net/publication/348265909
CITATIONS READS
3 723
3 authors, including:
All content following this page was uploaded by Yusrizal Akmal on 06 January 2021.
Tim Penulis:
Ilham Zulfahmi, S.Kel., M.Si
drh. Yusrizal Akmal, M.Si
Muliari, S.Kel., M.Si
Editor:
Dr. Drh. Savitri Novelina, M.Si, PAVet
C.01/12.2020
Judul Buku:
KOMPARATIF OSTEOLOGI
Tor tambroides & Tor tambra
Tim Penulis:
Ilham Zulfahmi, S.Kel., M.Si
drh. Yusrizal Akmal, M.Si
Muliari, S.Kel., M.Si
Editor:
Dr. Drh. Savitri Novelina, M.Si, PAVet
Penyunting Bahasa:
Nopionna Dwi Andari
Korektor:
Dwi M Nastiti
Penata Isi & Desain Sampul:
Army Trihandi Putra
Jumlah Halaman:
136 + 18 halaman romawi
Edisi/Cetakan:
Cetakan 1, Desember 2020
ISBN: 978-623-256-445-9
Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa
berkat rahmat dan karunia-Nya, penulis dapat menyelesaikan buku berjudul
“Komparatif Osteologi Tor tambroides & Tor tambra”. Buku ini merupakan
kajian lanjutan dari buku sebelumnya yang berjudul “Osteologi ikan
Keureling (Tor trambroides)”. Buku ini fokus membahas perbadingan tulang
rangka antara Tor tambroides & Tor tambra, baik secara kualitatif maupun
kuantitatif.
Kajian osteologi (tulang rangka) ikan telah menarik perhatian iktiologis
sejak tahun 1770. Hingga saat ini, kajian osteologi ikan terus berkembang
dan mendapat perhatian kalangan iktiologis dunia. Namun sayangnya, kajian
osteologi ikan masih belum begitu populer di Indonesia. Kajian osteologi ikan
berperan penting membantu memahami konsep ekomorfologi dan hubungan
filogenetik antarjenis ikan. Tor tambroides dan Tor tambra merupakan dua
jenis ikan asli Indonesia yang hidup dominan di perairan sungai. Akan tetapi,
saat ini kajian terhadap ikan ini masih terbatas pada bidang ekologi dan upaya
domestikasi. Upaya untuk mengkaji lebih jauh mengenai terkait morfologi
lebih khusunya osteologi masih belum dilaporkan.
Buku ini terdiri dari enam bagian utama yang mengulas tentang:
Distribusi, klasifikasi dan ekologi Tor tambroides dan Tor tambra (BAB 1),
Metode pembuatan preparat tulang Tor tambroides dan Tor tambra (BAB 2),
Osteologi ikan (BAB 3), Komparatif osteocranium Tor tambroides dan Tor
tambra (BAB 4), Komparatif osteologi tulang belakang Tor tambroides dan
Tor tambra (BAB 5) dan Komparatif osteologi tulang-tulang anggota gerak Tor
tambroides dan Tor tambra (BAB 6). Buku ini diharapkan dapat menghadirkan
konsistensi dalam hal penyajian nomenklatur tulang penyusun rangka,
mengidentifikasi perbedaan osteologi antarspesies ikan, dan memahami
hubungan taksonomik dan filogenetik antarspesies ikan.
Komparatif Osteologi Tor tambroides & Tor tambra
Penulis
vi
KATA PENGANTAR EDITOR
Editor
Dr. Drh. Savitri Novelina, M.Si, PAVet
DAFTAR ISI
PRAKATA ................................................................................................. v
KATA PENGANTAR EDITOR ............................................................... vii
DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................. ix
DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................ xiii
BAB 1 Distribusi, Klasifikasi, dan Ekologi Tor tambroides
(Bleeker 1854) dan Tor tambra (Valenciennes 1842) ..................... 1
1.1 Distribusi dan Klasifikasi ...................................................... 1
1.2 Karakteristik Morfometrik ................................................... 5
1.3 Ekologi ................................................................................ 8
BAB 2 Metode Pembuatan Preparat Tulang Tor tambroides
(Bleeker 1854) dan Tor tambra (Valenciennes 1842) ................... 11
2.1 Koleksi Spesimen ................................................................ 11
2.2 Preparasi dan Pembuatan Preparat Tulang ........................... 11
2.3 Preparasi Tulang Kepala ...................................................... 13
2.4 Preparasi Tulang Belakang................................................... 14
2.5 Preparasi Tulang Apendikular ............................................. 15
2.6 Proses Pengeringan ............................................................. 16
2.7 Teknik Pemotretan dan Penyuntingan ................................ 16
2.8 Penamaan/Terminologi ....................................................... 24
2.9 Pengukuran Parameter Morfometrik Tulang ....................... 24
BAB 3 Osteologi Ikan ............................................................................ 27
3.1 Pengantar............................................................................ 27
Komparatif Osteologi Tor tambroides & Tor tambra
x
DAFTAR TABEL
xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1 Distribusi Tor tambroides dan Tor tambra di Asia Tenggara
(Pinder et al. 2019) .............................................................. 2
Gambar 1.2 Tor tambroides (Bleeker 1854), Skala bar: 1 cm ..................... 4
Gambar 1.3 Tor tambra (Valenciennes 1842), Skala bar: 1 cm ................. 4
Gambar 1.4 Karakter morfometrik ikan Tor yang diukur ......................... 6
Gambar 2.1 Koleksi spesimen Tor tambroides dan Tor tambra ................ 12
Gambar 2.2 Tahapan pembuatan preparat tulang secara fisik ................. 14
Gambar 2.3 Preparasi tulang belakang ................................................... 14
Gambar 2.4 Preparasi tulang-tulang apendikular.................................... 15
Gambar 2.5 Contoh kerangka Tor tambroides yang telah dirakit ............ 16
Gambar 2.6 Proses pemotretan tulang dengan pembanding mistar ........ 17
Gambar 2.7 Acuan petunjuk mengenai penyajian tata letak
tulang ikan ......................................................................... 24
Gambar 2.8 Parameter morfometrik pengukuran tulang kepala ............ 25
Gambar 2.9 Parameter morfometrik pengukuran tulang belakang ......... 26
Gambar 3.1 Wilayah utama tulang ikan yang terdiri dari tulang kepala
(ossa cranium), tulang belakang (ossa vertebrae), dan tulang
anggota gerak (ossa appendicularis) ...................................... 28
Gambar 3.2 Sketsa morfologi ossa neurocranium Tor tambroides tampak
dorsal ................................................................................. 33
Gambar 3.3 Sketsa morfologi ossa neurocranium Tor tambroides tampak
ventral ................................................................................ 34
Komparatif Osteologi Tor tambroides & Tor tambra
xiv
Daftar Gambar
xv
Komparatif Osteologi Tor tambroides & Tor tambra
xvi
Daftar Gambar
Gambar 6.2 Morfologi sirip dada (pinna pectoralis) Tor tambroides (A)
dan Tor tambra tampak lateral (B) .................................... 98
Gambar 6.3 Komparatif Morfologi sirip perut (pinnae pelvicalis)
Tor tambroides (A) dan Tor tambra tampak ventral ............ 101
Gambar 6.4 Morfologi sirip punggung (pinnae dorsalis) Tor tambroides
(A) dan Tor tambra tampak lateral .................................... 103
Gambar 6.5 Morfologi sirip anal Tor tambroides (A) dan Tor tambra
tampak lateral................................................................... 106
Gambar 6.6 Morfologi sirip ekor Tor tambroides (A) dan Tor tambra
tampak lateral................................................................... 108
xvii
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ali S, Barat A, Kumar P, Sati J, Kumar R, Haldar RS. 2013. Study of length-
weight relationship and condition factor for the golden mahseer, Tor
puttiora from Himalayan rivers from India. J Environ Biol, 35: 225–
228.
Anderson PS, Westneat MW. 2007. Feeding mechanics and bite force
modelling of the skull of Dunkleosteus terrelli, an ancient apex predator.
Biology Letters, 3(1): 77–80.
Antonucci F, Boglione C, Cerasari V, Caccia E, Costa C. 2011. External shape
analyses in Atherina boyeri (Risso, 1810) from different environments.
Italian Journal of Zoology, 79(1): 60–68.
Arunkumar AA, Manimekalan A. 2018. Freshwater fish fauna of rivers of
the southern Western Ghats, India. Earth System Science Data, 10(3):
1735–1752.
Aspinall V, Cappello M. 2015. Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and
Physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 252 pp.
Azhar, Dahelmi, Zakaria IJ, Sukendi. 2013. The study of garing fish physical
habitat (Tor tambra CV: Cyprinidae) in Anai River West Sumatera.
International Journal of Science and Research, 4(3): 116–122.
Bird NC, Hernandez LP. 2007. Morphological variation in the weberian
apparatus of Cypriniformes. Journal of Morphology, 268(9): 739–757.
Bird NC, Richardson SS, Abels JR. 2020. Histological development and
integration of the zebrafish Weberian apparatus. Developmental
Dynamics. doi:10.1002/dvdy.172.
Bogutskaya NG, Naseka AM, Golovanova IV. 2008. Descriptive osteology
of Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae).
Zoosystematica Rossica, 17(2): 111–128.
Britz R, Conway KW. 2009. Osteology of Paedocypris, a miniature and highly
developmentally Truncated Fish (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Cyprinidae).
Journal of Morphology, 270(4): 389–412.
Carnevale G, Sorbini C, Landini W. 2003. Oreochromis lorenzoi, a new species
of tilapiine cichlid from the late Miocene of central Italy. Journal of
Vertebrate Paleontology, 23(3): 508–516.
112
Daftar Pustaka
Cooper WJ, Westneat MW. 2009. Form and function of damselfish skulls:
rapid and repeated evolution into a limited number of trophic niches.
BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9(24): 1–17.
Culver DC. 1982. Cave Life: Evolution and Ecology. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard Univ. Press.
Dawnay N, Ogden R, McEwing R, Carvalho GR, Thorpe RS. 2007.
Validation of the carcoding gene COI for use in forensic genetic species
identification. Forensic Science International, 173(1): 1–6.
Deschamps MH, Sire JY. 2010. Histomorphometrical studies of vertebral
bone condition in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal
of Applied Ichthyology, 26(2): 377–380.
Dierickx K, Wouters, W, Van Neer W. 2017. Comparative osteological study
of three species of distinct genera of Haplotilapiini (Cichlidae). Cybium,
41(3): 223–235.
Diogo R, Oliveira C, Chardon M. 2000. On the anatomy and function
of the cephalic structures in Phractura (Siluriformes: Amphiliidae),
with comments on some striking homoplasies occurring between the
Doumeinae and some loricaroid catfishes. Belgian Journal of Zoology,
130(2): 117–130.
Diogo R. 2008. The Origin of Higher Clades, Osteology, Myology, Phylogeny
and Evolution of Bony Fishes and the Rise of Tetrapods. Science
Publishers. USA. 396 pp.
Drucker EG, Jensen JS. 1991. Functional analysis of a specialized prey processing
behavior: winnowing by surfperches (Teleostei: Embiotocidae). Journal
of Morphology. 210: 267–287.
Drucker EG, Lauder GV. 2000. A hydrodynamic analysis of fish swimming
speed: wake structure and locomotor force in slow and fast labriform
swimmers. Journal of Experimental Biology, 203(1): 2379–2393.
Eagderi S, Adriaens D. 2010. Head morphology of the duckbill eel, Hoplunnis
punctata (Regan, 1915; Nettastomatidae: Anguilliformes) in relation to
jaw elongation. Zoology, 113(3): 148–157.
113
Komparatif Osteologi Tor tambroides & Tor tambra
Evans SD, Huang W, Gehling JG, Kisailus D, Droser ML. 2019. Stretched,
mangled, and torn: responses of the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia to
variable forces. Geology, 47(11): 1049–1053.
Ferry-Graham LA, Lauder GV. 2001. Aquatic prey capture in ray-finned
fishes: a century of progress and new directions. Journal of Morphology,
248(2): 99–119.
Flammang BE, Lauder GV. 2013. Pectoral fins aid in navigation of a complex
environment by bluegill sunfish under sensory deprivation conditions.
The Journal of Experimental Biology, 216: 3084–3089.
Flammang BE, Lauder GV. 2016. Functional morphology and hydrodynamics
of backward swimming in bluegill sunfish, Lepomi macrochirus. Zoology,
119(5): 414–420.
Fugi R, Agostinho AA, Hahn NS 2001. Trophic morphology of five benthic-
feeding fish species of a tropical floodplain. Revista brasileira de biologia,
61(1): 27–33.
Gidmark NJ, Staab KL, Brainerd EL, Hernandez LP. 2012. Flexibility
in starting posture drives flexibility in kinematic behavior of the
kinethmoid-mediated premaxillary protrusion mechanism in a cyprinid
fish, Cyprinus carpio. Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(13): 2262–
2272.
Haryono dan J. Subagja. 2008. Pertumbuhan ikan tambra (Tor tambroides)
dan kancera (Tor soro) pada proses domestikasi dengan jenis pakan yang
berbeda. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 4 (3): 167–175.
Haryono, H. (2017). Fauna ikan air tawar di perairan kawasan Gunung Sawal,
Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Berita Biologi, 16(2): 147–156.
Haryono. 2006. Aspek biologi ikan tambra (Tor tambroides Blkr.) yang eksotik
dan langka sebagai dasar domestikasi. Biodiversitas, 7(2): 195–198
Hendri A, Baihaqi B. 2015. Tingkat kematangan gonad ikan kerling jantan,
tor tambroides,(cyprinidae) yang tertangkap di daerah aliran Sungai
Jambak Kabupaten Aceh Barat: pendekatan histologi. Jurnal Perikanan
Tropis, 2(2).
114
Daftar Pustaka
115
Komparatif Osteologi Tor tambroides & Tor tambra
Jawad LA, Alwan N. 2020. Osteological characters to define six species of the
Capoeta damascina species complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Journal
of Ichthyology, 60: 182–203.
Kammerer CF, Grande L, Westneat MW. 2006. Comparative and
developmental functional morphology of the jaws of living and fossil
gars (Actinopterygii: Lepisosteidae). Journal of morphology, 267(9):
1017–1031.
Khayra A, Muchlisin ZA, Sarong MA. 2016. Morfometrik lima spesies ikan
yang dominan tertangkap di Danau Aneuk Laot, Kota Sabang. DEPIK
Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan, 5(2).
Kiat Ng-Chi. 2004. The Kings of the Rivers Mahseer in Malaysia and the Region.
Selangor: Inter Sea Fishery.
Konow N, Sanford CP. 2008. Biomechanics of a convergently derived prey-
processing mechanism in fishes: evidence from comparative tongue bite
apparatus morphology and raking kinematics. Journal of Experimental
Biology, 211(21): 3378–3391.
Kottelat M, Whitten AJ, Kartikasari SN, Wirjoatmodjo S. 1993. Freshwater
fishes of western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Periplus, Singapore.
Koumoundouros G, Divanach P, Kentouri M. 2000. Development of the
skull in Dentex dentex (Osteichthyes: Sparidae). Marine Biology, 136(1):
175–184.
Lauder G V. 2000. Function of the caudal fin during locomotion in fishes:
kinematics, flow visualization, and evolutionary patterns. Integrative
and Comparative Biology, 40(1):101–122.
Lauder GV, Madden PGA. 2007. Fish locomotion: kinematics and
hydrodynamics of flexible foil-like fins. Experiments in Fluids, 43(5):
641–653.
Lauder, GV, Madden PG, Mittal R, Dong H, Bozkurttas M. 2006. Locomotion
with flexible propulsors: I. Experimental analysis of pectoral fin
swimming in sunfish. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 1(4): S25–S34.
116
Daftar Pustaka
117
Komparatif Osteologi Tor tambroides & Tor tambra
118
Daftar Pustaka
Roberts TR. 1999. Fishes of the cyprinid genus Tor in the Nam Theun
watershed (Mekong basin) of Laos, with description of a new
species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 47: 225–236.
Rojo AL. 1991. Dictionary of Evolutionary Fish Osteology. Boca Raton, Florida:
CRC Press. 273 pp.
Rojo A. 2013, Osteological Atlas of the Brown Bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus)
from Nova Scotia Waters: A Morphological and Biometric Study. Curatorial
Report Number 100, Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, pp.151.
Rupawan AK, Gaffar, Husnah. 1999. Beberapa Sifat Biologi dan Ekologi Ikan
Samah (Tor douronensis) di Danau Kerinci dan Sungai Merangin, Jambi.
Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia, 5(4): 1–5.
Saanin H. 1984. Taksonomi dan Kunci Identifikasi Ikan. Jakarta: Bina Cipta.
520 hal.
Sanger TJ, Mc Cune AR. 2002. Comparative osteology of the Danio
(Cyprinidae: Ostariophysi) axial skeleton with comments on Danio
relationships based on molecules and morphology. Zoological Journal of
the Linnean Society, 135(4): 529–546.
Sarkar SK, De SK. 2011. Functional morphoanatomy of olfactory sensory
epithelial cells of Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus (Bloch and Schneider).
International Journal of Science and Nature, 2(2): 1–6.
Schindler I, Schmidt J. 2006. Review of the mouthbrooding Betta (Teleostei,
Osphronemidae) from Thailand, with descriptions of two new species.
Zeitschrift fur Fischkunde, (8): 47–69.
Schmitz L, Wainwright PC. 2011. Ecomorphology of the eyes and skull in
zooplanktivorous labrid fishes. Coral Reefs, 30(2): 415–428.
Sikder MT, Yasuda M, Yustiawati, Syawal SM, Saito T, Tanaka S, Kurasaki M.
2012. Comparative Assesment on water quality in the major rivers of
Dhaka and West Java. Intl J Environ Prot. 2(4): 8–13.
119
Komparatif Osteologi Tor tambroides & Tor tambra
120
Daftar Pustaka
121
PROFIL PENULIS
128
Profil Penulis
129
INDEKS
B F
Balitoridae 81 Facies articularis 52
Barbus cyri 36, 55, 57, 58, 64, 94, 95, Filogenetik 27
104
Komparatif Osteologi Tor tambroides & Tor tambra
Hidrodinamik 93 O
Homeostasis 28, 47, 81 Occipitale 14, 32, 39, 70, 73, 77
Hoplunnis punctata 33 Olfactorius 29
Horizontal type tool 19 Oncorhynchus mykiss 29, 55, 68, 93
I Orbital 30, 31
Oreochromis lorenzoi 55, 58, 64, 104
Intercalarium 48, 51, 82, 85, 86, 87 Oromandibulare 30
Ischikauia steenackeri 55 Os angulo-articulare 30, 41, 44, 78
Os basihyale 31, 45
J Os basioccipitale 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39,
Jarak antar mata 7 70, 72, 74, 77
Juvenile 8 Os basipterygium 57, 58, 96, 99
Os centrum 25, 26, 48, 50, 53, 54, 82,
K 85
Os ceratohyale 31, 32, 36, 40, 45
Keureling 1, 13, 95, 99, 100, 102, 104, Os cleithrum 56, 57, 94, 95, 96
105 Os coracoideum 40, 56, 95
Kinesis 28, 67 Os coronomeckeli 30, 32, 36, 41, 43,
44, 78
L Os costae 25, 48, 51, 57, 96
Lateral 4, 5, 17, 24, 25, 26, 35, 36, 37, Os dentale 30, 32, 36, 40, 41, 43, 44,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 48, 76, 78
49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59, Os ectopterygoideum 31, 44, 78
63, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, Os endopterygoideum 31, 44, 76, 78
76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 87, 89, Os epihyale 31
96, 98, 99, 102, 103, 105, 106, Os epioticum 30, 31, 35, 36, 39, 40,
108, 109 71, 72
Lateral lineralis 4, 5 Os epiotik 56, 94
132
Indeks
Os epural 54, 64, 66, 82, 94, 107 102, 104, 105
Os ethmoideum lateralis 31, 32, 33, 34, Os pterygiophorus distalis 62, 63, 65,
36 100, 102, 103, 104, 106
Os exoccipitale 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, Os pterygiophorus medialis 61, 62, 63,
39, 71, 72, 74, 77 100, 102, 104, 105
Os extrascapulare 32, 36, 39 Os pterygiophorus proximalis 61, 63, 65,
Os frontale 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106
39, 40, 69, 71, 72, 74 Os pterygium 57, 96, 99
Os hipohyale 29, 68 Os pterygium lateralis 58, 61, 99, 101
Os hyomandibulare 31, 32, 39, 40, 44, Os quadratum 31, 32, 40, 44, 78
46, 76, 78 Os radiale 56, 57, 58, 94, 95, 96
Os interhyale 31 Os retroarticulare 30, 32, 36, 41, 43,
Os interoperculum 43, 44, 46 44, 78
Os kinethmoideum 42, 43, 77 Ossa appendiculare 55
Os maxillare 30, 32, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43, Ossa axial vertebrae 14, 47, 49, 57, 81,
75, 77 96
Os mesocoracoideum 56 Ossa basibranchialia 30, 44, 45
Os metapterygoideum 31, 32, 44, 76, 78 Ossa caudal vertebrae 81
Os metaptrygium 58, 99 Ossa ceratobranchialia 30, 40, 44, 45
Os nasale 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, Ossa circumorbitale 38
68, 71, 72 Ossa claustrum 48
Os operculum 43, 44, 46 Ossa costales 52
Os orbitosphenoideum 34, 37 Ossa cranium 14, 15, 24, 27, 28, 46,
Os palatinum 31, 78 67, 68
Os parasphenoideum 34, 37, 38, 40 Ossa epibranchialia 30, 44, 45
Os parhypural 54, 55, 64, 66, 82, 107, Ossa hypobranchialia 30, 44, 45
109 Ossa hypohyalia 31
Os parietale 30, 33, 37, 39, 71 Ossa infraorbitale 31, 36
Osphronemidae 56 Ossa intercalarium 48
Os pleurostylus 64, 65, 66, 82, 107 Ossa neurocranii 33
Os postcleithrum 57, 59, 60, 95, 97, 98 Ossa operculum 55
Os posttemporale 57, 59, 95, 96, 98 Ossa pharyngobranchialia 30, 44, 45
Os praemaxillare 30, 41, 43 Ossa scaphium 48
Os preethmoideum 32, 33, 37 Ossa tripus 48
Os preoperculare 30, 32, 40, 78 Ossa urostylus 64, 65, 66, 107
Os preural 64, 66, 107 Ossa vertebrae 14, 15, 24, 27, 28, 39,
Os prooticum 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 47, 48, 52, 55, 61, 62, 63, 64,
40, 72, 73, 74, 75 81, 82, 100, 104
Os pterosphenoideum 34, 36, 37, 38 Ossa vertebrae abdominales 52
Os pteroticum 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, Ossa vertebrae caudalis 15, 62, 63, 64,
37, 39, 40, 71, 72, 74, 77 104
Os pterygiophorus 61, 62, 63, 64, 100, Os scapula 56, 94
133
Komparatif Osteologi Tor tambroides & Tor tambra
134
Indeks
W
Weberian apparatus 81
Z
Zaproridae 56
Zygopophysis 50, 51, 53, 54
135
View publication stats