to accompany
Quantity
of Pepsi
B
500
Consumer’s
budget constraint
A
0 100 Quantity
of Pizza
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BATAS ANGGARAN (BUDGET CONSTRAINT):
BESARNYA KEMAMPUAN KONSUMEN
• Batas Anggaran Konsumen
• Sebagai alternatif, konsumen dapat membeli 50 pizza dan 250 liter
Pepsi.
Quantity
of Pepsi
B
500
C
250
Consumer’s
budget constraint
A
0 50 100 Quantity
of Pizza
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BATAS ANGGARAN (BUDGET CONSTRAINT):
BESARNYA KEMAMPUAN KONSUMEN
• Kemiringan garis kendala anggaran sama dengan harga relatif
dari dua barang, yaitu harga satu barang dibandingkan dengan
harga barang lainnya.
• Ini mengukur tingkat di mana konsumen dapat menukarkan satu
barang untuk yang lain
Quantity
of Pepsi
C
B D
I2
Indifference
A
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Representing Preferences with Indifference Curves
• Preferensi Konsumen
• The consumer is indifferent, or equally happy, dengan kombinasi yang
ditunjukkan pada titik A, B, dan C karena semuanya berada pada kurva
yang sama.
• The Marginal Rate of Substitution
• Besar kemiringan di setiap titik kurva indiferen disebut marginal rate
of substitution.
• Tingkat di mana konsumen bersedia untuk menukarkan satu barang untuk
barang yang lain.
• Jumlah satu barang yang diminta oleh konsumen sebagai kompensasi untuk
menyerahkan satu unit barang lainnya
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Figure 2 The Consumer’s Preferences
Quantity
of Pepsi
C
B D
MRS I2
1
Indifference
A
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Empat Sifat Kurva Indifference
Quantity
of Pepsi
C
B D
I2
Indifference
A
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Empat Sifat Kurva Indifference
Quantity
of Pepsi
Indifference
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Empat Sifat Kurva Indifference
Quantity
of Pepsi
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Empat Sifat Kurva Indifference
Quantity
of Pepsi
14
MRS = 6
A
8
1
4 B
MRS = 1
3
1
Indifference
curve
0 2 3 6 7 Quantity
of Pizza
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Dua Contoh Ekstrim dari Kurva Indifference
Nickels
I1 I2 I3
0 1 2 3 Dimes
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Figure 5 Perfect Substitutes and Perfect Complements
Left
Shoes
I2
7
5 I1
0 5 7 Right Shoes
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OPTIMISASI: APA YANG DIPILIH KONSUMEN
• Konsumen ingin mendapatkan kombinasi barang pada kurva
indiferen setinggi mungkin.
• Namun, konsumen juga harus berakhir di atau di bawah batasan
anggarannya.
Quantity
of Pepsi
Optimum
B
A
I3
I2
I1
Budget constraint
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Bagaimana Perubahan Pendapatan Mempengaruhi Pilihan
Konsumen
• Peningkatan pendapatan menggeser batasan anggaran keluar.
• Konsumen dapat memilih kombinasi barang yang lebih baik pada kurva
indiferen yang lebih tinggi.
Quantity
of Pepsi New budget constraint
New optimum
3. . . . and
Pepsi
consumption. Initial
optimum I2
Initial
budget
I1
constraint
0 Quantity
of Pizza
2. . . . raising pizza consumption . . .
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Bagaimana Perubahan Pendapatan Mempengaruhi Pilihan
Konsumen
• Barang Normal vs Inferior
• Jika seorang konsumen membeli lebih banyak barang ketika
pendapatannya naik, barang itu disebut barang normal (normal good).
• Jika seorang konsumen membeli barang yang lebih sedikit ketika
pendapatannya naik, barang tersebut disebut barang inferior (inferior
good)
Quantity
of Pepsi New budget constraint
Initial
budget I1 I2
constraint
0 Quantity
of Pizza
2. . . . pizza consumption rises, making pizza a normal good . . .
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Bagaimana Perubahan Pendapatan Mempengaruhi Pilihan
Konsumen
• Turunnya harga barang apa pun memutar batasan anggaran ke
luar dan mengubah kemiringan batasan anggaran.
Quantity
of Pepsi
New optimum
B 1. A fall in the price of Pepsi rotates
500
the budget constraint outward . . .
3. . . . and
raising Pepsi Initial optimum
consumption.
Initial I2
budget I1
constraint A
0 100 Quantity
of Pizza
2. . . . reducing pizza consumption . . .
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Efek Pendapatan dan Substitusi
Quantity
of Pepsi
C New optimum
Income
effect B
Initial optimum
Substitution Initial
effect budget
constraint A
I2
I1
0 Quantity
Substitution effect of Pizza
Income effect Copyright©2004
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Table 1 Income and Substitution Effects When the
Price of Pepsi Falls
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Pembentukan Kurva Permintaan
(a) The Consumer’s Optimum (b) The Demand Curve for Pepsi
Quantity Price of
of Pepsi New budget constraint Pepsi
B A
750 $2
I2
B
1
A
250 Demand
I1
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TIGA APLIKASI
• Apakah semua kurva permintaan miring ke bawah?
• Kurva permintaan terkadang bisa miring ke atas.
• Ini terjadi ketika konsumen membeli lebih banyak barang ketika
harganya naik.
• Barang Giffen
• Ekonom menggunakan istilah Giffen good untuk menggambarkan suatu barang
yang melanggar hukum permintaan.
• Barang giffen adalah barang yang kenaikan harganya meningkatkan kuantitas
yang diminta.
• Efek pendapatan mendominasi efek substitusi.
• Mereka memiliki kurva permintaan yang miring ke atas.
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Figure 12 A Giffen Good
Quantity of
Potatoes Initial budget constraint
B
Consumption
$5,000
Optimum
I3
2,000
I2
I1
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Figure 14 An Increase in the Wage
(a) For a person with these preferences. . . . . . the labor supply curve slopes upward.
Consumption Wage
Labor
supply
BC1
BC2 I2
I1
0 Hours of 0 Hours of Labor
2. . . . hours of leisure decrease . . . Leisure 3. . . . and hours of labor increase. Supplied
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Figure 14 An Increase in the Wage
(b) For a person with these preferences. . . . . . the labor supply curve slopes backward.
Consumption Wage
BC2
1. When the wage rises . . .
Labor
BC1 supply
I2
I1
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TIGA APLIKASI
• Bagaimana tingkat bunga mempengaruhi tabungan rumah
tangga?
• Jika efek substitusi dari tingkat bunga yang lebih tinggi lebih besar dari
efek pendapatan, rumah tangga menabung lebih banyak.
• Jika efek pendapatan dari tingkat bunga yang lebih tinggi lebih besar
dari efek substitusi, rumah tangga menabung lebih sedikit.
Consumption Budget
when Old constraint
$110,000
55,000 Optimum
I3
I2
I1
0 $50,000 100,000 Consumption
when Young
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Figure 16 An Increase in the Interest Rate
(a) Higher Interest Rate Raises Saving (b) Higher Interest Rate Lowers Saving
Consumption Consumption
when Old BC2 when Old BC2
1. A higher interest rate rotates
1. A higher interest rate rotates the budget constraint outward . . .
the budget constraint outward . . .
BC1 BC1
I2
I1 I2
I1
0 Consumption 0 Consumption
2. . . . resulting in lower when Young 2. . . . resulting in higher when Young
consumption when young consumption when young
and, thus, higher saving. and, thus, lower saving.
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TIGA APLIKASI
• Dengan demikian, kenaikan suku bunga dapat mendorong atau
mencegah tabungan.