Pelatihan OSN Guru SMA Mutiara Insani Cikarang

Ekologi dan Etologi

Miftahul Huda Fendiyanto, MSi dan Rizky Dwi Satrio, MSi

Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plant

Biology Department
Bogor Agricurtural University
 Outline
Etologi
 Pengertian Etologi
 Perilaku Hewan
 Perilaku yang diturunkan
 Perilaku tidak diturunkan
 Perilaku Primata
Ekologi
 Pengertian Ekologi
 Tingkatan Kehidupan
 Tipe-tipe Habitat
 Populasi (Natalitas dan Mortalitas)
 Tipe Seleksi
 Ekosistem
 Siklus Nitrogen dan Biogeokimia
 Pengertian Etologi dan Ekologi
Ethology is the study of how animals behave in their
natural habitat.
Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, and Niko
Tinbergen are three individuals who were
foremost in the initial stages of this field.

Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions

between organisms and their environment.
 Perilaku Hewan

A. Tingkah laku klise (Stereotyped behaviour)

• Innate = inborn, native, natural:
a. Taksis
b. Refleks
c. Insting
B. Tingkah laku yang dipelajari
• Acquired = get, gain, obtain
a. Belajar (Learning)
b. Reasoning (pemahaman) / Inovasi
Keragaman dan
arsitektur tubuh
Hewan

selom
 Contoh Perilaku Klise
A. TINGKAH LAKU KLISE
I. Taksis
• orientasi organisme pada lingkungan,
• taksis melibatkan pergerakan seluruh badan
organisme tersebut
• tanaman: mengarah cahaya, berlawanan arah
dengan gravitasi)
 Contoh Perilaku Klise

Taksis, contoh:
• Kutu rambut mencari tempat lembab untuk
menetap dan bertelur
• Ngengat jantan menarik betina secara
kemotaksis yaitu melalui feromon yang
dihasilkan jantan dan ditangkap oleh sel-sel
reseptor yang khusus di antena betina.
• Cahaya sebagai kompas digunakan juga oleh
semut dan lebah mengikuti arah pergerakan
sudut matahari
• Kecoa: menghindari cahaya, taksis negatif.
 Contoh Perilaku Klise
A. TINGKAH LAKU KLISE-
Refleks
Sel saraf mudah tereksitasi,
• iritabilitas (kemampuan sel/individu bereaksi
terhadap lingkungan) tinggi; sel otot mudah
tereksitasi juga
• Pada hewan unisel, sudah memiliki
kemampuan iritabilitas.
• Refleks adalah contoh iritabilitas yang rendah.
• Refleks hanya melibatkan sebagian bagian
tubuh
• Merupakan salah satu bentuk adaptasi tapi
akan berkurang pada hewan tingkat tinggi
 Contoh Perilaku Klise

REFLEKS, contoh
• Kupu-kupu:
• tarsi kaki diletakkan pada daun muda: reseptor
saraf di tarsi ~ reseptor di lidah
• refleks menjulurkan belalainya pada saat reseptor
di kaki dikenakan air gula
• Kontraksi pupil mata karena cahaya, debu dsb
 Contoh Perilaku Klise

Perilaku Klise: INSTING

• Insting:
• tidak melalui proses belajar
• karakteristik spesies tersebut dan adaptif.
Niko Tinbergen:
• Burung camar: saat menetas,
• tau bagaimana caranya diberi makan.
• Yaitu dengan mematuk warna merah
yang ada di paruh induknya.
• Induk dengan sendirinya memberikan
ikan yang sudah setengah dihancurkan
 Fixed Action Pattern Contoh Perilaku Klise
• tingkah laku yang
sudah berfungsi walau
merupakan
pengalaman pertama.
• Telur yang diinkubasi
angsa
• keluarkan telur
beberapa meter maka
angsa akan
melakukan tingkah
laku khas
• menggelindingkan
telur dengan paruh
kembali ke sarangnya
 Contoh Perilaku Klise

Insting: angsa
• Ada sesuatu yang menyebabkan angsa
mengetahui apa yang harus dikerjakan
walaupun itu telur pertama = innate
• Beda dengan tingkah laku kucing menangkap
tikus.
• Kucing muda perlu melihat tikus dewasa untuk
belajar menangkap tikus.
• kucing menangkap tikus : proses belajar:
acquired
 Contoh Perilaku Klise
Spatial
recognition pada
tawon (wasp)
• Tawon membuat sarang di
tanah.
• Percobaan pertama:
• disekeliling sarang
diletakkan beberapa pohon
membentuk lingkaran.
Dikenali sebagai tanda
atau landmark.
• Percobaan kedua:
• landmark dipindahkan,
tidak mengelilingi sarang;
• tawon datang ke
tengah landmark
(bukan ke sarang).
 Contoh Perilaku Klise

•Percobaan ke-3:
–landmark
dipindahkan lagi di
sekeliling sarang, tapi
bentuk yaitu bentuk
segitiga.
–Di sebelah landmark
disusun landmark lain
yaitu batu-batu yang
disusun melingkar,
tawon datang ke
tengah batu-batu
Contoh Perilaku Learning
 Contoh Perilaku Learning
1. Classical Conditioning

2. Habituation ( Primates and Human)

• Agonistic behavior is a contest involving threats.
• Submissive behavior.
• Ritual: the use of symbolic activity.
• Generally, no harm is done.

Fig. 51.19
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 • Reconciliation behavior often happens between
conflicting individuals.

Fig. 51.20

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 • Operant conditioning.
• This is called trial-and-error learning - an
animal learns to associate one of its own
behaviors with a reward or a punishment.

Fig. 51.11

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Dominance hierarchies involve a ranking of individuals
in a group (a “pecking order”).
• Alpha, beta rankings exist.
• The alpha organisms control the behavior of
others.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Mating systems differ among species.
• Promiscuous: no strong bond pairs between
males and females.
• Monogamous: one male mating with one
female.
• Polygamous: an individual of one sex mating
with several of the other sex.
• Polygyny is a specific example of polygamy, where a
single male mates with many females.
• Polyandry occurs in some species where one female
mates with several males.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5. The concept of inclusive fitness can account
for most altruistic behavior
• Most social behaviors are
selfish, so how do we account
for behaviors that help others?
• Altruism is defined as
behavior that might
decrease individual
fitness, but increase the
fitness of others.

Fig. 51.28
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Fig. 51.29
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 • Inclusive fitness: How can a naked mole rat
enhance its fitness by helping other
members of the population?
• How is altruistic behavior maintained by
evolution?
• If related individuals help each other, they are in
affect helping keep their own genes in the
population.
• Inclusive fitness is defined as the affect an
individual has on proliferating its own genes by
reproducing and helping relatives raise offspring.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 • Hamilton’s Rule and kin selection.
• William Hamilton proposed a quantitative
measure for predicting when natural selection
would favor altruistic acts.
• Hamilton’s rule states that natural selection
favors altruistic acts.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The three key variables
are as follows:
• B is the benefit to the
recipient
• C is the cost to the altruist
• r is the coefficient of
relatedness, which equals
the probability that a
particular gene present in
one individual will also be
inherited from a common
parent or ancestor in a
second individual
Fig. 51.30

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Migration Behavior.
• Migration is the
regular movement
of animals over
relatively long
distances.
• Piloting: an animal
moves from one
familiar landmark
to another until it
reaches its
destination.
Fig. 51.15

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Orientation: animals can detect directions and travel in
particular paths until reaching destination.
• Navigation is the most complex, and involves
determining one’s present location relative to
other locations in
addition to detecting
compass directions.
• Cues for these
behaviors include
the earth’s magnetic
field, the sun, and
the stars.

Fig. 51.15
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ethologist lain berpendapat:
• Insting:
• internal (hormonal) dan eksternal, misalnya:
migrasi, penentuan daerah teritorial, bersarang,
kawin dan tindakan mengasuh.
• Migrasi:
• Dipicu hormon yang dihasilkan dari gonad
• Dipandu dengan suhu air yang hangat, ikan
memilih teritorial di vegetasi dan membangun
sarang
Sumber Hormon Efek utama

Ginjal Angiosten- Merangsang haus

sin
Testes testosteron Merangsang perkembangan dan
mempertahankan karakterisasi seks
jantan dan tingkah laku
Ovari Estrogen Merangsang perkembangan
reproduksi betina dan tingkah laku

Progeste- Efek seksual sekunder hewan betina

ron
Medula Adrenalin Menstimuli berkelahi, terbang, dll
Adrenal
Pituitari FSH Merangsang pertumbuhan folikel
anterior LH seks hormon di ovari dan testes
Prolactin sekresi susu di kelenjar mammae

Pituitari Oksitosin Merangsang keluar susu dan

posterior kontraksi otot uterus
Reasoning

Learning

Instict

Reflex

Taxis

Avertebrata Vertebrata
 Tingkah laku Hewan: Komparatif
Ting- Ragam Cacing Kupu2 - Mamalia Manu-
kah artropoda : tikus sia
Laku
Klise Taksis Domi- dominan -
nan
Refleks Ada Ada Ada Ada

Insting Sedikit Tidak Penting Ada

berkem berkem pengala
bang bang man
Yang Belajar - Tidak kmb Berkem- Domi-
dipe- learning kec. bang nan
lajari serangga baik
sosial
Reasoning - - - Domi-
dan nan
Inovasi
Populasi
Tipe Seleksi