer
6. A. The firefighters saved the homes for B. He communicates with a Boston
last. company.
B. A firefighter saved the hillside last night C. He regularly goes to communities
C. The homes on the hillside were burned. around Boston.
D. The houses weren’t destroyed. D. He has been traveling back and forth
7. A. There’s enough soup. to Boston.
B. The spices are adequate. 4. A. He thought the lesson didn’t matter.
C. She thinks the soup is too salty. B. He couldn’t learn the lesson.
D. The man should add more salt C. He learned a massive number of details.
and pepper. D. He didn’t like most of the lesson.
8. A. He was lucky to receive a grant for 5. A. Some animals started the first ire.
his studies. B. Animals are killed by forest fires.
B. He used his fortune to pay his fees. C. In the first frost animals die.
C. He is a scholar at a college with low fees D. Frost can kill animals.
D. He paid to get a scholarship. 6. A. Twenty pairs of shoes are on sale.
9. A. It profited from previous mistakes. B. The soe salesclerk spent twenty dollars
B. It earned a lot of money. on pears.
C. This was the last year that it would C. The shoes cost twenty dollars.
make a profit. D. The shoes could be repaired for twenty
D. It was not so successful. dollars.
10. A. Chuck’s bank account has too much 7. A. Tom tended to dislike biology lab.
money in it. B. Attendance wasn’t necessary at
B. He thinks Chuck has the wrong kind biology lab.
of bank account. C. Tom went to biology lab.
C. He thinks that Chuck is on his way D. There was a tendency to require
home from the bank. biology lab.
D. There isn’t enough money in Chuck’s 8. A. The meal will be served at noon.
account. B. The males should be driven there
by noon.
TOEFL EXERCISE 3 C. He’s expecting the ice to melt before
Focus : Avoid similar sounds noon.
1. A. She has to wait for some cash. D. The letter ought to be delivered
B. The waiter is bringing a glass of water. at 12:00.
C. The lawn is too dry.
D. She needs to watch out for a crash.

TOEFL PREPARATION
9. A. The weather will probably get worse 6. A. The instructor is selecting several
later. Passages.
B. The newspaper headlines described the B. The conductor is fair to the passengers.
bad storm. C. The stamp collector is conducting
C. There was news about a headstrong his business.
man. D. The riders are paying for the train trip.
D. He had a new bad. 7. A. The manager will take the train to
10. A. If she could do the grocery shopping. the progam.
B. If she prefers cooked vegetables or B. A program to develop new manager
Salad. will commence soon.
C. If she could help prepare the salad. C. The new management program is
D. If she minds shopping for vegetables. very weak.
D. The progam will be maintained.
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skill 1-3) 8. A. The fire started to attack the building.
1. A. He would like some iced coffee. B. The fire fighter stared at the attacker.
B. He wants to stop drinking coffe. C. The fire probably began at the top of
C. A drink seems like a good idea. the building.
D. He needs to drinks something to stop D. The firefighter started to attack
his coughing. the fire.
2. A. She would prefer a sunny day. 9. A. He assured the woman that he knew
B. The park is too crowded. the truth.
C. She would like a place that is not so B. He is sure that it isn’t new.
loud. C. He thought that the woman was
D. She cannot walk because she is too old aware of what happened.
3. A. He should open an account. D. He soon will know the truth.
B. He should take a ride on a ship. 10. A. The art professor is not one of his fans.
C. He shouldn’t try to keep the cost cheap B. His drawings were amazing.
D. He should try something monotonous C. The catches that he made were
to get to sleep. fantastic.
4. A. The department is not changing D. His sketches showed a fantasy world.
the requirements.
B. He hasn’t heard anything about TOEFL EXERCISE 4
the change. Focus : who, what, and where
C. The changes are believable. 1. A. In a photography studio
D. What has happened is increadible B. In a biology library
to him. C. In an office
5. A. The wait has taken close to an hour. D. In the library
B. They stranded in their car. 2. A. He’s a pilot.
C. Most of the people have been in line B. He’s a flight attendant.
for hours. C. He’s a member of the grounds crew.
D. They made a line in the sand. D. He works cleaning land.

TOEFL PREPARATION
3. A. Wash the dishes immediately TOEFL EXERCISE 5

B. Use as many dishes as possible Focus : passive
C. Wash the dishes for as long as possible 1. A. If the restaurant is on the corner
D. Wait until later to clean up B. If the man would like to go to the
4. A. In a bank Restaurant
B. In a restaurant C. If the vegetables are fresh
C. At a service station D. If the vegetarian food can be obtained
D. In a beauty salon 2. A. He admitted that he wanted to go to
5. A. A salesclerk in a shoe store law school accepted him as a student.
B. A shoe repairperson B. The law professor admitted that he
C. A party caterer would be a student in the fall semester.
D. A salesclerk in a fixtures department C. The law school accepted him as
6. A. On a play ground a student.
B. In a parking lot D. He would be admitted to law school
C. At a zoo after the fall semester.
D. In a photo studio 3. A. Mark’s plants were cared for in
7. A. Respond to the mail his absence.
B. Put the letters in a file B. Mark’s plan was to be out of town.
C. It depends on where the file is C. Mark was careful about his plans for
D. File the answer she received to the out-of-town trip.
the letters D. She was careful while Mark was gone.
8. A. In an airplane 4. A. The lights in the trees were destroyed
B. In a police car in the storm.
C. In a theater B. The storm damaged the trees.
D. At a fireworks exhibit C. The falling trees destroyed a store.
9. A. Take care of Bob D. In the light the destruction of the storm
B. Invite Bob to dinner could be seen.
C. Let bob know that they accept 5. A. She was broke from skiing.
his invitation B. She went skiing in spite of her accident.
D. Respond to the woman’s question C. Her leg was hurt on a skiing trip.
10. A. A pharmacist D. Her skis were broken in the mountains.
B. A dentist 6. A. The road the horses took was long
C. A teacher and hard.
D. A business manager B. It was hard to find the hidden houses.
C. The riders worked the horses too much.
D. It was hard for people to ride the
horses for long.

TOEFL PREPARATION
7. A. He didn’t want the coffee that the 2. A. It was hard for her to hear Jane last
woman ordered. night.
B. He wasn’t sure if the woman wanted B. Jane gave a harp recital last night.
coffee. C. Jane was playing hard while she was
C. He assumed the woman had ordered hurt.
coffee. D. She played the harp last night for Jane.
D. He was unaware that coffee had 3. A. The baby sitter went to bed quite early.
already been ordered. B. The children were forced to go to bed
8. A. The car wasn’t in the left parking lot early.
at the airport. C. The baby-sitter made the bed after
B. The friends parked their car at the children got up.
the airport. D. The baby-sitter did not stay up late.
C. The airport couldn’t hold a lot of cars. 4. A. The man taught his son about football.
D. There were a lot of cars to the left of B. The boy is receiving the ball from his
the parking lot. dad.
9. A. The students pointed at Mac. C. The ball is being tossed into the air by
B. Mac was present when the other the boy.
students made the appointment. D. The man is playing the ball in the sun.
C. The class representative suggested 5. A. The students were told to go to listen
Mac to the other students. the speaker.
D. Mac was chosen by his classmates to B. The professor attended that evening’s
represent them. lecture.
10. A. After the earthquake, the insurance C. The students gave directions to the
company came out to inspect lecture.
the damage. D. The professor was directed to the
B. The insurance company insisted that lecture hall.
the building be repaired to meet 6. A. The manager went to the supply room.
earthquake safety standards. B. The clerk set supplies on the floor.
C. The inhabitants paid their premium C. The clerk went to the supply room at
after the earthquake. the manager’s request.
D. The insurance company paid for D. The clerk backed into the manager in
the earthquake damage. the supply room.
7. A. The librarian was quite reserved with
TOEFL EXERCISE 6 the students for two days.
Focus : Who is doing what ? B. Within two days the librarian had the
1. A. The passenger waited at the corner. books for the students.
B. The passenger looked for a taxi at C. The librarian reserved the books for
the corner. the students.
C. The cab driver waited for the passenger D. The students put the books on hold for
D. The passenger cornered the waiting two days.
taxi driver.

TOEFL PREPARATION
8. A. The chairman decided that Tony would 4. A. A delivery man

serve on the board for another year. B. A famous chef
B. The chairman elected the board. C. A clerk in a fast-food restaurant
C. The board decided Tony could be D. An airline steward
chairman after one year. 5. A. They need new print for the additional
D. Tony became chairman for one more copies.
year. B. They can make extra copies if
9. A. The judge demanded the murderer. necessary.
B. The judge tried to protect the C. Printers are needed for the additional
defendant from the murderer. copies.
C. The judge said that the defendant was D. additional copies are needed
a criminal. immediately.
D. The defense couldn’t make a judgment 6. A. The professor bought two books.
about the criminal. B. The students had to purchase two
10. A. The woman should announce the books.
names of the committee members. C. The students sold two books to
B. He is thankful to be appointed to the the professor.
committee. D. The students were required to read
C. He is sure about the time of the two books by the professor.
appointment with the committee.
D. The woman will serve on the 7. A. The doctor returned to the office.
committee. B. Jim asked the doctor to come to
the office.
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skill 4-6) C. The doctor will not return until
1. A. In a department store next week.
B. In a stationery store D. Jim was told to come back.
C. At the post office 8. A. Go to work in the lab
D. At the airport B. Sample the work from the lab
2. A. The teacher gave the students a hand. C. Have the samples delivered
B. The term papers were turned in. D. Send a note to the lab
C. The students got the papers from 9. A. Mary became the new class president.
the office. B. Sue took her place as her class
D. The teacher handed the papers to president.
the student. C. In place of Mary, Sue became senior
3. A. The attendant checked the oil in class president.
mark’s car. D. The senior class president replaced
B. Mark checked to see if he had Sue and Mary.
enough oil in his car.
C. Mark checked with the service
station attendant.
D. Mark wrote a check to pay for the oil.

TOEFL PREPARATION
10. A. The panel was analyzed on 7. A. Buying the bigger container.

the television program. B. Putting the milk in the cart.
B. A committee evaluated recent C. Taking a carton that is smaller.
political events. D. Getting the milk tomorrow instead.
C. The program featured a psychoanalyst. 8. A. The receptionist welcomed
D. The panel discussed the television the businesspeople.
progam. B. The man created shipping and
receiving business
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skill 1-6) C. The businesspeople were rather greedy
1. A. He seemed to be rather hungry. D. The businesspeople greeted
B. She was quite angry at him. the receptionist.
C. He was trying to hang the posters. 9. A. The police officer was stationed near
D. She believes he was mad. the tourist.
2. A. The parents are going to stay up late. B. The tourist was invited to accompany
B. The parents have given Hannah the police officer
her allowance. C. The police became mad at the police
C. Lately, the parents have not been station.
so loud. D. The tourist stated that the police
D. Hannah does not have to go to bed officer never came.
early. 10. A. He hasn’t seen her ideas.
3. A. At a department store B. It was a terrible deal.
B. At a service station C. He doesn’t like the idea.
C. At a collection agency D. It sounds magnificent to him.
D. In a delivery room
4. A. She just broke some eggs. TOEFL EXERCISE 7
B. They need to eat fast. Focus : listen for negative expressions
C. She is serious about the boat. 1. A. She is very busy.
D. She has a choice to make. B. She has lots of free time.
5. A. It was urgent that Ellen do her best. C. It is not necessary to take out the trash.
B. He really urged Ellen to do more. D. She will do it if she has time.
C. He was encouraged by Ellen to try 2. A. The interview is very important.
harder. B. He is worried about the interview.
D. Ellen told him tha she was trying to C. What he’s wearing to the interview is
do better. important.
6. A. The car stalled on the road. D. He is not concerned about the
B. Someone took the car. interview.
C. Rob sold his car. 3. A. He has almost all the notes.
D. Rob heard someone steal his car. B. His attendance was perfect.
C. He went to all the lectures but one.
D. He missed more than one psychology
class.

TOEFL PREPARATION
4. A. They passed the library at 6:00. TOEFL EXERCISE 8

B. The library opens at 6:00 in the summer Focus : Double Negatives
C. The library closes at 6:00. 1. A. He’ll definitely be elected.
D. You can’t check out more than six B. The election is now complete.
books in the summer. C. She has high hopes for his chances.
5. A. Water the plants once a day D. It may happen.
B. Give the plants no more water 2. A. Both parts of his game were bad.
C. Water the plants often while the man B. He served better than he volleyed.
is gone C. Some parts of his game were better
D. Give the plants a limited amount of than others.
water. D. He played rather well.
6. A. The service satisfied her. 3. A. It is a surprise that he was prepared.
B. The food was worse than the service. B. He was not ready, as usual.
C. She thought the service was bad. C. He prepared a really big surprise.
D. Neither the food nor the service was D. His strong preparation came as
satisfying. no surprise.
7. A. He told his kids to leave. 4. A. She felt good enough to go out.
B. He seriously wanted the woman to go. B. She went out to get some medicine.
C. He was joking when he told the woman C. She felt like dancing, so she went out
to leave. with everyone.
D. He left with the woman. D. She stayed home because she was sick.
8. A. The project will take all their effort. 5. A. She has problems that others aren’t
B. They have no other work to do. aware of.
C. It’s impossible to finish. B. Others aren’t aware of her problems.
D. They aren’t even close to finishing C. She knows she’s been a problem.
the project. D. She doesn’t have a care in the world.
9. A. She doesn’t mind an hour more. 6. A. Steve wanted to finish his paper, and so
B. She’d rather stay more than an hour. did Paul.
C. It’s better to stay than go. B. Both Steve’s and Paul’s papers were
D. She prefers to leave. incomplete.
10. A. The service at the hotel wasn’t too C. Steve and Paul were busy doing their
good. term papers.
B. This hotel gave excellent service. D. When Steve wasn’t able to finish his
C. The service at the hotel could have paper, Paul couldn’t help.
been improved.
D. This hotel’s service was the same as
the service at other hotels.

TOEFL PREPARATION
7. A. It wasn’t George’s responsibility to pay 3. A. Although he did pass, Mark’s exam

the bill. grade wasn’t too good.
B. Bill was irresponsible about paying B. Mark failed his history exam.
George’s rent. C. The highest grade on the history exam
C. George acted carelessly by not taking went to Mark.
care of the bill. D. Professor Franks didn’t pass Mark on
D. George took responsibility for the the history exam.
unpaid bill. 4. A. He often has long waits in Dr. Roberts’s
8. A. It’s fortunate that he was accepted. office.
B. It’s good that he wasn’t admitted. B. He must wait patiently for Robert.
C. Fortunately, the University didn’t C. Dr. Roberts is generally punctual.
admit him. D. He doesn’t mind waiting for
D. It’s too bad he was rejected. Dr. Roberts.
9. A. The first essay was better than 5. A. Betty often takes vacations in winter.
the second. B. Betty prefers to take vacations in
B. The first and second drafts couldn’t winter.
be better. C. Occasionally Betty works one week
C. The second draft of the essay was during vacation.
much better than the first. D. A winter vacation is unusual for Betty.
D. Both versions were poorly written. 6. A. He rarely spends time on his courses.
10. A. Roger has been bothered. B. He’s an excellent student.
B. Roger wasn’t the least bit disturbed. C. He never studies.
C. The problems have had little effect D. His books are always open.
on Roger. 7. A. He finished the exam in plenty of time.
D. Roger hasn’t been disturbed. B. He was scared he wouldn’t finish.
C. He used every possible minute to finish.
TOEFL EXERCISE 9 D. He was unable to complete the exam.
Focus : Almost Negative Expression 8. A. This was a very long staff meeting.
1. A. There’s little rain in July. B. This was the only staff meeting in
B. In July it never rains. a long time.
C. It rains hard in July. C. The meeting lasted only until one
D. When it rains in July, it rains hard. o’clock.
2. A. The University accepted three students. D. The one staff meeting should’ve lasted
B. None of the students is going to the longer.
university. 9. A. Meat testes delicious to him when it’s
C. John was not accepted. cooked rare.
D. Two were not admitted. B. He isn’t sure if the meal is delicious.
C. This meat is the best he’s tested in
a long time.
D. He’d like to eat some meat from this
delicatessen.

TOEFL PREPARATION
10. A. He broke his arm trying to move it. 8. A. She wants that job very much.
B. He only hurt the broken arm. B. No one is going to get the job.
C. He only tries to move the broken arm. C. Everybody else wants that job
D. There’s no pain if he rest quietly. as much as she does.
D. She is not sure about taking the job.
TOEFL EXERCISE 10 9. A. She was second in the race.
Focus : Comparative with the negative B. She was almost the slowest person in
1. A. She’s not very happy. the race.
B. She didn’t do very well on the exam. C. She won the race.
C. She could be somewhat happier. D. She was not faster than anyone else.
D. She’s delighted with the result. 10. A. This match project was extremely
2. A. Paula is always lazy. complex.
B. Paula didn’t work very hard this B. This match project was less
semester. complicated than the last.
C. Paula made a strong effort. C. They seldom complete their match
D. Paula could have worked harder. projects.
3. A. The prices were great. D. Complicated match projects are often
B. The prices were too high. assigned.
C. She didn’t buy much because of
the prices. TOEFL EXERCISE 7-10
D. The prices could have been lower. 1. A. She can try a little harder.
4. A. She is not very smart. B. There is a lot more that she can do.
B. She always tells him everything. C. She’s doing the best that she can.
C. He doesn’t know her very well. D. It is impossible for her to do anything.
D. She’s extremely intelligent. 2. A. She’s always been late for the bus.
5. A. The patient absolutely didn’t need B. The bus has always been late.
the surgery. C. The bus only left on time once.
B. The necessity for the surgery was D. Only on this trip has the bus been
unquestionable. on time.
C. The surgeon felt that the operation 3. A. There wasn’t enough soup to go
was necessary. around.
D. It was essential that the surgery be B. We had so much soup that we couldn’t
performed immediately. finish it.
6. A. They were not very lucky. C. Everyone got one serving of soup, but
B. No one was hurt. there wasn’t enough for seconds.
C. The accident was unfortunate. D. Everyone around the table had a lot of
D. She wanted to have better luck. soup.
7. A. Nothing was very difficult. 4. A. She does want to see the movie.
B. The exam wasn’t at all easy. B. It’s extremely important to her to go.
C. The exam couldn’t have been easier. C. She doesn’t want to go there anymore.
D. The exam had nothing difficult on it. D. She really couldn’t move there.

TOEFL PREPARATION
5. A. She handed the paper in on time. TOEFL EXERCISE 11

B. She was able to complete the paper, Focus : Listen for expressions of
but she didn’t turn it in. agreement
C. The paper was a complete mess,so she 1. A. The trip would cost too much.
didn’t turn it in. B. She doesn’t think that a trip would be
D. The paper was unfinished. a good idea.
6. A. Neither Tim nor Sylvia is taking care of C. She would like to take two trips rather
Art. than one.
B. Sylvia likes modern art even less than D. She would also like to take a trip.
Tim does. 2. A. He would like to see the elections for
C. Sylvia doesn’t care for anything Tim town council.
does. B. He agrees that Matt should be elected.
D. Sylvia and Tim agree in their opinion C. He thinks the elections should take
of modern art. place next month.
7. A. They always work hard in the D. He disagrees with the woman.
afternoon. 3. A. She is not sure which course she should
B. They don’t do much after lunch. take.
C. After noon they never work. B. She’s not sure if she should take a trip
D. It’s never hard for them to work in to France.
the afternoon. C. She knows that she is not ready for
8. A. It’s hard for him to work when it gets intermediate French.
warm. D. She wants to take neither beginning
B. Whenever it gets warm, he turns on nor intermediate French.
the air-conditioner. 4. A. The man should repeat what he said.
C. The air-conditioner only works when it B. The man said something foolish.
isn’t needed. C. She thinks that the food is the best she
D. He likes to use the air-conditioner has ever tasted.
when it is warm. D. She agrees that the food is pretty bad.
9. A. He did really poorly. 5. A. This party hasn’t been any fun at all.
B. He’s felt worse before. B. He wonders if the woman enjoyed
C. The results could not have been better. herself.
D. He’s not too unhappy with the results. C. He wants to know what she said.
10. A. With so many members present, the D. He’s enjoyed himself tremendously.
committee couldn’t reach a decision. 6. A. She condones what happened.
B. The committee should’ve waited until B. She does not like what the man said.
more members were present. C. She agrees with the man about what
C. The issue shouldn’t have been decided happened.
by all the committed members. D. She says that she did not do it.
D. The issue wasn’t decided because so
many members were absent.

TOEFL PREPARATION
7. A. He thinks the parties aren’t loud. 4. A. Not doing the dishes now.
B. He says that the neighbors don’t have B. Leaving the house with the dishes.
many parties. C. Leaving later so that they can do the
C. He agrees that the upstairs neighbors dishes now.
are noisy. D. Washing the dishes before they leave.
D. The loud parties don’t bother him. 5. A. She’s told Matt he’ll go far.
8. A. She doesn’t like this meal too much. B. Matt has far from enough talent.
B. This food tastes wonderful to her. C. She told Matt to roll farther.
C. She’s not sure if she likes it. D. She believes Matt has the ability for
D. She can’t stand this meal. the part.
9. A. She agrees that getting the car was not 6. A. They should go to the hospital.
a good idea. B. Marry should visit the man.
B. She imagines that she would like to C. The woman should try not to break
have a similiar car. her leg.
C. She thinks that the man is mistaken D. They should go on trip with Marry.
about the car. 7. A. She knows where the children are.
D. She thinks the man has no imagination. B. The children have finished playing ball.
C. She’s going to the park to find the
TOEFL EXERCISE 12 children.
Focus : Listen for expressions of D. She believes that the children are in
uncertainly and suggestion. the park.
1. A. He’s sure about which chapters they 8. A. The man should try to borrow some
are to read. from a neighbor.
B. He thinks he knows what the B. The man should take a check to Tom.
assignment is. C. The man should work on his math
C. He has to tell her how far she should assignment with Tom.
go. D. The man should check behind the door.
D. The professor told them to read the 9. A. He thinks the bill is due in the middle of
chapters after the exam. the month.
2. A. The man should take the pie out. B. The bill is approximately fifteen dollars.
B. The man should try something else. C. He knows when they should pay the
C. The man shouldn’t try cherry pie. bill.
D. The man should feel sorry. D. The bill is going to be fifteen days late.
3. A. He knows the movie starts at 08:00. 10. A. They should postpone their decision
B. He is not quite sure when the movie until morning.
begins. B. They should go to sleep in the new
C. He thinks the start of the movie has house.
been changed. C. They should not buy such a big house.
D. He will start the movie himself at 08:00. D. They should decide where to go to
sleep.

TOEFL PREPARATION
TOEFL EXERCISE 13 7. A. The woman did not like desserts.

Focus : Listen for emphatic expressions B. The woman ate sweets regularly.
of surprise. C. The woman would not share her
1. A. Greg always comes to parties. chocolate cake.
B. Greg would come to the party later. D. The woman had eaten his piece of
C. Greg was unable to attend the party. cake.
D. Greg would stay at the party for only 8. A. The man was going to study hard.
a moment. B. The man already had a driver’s license.
2. A. The woman always rode her motorcycle C. The man would not take the test.
to school. D. The man had already taken the test.
B. The woman was not coming to school 9. A. She had registered in physics.
today. B. She would go to physics class later.
C. The woman was an expert motorcycle C. She had already taken a physics class.
rider. D. She had not enrolled in physics.
D. The woman did not know how to ride 10. A. The pipes were not clear.
a motorcycle. B. The plumber would be late.
3. A. The man was not a very good cook. C. The plumber had already cleared
B. The man never invited friends over for the pipes.
dinner. D. The pipes did not need to be cleared.
C. The man would never invite him over
for dinner. TOEFL EXERCISE 11-13
D. The man was an excellent cook. 1. A. She plans to talk a lot this month.
4. A. The woman had run more than three B. She has a lot to say about the phone
miles. bill.
B. The woman always got lots of exercise. C. The bill is high because she has a lot
C. The woman ran for three hours in the to say.
morning. D. She agrees with the man.
D. The woman had not gotten much 2. A. Bill had never really been sick.
exercise. B. Bill was too sick to come to class.
5. A. He had been somewhere else. C. Bill was sick of calculus class.
B. He had been in the library. D. Bill had forgotten about the calculus
C. He had been working on his research class that morning.
project. 3. A. The man should go out tonight.
D. He would start working on his project B. The man should stay home and relax.
in five hours. C. The man should work on the paper
6. A. He had changed apartments. tonight.
B. He did not like his new apartment. D. The man should go out Monday
C. He was still in his old apartment. instead.
D. He had moved from a house to an
apartment.

TOEFL PREPARATION
4. A. The cafeteria was open in the 10. A. He wants to know if the muffins taste
morning. good.
B. The cafeteria did not serve breakfast. B. He thinks the muffins were recently
C. The breakfast in the cafeteria was not prepared.
very tasty. C. The muffins are not really fresh.
D. The woman never ate breakfast in D. He’s sure that the muffins were just
the cafeteria. made.
5. A. He believes that it is acceptable to
park there. TOEFL EXERCISE 1-13
B. The parking lot is too far from their 1. A. Write a message to the man.
destination. B. Make some phone calls.
C. He knows that they won’t get a ticket. C. Respond to the man’s questions.
D. He knows where the parking lot is. D. Get a new phone installed.
6. A. He would be glad to say it over again. 2. A. She’s not sure if she’s free.
B. He would like the woman to repeat B. she’s marked it on her calendar.
what she said. C. She’ll write a check for the calendar.
C. He says that he would like to take D. Her calendar says she has to have a
the class again. meeting at 3:00.
D. He’s happy the class is over, too. 3. A. He barely rode the bicycle.
7. A. He finished all the problems. B. He didn’t have enough money.
B. He doesn’t believe what the woman C. The bicycle didn’t need to be paid for.
said. D. He paid for the bicycle.
C. He was able to finish some of the 4. A. She fixed the television.
problems. B. Bob made the television work.
D. Both he and the woman were C. The woman looked at Bob on
unsuccessful on the math problems. television.
8. A. The man had mailed the package. D. Bob works for the woman.
B. The man had forgotten to go to the 5. A. He helped her say what she couldn’t
post office. say.
C. The man had given the package to the B. She was unable to say anything about
woman to mail. him.
D. The man remembered the package C. He hasn’t helped her very much.
after he went to the post office. D. What he said is very helpful.
9. A. They should take both cars. 6. A. The man should spend more time on
B. The woman should try not to be afraid. registration.
C. The woman should buy a bigger car. B. The man should walk more quickly
D. They should go together in his car. through registration.
C. The man should send in his registration
materials.
D. The man should try to avoid
registering next semester.

TOEFL PREPARATION
7. A. He couldn’t find Paula’s phone 4. A. Only in North America

number, so he didn’t call her. B. At the North and South Poles
B. He couldn’t give Paula the list over C. In parts of several northern continents
the phone. D. In equatorial areas
C. When he went to call Paula, he 5. A. She should protect herself from
couldn’t find the list. the rain.
D. He couldn’t recollect the number that B. She should clean up the water supply.
was on the list. C. She should read a novel.
8. A. She couldn’t take her luggage to D. She should get more information
the store. about acid rain.
B. She stored her luggage at the train
PART C
station.
C. She carried her luggage from the train TOEFL EXERCISE :
station to the store.
D. There were no lockers for her bags. Listen to each complete conversation and
9. A. The woman had taken a different answer the questions that follow.
major.
1. A. What caused the Ring of Fire
B. The woman had chosen psychology as
B. The volcanoes of the Ring of Fire
a major.
C. Hawaiian volcanoes
C. The woman was uninformed.
D. Different types of volcanoes
D. The woman needed to see
2. A. The Ring of Fire
a psychiatrist.
B. The characteristics of volcanoes in
PART B
the Ring of Fire
TOEFL EXERCISE : C. The volcanoes of Hawaii
Listen to each complete conversation and D. Mauna Loa
answer the questions that follow. 3. A. In Hawaii
B. In the United States
1. A. All kinds of pollution C. Along the Ring of Fire
B. How acid rain has harmed the earth D. Within the Ring of Fire
C. Pollution from cars and factories 4. A. They are not so violent.
D. The cause and possible effects of acid B. They are located along the Ring of Fire.
rain C. They contain a lot of gas.
2. A. Nuclear power D. They contain thick lave.
B. Electricity 5. A. A volcano on the Ring of Fire
C. Burning coal and oil B. An island in Hawaii
D. Solar power C. A long, low volcanic mountain
3. A. From sulfur dioxide and water vapor D. An explosive volcano
B. From sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
C. From nitric acid and sulfur dioxide
D. From water vapor and nitric acid

TOEFL PREPARATION
{STRUCTURE}
Structure is tested in the second section on both the paper TOEFL test and the computer
TOEFL test. This section consists of a number of multiple-choice questions that test your
knowledge of the structure of English sentences and error recognition questions that test
your knowledge of correct written expression. The paper and the computer structure
sections are similiar in the following ways.
• The types of question

• The language skills tested
The paper and the computer structure sections are different in the following ways.
• The number of question

• The amount of time
• The ordering of the questions
• The strategies
• The scoring
On the paper TOEFL test, the second section is called Structure and Written Expression.
This section consists of forty questions (though some tests may be longer). You have
twenty-five minutes to complete the forty questions in this section.
There are two types of questions in the Structure and Written Expression section of
the paper TOEFL test :
1. Structure (question 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of each

sentence has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence is followed by four
answer choices. You must choose the answer that completes the sentence in a
grammatically correct way.
2. Written Expression (16-40) consists of twenty-five sentences in which four words
or groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the underlined word
or group of words that is not correct.
The questions on the paper test are presented in linear order. The fifteen structure
questions (1-15) progress from easy to difficult. The twenty-five written expression
questions (16-40) also progress from easy to difficult. Your score in this section is based on
your answers to these forty question.

TOEFL PREPARATION
SKILL 1 : PAY ATTENTION TO THE SUBJECT, FINITE AND INFINITE VERB
You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most
common types of problems that you will encounter in structure questions on the TOEFL test
have to do with subjects and verbs; perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the
verb or both, or perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb.
First example :
1. was backed up for miles on the freeway.

A. Yesterday C. Traffic
B. In the morning D. Cars
In this example you should notice immediately that there is a verb was, but there is no
subject. Answer C is the best answer because it contains the singular subject traffic that
agrees with the singular verb was. Answer A, yesterday, and answer B, in the morning, are
not subjects, so they are not correct. Although answer D, cars, could be a subject, it is not
correct because cars is plural and it does not agree with the singular verb was.
Second example :
2. Engineers for work on the new space program.

A. Necessary C. Hopefully
B. Are needed D. Next month
In this example you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject engineers
and that there is no verb. Because answer B, are needed, is a verb, it is the best answer.
Answer A, C, and D are not verbs, so they are not correct.
Third example :
3. The boy going to the movies with a friend.

A. He is C. Is relaxing
B. He always was D. Will be
This sentence has a subject boy and has part of a verb going; to be correct, some form of
the verb be is needed to make the sentence complete. Answer A and B are incorrect
because the sentence already has a subject boy and does not need the extra subject he.
Answer C is incorrect because relaxing is an extra verb part that is unnecessary because of
going. Answer D is the best answer; will be together with going is a complete verb.

TOEFL PREPARATION
SKILL 2 : BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES
Appositives can cause confusion in structure questions on the TOEFL test because an
appositive can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence. An appositive is a noun that comes
before or after another noun and has the same meaning.
e.g : Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam.
In this example Sally is the subject of the sentence and the best student in the class
can easily be recognized as an appositive phrase because of the noun student and because
of the commas. The sentence says that Sally and the best student in the class are the same
person. Note that you leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense (Sally
got an A on the exam).
The following example shows how an appositive can be confused with the subject of
a sentence in structure questions on the TOEFL test.
First example :
1. , George, is attending the lecture.

A. Right now C. Because of the time
B. Happily D. My friend
In this example you should recognize from the commas that George is not the subject of the
sentence. George is an appositive. Because this sentence still needs a subject, the best
answer is D, my friend. Answer A, B, and C are incorrect because they are not subjects.
The next example shows that an appositive does not always come after the subject;
an appositive can also come at the beginning of the sentence.
Second example :
2. Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots.

A. An excellent basketball player
B. An excellent basketball player is
C. Sarah is An excellent basketball player
D. Her excellent basketball play
In this example you can tell that Sarah is the subject and misses is the verb because there is
no comma separating them. In the space you should put an appositive for Sarah, and Sarah
is an excellent basketball player, so answer A is the best answer. Answers B and C are not
correct because they each contain the verb is. And an appositive does not need a verb.
Answer D contains a noun, play, that could possibly be an appositive, but play is not the
same as Sarah, so this answer is not correct.

TOEFL PREPARATION
SKILL 3 : PARALLEL STRUCTURE
❖ Coordinative conjunction
Coordinative conjunctions connect words or phrases that have the same function in
a sentence. The coordinative conjunctions tested on the TOEFL Test are and, but, or,
and so.
1. And
And joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses of similiar function and is used
to show addition.
e.g : like peas and broad beans, soya beans grow in pods.
The plant is ready for harvesting when the leaves turn yellow and drop off,
and the pods and stems dry out.
NOTE : when and joins two subjects, the verb is plural.
e.g : soya beans and peas have pods.
2. But
But joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses and is used to show contrast.
e.g : In the U.S, Soya is not harvested by hand but by machine.
Soya is not a new discovery but is one of the oldest crops grown in the
Orient.
3. Or
Or joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses. It is used to give a choice.
e.g : the beans may be yellow, green, brown, or mottled.
After being chilled, the margarine is packed into tubs or cut in blocks.
4. So
So joins a clause. It does not join singgle words or phrases. So is used to show
effect.
e.g : the soya bean is versatile, so it is grown widely.
“Berfikirlah luas”

TOEFL PREPARATION
❖ Correlative conjunction
Like coordinative conjunctions, these words are used to join words, phrases and
clauses. Correlative conjunctions or paired conjunctions appear in two parts.
Either........or........
Neither.......nor.......
Both........and.........
Not only........but also.......
1. Either........or........
(Either........or.......) is used to indicate alternatives.
e.g : soya can be used in either fish feed or chicken feed.
NOTE :
The subject closest to the verb will determine if the verb is singular or plural.
2. Neither.......nor.......
(Neither.......nor.......) is used to indicate negative alternatives.
e.g : soya is dangerous to neither humans nor animals.
NOTE :
3. Both........and.........
(Both........and.........) indicates additions.
e.g : soya protein isolate is used in both meat and fish products.
NOTE :
Subjects connected with both....and.... take a plural verb.
4. Not only........but also.......
(Not only........but also.......) also emphasizes addition.
e.g : soya is not only the most efficient but also the least costly source of
protein.
NOTE :
BELAJAR GIAT, BEKERJA KERAS, DAN KAMU AKAN CERDAS...!

TOEFL PREPARATION
SKILL 4 : DEGREE of COMPARISON
There are three forms of comparison: the positive, the comparative, and the superlative.
1. The positive form is used to compare two things that are same thing.
e.g : Makmur is as beautiful as her mom is.
2. The comparative form is used when comparing two things, or when comparing
something(s) with other things.
e.g : the violin is smaller than the cello.
3. The superlative form is used when comparing more than two things, or when one in
a group has the greatest amount of a quality.
e.g : the violin is the smallest of the violin family.
❖ Pola :
a. Positive
✓ Subject + verb + as (adjective/adverb) as + subject + verb
so (adjective/adverb) as (-/+)
e.g :
b. Comparative
✓ Subject + verb + comp + adjective/adverb + than + subject + verb
adjective/adverb + er
✓ The comp, The comp
✓ The comp subj + verb, The comp Subj + verb
e.g :
c. Superlative
✓ Subject + verb + the superlative + adjective/adverb + in......
the adjective/adverb + est Of.....
Among...
e.g :

TOEFL PREPARATION
❖ Spelling
a. The comparative and superlative of one-syllable adjectives are formed by adding
–er and –est.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Small smaller smallest
High higher highest
b. The comparative and the superlative of adjectives of three or more syllables are
formed by adding more and most.
brilliant more brilliant most brilliant
important more important most important
c. Some adjectives ending in –er, -y, or –le form comparatives and superlatives by
adding –er or –est. (“y” changes to “i”)
early earlier earliest
simple simpler simplest
d. The following are irregular comparatives and superlatives of adjectives and
adverbs.
good (adj) better best
well (adv) better best
bad (adj) worse worst
badly (adv) worse worst
little (adj/adv) less least
many (adj) more most
much (adj/adv) more most
far (adj/adv) farther farthest
further furthest
late (adv) later last
old (adj) elder eldest
older oldest
Exercise...!
1. Temperature, the simplest weather element to measure, is probably used

than any other kind of data.
a. More frequently c. As frequently
b. Most frequently d. Frequently
2. Paprika is red or cayenne pepper and it has a sweeter taste.
a. Least bitting c. Lesser bitting than
b. Less bitting than d. Less as

TOEFL PREPARATION
3. The foods that contain are made of animal fat whereas vegetables have the
least energy.
a. As much energy as c. The most energy
b. The more energy d. More energy than
4. Albert Einstein’s contributions to scientific theory were those of Galileo and
Newton.
a. Important than c. The most important
b. More important d. As important as
5. Impalas cannot move as cheetahs, but they are more efficient runners.
a. Faster than c. Fast
b. Fast as d. Are fast as
6. Apart from pluto, the outer planets the inner planets and are made mainly
of lighter materials such as hydrogen and helium.
a. Are larger than c. Larger than
b. Are the largest d. Are larger
SKILL 5 : SENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS
Subjects and verbs are inverted in a variety of situations in English. Inverted subjects
and verbs occur most often in the formation of a question. To form a question with a
helping verb (be, have, can, could, will, would, etc.), the subject and helping verb are
inverted.
e.g : He can go to the movies.
Can he go to the movies ?
There are many other situations in English when subjects and verbs are inverted, but if
you just remember this method of inverting subjects and verbs, you will be able to handle
the other situations. The most common problems with inverted subjects and verbs on the
TOEFL test occur in the following situations: (1) with question words such as what, when,
where, why, and how; (2) after some place expressions; (3) after negative expressions; (4) in
some conditionals; and (5) after some comparisons.
A. INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH QUESTION WORDS
There is some confusion about when to invert the subject and verb after question words
such as what, when, where, why, and how. These words can have two very different
functions in a sentence. First, they can introduce a question, and in this case the subject and
verb that follow are inverted.

TOEFL PREPARATION
e.g : What is the homework ?
When can I leave ?
Where are you going ?
Also, these words can join together two clauses, and in this case the subject and verb that
follow are not inverted.
e.g : I do not know what the homework is.
When I can leave, I will take the first train.
Do you know where you are going ?
In each of these examples there are two clauses joined by a question word. Notice that the
subjects and verbs that follow the question words what, when, and where are not inverted
in this case.
The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure
questions on the TOEFL test.
The lawyer asked the client why it.

A. Did he do C. He did
B. Did he D. Did
In this example the question word why is used to connect the two clauses, so a subject and
verb are needed after this connector; this is not a question, so the subject and verb should
not be inverted. The best answer is therefore answer C.
B. INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH PLACE EXPRESSIONS
After ideas expressing place, the subject and the verb sometimes invert in English. This
can happen with single words expressing place, such as here, there, or nowhere.
e.g : Here is the book that you want.
There are the keys that I thought I lost.
Nowhere have I seen such beautiful weather.
On the second level of the parking lot

A. Is empty C. Some empty stalls are
B. Are empty D. Are some empty stalls

TOEFL PREPARATION
This example begins with the place expression On the second level of the parking lot, which
consists of two prepositional phrase, On the second level and of the parking lot. This
sentence needs a subject and a verb to be complete, and the two answers that contain both
a subject, stalls, and verb, are, are answers C and D. The subject and verb should be inverted
because the place expression is necessary to complete the idea some empty stalls are . . . .
The best answer is therefore answer D.
C. INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES
The subject and verb can also be inverted after certain negatives and related
expressions. When negative expressions, such as no, not, or never, come at the beginning of
a sentence, the subject and verb are inverted.
e.g : Not once did I miss a question.
Never has Mr. Jones taken a vacation.
At no time can the woman talk on the telephone.
In the first example the negative expression not once causes the subject I to come after the
helping verb did. In the second example the negative word never causes the subject Mr.
Jones to come after the helping verb has. In the last example the negative expression at no
time causes the subject woman to come after the helping verb can.
Only in extremely dangerous situations stopped.

A. Will be the printing presses
B. The printing presses will be
C. That the printing presses will be
D. Will the printing presses be
In this example you should notice that the sentence begins with the negative only, so an
inverted subject and verb are needed. Answer D contains a correctly inverted subject and
verb, with the helping verb will, the subject printing presses, and the main verb be, so
answer D is the best answer.
D. INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS
In certain conditional structures, the subject and verb may also be inverted. This can
occur when the helping verb in the conditional clause is had, should, or were, and the
conditional connector if is omitted.

TOEFL PREPARATION
e.g : If he had taken more time, the results would have been better.
Had he taken more time, the results would have been better.
I would help you if I were in a position to help.
I would help you were I in a position to help.
If you should arrive before 6.00, just give me a call.
Should you arrive before 6.00, just give me a call.
In each of these examples you can see that when if is included, the subject and verb are in
the regular order (If he had taken, If I were, If you should arrive). It is also possible to omit if;
in this case, the subject and verb are inverted (had he taken, were I, should you arrive).
The report would have been accepted in checking its accuracy.

A. If more care
B. More care had been taken
C. Had taken more care
D. Had more care been taken
In this example a connector if and a subject and verb are needed, but if could be omitted
and the subject and verb inverted. Answer A is incorrect because it contains the connector if
and the subject care but no verb. Answer B is incorrect because it contains the subject care
and the verb had been taken but does not have a connector. In answers C and D, if has been
omitted. Because it is correct to invert the subject more care and the helping verb had,
answer D is correct.
E. INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH COMPARISONS
An inverted subject and verb may also occur after a comparison. The inversion of a
subject and verb after a comparison is optional, rather than required, and it is a rather
formal structure. There have been a number of inverted comparisons on recent TOEFL tests,
so you should be familiar with this structure.
e.g : My sister spends more hours in the office than John.
My sister spends more hours in the office than John does.
My sister spends more hours in the office than does John.

TOEFL PREPARATION
All three of these examples contain the comparison more . . . . than, and all three are correct
in English. It is possible to have the noun John alone, as in the first example; it is possible
that the comparison is followed by the subject and verb John does, as in the second
example; it is also possible that the comparison is followed by inverted subject and verb
does John, as in the third example.
The results of the current experiment appear to be more consistent than

the results of any previous tests.
A. Them C. They were
B. Were D. Were they
In this example you sould notice the comparison more consistent than, and you should also
understand that the results of the current experiment is being compared with the results of
any previous tests. Because the results of any previous tests is the subject, only a verb is
needed; the best answer to this question is therefore answer B. We know that it is possible
for a subject and a verb to be inverted after a comparison, and in this case the subject the
result of any previous tests comes after the verb were.
SKILL 6 : PROBLEMS WITH SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT
Subject/verb agreement is simple: if the subject of a sentence is singular, then the

verb must be singular; if the subject of the sentence is plural, then the verb must be plural.
An s on a verb usually indicates that a verb is singular, while an s on a noun usually indicates
that the noun is plural. (Do not forget irregular plurals of nouns, such as women, children,
and people.)
e.g : The boy walks to school.
The boys walk to school.
In the first example the singular subject boy requires a singular verb, walks. In the second
example the plural subject boys requires a plural verb, walk.
Although this might seem quite simple, there are a few situations on the TOEFL test
when subject/verb agreement can be a little tricky. You should be careful of subject/verb
agreement in the following situations: (1) after prepositional phrases, (2) after expressions
of quantity, (3) after inverted verbs, and (4) after certain words, such as anybody,
everything, no one, something, each and every.

TOEFL PREPARATION
A. MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Sometimes prepositional phrases can come between the subject and the verb. If the
object of the preposition is singular and the subject is plural, or if the object of the
preposition is plural and the subject is singular, there can be confusion in making the subject
and verb agree.
e.g : The key to the doors are in the drawer. (wrong)
The keys to the door is in the drawer. (wrong)
In the first example you might think that doors is the subject because it comes directly in
front of the verb are. However, doors is not the subject because it is the object of the
preposition to. The subject of the sentence is key, so the verb should be is. In the second
example you might think that door is the subject because it comes directly in front of the
verb is. You should recognize in this example that door is not the subject because it is the
object of the preposition to. Because the subject of the sentence is keys, the verb should be
are.
B. MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
A particular agreement problem occurs when the subject is an expression of quantity,

such as all, most, or some, followed by the preposition of. In this situation, the subject (all,
most, or some) can be singular or plural, depending on what follows the preposition of.
e.g : All of the book was interesting.
All of the books were interesting.
All of the information was interesting.
In the first example the subject all refers to the singular noun book, so the correct verb is
therefore the singular verb was. In the second example the subject all refers to the plural
noun books, so the correct verb is the plural verb were. In the third example the subject all
refers to the uncountable noun information, so the correct verb is therefore the singular
verb was.
C. MAKE INVERTED VERBS AGREE
We have seen that sometimes in English the subject comes after the verb. This can occur
after question words, after place expressions, after negative expressions, after omitted
conditionals, and after some comparisons. When the subject and verb are inverted, it can be
difficult to locate them, and it can therefore be a problem to make them agree.

TOEFL PREPARATION
e.g : Behind the house was the bicycles I wanted.
Behind the houses were the bicycle I wanted.
In the first example it is easy to think that house is the subject, because it comes directly in
front of the verb was. House is not the subject, however, because it is the object of the
preposition behind. The subject of the sentence is bicycles, and the subject bicycles comes
after the verb because of the place expression behind the house. Because the subject
bicycles is plural, the verb should be changed to the plural were. In the second example the
subject bicycle comes after the verb were because of the place expression behind the
houses. Because the subject bicycle is singular, the verb should be changed to the plural
was.
D. MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER CERTAIN WORDS
Certain words in English are always grammatically singular, even though they might have
plural meanings.
e.g : Everybody are going to the theater.
Even though we understand from this example that a lot of people are going to the theater,
everybody is singular and requires a singular verb. The plural verb are going should be
changed to the singular verb is going.
SKILL 7 : WORD CHOICE
A number of words in English often cause problems because they have similiar
meanings (make/do) or sound alike (alike/unlike). Many times one word is used incorrectly
in place of another.
A. MAKE or DO
The verb to make means to produce or create, whereas to do means to perform, to
act. These two verbs are found in a number of expressions.
❖ Expressions with MAKE include :
Make a mistake Make a plan
Make a difference Make an investment
Make a comparison Make an offer
Make a discovery Make a choice
Make use of Make an attempt
Make a profit Make a decision
Make a suggestion Make a prediction

TOEFL PREPARATION
❖ Expressions with DO include :

Do one’s duty Do research
Do homework Do an assignment
Do justice to Do one’s best
Do business Do a service
Do wrong Do damage
Do a kindness Do wonders
Do work Do harm
B. LIKE/ALIKE/UNLIKE
Like is a preposition that means “similiar.” It is followed by an object.
e.g : like many people, I did not know the dangers of asbestos.
Alike is an adverb that means “equally”, as an adjective, it means “similiar”.
e.g : the new information on asbestos caused panic in construction and
industry alike.
Unlike is a preposition that means “not similiar.” It is followed by an object.
e.g: unlike other woven material, asbestos is capable of withstanding high
temperatures and at the same time deflecting beat.
Exercise....!
1. (unlike/alike) blue asbestos, white asbestos is safe when its fibers are sealed off and
left undisturbed.
2. Both blue and brown asbestos are (alike/like) in that they are both dangerous.
3. (like/alike) all metals, alkaline-earth metals conduct heat and electricity well.
4. Radon, (like/alike) radium, is radioactive.
5. Today synthetic plastic foam is used for insulation, but (unlike/alike) asbestos it
cannot be used where there are high temperatures.
6. Asbestos and radium are (like/alike) in that they are both dangerous.
C. OTHER/THE OTHER/ANOTHER
Another means “one more”. It can be used before a singular noun.
e.g : we need to find another way.
Other means “more of the ones in the group we are talking about”. It is used before
a plural noun.
e.g : asbestos protects other materials from fire.
The other means “the last one of the group we are talking about”. It is used before a
singular noun, or a noncount noun. It is preceded by a determiner such as the, some,
any, no, or one.
e.g : no other material is capable of withstanding such temperature.
one type of asbestos is dangerous; the other type is not as dangerous.

TOEFL PREPARATION
Exercise...!
1. (Another/other) airy material is glass fiber.

2. Ancient Egyptians used asbestos to weave funeral garments for kings and
(other/another) important people.
3. White asbestos, or chyrsolite, is (another/other) kind of asbestos.
4. Asbestos can be mixed with (another/other) materials such as rubber, paint, and
cement.
5. (another/other) products are now available to do jobs where asbestos was once
used.
6. Besides being a good heat and electrical insulator, (the other/other) use of asbestos
has been to keep down noise levels in public buildings.
D. SO/SUCH/TOO
Both so....that and such....that have the same meaning, but they are used with
different constructions. So.....that is used with many, few, much, and little.
POLA :
a. Subject + verb + so + adverb/adjective + that + subject + verb.
e.g : asbestos was so convenient that everybody used it.
b. Subject + verb + such + adjective + noun + that + subject + verb.
e.g : asbestos had such unique qualities that it was used widely.
c. Subject + verb + too + adjective + to infinitive.
e.g : asbestos is too dangerous to be used widely.
Exercise....!
1. Asbestos has (such/so/too) many properties that it was used in all modern buildings.
2. Asbestos is (such/so/too) dangerous that it has been banned in many countries.
3. Asbestos is considered to be (such/so/too) dangerous to be used in building today.
4. Asbestos was (such/so/too) widely used in construction that it is creating problems
today.
5. Asbestos can stand (such/so/too) high temperatures that it was used as protective
clothing by fire fighters.
6. Asbestos is (such/so/too) dangerous to be removed without wearing protective
clothing or gloves.

TOEFL PREPARATION
{WORD FORMS}
It is important to know if a word is a noun, a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. This is

one of the most common types of errors tested in the Written Expression section. As many
as twenty percent of the items in this part of the test may be word form problems. These
errors involve using one part of speech for another-a noun instead of a verb, an adjective
instead of an adverb, and so on.
The form of a word depends on its position in a sentence. Look at how the word
electricity changes form.
e.g : noun form : Electricity traveled down the wire.

Verb form : Franklin was not electrocuted by lightning.
Adjective form : An electrical current ran down the wire.
Adverb form : The machine runs electrically.
❖ Nouns
Nouns can be identified by their position and/or function in a sentence. Knowing
noun endings (suffixes) will also help identify nouns.
✓ Noun ending for people.
-ian : politician
-ist : scientist
✓ People who do things.
-ee : employee
-er : printer
-or : inventor
✓ Nouns connected with fields of study.
-ogy : biology
-ic(s) : politic
-ation : administration
-y : chemistry
-ce : science
✓ Other noun endings (suffixes) include.
-acy -dom -ide -ty -ship
-age -en -in -ling -ster
-ance/ence -ess -ing -ment -ive
-ant/ent -ful -ion -ness -y/ie
-ate -hood -ism -ocracy
-ation -ia -ite -ry (ary/ery)

TOEFL PREPARATION
❖ Verbs
Verb are used to show the action of the subject. Verb endings include :
-ate : circulate
-en : sharpen
-er : discover
-ify : electrify
-ize : politicize
-ed : invented
❖ Adjectives
Adjectives modify or describe nouns. They usually come before nouns or after the
verb to be. Adjectives usually answer the question “what kind ?”. Adjectives have
only on form, which is used with both singular and plural nouns. Adjective endings
include :
-al/ial -er -like
-able/ible -ful -ly
-less -ic -some
-ary -ile -ous
-ory -ive -worthy
-ed -ish -y
❖ Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adverbs, and adjectives. Adverbs usually answer the question
“how ?”. Adverbs are often formed by adding –ly to an adjective.
e.g : adjective : brave
adverb : bravely
exceptions : the adverbs hard, fast, and high have the same form as adjectives.
Some adjectives end in –“ly” like adverbs : friendly, costlty, yearly.
Adverb endings include :
-ly
-ward
-wise
Exercise....!
1. Dangerous 6. Experiment
2. Electricity 7. Discovery
3. Invention 8. Development
4. Scientist 9. Brilliantly
5. Successful 10. Conductor

TOEFL PREPARATION
READING COMPREHENSION
Untuk bisa menjawab soal-soal reading comprehension,anda
perlu memahami dengan baik jenis-jenis soal yang biasa muncul dalam
test ini.Selanjutnya,anda perlu berlatih menemukan letak jawaban atas
jenis pertanyaan tersebut.berikut trik-trik menjawab soal berdasarkan
jenis pertanya.an.
SKILL 1
ANSWER MAIN IDEA QUESTION CORRECTLY
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
How to What is the topic of the passage ?
identify the What is the subject of the passage ?
question What is the main idea of the passage ?
What is the author’s main point in the passage ?
With what is the author primarily concerned ?
Which of the following would be the best title ?
Where to The answer to this type of question can generally be
find the determined by looking at the first sentence of each
answer paragraph.
How to 1. Read the first line of each paragraph.
answer the 2. Look for a common theme or idea in the first line.
question 3. Pass your eyes quickly over the rest of the passage
to check that you really have found the topic
sentences.
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answer and choose
the best answer from the remaining choices.
MENENTUKAN MAIN IDEA BERDASARKAN KALIMAT UTAMA PADA PARAGRAF

Pertanya.an main idea adalah salah satu pertanya.an yang sering
muncul dalam soal reading.pertanyaan jenis ini menanyakan tentang
suatu teks secara umum. Biasa nya bunyi pertanyaannya adalah “what is
the main idea of the passage?”. Selain itu juga, jenis pertanyaan ini
terkadang menggunakan istilah-istilah lain yang maknanya mirip, seperti
topic, title, subject, atau primary idea.
Untuk jenis pertanyaan seperti ini, anda harus melihat bagian
awalparagraf teks tersebut karena teks dalam soal reading ditulis secara
deduktif, artinya kalimat utama letaknya diawal paragraf dan diikuti oleh
kalimat-kalimat pendukung.

TOEFL PREPARATION
Example :
Socrates, an ancient greek philosopher who is widely credited for
laying the foundation for western philosophy, was born and lived in
athens, where he spent most of his life time in enthusiastic pursuit of
wisdom (philosophy). He “followed the argument” in his personal
reflection, and in a sustained and rigorous dialogue among friends,
followers, and contemporary itinerant teachers of wisdom. Later in his
life he became known as the wisest man in all of greece.
1. What is the main idea of the passage ?

A. Socrates’ controversial views.
B. The life of socrates.
C. Socrates’ successes.
D. Disputes among greek philosopers.
Jack dorsey, the co-inventor of twitter, recently invented a gadget
called the square. It is a small plug-in attachment to your mobile phone
that allows you to receive credit card payments. The idea originated from
dorsey’s friend Jim Mckelvey who was unable to sell some glass work to a
customer because he couldn’t accept a particular card being used.
Accepting credit card payments for something you’re selling isn’t always
easy, especially if you are mobile like a tradesman, delivery service or a
vendor at a trade show.
The square works in a simple way; it uses a small scanner that
plugs into the audio input jack on a mobile device. It reads information on
a credit card when it is swiped. The information is not stored on the
device but is encrypted and sent over secure channels to banks. It
basically makes any mobile phone a cash register for accepting card
payments. As a payer, you receive a receipt via email that can be instantly
accessed securely online. You can also use a text message to authorize
payment in real time.
2. What is the topic of the passage ?
A. An introduction to an inventor named Jack Dorsey.
B. The story behind a new invention.
C. A description of a new gadget and its background.
D. A scanner which is square in shape.

TOEFL PREPARATION
SKILL 2
RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS
ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS
How to How is the information in the passage organized ?
identify the How is the information in the second paragraph related to the
question information in the first paragraph ?
Where to The answer to this type of question can generally be determined by
find the looking at the first sentence of the appropriate paragraphs.
answer
How to 1. Read the first line of each paragraph.
answer the 2. Look for words that show the relationship between the
question paragraphs.
3. Choose the answer that best expresses the relationship.
MENENTUKAN SUSUNAN TEKS BERDASARKAN HUBUNGAN TOPIK ANTAR PARAGRAF
Strategi ini digunakan untuk menjawab jenis pertanyaan

organizations of idea yang masih berhubungan dengan jenis pertanyaan
sebelumnya. Jenis pertanyaan ini menuntut anda untuk menentukan
hubungan antar gagasan utama suatu teks.
Example :
Non-verbal communication is behavior, other than spoken or
written communication, that creates or represents meaning. In other
word, it includes facial expressions, body movements, and gesture. Non-
verbal communication is talking without speaking a word. It is very
effective, maybe even more so than speech. Remember the saying,
“Action speak louder than words.”
Body language is one type of non-verbal communication. Body
language is body movements that depend on a person’s attitude or
feelings. Body language includes the way people walk, how they stand,
and their facial features. In other words, any kind of meaning that is
shown by a person’s body attitude or movements. For example, if a girl is
happy,she might run and jump or stand up straight and put her hand in
the air. People don’t have to say anything to show how they feel about
things. The color of people’s skin may even show how they feel. For
example, if people with light colored skin get embarrassed,their skin may
turn red, or if they are worried, they might get pale. Body language can
be voluntery (on purpose) or involuntery (a person can’t help it). An
interesting fact is that blind children will smile when happy even though
they have never seen a smile.

TOEFL PREPARATION
The other type of non-verbal communication is gesture. Gestures

are communications like facial expression, hand signals, eye gazing, and
body postures. Examples include smiles, handshakes, waving, and raising
certain fingers to say something. For instance, if you saw a friend at a
noisy carnival, you might smile and wave at your friend. You might also
point at the ferris wheel if you wanted to meet your friend there. You
could do all of these things without saying a word. Another great example
is in baseball when the catcher signals to the pitcher the kind of pitch to
use for the batter that is up.
1. How are the ideas in the passage organized ?
A. Chronological.
B. Information written in order.
C. Specific to general information.
D. A definition followed by further classification.
SKILL 3
ANSWER STATED DETAIL QUESTION CORRECTLY
STATED DETAIL QUESTION
How to According to the passage...
identify the It is stated in the passage...
question The passage indicates that...
The author mentions that...
Which of the following is true...?
Where to The answer to these questions are found in order in the
find the passage.
answer
How to 1. Choose a key word in the question.
answer the 2. Skim in the appropriate part of the passage for the key
question word or idea.
3. Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea
carefully.
4. Look for the answer that restated an idea in the passage.
5. Eliminate the definitely wrong answer and choose the
best answer from the remaining choice.
MENCARI INFORMASI YANG MASIH TERSURAT PADA KALIMAT SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH
KATA KUNCI
Strategi ini digunakan untuk menjawab jenis pertanyaan stated

detail. Jenis pertanyaan ini menanyakan tentang informasi yang tersurat
atau secara eksplisit dinyatakan dalam teks yang tersedia.

TOEFL PREPARATION
Untuk menjawabnya, Anda harus memperhatikan keywords atau

kata-kata kunci yang muncul dalam pertanyaan. Lalu anda cari kata-kata
tersebut di teks yang tersedia. Ingat, Anda hanya mencari kata-kata
kunci bukan membaca semua teks. Setelah menemukan kata-kata kunci
yang dimaksud, Anda baca kalimatnya secara seksama. Untuk
memastikan bahwa anda membaca bagian yang tepat, Anda dapat
membaca kalimat sebelum atau sesudah kalimat yang mengandung kata
kunci yang dimaksud. Pilih jawaban yang sesuai dengan keterangan yang
ada pada kalimat tersebut.
Perlu diingat juga bahwa jawaban untuk pertanyaan yang
dimaksud mungkin menggunakan kata-kata yang berbeda tetapi dengan
maksud yang sama. Selain itu, letak jawaban pertanyaan ini biasanya ada
setelah bagian teks yang menjadi petunjuk pertanyaan sebelumnya.
Example :
Although “lie detectors” are being used by governments, police
departments, and businesses that all want guaranteed ways of detecting
the truth, the result are not always accurate. Lie detectors are properly
called emotion detectors, for their aim is to measure bodily changes that
contradict what a person says. The polygraph machine record changes in
heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and the electrical activity of the
skin (galvanic skin response, or GSR). In the first part of the polygraph
test, you are electronically connected to the machine and asked a few
neutral questions (“what is your name?”, “where do you live?”?). Your
physical reactions serve as the standard (baseline) for evaluating what
comes next. Then you are asked a few critical questions among the
neutral ones (“when did you rob the bank?”). The assumption is that if
you are guilty, your body will reveal the truth, even if you try to deny it.
Your heart rate, respiration, and GSR will change abruptly as you respond
to the incriminating questions. Although it seems reliable, some
psychologists have found that lie detectors are not always accurate.
1. According to the passage, polygraph tests ...
A. Record a person’s physical reactions.
B. Measure a person’s thoughts.
C. Always reveal the truth about a person.
D. Make guilty people angry.
2. According to the passage, what kind of question is asked on the first
part of the polygraph test ?
A. Critical
B. Unimportant
C. Incriminating
D. Emotional

TOEFL PREPARATION
SKILL 4
FIND “UNSTATED” DETAILS
“UNSTATED” DETAIL QUESTIONS
How to Which of the following is not stated...?
identify the Which of the following is not mentioned...?
question Which of the following is not discussed...?
All of the following are true except...
Where to The answer to these questions are found in order in the
find the passage.
answer
How to 1. Choose a key word in the question.
answer the 2. Scan in the appropriate place in the passage for the key
question word {or related idea}
3. Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea
carefully
4. Look for answers that are definitely true according to
the passage.eliminate those answer.
5. Choose the answer that is not true or not discussed in
the passage.
MENENTUKAN PERNYATAAN YANG TIDAK SESUAI DENGAN TEKS BERDASARKAN PILIHAN

JAWABAN
Strategi ini digunakan untuk menjawab jenis pertanyaan unstated

details. Jenis pertanyaan ini adalah kebalikan dari jenis pertanyaan
sebelumnya. Pertanyaan unstated details meminta anda untuk memilih
jawaban yang tidak ada dalam didalam teks.
Cara menjawab pertanyaan seperti ini cukup sederhana. Anda

hanya perlu mencocokan keempat jawaban dengan teks. Salah satu
pilihan yang tidak ada didalam teks adalah jawaban dari pertanyaan jenis
ini.
Example :
To understand the force behind thunder and lightning, one must

recall basic information about electricity, that things can become either
positively or negatively charged with electricity and that two things with
opposite charges will attract each other. As the opposite charges become
stronger, the attraction becomes greater; eventually the attraction
becomes strong enough to result in a discharge that makes the two things
electrically neutral again.

TOEFL PREPARATION
1. Which of the following is NOT true about electric charge ?

A. Something can have either a positive or a negative charge.
B. If one thing is positive and the other is negative, they will attract
each other.
C. If two things have strong negative charges, they will attract each
other strongly.
D. If the attraction between two things gets very strong, a
discharge can occur.
SKILL 5
FIND PRONOUN REFERENTS
PRONOUN REFERENTS
How to identify The pronoun “....”in line X refers to which of the following
the question ?
Where to find The line where the pronoun is located is generally given in
the answer the question.the noun that the pronoun refers to is
generally found before the pronoun.
How to answer 1. Find the pronoun in the passage.{the line where
the question the pronoun can be found is generally stated in the
question.}
2. Look for nouns that come before the pronoun.
3. Read the part of the passage before the pronoun.
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answer and choose
the best answer from the remaining choices.
MENENTUKAN RUJUKAN KATA DENGAN MENGACU PADA KATA BENDA YANG DIMAKSUD
SEBELUMNYA
Strategi ini digunakan untuk menjawab jenis pertanyaan pronoun

reference. Pronoun dalam bahasa inggris adalah kata ganti, seperti he,
she, it, dll. Dalam reading section, terkadang anda diminta untuk
menentukan rujukan atau apa yang digantikan oleh kata-kata ganti
tersebut.
Sebagaiman namanya, fungsi kata ganti adalah menggantikan
sesuatu (noun) yang biasanya disebutkan sebelum kata ganti tersebut.
Maka untuk menjawab pertanyaan jenis ini, anda harus melihat apakah
kata-kata sebelum kata ganti tersebut sesuai dengan jenis kata ganti yang
dimaksud.

TOEFL PREPARATION
Example :
The seahorses, whose genus name is hippocampus or “horse
caterpillar”, are aquatic animals. Their tails are prehensile and very agile,
but do not propel them fast enough to catch the living food they need.
Therefore, seahorses have evolved another method of catching their
preys. The use extremely strong suction that whips animals such as brine
shrimp into their open mouths. Seahorses have eyes that move
independently of each other, which enable them to spot potential food,
and predators, more easily.
1. The word “their” in the fourth sentence refers to ...
A. The tails of seahorses
B. Method
C. Source of food
D. Seahorses
2. In the last sentence, the word “which” refers to ...
A. Eyes
B. Shrimp
C. Mouths
D. Seahorses
SKILL 6
ANSWER IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS
How to identify It is implied in the passage that...
the question It can be inferred from the passage that...
It is most likely that...
What probably happened...?
Where to find The answer to these questions are found in order in the
the answer passage.
How to answer 1. Choose a key word in the passage.
the question 2. Scan the passage for the key word {or a related
idea}
3. Carefully read the sentence that contains the key
word.
4. Look for an answer that could be true,according to
that sentence.
MEMBUAT KESIMPULAN BERDASARKAN INFORMASI DALAM TEKS
Strategi ini digunakan untuk menjawab soal mengenai implied

meaning. Jenis soal ini agak tricky broo karena jawabannya tidak secara
eksplisit tercantum di dalam teks. Anda diharuskan untuk menarik

TOEFL PREPARATION
kesimpulan berdasarkan beberapa informasi yang ada. Pertanyaan

seperti ini dapat diidentifikasi dari beberapa kata yang digunakan
didalamnya seperti inferred, implied, probably, atau likely.
Example :
Various types of fog are essentially clouds that form at the earth’s
surface, produced by temperature differences and moisture in the air. As
warm, moisture-laden air cools, its relative humidity (the amount of
moisture that air can contain, which depends on the temperature)
increases. Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air. So if the air
is cooled sufficiently it will reach saturation, or the dew point, at which
point the moisture begins to condense out of the air and forms water
droplets, creating fogs.
1. It can be concluded from the passage that ...

A. Foggy days are caused by cold nights.
B. Fog is likely to form in desert areas.
C. Hot, humid days are usually followed by cold, foggy nights.
D. Fog could form on a cold evening after a warm day.
SKILL 7
ANSWER TRANSITION QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
TRANSITION QUESTIONS
How to identify The paragraph preceding the passage probably...
the question What is most likely in the paragraph following the passage
?
Where to find The answer can generally be found in the first line of the
the answer passage for a preceding question.the answer can generally
be found in the last line for a following question.
How to answer 1. Read the first line for a preceding question.
the question 2. Read the first line for a following question.
3. Draw a conclusion about what comes before or
after.
4. Choose the answer that is reflected in the first or
last line of the passage.
MEMPERHATIKAN KALIMAT AWAL ATAU AKHIR UNTUK MEMPERKIRAKAN TOPIK

PARAGRAF SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH TEKS
Strategi ini digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan mengenai

transition. Untuk jenis pertanyaan ini, anda diminta memperkirakan topik

TOEFL PREPARATION
yang dibahas sebuah paragraf sebelum teks (preceding the passage) atau
sesudah teks (following the passage) yang tersedia.
Walaupun terdengar sulit, untuk menjawab pertanyaan seperti ini
tuh, sebenarnya cukup sederhana kok. Jika anda diminta untuk
memperkirakan paragraf sebelum teks yang ada (preceding the passage),
yang anda harus perhatikan adalah kalimat pertama dalam teks tersebut
dan kata-kata kunci didalamnya. Selanjutnya, jika anda diminta untuk
memperkirakan paragraf sesudah teks yang ada (following the passage)
yang harus anda perhatikan adalah kalimat terakhir teks tersebut dan
kata-kata kunci didalamnya. Mengapa demikian cuy ? Teks yang baik akan
memiliki keterkaitan antarparagraf. Keterkaitan antarparagraf dapat
dilihat dari adanya kata penghubung yang menghubungkan kalimat
terakhir suatu paragraf dengan kalimat awal paragraf berikutnya.
Perhatikan contoh berikut boz !

Another type of motorcycle that is widely used in indonesia is
automatic motorcycle.
Paragraf sebelum (preceding) kalimat diatas membahas tentang jenis
motor selain motor otomatis (automatic motorcycle) dari kata kunci
another type (jenis lain). Namun, jika kalimat tersebut kalimat terakhir
sebuah teks, maka paragraf setelah kalimat tersebut akan membahas
tentang automatic motorcycle.
Example :
Perhaps better known than the cullinan diamond is the hope diamond, a
valuable and rare blue gem with background of more than 300 years as a
world traveler. The 112-carat blue stone that later became the hope
diamond was mined in india sometimes before the middle of the
seventeenth century and was first known to be owned by Shah Jahan,
who built taj mahal in memory of his beloved wife. From india, the
celebrated blue stone has changed hands often, moving from location to
location in distant corners of the world.
1. The paragraph preceding the passage most likely discussed ...
A. Why gems are considered valuable.
B. How the hope diamond was mined.
C. A diamond other than the hope diamond.
D. Methods for mining methods.
2. The paragraph following the passage most probably discuss ...
A. The price of hope diamond.
B. The owners and the places the hope had been to.
C. The process of hope diamond’s extraction.
D. The story of Shah Jahan with his Taj Mahal.

TOEFL Preparation

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TOEFL PREPARATION

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 1

‘The Qualified English Course for Future Generations’

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 2

TOEFL (Test of English As a Foreign Language) sudah sangat umum di telinga

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 3

➢ Mengapa orang mengambil TOEFL ?

➢ Keterampilan apa saja yang diteskan dalam TOEFL ?

SECTION PAPER-BASED TOEFL JUMLAH WAKTU

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 4

Tidak ada hal besar yang pernah dicapai tanpa antusiasme.

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 5

Toefl Score Conversion Table (Tabel Konversi Skor TOEFL)

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 6

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 7

5. A. She’d rather go running. 2. A. The sweater’s the wrong size.

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 8

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 9

3. A. Wash the dishes immediately TOEFL EXERCISE 5

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 10

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 11

8. A. The chairman decided that Tony would 4. A. A delivery man

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 12

10. A. The panel was analyzed on 7. A. Buying the bigger container.

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 13

4. A. They passed the library at 6:00. TOEFL EXERCISE 8

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 14

7. A. It wasn’t George’s responsibility to pay 3. A. Although he did pass, Mark’s exam

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 15

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 16

5. A. She handed the paper in on time. TOEFL EXERCISE 11

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 17

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 18

TOEFL EXERCISE 13 7. A. The woman did not like desserts.

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 19

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 20

7. A. He couldn’t find Paula’s phone 4. A. Only in North America

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 21

• The types of question

• The number of question

1. Structure (question 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of each

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 22

SKILL 1 : PAY ATTENTION TO THE SUBJECT, FINITE AND INFINITE VERB

1. was backed up for miles on the freeway.

2. Engineers for work on the new space program.

3. The boy going to the movies with a friend.

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 23

SKILL 2 : BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES

1. , George, is attending the lecture.

2. Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots.

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 24

SKILL 3 : PARALLEL STRUCTURE

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 25

BELAJAR GIAT, BEKERJA KERAS, DAN KAMU AKAN CERDAS...!

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 26

SKILL 4 : DEGREE of COMPARISON

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 27

1. Temperature, the simplest weather element to measure, is probably used

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 28

SKILL 5 : SENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS

e.g : He can go to the movies.

Can he go to the movies ?

A. INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH QUESTION WORDS

CHEMISTRY ENGLISH COURSE 29