Sadd al-Dzari`ah

0 Definisi

Sadd al-dzari’ah adalah menetapkan hukum

larangan atas suatu perbuatan tertentu yang
pada dasarnya diperbolehkan maupun dila-
rang untuk mencegah terjadinya perbuatan
lain yang dilarang.

Atau disebut dengan Preventif Hukum

(pencegahan).
 Klasifikasi Sadd al-Dzari`ah
Al-Qarafi dan asy-Syatibi membagi adz-dzari’ah menjadi tiga macam, yaitu:
a. Sesuatu yang telah disepakati untuk tidak dilarang meskipun bisa menjadi jalan atau sarana
terjadinya suatu perbuatan yang diharamkan. Contohnya menanam anggur, meskipun ada
kemungkinan untuk dijadikan khamar; atau hidup bertetangga meskipun ada kemungkinan
terjadi perbuatan zina dengan tetangga.
b. Sesuatu yang disepakati untuk dilarang, seperti mencaci maki berhala bagi orang yang
mengetahui atau menduga keras bahwa penyembah berhala tersebut akan membalas men-
caci maki Allah seketika itu pula. Contoh lain adalah larangan menggali sumur di tengah jalan
bagi orang yang mengetahui bahwa jalan tersebut biasa dilewati dan akan mencelakakan
orang.
c. Sesuatu yang masih diperselisihkan untuk dilarang atau diperbolehkan, seperti memandang
perempuan karena bisa menjadi jalan terjadinya zina.
 Klasifikasi Sadd al-Dzari`ah
Ibnu al-Qayyim mengklasifikasikan adz-dzari’ah menjadi empat macam, yaitu:
 Suatu perbuatan yang memang pada dasarnya pasti menimbulkan kerusakan (mafsadah). Hal ini mis-
alnya mengonsumsi minuman keras yang bisa mengakibatkan mabuk dan perbuatan zina yang
menimbulkan ketidakjelasan asal usul keturunan.
 Suatu perbuatan yang pada dasarnya diperbolehkan atau dianjurkan (mustahab), namun secara sen-
gaja dijadikan sebagai perantara untuk terjadi sesuatu keburukan (mafsadah). Misalnya menikahi
perempuan yang sudah ditalak tiga agar sang perempuan boleh dikawini (at-tahlil).
 Suatu perbuatan yang pada dasarnya diperbolehkan namun tidak disengaja untuk menimbulkan suatu
keburukan (mafsadah), dan pada umumnya keburukan itu tetap terjadi meskipun tidak disengaja. Ke-
burukan (mafsadah) yang kemungkinan terjadi tersebut lebih besar akibatnya daripada kebaikan
(maslahah) yang diraih. Contohnya adalah mencaci maki berhala yang disembah oleh orang-orang
musyrik
 Suatu perbuatan yang pada dasarnya diperbolehkan namun terkadang bisa menimbulkan keburukan
(mafsadah). Kebaikan yang ditimbulkan lebih besar akibatnya daripada keburukannya. Misalnya, meli-
hat perempuan yang sedang dipinang dan mengkritik pemimpin yang lalim.
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