Di Indonesia
POKOK BAHASAN
•Di Indonesia terdapat > 400 bangunan lepas pantai
• Banyak sekali diantara bangunan lepas pantai tersebut sudah habis usia
teknisnya dan atau tidak ekonomis lagi untuk dilanjutkan operasinya
1. Legal
2. Teknis
3. Keselamatan dan Lingkungan
4. Finansial
ASPEK LEGAL (International)
• Opsi-opsi pembongkaran
•Deck
•Pipelines
OPSI-OPSI PEMBONGKARAN
1. Dirobohkan ditempat
2. Pembongkaran seluruhnya dan dibuang kelaut
3. Pembongkaran seluruhnya dan dibuang didarat
4. Pembongkaran sebagian, deck dibawa ke darat dan jacket ditinggalkan
ditempat atau dibongkar sebagian.
PERALATAN UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN
•Mechanical cutter
•Abrasive cutter
•Hydraulic cutter
•Diamond wire cutter
•Diver cut
•Pyrotechnic cutter
•Cryogenics
•Chemical cutter
FAKTOR PERTIMBANGAN OPSI
PEMBONGKARAN
•Usia bangunan
•Jenis / kegunaan bangunan
•Lokasi geografis
•Kedalaman laut
•Laju erosi atau laju endapan
•Berat bangunan
•Karakteristik tanah di dasar laut
•Perlatan yang tersedia
ASPEK KESELAMATAN DAN LINGKUNGAN
•Meningkatkan citra badan usaha terkait sebagai institusi yang peduli keselamatan
dan lingkumgan
•Membantu kelancaran arus pelayaran yang tadinya harus menempuh jalur yang
lebih panjang untuk menghindari bangunan lepas pantai
International Law
1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf
Article 5(5) of the 1958 Geneva Convention on the
Continental Shelf provides that: "Any installations
which are abandoned or disused must be entirely
removed". This Convention remains in full force and
binding on the states that are party to it, but in
relation to Article 5(5) states have taken the view that
it no longer reflects customary international law, a
view held since 1987 by the U.K. government.
International Law (cont.)
1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
This Convention came into force in November 1994 and was ratified by the United
Kingdom in 1997, although the United States has yet to ratify it. Notwithstanding the
foregoing, its provisions in relation to the abandonment of installations have been
accepted as representing customary international law, and that is the position of the
U.K. government.
Article 60.3 provides that "installations or structures which are abandoned or disused
shall be removed to ensure safety of navigation, taking into account any generally
accepted international standards established in this regard by the competent
international organisation. Such removal shall also have due regard to fishing, the
protection of the marine environment and the rights and duties of other States". The
"competent international organisation" is the International Maritime Organisation
("IMO"), which in 1989, pursuant to a Resolution of the IMO, issued Guidelines and
Standards (collectively, "Guidelines and Standards" and, individually, "Guidelines"
and "Standards") for the Removal of Offshore Installations and Structures on the
Continental Shelf and in the Exclusive Economic Zone.
International Law (cont.)
Resolusi IMO merekomendasikan agar negara-negara anggota
mempertimbangkan Pedoman dan Standar ketika mengambil keputusan
mengenai pemindahan instalasi yang ditinggalkan. Yang terakhir
menyatakan bahwa instalasi yang ditinggalkan harus dibongkar "kecuali
jika tidak dilakukan pelepasan atau pelepasan sebagian sesuai dengan
pedoman dan standar berikut". Pedoman ini mengatur agar negara
pantai mempertimbangkan setiap platform berdasarkan kasus per kasus
dan menentukan hal-hal yang harus dipertimbangkan, termasuk
“dampaknya terhadap lingkungan laut”; "biaya, kelayakan teknis, dan
risiko cedera pada personel"; dan "penentuan penggunaan baru atau
pembenaran masuk akal lainnya untuk mengizinkan instalasi ... tetap
berada di dasar laut."
International Law (cont.)
The Standards provide for entire removal of installations in water depths of less
than 75 metres, or 100 metres for installations installed after 1 January 1998, and
weighing less than 4,000 tonnes (excluding the deck and superstructure),
unless removal is not technically feasible, would involve extreme cost, or is an
unacceptable risk to personnel or the marine environment. Installations in
water depths exceeding 75 metres or a weight of 4,000 tonnes need not be
removed if they do not unjustifiably interfere with other uses of the sea. The
Standards also allow for partial removal, provided an unobstructed water
column of 55 metres is left. The placement on the seabed of parts of an
installation to create an artificial reef, as has occurred off the Florida coast to
encourage fish breeding, is permitted, and all installations placed on any
Continental Shelf or in an Exclusive Economic Zone after 1 January 1998 are to
be designed and built so that their entire removal is feasible.
International Law (cont.)
Article 210 of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention is also worth noting.
This Article requires states to adopt rules "to prevent, reduce and control
pollution of the marine environment by dumping"; to establish global
and regional rules and procedures to prevent, reduce and control such
pollution; and to adopt national laws no less effective than the global
rules and standards. Dumping is defined to include any deliberate
disposal of platforms and man-made structures.
International Law (cont.)
London Convention
The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of
Wastes and Other Matter was signed on 29 December 1972 following an
Inter-Governmental Conference held in London in the same year, and
entered into force on 30 August 1975. The IMO acts as the Secretariat to
the Convention. There are 33 Contracting Parties to the Convention,
including Brazil, China, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, the
Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States.
International Law (cont.)
The London Convention applies to all seas worldwide and defines "dumping"
as the deliberate disposal at sea of wastes or other matter (not incidental to
normal operations) and of platforms and man-made structures. Article IV of
the Convention prohibits the dumping of "any wastes or other matter" except
as specified in that Article, which prohibits the dumping of hazardous
substances specified in Annexe I; permits the dumping of substances listed
in Annexe II on issuance of a special permit; and otherwise grants the
appropriate national authority a right to issue a general permit for the
dumping of other wastes or matter, subject to careful consideration of all the
factors set out in Annexe III