JEMBATAN KAYU

Evalina Herawati
Program Studi Kehutanan
Fakultas Kehutanan-USU
 JEMBATAN
 Suatu konstruksi yang berfungsi untuk
menghubungkan dua bagian jalan yang terputus
oleh adanya rintangan-rintangan seperti lembah
yang dalam, alur sungai, danau, saluran irigasi, kali,
jalan kereta api, jalan raya yang melintang tidak
sebidang dan lain-lain.
 Jenis jembatan berdasarkan fungsi, lokasi, bahan
konstruksi dan tipe struktur sekarang ini telah
mengalami perkembangan pesat sesuai dengan
kemajuan zaman dan teknologi, mulai dari yang
sederhana sampai pada konstruksi yang mutakhir.
 Berdasarkan fungsinya:
 Jembatan jalan raya (highway bridge)
 Jembatan jalan kereta api (railway bridge)
 Jembatan pejalan kaki atau penyeberangan
(pedestrian bridge)

 Berdasarkan lokasinya:
 Jembatan di atas sungai atau danau
 Jembatan di atas lembah
 Jembatan di atas jalan yang ada (fly over)
 Jembatan di atas saluran irigasi/drainase
(culvert)
 Jembatan di dermaga (jetty)
 Berdasarkan bahan konstruksinya:
 Jembatan kayu (log bridge)
 Jembatan beton (concrete bridge)
 Jembatan beton prategang (prestressed concrete
bridge)
 Jembatan baja (steel bridge)
 Jembatan komposit (compossite bridge)
 Berdasarkan tipe strukturnya:
 Jembatan pelat (slab bridge)
 Jembatan pelat berongga (voided slab bridge)
 Jembatan gelagar (girder bridge)
 Jembatan rangka (truss bridge)
 Jembatan pelengkung (arch bridge)
 Jembatan gantung (suspension bridge)
 Jembatan kabel (cable stayed bridge)
 Jembatan cantilever (cantilever bridge)
 Struktur jembatan:
 Secara umum struktur jembatan dapat
dibedakan menjadi dua bagian yaitu struktur
atas dan struktur bawah
 Struktur atas jembatan merupakan bagian yang
menerima beban langsung yang meliputi berat
sendiri, beban mati, beban mati tambahan,
beban lalu-lintas kendaraan, gaya rem, beban
pejalan kaki, dll, meliputi:
• Trotoar
• Slab lantai kendaraan,
• Gelagar (Girder)
• Balok diafragma
• Ikatan pengaku
• Tumpuan (Bearing)
 Struktur bawah jembatan berfungsi memikul
seluruh beban struktur atas dan beban lain yang
ditumbulkan oleh tekanan tanah, aliran air dan
hanyutan, tumbukan, gesekan pada tumpuan
dsb, untuk kemudian disalurkan ke fondasi.
Selanjutnya beban-beban tersebut disalurkan
oleh fondasi ke tanah dasar. Terdiri dari:
• Pangkal jembatan/penyangga (Abutment)
• Pilar jembatan/tiang (Pier)
 Fondasi jembatan berfungsi meneruskan seluruh
beban jembatan ke tanah dasar.
 Berdasarkan sistemnya, fondasi abutment atau
pier jembatan dapat dibedakan menjadi beberapa
macam jenis, antara lain :
• Fondasi telapak (spread footing)
• Fondasi sumuran (caisson)
• Fondasi tiang (pile foundation)
o Tiang pancang kayu (Log Pile)
o Tiang pancang baja (Steel Pile)
o Tiang pancang beton (Reinforced Concrete
Pile)
o Tiang pancang beton prategang pracetak
(Precast Prestressed Concrete Pile), spun pile
o Tiang beton cetak di tempat (Concrete Cast
in Place), borepile, franky pile
o Tiang pancang komposit (Compossite Pile).
Spesifikasi khusus kayu jembatan (SKh. 1.7.18)
 Kayu digunakan untuk pondasi, pilar, kepala tiang
dan lantai jembatan
 Semua kayu yang digunakan untuk pekerjaan
jembatan kayu harus sesuai dengan SNI 7973-
2013 dan disetujui oleh Direksi Teknis
 Kayu harus mempunyai kelas kuat (KK) I (setara
E12) atau min KK II (setara E10) dan BJ 0.7
ton/m3 atau sebagimana yang disyaratkan dalam
Gambar Desain dengan perlindungan-
perlindungan terhadap rayap dan pelapukan
 Tingkat kelurusan bahan kayu dari ujung ke ujung
diberikan toleransi 1/300 dari panjang efektif kayu
Contoh jembatan kayu di Indonesia
Jembatan U Bien, Myanmar
Kapellbrücke (Chapel Bridge), Switzerland
TYPES OF TIMBER BRIDGES (AITC, 2012)

 Timber bridges consist of seven basic types:

(1) trestle
(2) longitudinal deck
(3) longitudinal stress-laminated
(4) girder
(5) truss
(6) arch
(7) portable and temporary
Trestle
 The trestle is a simple type of timber bridge.
 Timber trestles consist of stringers (girders)
supported by pile or frame bents. The bridge deck is
applied to the stringers. Pile and frame bents are
typically capped by nominal 12 in. × 12 in. or larger
timbers, fastened to the tops of the piles or posts.
 Frame bents must rest on some type of foundation
structure, such as concrete footings or piles. Sway
bracing and longitudinal tower bracing, appropriate
to the height of the bent, must be provided.
TRESTLE
TRESTLE
Longitudinal Deck Bridges
 The longitudinal deck bridge offers a low-profile
structure that is ideal for short spans and where
clearance below the structure is limited.
 Longitudinal glulam panels offer an excellent
alternative for deck replacement on existing bridges.
Longitudinal glulam panels are commonly made in
widths of 4 ft, but can be made in other widths as
required for the design.
LONGITUDINAL DECK BRIDGES

Longitudinal glulam deck vehicular bridge, 40-ft span

LONGITUDINAL DECK BRIDGES
Longitudinal Stress-Laminated Girder Deck Bridges
 The longitudinal stress-laminated girder bridge
offers a low-profile structure for short to
intermediate spans where clearance below the
structure is limited.
 Longitudinal stress-laminated girder bridges consist
of horizontally glued laminated girders placed side
by side. The girders are supported on abutments and
other supports as required by the design. High-
strength rods are installed transverse to the girders
and stressed to squeeze the girders together.
 The stress laminated longitudinal girders act as a
large, continuous “plate” without joints. The
differential movement between girders normally
experienced in other bridge systems is eliminated
and adverse effects on asphalt wearing surfaces are
eliminated.
 Load transfer between the girders is by friction
rather than by adhesive or mechanical connections.
The stress-laminated girders also form the deck of
the structure.
LONGITUDINAL STRESS-LAMINATED GIRDER DECK BRIDGES
LONGITUDINAL STRESS-LAMINATED GIRDER DECK BRIDGES
Girder Bridges
 The girder bridge is the most commonly used timber
bridge system.
 Short span structures (less than 24 ft) are typically
constructed from sawn lumber, while longer spans
normally consist of glued laminated timber girders
supporting a transverse bridge deck.
 Girders are also referred to as stringers and the
terms may be used interchangeably. Substructures
for girder bridges can be similar to those used for
timber trestles.
 The selection of decks for timber bridges is
determined by density of traffic and economics.
 Plank decks may be used for light traffic or for
temporary bridges. Glulam decks can be used for
heavier traffic conditions. Asphalt wearing surfaces
may be applied on glulam decks, but they are not
usually applied over plank decks.
 GIRDER BRIDGES

116 ft glulam girder vehicular bridge

Truss Bridges
 Truss bridges may be any of three types: deck-truss,
through-truss, or pony-truss.
 Deck-truss bridges are characterized by trusses
placed below the bridge deck and roadway.
 For through-truss bridges, the bridge deck and
roadway are placed near the bottom of the trusses
and pass between two parallel trusses. Overhead
bracing is usually required to provide stability to the
trusses.
 With pony-truss bridges, the deck and roadway are
placed somewhere between the top and bottom of
the truss, with no overhead bracing incorporated in
the design.
 Substructures for truss bridges may be similar to
those for timber trestles or girder bridges; however,
because the spans are greater, the bents must be
capable of carrying higher loads.
 For heavily loaded or long-span trusses, timber,
stone, or concrete piers may be required. Lateral
forces also tend to be greater on truss bridges, and a
carefully designed substructure sway bracing system
is necessary.
 TRUSS BRIDGES

Glulam deck-truss vehicular bridge. 148 ft span.

 TRUSS BRIDGES

88-ft covered vehicular bridge

Arch Bridges
 When site conditions are such that considerable
height is required between the foundation and the
roadway, or a relatively long clear span is required,
an arch bridge may be most economical because of
the lesser need for substructure framing.
 Arch bridges may be of the two-hinged or three-
hinged type, two-hinged designs being more
frequently used on short spans and three-hinged
designs on long spans.
 Glued laminated timber arches may be fabricated to
the desired shape and the ends built up to the level
of the roadway by means of post bents.
 Post bents may be connected to the arch by means
of steel gusset plates, which should be designed for
erection loads, possible stress reversals, and lateral
forces as well as for the anticipated bridge loads.
 Arch bridges can be designed as (1) deck arches with
the deck above the arch, (2) through arches where
the arch springs from below the deck and rises above
it at mid-span, or (3) through arches where the arch
is above the roadway for the length of the arch.
 In any case, special attention must be given to the
lateral bracing requirements of the arches, because
arches are predominantly compression members.
 ARCH BRIDGES

Horizontally curved glulam deck-arch bridge.

 ARCH BRIDGES

Glulam through-arch bridge.

Portable and Temporary Bridges
 Glued laminated timber bridges are ideal for use as
portable or temporary bridges.
 Portable bridges have been used in military, forestry,
utility, and other construction applications where a
permanent bridge is being replaced and a temporary
bypass is needed during the construction period.
 Portable bridges can serve as temporary structures
during disaster situations, depending on the
availability of materials.
 An example is when a flood washes out a highway
bridge. There are many situations where temporary
access is needed across streams in remote areas for
the construction or maintenance of utility
structures.
PORTABLE AND TEMPORARY BRIDGES