DIAGRAM FASA

Pencampuran 2 element, akan menghasilkan

suatu paduan ataupun senyawa, seperti apa
strukturnya pd keadaan setimbang?
Utk komposisi dan temperatur tertentu
Ada brp fasa yg terbentuk ?
Bgm perbandingan komposisi msg2 fasa?
Brp banyaknya msg-msg fasa yg terbentuk ?

Phase B

Phase A
Nickel atom
Copper atom

Chapter 9-

Nomenclature / Definitions / Basic Concepts

(I)
Komponen:
Elemen ataupun senyawa yg membentuk paduan
(Fe, C, Cu, H2O, N2, etc)
Fasa:
Suatu bagian yg homogen dr sistem yg memiliki
karakteristik fisik dan kimia yg seragam/sama.
Cth: air dan es , ferrite, perlite, dll

Solvent
tuan rumah atau komponen mayoritas dlm larutan,
Solute
Chapter 9tamu atau minor component yg larut dlm solvent

 Solubility Limit (batas kelarutan) komponen

dlm suatu fasa adl jml maks komponen yg dpt
larut
Cth: alcohol larut terbatas pd air, gula larut terbatas
dlm air, minyak tdk larut dlm air
Cth dlm bentuk fasa padat: Cu & Ni scr mutual dpt
larut satu sama lain dg komposisi brppun (unlimited
solid solubility), sedangkan C larut terbatas dalam Fe

Chapter 9-

KOMPONEN & FASA

KOMPONEN:
Elemen atau senyawa dicampurkan pd awalnya
(e.g., Al and Cu)

FASA:
Bagian material yg scr fisik dan kimia berbeda sbg
hasil dari pemaduan komponen (e.g., and ).
AluminumCopper
Alloy

(lighter
phase)
(darker
phase)

Adapted from
Fig. 9.0,
Callister 3e.
Chapter 9-3
3

BATAS KELARUTAN

Brp batas kelarutan

Pd temp 20C?

Jwb: 65wt% sugar.

If Co < 65wt% sugar: sugar

60
40

(liquid)

+
S

(liquid solution
i.e., syrup)

(solid
sugar)

20
0

If Co > 65wt% sugar: syrup +

20
40
6065 80
100
Co=Composition (wt% sugar)

sugar.
Batas kelarutan naik dg kenaikan T:

Pure
Sugar

Ex: Diagram Fasa:

Air-Gula

Solubility
Limit

80

Pure
Water

Konsentrasi maks dmn

larutan dpt terjadi.

Temperature (C)

Batas kelarutan:

100

Adapted from Fig.

9.1,
Callister 6e.

jika T = 100C, batas kelarutan = 80wt% sugar.

Chapter 9-2

Nomenclature / Definitions / Basic Concepts

(II)
Microstructureadlgambaran
mikroskopikberupakumpulanfasa
tunggalmaupunmultifasaygtersusun
dgbentuk,ukuran,danorientasi
tertentu
Scrumum,propertiesmaterial
tergantungpdmicrostructurenya

Dg mempelajari diagram fasa,

maka microstructure suatu
material/paduan dpt diprediksikan
(a.k.a properties material dpt
diketahui)

10m

20m

Chapter 9-

Nomenclature / Definitions / Basic Concepts

(III)
Suatu sistem pd temperatur, tekanan, dan komposisi
yg konstan, yg scr kimia dan struktur tdk berubah thd
waktu (stabil), maka system tsb berada pd kondisi
SETIMBANG/ equilibrium
Kondisi Equilibrium dpt dicapai dg waktu tertentu,
bahkan terkadang dr kondisi non-equilibrium menjadi
kondisi equilibrium suatu sistem disebut berada pd
kondisi meta-stable sebelum akhirnya sampai pd
kondisi equilibrium.

Chapter 9-

FreeEnergy

Unstable/NonEquilibrium

Metastable

Stable/Equilibrium

Chapter 9-

DIAGRAM FASA

DIAGRAM FASA representasi grafik dari kombinasi antara

temperature, pressure, composition, dmn fasa-fasa tertentu
berada pd kondisi setimbang.

Chapter 9-

Chapter 9-

EFEK T & KOMPOSISI (Co)

Perubahan T dpt merubah jml fasa: path A to B.
Perubahan Co dpt merubah jml fasa: path B to D.
B (100C,70) D (100C,90)
1 phase

Sistem
Air-Gula

Adapted from
Fig. 9.1,
Callister 7e.

Temperature (C)

100

80

(liquid)

60

L
(liquid solution

40

i.e., syrup)

+
S
(solid
sugar)

A (20C,70)

20
0

2 phases

2 phases

20
40
60 70 80
100
Co =Composition (wt% sugar)
Chapter 9-

Kesetimbangan Fasa
Larutan Padat sederhana (mis. paduan Ni-Cu)
electroneg

r (nm)

Ni

Crystal
Structure
FCC

1.9

0.1246

Cu

FCC

1.8

0.1278

Struktur kristal sama (FCC), electronegativitas dan radius

atom relatif sama (W. Hume Rothery rules) berakibat pd
tingkat kelarutan satu sama lain Ni dan Cu sgt tinggi.

Ni & Cu saling melarutkan dlm segala komposisi.

Chapter 9 -

Diagram Fasa Cu-Ni

Fasa-fasa yg ada merupakan fungsi dari T, Co, and P.
Pada sistem Cu-Ni:
-binary systems: 2 komponen, Cu dan Ni.
-variable independen: T and Co (dg asumsi P = 1 atm).

T(C)

Phase

1600

Diagram
Cu-Ni

1500

2 jenis fasa:

L (liquid)

1400

us
d
i

u
liq + s
L lidu
so

1300

(FCC solid
solution)

1200
1100
1000

L (liquid)
(FCC solid solution)

20

40

60

80

3 daerah fasa:
L
L+

Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister 7e.

(Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from Phase
Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash
(Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park,
OH (1991).

100

wt% Ni

Chapter 9 -

Interpretasi Diagram Fasa

Utk temperatur, T, & composition, CO, diagram fasa

dpt digunakan utk menentukan:
1. Jml fasa yg mungkin ada
2. Komposisi dari fasa-fasa yg ada
3. Fraksi (wt atau atomic %) relatif

Cara menghitung komposisi pd daerah 2 fasa:

1. Tentukan titik komposisi dan temperatur pd diagram
2. Pd daerah 2 fasa, tarik garis mendatar (isotermal) hingga
masing-masing ujung bertemu dg grs liquidus dan solidus
3. Dikedua titik potong, komposisi solid/padat dan liquid/cairan
dpt diketahui.

Chapter 9-

Menentukan
Jml & Jenis Fasa
Rule 1: Jika ditentukan T and Co, maka diketahui:
--jml dan jenis fasa yg ada.

A(1100C, 60):
1 phase:
B(1250C, 35):
2 phases: L +

1600

L (liquid)

1500

B (1250C,35)

Contoh:

T(C)

1400
1300
1200

Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister 7e.

(Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from Phase
Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash
(Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park,
OH, 1991).

L (FCC solid
solution)

1100
1000

Cu-Ni
phase
diagram

us
d
i
u
liq
us
d
i
l
so

A(1100C,60)
0

20

40

60

80

100

wt% Ni

Chapter 9 -

Menghitung
Komposisi Fasa
Rule 2: Jika T and Co diketahui, maka:
--komposisi fasa dpt dihitung.

Contoh:

T(C)

Cu-Ni
system

A
TA
Co = 35 wt% Ni
tie line dus
ui
q
i
l
1300 L (liquid)
Pd TA = 1320C:

+
L s
Hanya Liquid (L)
B
lidu
T
o
s
B
CL = Co ( = 35 wt% Ni)

Pd TD = 1190C:
L+
(solid)
1200
D

Hanya Solid ( )
TD
C = Co ( = 35 wt% Ni)
20
3032 35 4043
50
Pd TB = 1250C:
CLCo
C wt% Ni
Both and L
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b), Callister 7e.
9.3(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams
CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni here) (Fig.
of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
C = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni here) International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)
Chapter 9 -

Menghitung
Fraksi Berat Fasa
Rule 3: Jika diketahui T and Co, mk akan diketahui:
Cu-Ni
system

--banyaknya/fraksi fasa (dlm wt%).

Contoh:

Co = 35 wt% Ni
Pd TA : Hanya Liquid (L)
W L = 100 wt%, W = 0
Pd TD: Hanya Solid ()
W L = 0, W = 100 wt%
Pd TB : Both and L

WL
W

S 43 35 73 wt %
R + S 43 32
R
= 27 wt%
R +S

T(C)

TA

L (liquid)

1300

TB

L+

1200

TD
20

tie line dus

i
liqu

B
R S
D

3032 35

CLCo

+
L

us
d
i
l
so

(solid)

40 43

50

C wt% Ni

Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b), Callister 7e.

(Fig. 9.3(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of
Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)
Chapter 9 -

THE LEVER RULE: A PROOF

Jml fraksi berat: WL W 1
Co WL CL W C
Kekekalan Massa (Ni):
Kombinasi 2 pers. di atas:
C Co S
Co CL R

WL
W

C CL R S
C CL R S
Dlm konsep kesetimbangan momen:
moment equilibrium:
Co
CL
C
WLR WS
R
S

WL

1 W
solving gives Lever Rule
Chapter 9-9

The Lever Rule

Tie line connects the phases in equilibrium with
each other - essentially an isotherm
T(C)
1300

tie line dus

i
l i qu

L (liquid)

1200
20

+
L

TB

+
R

ML

us
d
i
l
o

(solid)
R

30C C
40 C

L o

wt% Ni

WL

How much of each phase?

Think of it as a lever

50

Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b),

Callister 7e.

C C0
ML
S

M L M R S C CL

M S M L R

C CL
R
0
R S C CL
Chapter 9 -

Pembentukan Microstructure Paduan Biner Cu-Ni dg

Pendinginan Lambat (Equilibrium)

Phase diagram:
Cu-Ni system.

System is:
--binary
i.e., 2 components:
Cu and Ni.

T(C) L (liquid)
130 0
L: 35 wt% Ni
: 46 wt% Ni

i.e., complete
solubility of one
component in
another; phase
field extends from
0 to 100 wt% Ni.

Consider
Co = 35 wt%Ni.

A
32

--isomorphous

L: 35wt%Ni

35

B
C

46
43

24
120 0

L+

Cu-Ni
system

L+

L: 32 wt% Ni

36

: 43 wt% Ni

L: 24 wt% Ni
: 36 wt% Ni

(solid)
110 0
20

30

Adapted from Fig. 9.4,

Callister 7e.

35
Co

40

50

wt% Ni
Chapter 9 -

Kesimpulannya (1)

Proses pembentukan microstructure paduan isomorphous

kondisi equilibrium (pendinginan yg sangat lambat):
1. Proses pembekuan pd daerah fasa solid + liquid terjadi
scr perlahan dan bertahap sesaat setelah temperatur
melewati grs liquidus.
2. Komposisi fasa padat dan cair berubah perlahan
selama pembekuan melalui mekanisme => DIFUSI !
3. Inti padatan fasa solid terbentuk dan perlahan tumbuh
hingga pd grs solidus, semua cairan (fasa liquid)
berubah menjadi 100% fasa padat.

Chapter 9 -

Pembentukan microstructure
paduan isomorphous dg
pendinginan
Non-equilibrium

Phase diagram:
Cu-Ni system.

Consider
Co = 35wt%Ni & fast
cooling

Adapted from Fig.

9.3, Callister 6e.
Chapter 9 -

Kesimpulannya (2)

Proses pembentukan microstructure paduan isomorphous

kondisi non-equilibrium (pendinginan yg cepat):

Difusi yg terjadi tidak sempurna krn pendinginan yg cepat

shg terbentuk struktur padat yg memiliki komposisi berbeda
dari tengah ke pinggir (batas butir) fenomena segregasi

Unsur dg titik cair tertinggi (Ni) akan membeku lebih cepat

shg bagian tengah fasa padat mengandung % Ni paling
tinggi

Jika material dlm kondisi ini digunakan utk aplikasi

temperatur tinggi mendekati temperatur cair Ni, maka akan
terjadi pencairan partial pd daerah batas butir, krn memiliki
titik cair lebih rendah (%Cu yg lebih banyak di batas butir)
akibatnya: failure!

Chapter 9 -

Cored vs Equilibrium Phases

C changes as we solidify.
Cu-Ni case: First to solidify has C = 46 wt% Ni.
Last to solidify has C = 35 wt% Ni.

Fast rate of cooling:

Cored structure

Slow rate of cooling:

Equilibrium structure

First to solidify:
46 wt% Ni
Last to solidify:
< 35 wt% Ni

Uniform C :
35 wt% Ni

Chapter 9 -

Mechanical Properties: Cu-Ni System

Effect of solid solution strengthening on:
--Ductility (%EL,%AR)

400
TS for
pure Ni

300
TS for pure Cu

200
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cu
Ni

Composition, wt% Ni

Adapted from Fig. 9.6(a), Callister 7e.

--Peak as a function of Co

Elongation (%EL)

Tensile Strength (MPa)

--Tensile strength (TS)

60

%EL for pure Cu

%EL for
pure Ni

50
40
30
20
0 20
Cu

40

60

80 100
Ni

Composition, wt% Ni

Adapted from Fig. 9.6(b), Callister 7e.

--Min. as a function of Co
Chapter 9 -

Diagram Fasa Biner dg Reaksi

Fasa Eutectic
Cth.: Sistem Cu-Ag

Cu-Ag
system

T(C)

1200

3 single phase regions

L (liquid)
1000
(L, )
L + 779C
Larut terbatas:
L+
800
TE
: dominan Cu
8.0
71.9 91.2
: dominan Ag
600
TE : No liquid below TE

400
CE : Min. melting TE
composition
200
Reaksi Fasa Eutectic

L(CE)

(CE) + (CE)

20

40

60 CE 80

100

Co , wt% Ag

Adapted from Fig. 9.7,

Callister 7e.
Chapter 9 -

More Information on Eutectic Systems

(I)
3phasesareineqm

Eutecticisotherm

Chapter 9-

More Information on Eutectic Systems

(II)
ReaksiEutectictransisiantaraliquiddan
campuran2fasasolid,+,padakomposisi
eutecticCE.
Titikcairpaduaneutecticlebihrendahdibandingtitik
cairkomponen2nya

Daerahfasatunggalpadatdipisahkanolehdaerah
2fasapadat(grssolvus).

Chapter 9-

Pb-Sn Eutectic System (1)

Diketahui paduan Pb-Sn (40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb) di T= 150C:
-fasa pd temp. 150C : +
T(C)
-komposisi fasa:
CO = 40 wt% Sn
C = 11 wt% Sn
C = 99 wt% Sn

-jml relatif msg2 fasa:

C - CO
S
=
W =
R+S
C - C

300

200
150
100

99 - 40
59
=
=
= 67 wt%
99 - 11
88
C - C
W = R = O
C - C
R+S
=

40 - 11
29
=
= 33 wt%
99 - 11
88

L (liquid)

L+

183C

18.3

61.9

L+
97.8

S
+

0 11 20
C

40
Co

Adapted from Fig. 9.8,

Callister 7e.

60

80

C, wt% Sn
Chapter 9 -

99100
C

Pb-Sn Eutectic System (2)

Utk paduan 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb at 200C, tentukan...
--Fasa yg ada:
--Komposisi fasa:
CO = 40 wt% Sn
C = 17 wt% Sn
CL = 46 wt% Sn

--Jml relatif fasa:

CL - C O
46 - 40
=
W =
CL - C
46 - 17
6
=
= 21 wt%
29

+L

Pb-Sn
system

T(C)

300
220
200

L (liquid)

L+
R

L+

S
183C

100

CO - C
23
=
WL =
= 79 wt%
CL - C
29

+
0

17 20
C

40 46 60
80
Co CL C, wt% Sn

Adapted from Fig. 9.8,

Callister 7e.

Chapter 9 -

100

Microstructure
pd Eutectic Systems: I
Co < 2 wt% Sn
Hasilnya:

--polycrystal
hanya 1 fasa solid

T(C)

L: Co wt% Sn

400
L

300

200

(Pb-Sn
System)

: Co wt% Sn

TE
100

Adapted from Fig. 9.11,

Callister 7e.

L+

0
Co

10

20

30

Co , wt% Sn

2
(room T solubility limit)

Chapter 9 -

Microstructure
pd Eutectic Systems: II
L: Co wt% Sn

T(C)

2 wt% Sn < Co < 18.3 wt% Sn 400

hasilnya:
Awalnya L +
berikutnya fasa tunggal
tahap akhir2 fasa padat
polycrystal
fine -phase inclusions

300

L+

200

TE

: Co wt% Sn

100

+
0

Adapted from Fig. 9.12,

Callister 7e.
(sol.

10

20

Pb-Sn
system
30

Co
Co , wt%
2
limit at T room )
18.3
(sol. limit at TE)

Sn

Chapter 9 -

Microstructure
pd Sistem Eutectic : III
Co = CE
hasilnya: Eutectic microstructure (struktur lamellar)
--kumpulan layer-layer (lamellae) dari kristal & .

T(C)
L: Co wt% Sn

300

200

L+

100

183C

TE

20
18.3

Adapted from Fig. 9.13,

Callister 7e.

40

Micrograph of Pb-Sn
eutectic
microstructure

: 97.8 wt% Sn
: 18.3 wt%Sn

60
CE
61.9

80

160 m
Adapted from Fig. 9.14, Callister 7e.

100
97.8

C, wt% Sn

Chapter 9 -

Lamellar Eutectic Structure

Adapted from Figs. 9.14 & 9.15, Callister

7e.

Chapter 9 -

Development of microstructure in
eutectic alloys (IV)
Compositions of and phases are very
different:
eutectic reaction involves
redistribution/diffusion of Pb and Sn atoms
by atomic diffusion.
simultaneous formation of and phases
result in a layered (lamellar) microstructure
that is called eutectic structure.

Chapter 9-

Microstructure
pd Sistem Eutectic: IV
18.3 wt% Sn < Co < 61.9 wt% Sn
hasilnya: crystals & eutectic microstructure
T(C)

L: Co wt% Sn

300

Pb-Sn
system

200

L+
R

TE

L+

20
18.3

Adapted from Fig. 9.16,

Callister 7e.

primary
eutectic
eutectic

40

60
61.9

Just above TE :
C = 18.3 wt% Sn
CL = 61.9 wt% Sn
W = S = 50 wt%
R+S
WL = (1- W) = 50 wt%

Just below TE :

100

80

Co, wt% Sn

100
97.8

C = 18.3 wt% Sn
C = 97.8 wt% Sn
W = S = 73 wt%
R+S
W = 27 wt%
Chapter 9 -

Hypoeutectic & Hypereutectic

300

T(C)

Adapted from Fig. 9.8,

Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.8
adapted from Binary Phase
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3,
T.B. Massalski (Editor-inChief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

200

L+
+

100

20

40

hypoeutectic: Co = 50 wt% Sn
(Figs. 9.14 and 9.17
from Metals
Handbook, 9th ed.,
Vol. 9,
Metallography and
Microstructures,
American Society for
Metals, Materials
Park, OH, 1985.)

L+

TE

60

80

eutectic
61.9

hypereutectic: (illustration only)

Adapted from
Fig. 9.17, Callister 7e.

Co, wt% Sn

eutectic: Co = 61.9 wt% Sn

175 m

100

(Pb-Sn
System)

160 m
eutectic micro-constituent
Adapted from Fig. 9.14,
Callister 7e.

Adapted from Fig. 9.17,

Callister 7e. (Illustration
only)
Chapter 9 -

Senyawa Intermetallic
Adapted from
Fig. 9.20, Callister 7e.

Mg2Pb
Note: senyawa intermetallic membentuk sebuah grs bkn area krn
memiliki kesetimbangan stoichiometry (komposisinya)
Chapter 9 -

RF Eutectoid & Peritectic

Eutectic - liquid in equilibrium with two solids
cool
L
+
heat
Eutectoid - solid phase in equation with two solid
phases
intermetallic compound
S2
S1+S3
- cementite

cool
+
heat

Fe3C

(727C)

Peritectic - liquid + solid 1 solid 2 (Fig 9.21)

S1 + L
S2
+L

cool

heat

(1493C)

Chapter 9 -

Eutectoid & Peritectic

Cu-Zn Phase diagram

Eutectoid transition

Peritectic transition + L

Adapted from
Fig. 9.21, Callister 7e.

Chapter 9 -

Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram

L + Fe3C

-Eutectoid (B):
+ Fe3C

T(C)
1600

1400
1200

+L

(austenite)

1000

800
600

120 m

Result: Pearlite =
alternating layers of
and Fe3C phases
(Adapted from Fig. 9.27, Callister 7e.)

S
+Fe3C
727C = Teutectoid

400
0
(Fe)

S
1

0.76

L+Fe3C

C eutectoid

1148C

Fe3C (cementite)

2 important
points
-Eutectic (A):

+Fe3C
4

6.7

4.30
Co, wt% C
Fe3C (cementite-hard)
(ferrite-soft)

Adapted from Fig. 9.24,Callister 7e.

Chapter 9 -

Info on Fe phases
-ferrite - solid solution of C in BCC Fe
Stable form of iron at room temperature.
The maximum solubility of C is 0.022 wt%
Transforms to FCC g-austenite at 912 C
-austenite - solid solution of C in FCC Fe
The maximum solubility of C is 2.14 wt %.
Transforms to BCC d-ferrite at 1395 C
Is not stable below the eutectic temperature (727 C) unless
cooled rapidly (Chapter 10)
-ferrite solid solution of C in BCC Fe
The same structure as a-ferrite
Stable only at high T, above 1394 C
Melts at 1538 C
Fe3C (iron carbide or cementite)
This intermetallic compound is metastable, it remains as a
compound indefinitely at room T, but decomposes (very
slowly, within several years) into a-Fe and C (graphite) at
650 - 700 C
Chapter 9-

Hypoeutectoid Steel
T(C)

1600

+L

1200
(austenite)
1000
800

+ Fe3C
r s

727C

RS

w =s/(r +s) 600

w =(1- w )
400
0

(Fe)
pearlite

L+Fe3C

1148C

+ Fe3C
1

C0

0.76

w pearlite = w

(Fe-C
System)

Fe3C (cementite)

1400

Adapted from Figs. 9.24

and 9.29,Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.
1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-inChief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH,
1990.)

6.7

Co , wt% C
100 m Hypoeutectoid
steel

w =S/(R+S)
w Fe3C =(1-w )

pearlite

proeutectoid ferrite
Adapted from Fig. 9.30,Callister 7e.

Chapter 9 -

Hypereutectoid Steel
T(C)

1600

+L

1200
(austenite)

1000

800

w Fe3C =r/(r +s)

w =(1-w Fe3C )

R
600

400
0
(Fe)
pearlite

L+Fe3C

1148C

+Fe3C

0.76

Fe3C

(Fe-C
System)

s
S

1 Co

w pearlite = w

w =S/(R+S)
w Fe3C =(1-w )

+Fe3C
2

Fe3C (cementite)

1400

Adapted from Figs. 9.24

and 9.32,Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.
1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-inChief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH,
1990.)

6.7

Co , wt%C
60 mHypereutectoid
steel

pearlite

proeutectoid Fe3C
Adapted from Fig. 9.33,Callister 7e.

Chapter 9 -

Example: Phase Equilibria

For a 99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C at a temperature
just below the eutectoid, determine the
following
a) composition of Fe3C and ferrite ()
b) the amount of carbide (cementite) in grams
that forms per 100 g of steel
c) the amount of pearlite and proeutectoid
ferrite ()

Chapter 9 -

Chapter 9 Phase Equilibria

Solution: a) composition of Fe3C and ferrite ()
b) the amount of carbide
(cementite) in grams that
forms per 100 g of steel

CO = 0.40 wt% C
C = 0.022 wt% C
CFe

1600

3C

1200

0.4 0.022

x 100 5.7g
6.7 0.022

(austenite)

94.3 g

+ Fe3C
727C

S
+ Fe3C

600
400
0

L+Fe3C

1148C

1000
800

Fe3C 5.7 g

+L

Fe C (cementite)

Fe3C
Co C
1400

x100 T(C)
Fe3C CFe 3C C

= 6.70 wt% C

C CO

Co , wt% C

6.7

CFe

3C

Chapter 9 -

Chapter 9 Phase Equilibria

c. the amount of pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite ()
note: amount of pearlite = amount of just above TE

1600

1400

T(C)
+L

Co C

x 100 51.2 g 1200

(austenite)
C C
1000

+ Fe3C

800

pearlite = 51.2 g
proeutectoid = 48.8 g

727C

RS
600
400
0

L+Fe3C

1148C

+ Fe3C
1

C C C
O

Co , wt% C
Chapter 9 -

Fe C (cementite)

Co = 0.40 wt% C
C = 0.022 wt% C
Cpearlite = C = 0.76 wt% C

6.7

Alloying Steel with More Elements

Ti

Mo

Si

Cr
Mn
Ni

wt. % of alloying elements

Adapted from Fig. 9.34,Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.34
from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals,
1939, p. 127.)

Ceutectoid changes:
Ceutectoid (wt%C)

T Eutectoid (C)

Teutectoid changes:

Ni
Cr
Si
Ti Mo

Mn

wt. % of alloying elements

Adapted from Fig. 9.35,Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.35
from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals,
1939, p. 127.)

Chapter 9 -

SUMMARY
Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:
--the number and types of phases,
--the wt% of each phase,
--and the composition of each phase

for a given T and composition of the system.

Alloying to produce a solid solution usually
--increases the tensile strength (TS)
--decreases the ductility.

Binary eutectics and binary eutectoids allow for

a range of microstructures.

Chapter 9-25