SWTS

STOP WATCH TIME STUDY

MENENTUKAN WAKTU
STANDAR
Manfaat adanya Ws / Os :
1. Perencanaan kebutuhan tenaga kerja
2. Estimasi biaya (labor cost & overhead cost)
3. Perencanaan dan penjadwalan produksi
serta penganggarannya
4. Identifikasi performansi kerja karyawan dan
dasar pemberian bonus/insentip
5. Identifikasi kondisi kerja yang tidak
produktif
STOP WATCH TIME STUDY

ASUMSI – ASUMSI DASAR SWTS

1. Metode dan fasilitas kerja sudah baku

2. Operator yg diukur waktu kerjanya paham
prosedur dan metode kerja baku & punya
kemampuan kerja rata-rata
3. Kondisi lingkungan fisik kerja- sama dgn
saat pengukuran
4. Performance kerja terkendali.
 STOP WATCH TIME STUDY

JENIS PEKERJAAN YANG SESUAI DIUKUR

DGN SWTS :
1. Repetitive dan uniform
2. Macam kerja yg dilakukan homogen
3. Output dapat dihitung
4. Banyak dilakukan dan teratur sifatnya
 SWTS –
LANGKAH PELAKSANAAN
 STOP WATCH TIME STUDY
LANGKAH-LANGKAH PELAKSANAAN :

1. Definisikan pekerjaan dan informasikan

maksud dan tujuan pengukuran pada operator
yang akan diukur:
Menentukan Ws dan Os ( Output Standar )
Perencanaan kebutuhan tenaga kerja/mesin/peralatan
kerja
Menentukan pendapatan pekerja (upah dasar/insentif )

Menentukan tingkat ketelitian dan tingkat kepercayaan

data yang akan digunakan dalam pengukuran
Agar operator bekerja dengan kemampuan normalnya
STOP WATCH TIME STUDY
LANGKAH-LANGKAH PELAKSANAAN :

2. Catat informasi terkait dgn pekerjaan

tsb- tulis di bagian atas form rekap data
hasil pengukuran
(Isikan pada form pengukuran)

3. Bagi operasi kerja dalam elemen

kerja/kelompok elemen kerja
S W T S - LANGKAH-LANGKAH PELAKSANAAN :

3. BAGI OPERASI KE DALAM KEL ELEMEN

KERJA
Pisahkan aktifitas mesin dan manusia
Waktu kerja mesin seragam/standar sesuai
dengan kapasitas mesin – dihitung dengan
standard data atau formulasi tertentu
Pisahkan kerja berulang dan yang tidak
contoh : menurunkan produk yang cacat dalam
proses (line drop),Set up mesin ( 1 kali per lot)
 S W T S - LANGKAH-LANGKAH PELAKSANAAN :

4. MELAKUKAN PENGUKURAN DENGAN STOP

WATCH

 Lakukan pengukuran – catat waktu per elemen kerja

 Peralatan : stop watch, papan pengamatan/time study board
 Tentukan Jumlah siklus pengamatan
(tergantung tingkat ketelitian dan tingkat kepercayaan yang
dikehendaki)

Tiga metode untuk mengukur waktu :

1. terus menerus / continuous timing
2. berulang-ulang/ repetitive timing
3. secara penjumlahan / accumulative timing
Estimasi jumlah pengamatan
Lakukan pengamatan
10 x jika siklus kerja < 2 menit
5 x jika siklus kerja > 2 menit
Tentukan nilai range R,
R = H – L atau ( Nilai tertinggi – Nilai terendah)
Tentukan nilai rata-rata
Hitung R/X (Range/ Rata-rata)
Lihat jumlah pengamatan yang dibutuhkan pada
tabel lalu dibagi 4
Jumlah pengamatan yang diperlukan (N’) untuk 95 % confidence level dan
5 % degree of accuracy (precision)

R/X Data dari R/X Data dari R/X Data dari

sample sample sample
5 10 5 10 5 10
0.10 3 2 0.42 52 30 0.74 162 93
0.12 4 2 0.44 57 33 0.76 171 98
0.14 6 3 0.46 63 36 0.78 180 103
0.16 8 4 0.48 68 39 0.80 190 108
0.18 10 6 0.50 74 42 0.82 199 113
0.20 12 7 0.52 80 46 0.84 209 119
0.22 14 8 0.54 86 49 0.86 218 125
0.24 17 10 0.56 93 53 0.88 229 131
0.26 20 11 0.58 100 57 0.90 239 138
0.28 23 13 0.60 107 61 0.92 250 143
0.30 27 15 0.62 114 65 0.94 260 149
0.32 30 17 0.64 121 69 0.96 273 156
0.34 34 20 0.66 129 74 0.98 284 162
0.36 38 22 0.68 137 78 1.00 296 169
0.38 43 24 0.70 145 83
0.40 47 27 0.72 153 88
S W T S - LANGKAH-LANGKAH PELAKSANAAN :

5. UJI KESERAGAMAN DAN KECUKUPAN DATA

UJI KESERAGAMAN
1. Tentukan nilai rata-rata
2. Tentukan BKA dan BKB
Batas Kontrol Atas/BKA = X + 3 SD
Batas Kontrol Bawah/BKB=X - 3 SD
3. Plot data pada peta kontrol
4. Buang data ekstrim / data yang keluar
dari batas kontrol
 UJI KESERAGAMAN
 X  X
2

standar deviasi   j

N 1

Menentukan BKA dan BKB

Tingkat kepercayaan 99% digunakan 3σ
Tingkat kepercayaan 95% digunakan 2σ
Tingkat kepercayaan 68 % digunakan 1σ

Penentuan nilai indeks/ konstanta (k) tergantung

tingkat kepercayaan yang diambil
Menentukan tingkat kepercayaan dan
tingkat ketelitian
Di dalam penelitian biasanya digunakan
Confident level = 95 % dan
degree of accuracy = 5 %

Sekurang-kurangnya 95 dari 100 harga

rata –rata dari waktu yang dicatat /diukur
untuk suatu elemen kerja akan memiliki
penyimpangan tidak lebih dari 5 %
 S W T S - LANGKAH-LANGKAH PELAKSANAAN :

UJI KECUKUPAN DATA

 X 
2
N X
2 2
z/s j j
N '

X j

dimana : N’ = harga waktu penyelesaian yang tercatat dalam

pengukuran
N = jumlah pengamatan yang telah dilakukan
Z = Harga indeks yang besarnya tergantung dari tingkat
kepercayaan yang diambil, pada tingkat kepercayaan 95 %,
nilai z = 2
s = Tingkat ketelitian yang dikehendaki dan dinyatakan dalam
desimal ( misal : 0.05 atau 0.1 )

Jumlah pengamatan dianggap sudah cukup jika dari hasil perhitungan diperoleh
hasil N > N’.
S W T S - LANGKAH-LANGKAH PELAKSANAAN :

6. Tetapkan rate of performance operator

TUJUAN : MENORMALKAN DATA PENGAMATAN

MACAM METODE :
SKILL DAN EFFORT RATING
WESTING HOUSE SYSTEM’S RATING
SYNTHETIC RATING
SPEED RATING
PERFORMANCE RATING DALAM WESTING HOUSE
SYSTEM’S RATING
Sesuaikan waktu pengamatan dengan performance
yang diperoleh – dinormalkan

Contoh dengan metode speed rating

Waktu Normal = Waktu Pengamatan X Rating faktor (%)
100 %
Contoh dengan metode WESTING HOUSE
Excellent Skill (B2) : + 0.08
Good Effort (C2) : + 0.02
Good Condition (C) : + 0.02
Good Consistency : + 0.01
Total + 0.13
Waktu Normal = waktu pengamatan X 1.13
Do we expect the average worker to
work in normal rating ?
Rating Evaluation Methods
Subjective judgment
Practice by watching movies
For a study with long elements, rate
each separately
Methods:
Speed rating
Westinghouse
7. Tetapkan allowance tambahkan pada
waktu normal

 Personal Allowance untuk pekerjaan ringan

selama 8 jam kerja tanpa istirahat
= 2 % s/d 5 % atau 10 – 24 menit

 Fatique Allowance

 Delay Allowance
 Calculation of allowances

 The basic model for the calculation of allowances is shown in

figure 113. It will be seen from this model that relaxation
allowances (which are intended to assist recovery from fatigue)
are the only essential part of the time added to the basic time.

 Other allowances, such as contingency, policy and special

allowances are applied under certain conditions only.

 Relaxation allowance is an addition to the basic time intended

to provide the worker with the opportunity to recover from the
physiological and psychological effects of carrying out specified
work under specified conditions and to allow attention to
personal needs.

 The amount of allowance will depend on the nature of the job.

Relaxation allowances are calculated so as to allow the worker to recover
from fatigue. Fatigue may be defined as a physical and/or mental
weariness, real or imagined, existing in a person and harmfully affecting
the ability to perform work.
 The effects of fatigue can be lessened by rest pauses, during which the
body recovers from its effort.
 Allowances for fatigue are normally added element by element to the
basic times, so that a work value for each element is built up separately,
the element standard times being combined to give way the standard
time for the whole job or operation.
 In this way it is possible to deal with any extra allowance which may be
required to compensate for severe climatic conditions, since the element
may sometimes be performed in cool weather and sometimes when it is
very hot.
 Relaxation allowances have two major components:
fixed allowances and variable allowances.
 Fixed allowances are composed of:

 Allowances for personal needs. This allowance provides for the necessity
to leave the workplace to attend to personal needs such as washing,
going to the bathroom or getting a drink.
 Common figures applied by many enterprises range from 5 to 7 per cent.
 Allowances for basic fatigue. This allowance, always a constant, is given
to take account of the energy exhausted while carrying out work and to
lessen monotony. A common figure is 4 per cent of basic time. This is
considered to be sufficient for a worker who carries out the job while
seated, who is engaged on light work in good working conditions.
 Variable allowances are added to fixed allowances when working
conditions differ clearly from those stated above, for instance because of
poor environmental conditions that cannot be improved, added stress and
strain in performing the job in question, and so on.
 Relaxation allowances are given as percentages of the basic time. They
are normally calculated on an element-by-element basis.
 Rest pauses
Relaxation allowances can be taken in the form of rest pauses. While
there is no hard and fast rule governing rest pauses, a common
practice is to allow a 10 to 15 minute break at mid-morning and mid-
afternoon, often joined with facilities for tea, coffee or cold drinks and
snacks, and to permit the rest of the relaxation allowance to be taken at
the good judgment of the worker.

Rest pauses are important for the following reasons:

 They break up the monotony of the day.

 They give workers the chance to recover from fatigue and to attend to
personal needs.
 They reduce the amount of time off taken by workers during working
hours.
 Where workers are working in conditions of heat, cold, noise or
vibration it may be necessary to introduce mandatory rest pauses as
part of a work-rest routine to ensure the health and safety of the
workers.
 Other allowances

 It is sometimes necessary to include allowances other than relaxation

allowances in the compilation of standard time. Three such allowances are

1. Contingency allowances

 A contingency allowance is a small allowance of time which may be

included in a standard time to meet reasonable and expected items of work
or delays.

 The exact measurement of which is uneconomical because of their rare or

irregular occurrence

 Contingency allowances should not be greater than 5 per cent, and should
only be given in cases where the analyst is absolutely satisfied that the
contingencies cannot be eliminated and that they are justified.
 2. Special allowances

Special allowances may be given for any activities which are not
normally part of the operation cycle but which are essential to the
satisfactory performance of the work.
 Such allowances may be permanent or temporary; wherever possible,
these allowances should be determined by time study.

 Start-up allowance to compensate for time taken by any work and

any enforced waiting time which necessarily occurs at the start of a
shift or work period before production can begin.
 A shut-down allowance may be given for work or waiting time
occurring at the end of the day.
 A cleaning allowance is given when the worker has to give attention
from time to time to cleaning his machine or workplace.
 Tool allowance is an allowance of time to cover the adjustment and
maintenance of tools.
 Some allowances are normally given per occasion or per batch. Such as;

 Set-up allowance, given to cover the time required for preparing a machine or process
for production, an operation which is necessary at the start of production on a batch of
fresh products or components.
 Dismantling allowance may be given, to cover the time needed for making alterations
to machine or process settings after completing a run of production.
 Reject allowance included in a standard time when the production of a proportion of
defective products is in the process, but is perhaps more usually given as a temporary
addition to standard times, per job or per batch.
 Learning allowances given to trainee operators engaged on work for which standard
times have been issued, as a temporary benefit while they develop their ability.
 Training allowance is a similar allowance given to an experienced worker to
compensate for the time he is required to spend instructing a trainee, while both are
working on jobs for which standard times have been set.
 Implementation allowance, given to workers asked to adopt a new method or process
to encourage them to attempt an enthusiastic implementation of the new ways.
 Small batch allowance is required to allow a worker working on small batches to decide
what to do and how to go about it and then to work up to a standard performance by
practice and repetition.
Standard time is the total time in which a job
should be completed at standard
performance.
 In a case where the observed time is rated
at less than standard pace, the rating factor
will be shown inside the observed time.
 The contingencies and relaxation allowances
are percentages of the basic time. The
standard time is expressed in standard
minutes or standard hours.
Tetapkan waktu kerja baku /
Standard time
Standard time =
Normal Time + (Normal time X % Allowance)
Output Standar = 1 / Ws ( unit/jam)
Post test : 10 menit
TUGAS

Buatlah pengukuran kerja menggunakan

SWTS untuk proses perakitan sederhana!