25 140
120
20
Debit ( m 3/jam)
B O D5 (m g /l)
100
15 80
60
10
40
5 20
0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
.3 . . . . . . 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12.
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Bulan
Pukul
INLET OUTLET
BAKU M UTU INFLUENT EFFLUENT
Karakteristik Debit
Bervariasi flow & strength/day
Peak flow = n mean flow
Hydraulic capacity (design)
Tgt jumlah populasi, pop > PF<
Dia sewer PF
< 300 mm 2.5
300 600 mm 2
> 600 mm 1.5
Joint industri & municipal treatment (industri dekat
municipal, industri > organik
Cost >, jika limbah industri >, municipal <
Cost <, jika limbah industri <, municipal >
Cara pengukuran debit
About 80% of water used
become wastewater
Wastewater flow
Qpeak hour = 3 4 average day
Q peak day = 2 -3 average day (separate sewer system)
Q min day = 2/3 average day
Q min hour = 1/3 average day
Kriteria Unit (debit design)
Unit Process Preliminary Treat
Peak Hour (screening & grit removal)
Primary Treatment
Peak Month
Peak Day
Secondary Treat
Peak Month (aeration basin)
Peak Day (aeration system)
Secondary Clarif (peak month & peak day)
Sludge digestion
Sifat & Komposisi Air Limbah
Domestik
Limbah : kemungkinan mengandung mikro-
rganisme (bakteri, jamur protozoa, metazoa
dll), bahan kimia beracun dan radioaktif.
Mengandung bahan organik anorganik
(BOD, TSS, COD dls)
Tergantung jenis (ukuran, fungsi & kegiatan)
Tingkat pengolahan sebelum dibuang
dengan air limbah RT (fisik, kimia &
mikrobiologi)
Kategori polutan & sumbernya
Point source Non Point
Kategori Domestic Industrial Agriculture Urban
sewage wastes runoff runoff
O2 demanding material X X X X
Nutrients X X X X
Pathogens X X X X
SS/sediments X X X X
Salts X X X
Toxic metals X X
Toxic organic material X X
Heat X
Karakter Polutan di Air Limbah
Biological oxydation
Biological oxydation
Source control
Equalization,
neutralization,
oil/grease removal, SS
Biological treatment
Final disposal
Pendekatan konseptual pengelohan air limbah (organik tinggi & air limbah industri)
To discharge,
recycle, treatment
Reverse Osmosis
Filtration Granular CA
Anaerobic treatment
Precipitation
Wet air oxidation Air or stream
Oxidation stripping
Reduction
Chemical oxidation
Volatile Org.
Heavy metals Organic chemicals Ammonia
Process WWater
Source treatment
Bagan alir pengolahan
(limbah domestik)
Treatment
Efficiency
Treatment units BOD COD SS P Org-N NH3-N
Bar racks 0 0 0 0 0 0
Grit chambers 0~5 0~5 0~10 0 0 0
Primary sedimentation30~4030~4050~6510~2010~10 0
Activated sludge 80~9580~8580~9010~2015~50 8~15
Trickling filters
High rate, rock media65~8060~8060~858~1215~50 8~15
Super rate, plastic media 65~8565~8565~858~12 15~50
8~15
Rotating biological
contactors (RBCs) 80~8580~8580~8510~2515~50 8~15
Chlorination 0 0 0 0 0 0
Proses pengolahan air limbah
Fisik
Biodegradation : proses biokimia dari senyawa organik
(kompleks), interaksi dari senyawa, mikroorganisme dan kondisi
lingkungan); CO, H2O, CH4, and inorganic substances
Aerob : CxHyOz + O2 + bakteri CO2 + NH3 + H2O
+ prod lain + E
Sintesis (anabolisme) : CxHyOz + O2 + bakteri + E
C5H7NO2 (sel baru)
Respirasi endegenous : C5H7NO2 + 5 O2 5 CO2 + NH3 +
2 H2O + E
Anaerob :
CxHyOz + bakteri sel baru +
alkohol + acids sel
baru, CH4,H2S, NH3, CO2, H2O
Kualitas (parameter bermakna)
CHONSP
15
10 Microbialbiomass
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Days
Perancangan Bangunan /unit proses
Jumlah debit & prakiraan yad
Pelajari jenis alternatif2 (flow sheet)
Fowsheet = grup dari unit2 proses,
Tgt dari :
karakteristik limbah
Tujuan akhir/target pengolahan
Pilihan akhir : hasil evaluasi performance
Mudah tidak aplikasi di lap
Kebutuhan energi/listrik dls
Biaya
Hasil dari bench test/pilot scale test
Tujuan :
Mencari alternatif yang cocok baik proses maupun operasi dari unit
prosesnya
Mendapat data/informasi dari operasi & proses terpilih : mis kriteria
desain chemicalia, koefisien kinetik dls
Bench test di lab
Pilot test di lap, verifikasi terhadap hasil dari bench test
Bench test & pilot plant study
Expected process preformance
Assumptions for liquid/solids balance
1 VSSas %TSS in raw water wastewater 75%
2 Soluable BOD as % of total BOD in raw sewage 50%
3 Primary treatment eficiency for TSS removal 50%
4 Primary treatment eficiency for BOD removal 23%
5 Primary sludge TSS concentration 5%
6 Primary sludge volatile fraction 75%
7 Waste activated sludge production (lb VS per lb BOD applied 0.56
8 Final effluent TSS (mg/l) 20
9 Final effluent BOD (mg/l) 20
10 Waste activated sludge (WAS) thickening solids capture 95%
11 Thickened WAS TS concentration 6%
12 Anaerobic digestion VS reduction 50%
13 Digested sludge thickening solids capture 95%
14 Thickened digested sludge TS concentration 6%
Perancangan Bangunan/unit proses
(lanjutan)
Equalization
basin
Controlled-flow
pumping station
Volume Requirement
Cumulative inflow volume, ft3 Flowrate Pattern A Flowrate Pattern B
Average daily
flowrate Average daily
flowrate
Required
equalization Required
volume equalization
volume
M M N N M
Time of day
Design volume = 1.1~1.2 Theoretical volume
Jika debit pompa out = debit rerata in ke kolam ekualisasi
Volume Requirement
(jika debit out < or > rerata debit input ke kolam ekualisasi)
30
60
3
25
3
Debit (m
20 40
15 20
10
5 0
0
Jam Jam
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
23 .3
11 0
22 0
0
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
11
10
22
10
22
10
22
10
22
10
22
10
22
10
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jam
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
0
0
0
.3
.3
.3
11
10
10
22
10
22
22
10
10
22
22
10
22
23
11
pompa
Kakus
Lantai
Undak
Pipa
Pipa sedang
kecil
an
Pipa
besar
dengan :
Cz = koefisien Chezzy, m1/2 /detik.
R = jari-jari hidrolik, m.
n = koefisien Manning.
k = konstanta, 1 m1/3 /detik.
Tabel 1.1 Harga-harga kekasaran Manning untuk
saluran bertepi kukuh
No Permukaan baru Harga n yang disarankan
1 Kaca,plastik,kuningan 0.010
2 Kayu 0.011-0.014
3 Plester semen 0.011
4 Besi tuang 0.013
5 Beton 0.012-0.017
6 Pipa pembuang 0.013
7 Batu bata 0.014
8 Pasangan batu 0.017-0.025
9 Batu pecah 0.035-0.040
drainase
drainase
KM KM
BK SR BK SR
WC WC
ST ST
Dapur
PL
drainase
KM
BK SR
WC
ST