Igneous Rock

and its
Characteristic
Group 5 & 6
Igneous Environments
 What is igneous petrology?
 Intrusive versus Extrusive
Igneous Processes I
 Sumber panas
 Panas sisa pada awal pembentukan bumi
 Pembusukan mineral radioktif
 Thermal Energy pada bumi
 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
Residual Heat
Early Earth

Magma Ocean?

Cool Early Earth?

Pembusukan radioaktif
Pembusukan radioaktif
 Pembusukan mineral radioaktif seperti :
Potassium (K), Uranium (U), and Thorium
(Th)
 Elemen ini terkonsentrasi pada batuan
dikerak bumi
 Potassium adalah elemen utama dalam
feldspar, mica, dan lainnya
Igneous Processes I
 Sources of Heat
 Sisa panas awal pembentukan bumi
 Pembusukan mineral radioaktif
 Energi termal di bumi
 Konduksi
 Konveksi
 Radiasi
Heat Transfer
 Batuan merupakan konduktor yang kurang
baik (poor conductors) untuk panas
 Konveksi oleh mantel dan outer core
merupakan faktor penting dalam transfer
panas keluar.
Magma Formation
 Magma vs. Lava
 Gradien Geotermal
 Proses pelelehan
 Depressurization melting
 Subduction melting
 Shock melting, lightning
Magma Formation
 Magma vs. Lava
 Gradien Geotermal
 Proses Pelelehan
 Depressurization melting
 Subduction melting
 Shock melting, lightning
Magma Formation
 Magma vs. Lava
 Gradien Geotermal
 Proses Pelelehan
 Depressurization melting
 Subduction melting
 Shock melting, lightning
Depressurization melting
Magma Formation
 Magma vs. Lava
 Gradien Geotermal
 Proses pelelehan
 Depressurization melting
 Subduction melting
 Shock melting, lightning
Subduction melting
Just add water…
Magma Formation
 Magma vs. Lava
 Gradien Geotermal
 Proses Pelelehan
 Depressurization melting
 Subduction melting
 Shock melting, lightning
Shock melting
Apa arti penting mempelajari
batuan beku??
 Asal-usul bumi dan bulan
 Sejarah awal dan differensiasi dari bumi
 Distribusi dari elemen-elemen penting
dibumi
 Assess volcanic hazards
 Find economically valuable ore deposits
Properties of Magma
For equal composition,
magma density is
typically less than
rock density.
MagmaTemperature:
700 -1200°C (1,300-
2,400°F)

Incandescent Pahoehoe flow

Viscosity=resistance to
flow
Viscosity depends on
composition,
temperature, crystal
content, & gas
bubbles
Dissolved gases: water,
carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide
Aa lava flow – high viscosity
 Igneous Minerals and Textures
Minerals of Igneous Rocks
 Intrusive v extrusive
 Silica minerals
 Feldspars
 Pyroxenes
 Olivine
 Feldspathoids
 Amphiboles
 Micas – Sheet silicates
 Other silicates
 Oxides, sulfides and phosphates
Links – Minerals:
http://sorrel.humboldt.edu/~jdl1/minerals.lis
t.html#anchor736357

http://www.science.ubc.ca/~eoswr/cgi-
Igneous Textures and
Structures
 Degree of crystallinity, grain size and shape
 Holocrystalline, holohyaline, hypocrystalline
 Aphanitic
 Phaneritic (fine-grained <1mm; medium 1-5mm;
coarse 5-30mm; very coarse >3cm)

Link - Textures:
http://sorrel.humboldt.edu Gabbro Granite
/~jdl1/web.page.images/t
exture.name.html
Nepheline Rhyolite
Basalt
Igneous Textures and
Structures
 Fabrics  Ophitic
 Euhedral,  Poikilitic
subhedral, anhedral  Trachytic
 Granular (granitic
texture)
 Coronas
 Porphyritic,
 Vesicles, amygdules
glomeroporphyritic  Orbicular
 Graphic texture –  Lineations
intergrowth of
quartz and alkali
 Compositional
feldspar layering
 Myrmekite  Planar alignment of
 Exsolution textures tabular minerals
– perthite  Mineral aggregates
 Flattened vesicles
Link - Textures:
http://sorrel.humboldt.edu/~jdl1/
Deskripsi dan Klasifikasi
Batuan Beku
Kriteria Utama
1. Komposisi kimia
Silica (SiO2) content
Magnesium (Mg) & Iron (Fe) content
2. Tekstur = Size and size distribution of mineral
grains
Komposisi Kimia

Mafic: high MgO and

FeO content; low SiO2;
dark color
mafic
Felsic: low MgO and
FeO content; high
SiO2 : light color

felsic
Tekstur
Ukuran relatif dan
bentuk dari mineral
Coarse-grained
Medium-grained
Fine-grained
Porphyritic = coarse-
grained crystals in a
matrix of fine-grained
crystals

Rhyolite
Types of Igneous Rocks
1. Extrusive (volcanic)
rocks
 Terbentuk di atau dekat
dengan permukaan
 Mendingin dengan cepat
 anhydrous (dry)
 fine-grained
 Contoh: basalt, rhyolite,
andesite, komatiite
Types of Igneous Rocks
2. Intrusive rocks
 Terbentuk dibawah
permukaan
 Mendingin dengan
lambat
 hydrous (wet)
 coarse-grained
 Contoh: gabbro,
grantite, diorite,
anorthosite
Plate Tectonic - Igneous Genesis
 1. Mid-ocean Ridges 5. Back-arc Basins
 2. Intracontinental Rifts 6. Ocean Island Basalts
 3. Island Arcs 7. Miscellaneous Intra-Continental
Activity
 4. Active Continental kimberlites, carbonatites,
anorthosites...
Margins
Pembentukan Batuan Beku
 Fractional Crystallization
 Assimilation
 Magma Mixing
Fractional Crystallization
Tiap mineral memiliki komposisi kimia yang
berbeda yang berasal dari magma
Komposisi magma berubah ketika mineral
tersebut mulai membeku (crystallized)
Layered gabbro – E. Greenland
 Layered gabbro cut by
basalt dike.
 Felsic rock

Ultramafic intrusion

Layered gabbro
 Factors controlling Engineering properties
engineering properties (Basic properties)
of dry rock
Mineral types & physical Density
properties of such mineral types
Porosity & permeability
Grain size & shape
Strength
Density of the packing of grains
Deformability
Nature & strength of bonding
Between grains Environmental reactivity

Grain distribution Hardness (abrasity)

(layered, random, oriented, etc
Sifat fisik Granit dan Gabro
•Granit
Berasal dari magma asam, holokristalin, porfiritik
Warna : bermacam-macam al. merah muda, abu-abu,
kombinasi.
Komposisi : kuarsa, potash feldspar, plagioklas, biotit, mika.
kuat tekan : 1000-2.500 kg/cm2
Berat jenis : 2.6 - 2.7
Gabro
Berasal dari magma basa-ultra basa, hipidiomorfik
Warna : bermacam-macam al. hijau, hitam dan kombinasi.
Komposisi : plagioklas (labradorit-anorthit > 50 %) apatit,
sulfid, titanit, rutil, kadang dijumpai korundum, garnet
Kuat tekan : 2000- 3.300 kg/cm2
Berat jenis : 2.9 – 3.0
Summary
 Semua proses pada pembentukan batuan beku
berhubungan transfer of heat dari dalam bumi
 Pembentukan magma berkaitan erat dengan
seting lempeng
 Variasi dari batuan beku tercipta oleh proses
fractional crystallization, assimilation, and magma
mixing processes.
 Batuan beku pada umumnya merupakan a good
basement rock untuk konstruksi bangunan teknik
(keras, kompak, kandungan air dalam batuan
relatif sedikit)
Recommended
Reading/Links
Course Homepage: http://mercury.atmos.albany.edu/geo100/
 Blatt & Tracey. 1996. Petrology Igneous Sedimentary and Metamorphic 2 nd Edition.
W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
 Athena Mineralogy http://un2sg4.unige.ch/athena/mineral/mineral.html Good!
 Bowens Reaction Series http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/contents/10e.html
 Geology Web Links http://www.earthsci.org/geologylinks.htm#igneous EXCELLENT
SITE!!
 Igneous Rocks http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol202/igneous/igneous.html
 Petrology http://www.brocku.ca/earthsciences/people/gfinn/petrology/321lect.htm
Good summaries!
 Petrographic concepts http://plymouth.ces.state.nc.us/programs/drees2.html
 Geokem http://www.geokem.com/ A truly excellent site !#!# Comprehensive and
detailed
 The lava hunters – ABC Tuesdays at 9.30pm
http://www.abc.net.au/tvpub/highlite/h0210theb.htm
 Henry Michel Nur Vita A
Firman A.Bumulo
Hendri Irwan Eldinar K.O
Oky Lolita Fathullah H
Hendry Micky
Fitri Ardiyanto Dodi Hendra
Hastra Santayana Fajar T.P
Evin H.Guk-guK