PROBLEM KHUSUS PENFOR (2)

CITRA WAHYUNINGRUM, S.T, M.T,

ANALISA CUTTING
PENGERTIAN
⚫ Proses pengambilan dan penganalisaan serbuk bor (cutting)
selama pelaksanaan pemboran berlangsung.
⚫ Analisa serbuk bor (cutting) adalah merupakan sumber
informasi dalam menentukan tanda adanya minyak dan gas,
dan untuk deskripsi lithologi batuan. Dalam analisa cutting ini,
dibuat korelasi antara deskripsi sampel dengan kedalaman.
⚫ Dalam mengidentifikasikan sampel (cutting) harus dilakukan
dengan urutan sebagai berikut :
- Tipe batuan, misalnya batupasir, shale, karbonat.
- Warna sampel.
-Tekstur dan porositas sampel, yang meliputi ukuran butir,
angularitas, penilaian butir, kekerasan.
- Sementasi.
- Mineral-mineral tambahan dan fosil.
- Tanda-tanda hidrokarbon, meliputi perkiraan intensitas
fluoresensi.
dan DK - 2 -
MUD LOGGING
DATA
LAG TIME / DELAYED DATA :
- GAS
- CUTTINGS
- MUD WEIGHT OUT
- MUD TEMP OUT

DK - 4 -
CIRCULATING
SYSTEM

DK - 5 -
DRILLING MUD CIRCULATING
SYSTEM

DK - 6 -
 TUJUAN ANALISA CUTTING
Analisa Cutting dilakukan dalam kerangka pekerjaan
Mud Logging yang terutama digunakan untuk
mengidentifikasikan saturasi hidrokarbon dan
mengestimasikan (memperkirakan) karakteristik
batuan reservoir.

Cara Pendiskripsian Cutting

Deskripsi cutting didasarkan pada ciri-ciri fisik
tersendiri dari batuan sedimen seperti presentase
cutting, warna, besar butir, derajat kebundaran,
pemilahan, kekerasan, semen, porositas, fosil
reaksi terhadap HCl dan kenampakan minyak.
DK - 7 -
PERALATAN DESKRIPSI CUTTING

DK - 8 -
DESKRIPSI NAMA BATUAN (ROCK)
Nama Batuan Keterangan Kode
Breccia Breksi Bc
Chert Batu rijang Cht
Clay Lempung Cl
Claystone Batulempung Clst
Coal Batubara C
Conglomerate Konglomerat Cgl
Dolomite Dolomit Dol
Limestone Batugamping Lst
Sand Pasir S
Sandstone Batupasir Sst
Shale Serpih Sh
Silt Lanau Slt
Siltstone Batulanau Sltst
Tuff Tufa Tf DK - 9 -
DESKRIPSI WARNA BATUAN
(COLOUR)
Warna Batuan Keterangan Kode
Black Hitam Blk
Blue Biru Bl
Brown Coklat Brn
Clear Bersih Cl
Dark Gelap Dk
Green Hijau Gn
Greenish grey Abu-abu kehijauan Gn gy
Grey Abu-abu Gy
Light Terang Lt
Milk Susu Mlk
Pale Pucat Pl
Red Merah Red
Transparant Bening Transp
White Putih Wh
Yellow Kuning Yel DK - 10
-
DESKRIPSI BENTUK BUTIR BATUAN (ROUGHNESS)

Bentuk Butir Keterangan Kode

Angular Bersudut Ang
Rounded Membulat Rnd
Sub angular Bersudut Sb ang
tanggung

Sub rounded Membulat Sb rnd

tanggung

Very angular Sangat bersudut V ang

Well rounded Membulat baik W rnd

DK - 11 -
DESKRIPSI UKURAN BUTIR (GRAIN SIZE)

Ukuran Butir Keterangan Kode

Boulder Bolder Bld
Coble Kobel Cbl
Peble Kerakal Pbl
Granular Kerikil Gran
Very Sangat kasar Vcg
coarse (1-2
grain mm )
Coarse grain Kasar ( ½ - 1 mm ) Cg
Medium grain Sedang ( ¼ - ½ mm ) Mg
Fine grain Halus ( 1/8 – ¼ mm ) Fg
Very fine grain Sangat halus Vfg
( 1/16 – 1/8 mm )
DK - 12 -
DESKRIPSI PEMILAHAN BUTIRAN (SORTATION)

Sortasi Butir Keterangan Kode

Very poor sorted Sangat tidak Vps
seragam
Poor sorted Tidak seragam Ps
Medium sorted Biasa Ms
Well sorted Sortasi baik Ws
Very well sorted Sortasi sangat Vws
baik

DK - 13 -
ANALISA LITHOLOGI

Analisa lithologi dimaksudkan untuk

menggambarkan jenis-jenis batuan yang
ditembus untuk setiap kedalaman lubang bor.

Jenis Batuan (lithologi) terdiri dari :

- Shale,
- Sand,
- Limestone dan Dolomite.

DK - 14 -
PEDOMAN DALAM PENDISKRIPSIAN
LITHOLOGI

Shale
⚫ Warna : merah kecoklatan, hijau
⚫ Tekstur : seperti lilin (waxy), beludru (velvety),
kertas (papery)
⚫ Pabrikasi : laminasi (laminated), pecahan (splintery),
berlapis (flaky), dapat dibelah (fissile)
⚫ Mineral Tambahan : micaneous, bentonotic, sandy,
calcareous (accessory mineral) carbonaceous,
glauconitic, bitumineous.

DK - 15 -
PEDOMAN DALAM PENDISKRIPSIAN
LITHOLOGI
Sand
⚫ Warna : coklat, abu-abu (grey)
⚫ Tekstur : sangat halus (very fine), halus (fine), medium
kasar (coarse), sangat kasar (very coarse).
⚫ Bentuk : bulat (rounded), agak bulat (sub-rounded),
bersudut (angular)
⚫ Pemilahan : baik (well sorted), jelek (poorly sorted).
⚫ Material : clay, shaly, calcareous, dolomitic, sekunder
phospatic, siliceous, sidertic, ferrugineous.
⚫ Tingkat : mudah pecah (friable), ringan/tipis (light),
sementasi padat atau tebal (dense).
⚫ Material : calcareous, siliceous, shaly, ferrous.
DK - 16 -
PEDOMAN DALAM PENDISKRIPSIAN
LITHOLOGI
Limestone dan Dolomite
⚫ Warna : putih, coklat.
⚫ Tekstur : padat (dense), chalky, sucrosic, colitic, coliscatic,
coqunoid.
⚫ Ukuran kristal : tak teratur, cryptocrystalline, metal
crocristalline, megacristalline.
⚫ Material : shaly, sandy, dolomitic atau limey, silty cherty,
siliceous, fossilferous, ferrugineous, anhidrytic.
⚫ Kilap (luster) : suram (dull), seperti tanah (earthy), dasar
(resisineous).

DK - 17 -
ANALISA POROSITAS
• Penentuan porositas batuan dari analisa cutting ini
bersifat kualitatif.
• Caranya dengan memeriksa cutting di bawah lensa
binokuler. Istilah yang digunakan adalah :

- Tidak jelas (trace) : Porositas 0 - 10 %

- Agak jelek (show) : Porositas 10 - 20 %
- Jelas (good) : Porositas > 20 %

DK - 18 -
 ANALISA INDIKASI
HIDROKARBON
Analisa indikasi hidrokarbon dilakukan dengan
menganalisa penampakan noda (staining), bau
(odour), dan pemeriksaan hidrokarbon.

Penampakan Noda (Staining)

Pada batuan jenis hidrokarbon berat (residu,tar) akan memberikan
noda yang lebih nyata. Jika kadar hidrokarbon dalam batuan
cukup tinggi akan terlihat kesan berupa cucuran.

Kualitas Prosentasi distribusi

penampakan dalam batuan
Sangat baik >75%
Baik 50-75%
Sedang 25-50%
Buruk <25%
DK - 19 -
ANALISA INDIKASI HIDROKARBON
Bau (Odour)
Biasanya batuan yang mengandung hidrokarbon
mempunyai bau yang spesifik. Kekuatan baunya
tergantung dari jenis dan kadar kuantitas kandungan
hidrokarbon didalam batuan.
- Bau wangi biasanya berasal dari minyak parafine dan
naftatik.
- Bau busuk berasal dari minyak aromatik.

DK - 20 -
ANALISA INDIKASI HIDROKARBON
Pemeriksaan Hidrokarbon
a. Digunakan analisa pemeriksan fluoroscopic (UV).
Dilakukan dengan memasukan sample cutting dalam
fluroscope untuk melihat ada tidaknya fluoresensi.
Biasanya hidrokabon cair atau minyak memberikan
warna tertentu terhadap sinar ultra violet, sedangkan
gas dan minyak residu kadang-kadang tidak
berfluoresensi.

Jenis Minyak Warna Fluoresensi

Residu Coklat gelap - tidak berwarna
Minyak berat Coklat - kuning tua
Minyak medium Putih - kuning cerah
Minyak ringan Putih biru - biru cerah
Kondensat Ungu - biru cerah DK - 21 -
 ANALISA INDIKASI
HIDROKARBON
Jenis Mineral atau Material yang Memberikan Gangguan
Pada Pengamatan Warna Fluoresensi

Residu Warna Fluoresensi

Batu gamping / Kuning / kekuning-kuningan
dolomite
Batu gamping Coklat - coklat tua
pasiran
Paper shale Kuning - coklat kopi
Fosil Kuning putih - kuning coklat
Napal Kuning tua - abu-abu coklat
Grase atau Gemuk Putih susu
Solar Putih terang
Kulit kumbang Biru
DK - 22 -
ANALISA INDIKASI HIDROKARBON

Penentuan Kaulitas Penampakan Fluoresensi dari

Distribusi Fluorensensi dalam Contoh Batuan

Kualitas Prsentase Distribusi

Penampakan dalam Batuan
Sangat baik (excellent) > 75 %
Baik ( good) 50 – 75 %
Sedang (fair) 25 – 50 %
Buruk ( poor) < 25 %

DK - 23 -
ANALISA INDIKASI HIDROKARBON

• Pemeriksaan Hidrokarbon
• b. Analisa Dengan Solvent (Solvent Cut)
• Untuk mendeteksi lebih lanjut indikasi hidrokarbon dalam batuan dapat
digunakan beberapa cairan kimia tertentu, seperti Chloroform (CHCO3)
dan Aceton (CHCl3).
• Dari analisa dengan solvent dapat diindikasikan beberapa golongan
minyak berdasarkan kualitas warna yang dihasilkan, yaitu :

- Minyak berat, memberikan kualitas warna yang sedang (pucat)

- Minyak medium, memberikan kualitas warna yang baik (teh
tua)
- Minyak ringan, memberikan kualitas warna cukup (putih
pucat)
DK - 24 -
 ANALISA INDIKASI
HIDROKARBON
Alat-alat yang digunakan dalam mendeteksi adanya
kandungan gas dalam cutting, antara lain :

Degasser M200 Chromatograph

DK - 25 -
ANALISA CORING
CORING AND SAMPLING OF ROCK

Objectives :
• List rock exploration methods
• Be familiar with sampling methods
• Recognize various coring techniques
• Familiarity with core bits and barrels
• Observations to be made during
coring, including Rock Quality
Designation (RQD)
 ROCK CORE
DRILLING

Rock Exploration
• Rock Sampling
• Rock Coring Techniques
• Transports of Core to Laboratory
• Storage of Core
ROCK SAMPLING FOR
GEOSTRATIFICATION
ROCK SAMPLING FOR
GEOSTRATIFICATION
ROCK SAMPLING FOR
GEOSTRATIFICATION
ROCK SAMPLING FOR
GEOSTRATIFICATION
ROCK SAMPLING FOR
GEOSTRATIFICATION
ROCK SAMPLING FOR
GEOSTRATIFICATION
ROCK SAMPLING FOR
GEOSTRATIFICATION
ROCK SAMPLING FOR
GEOSTRATIFICATION
ROCK SAMPLING FOR
GEOSTRATIFICATION
 ROCK CORING
METHODS
 Conventional equipment or wireline
 Drill bits for cutting rock
 Different core barrels for sampling rock
 Drilling fluids and casings
 Observations noted during drilling
 Logging of recovery and rock quality
Rock Coring Methods

Layne Rock Drilling

 ROTARY WASH BORINGS

 Rotary wash techniques

are the best for borings
extending below
groundwater table.
 Rotary wash can achieve
great depths > 100+ m
(300+ feet).
 Drilling bits:
Drag, Roller, and
• Drag bits for clays Diamond Bit Types
• Roller bits for sands
 ROTAR
Y
WASH
BORIN
GS

Schematic
(Hvorslev 1948)
 ROTARY WASH
BORINGS
 In rotary wash method,
borehole is stabilized
using either temporary
steel casing or
drilling
fluid.
 Fluids include water,
bentonite or polymer
slurry, foam, or Revert
thator
tub are re-circulated
reservoir at in
rotary wash boring
Rig conducting
surface.
 TYPES OF ROTARY WASH BITS

Tricone, Roller, Plug Bit Roller Bits

 DRILLING AND CORING
BITS

 Diamond bits are the best and hardest,

producing high quality core. Fastest
cutting rates. Expensive.
 Synthetic bits. Less expensive. Generally
good quality cores.
 Tungsten carbide. Least
expensive. Slower coring rates.
 TYPES OF CORING BITS

Tungsten Carbide Bits Type Sidewall Core Bits Type

 TYPES OF CORING BITS

Diamond, Carbide Carbide Type Bits

Tungsten, Sawtooth
 DIAMOND CORE BITS

 Core Size: Larger better but more expensive

 Diamond setting: hardest vector set
against the work
 Bit Profiles: Full-round, semi-round, flat
crown, semi-flat
 Diamond size: relates to hardness
and fineness
of rock minerals
 Waterways: flushing cuttings and rock
flour;
Number of ports, slots, discharge direction
 Matrix: secure diamonds and dissipate heat
DIAMOND CORING
BITS
 CORE BARRELS

 Core barrel retains rock core samples

from drilling operations
 Single tube core barrel: most
rugged, least expensive
 Consists of head section, core recovery
tube, reamer shell, and cutting bit
 Often used as starter when beginning
core operations
CORE BARRELS
 CORE BARRELS

 Double tube core barrel is the standard

 Outer barrel rotates with cutting bit
 Inner barrel is either fixed or swivel type
(with bearings) that retains core sample
 Core diameters generally range from 21 to
85 mm (0.85 to 3.35 inch)

NX core: standard diameter = 54
mm (2.15 inches)
 CORE BARRELS

Double Tube Core Barrel (Swivel Type)

Outer Barrel Assembly Inner Barrel Assembly

 TRIPLE CORE
BARREL
 Good for obtaining core
samples in fractured rock
and highly weathered rocks.
 Outer core barrel for initial
cut and second barrel to
cut finer size. Third
barrel to retain cored
samples.
 Reduces frictional heat that
may damage samples.
 CORING ASSEMBLY AND CORE BIT

Drill collar
connection
PDC Cutters
Thrust bearing

Outer barrel
Inner
Fluid
barrel
Core retaining vent
ring
Core bit
SIDEWALL SAMPLING GUN

Core bullets

Formation rock

Core sample
SIDEWALL CORING
TOOL

Coring bit

Samples
 DRILLING
FLUIDS

 Rotary wash with water, foam, or drilling

mud (bentonite or polymeric slurries),
Revert
 Fluids reduce wear on drilling and coring
bits by cooling
 Fluids remove cuttings and rock flour
 Re-circulate to filter fluids and
to minimize impact on environment
 CASIN
G

 Temporary casing to
stabilize borehole
and maintain drilling
operations
 Driven casing
 Drilled-in casing
 DUAL-WALL
CASING

•Dual wall reverse

circulation method
•Use in areas with
expected large losses in
drilling fluid
•Inner section for
sampling
•Outer casing maintains
fluids for drilling
 CORE RECOVERY

 Core Runs taken in either 5- or 10-foot

sections (1.5- or 3-m sections).
 Core Recovery is percentage retained.
 CORE RECOVERY

 Cores should be stored in either wooden

boxes or corrugated cardboard box.
 Box marked with boring number,
depth of core run, type core, bit
type, core recovery (CR), rock type,
RQD, and other notes.
 Core operations should be
documented:
• Loss of fluid, rates, sudden
drop in rods, poor recovery, loss of
core
 CORE
RECOVERY
 CARE AND PRESERVATION OF CORE
SAMPLES

Samples must be marked and
logged upon retrieval (identification,
type,
number, depth, recovery, moisture)
 Jar samples in wood or cardboard
box

Should be protected from
extreme conditions (heat,
freezing, drying)
 Sealed to minimize moisture loss
 CARE AND PRESERVATION OF ROCK
CORES
 Routine: rock samples in core boxes
 Special: enclose core in plastic sleeves
 General: avoid exposure to shock
and vibration during handling and
transport
 Non-natural fractures may result from
excessive movements, temperatures, and
exposure to air
 Storage for future reference
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF CORE
SAMPLES
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF CORE
SAMPLES
STORAGE OF ROCK CORE
BOXES
STORAGE OF ROCK CORE
BOXES
STORAGE OF ROCK CORE TO
EVALUATION
STORAGE OF ROCK CORE TO
EVALUATION
 ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION (RQD)

 The RQD is a modified core

recovery
 Measure of the degree of fractures,
joints, and discontinuities of rock mass

RQD = sum of pieces > 100 mm
(4 inches) divided by total core
run
 Generally performed on NX-size
core
 ROCK
QUALITY
DESIGNAT
ION
 CORES USAGES

 Allow direct measurement of reservoir properties

 Used to correlate indirect measurements, such as wireline/LWD logs

 Used to test compatibility of injection fluids

 Used to predict borehole stability

 Used to estimate probability of formation failure and
sand production
 INFORMATION FROM
CORES
Standard Analysis / •Special Core Analysis
Routine Core Analysis
 Porosity  Vertical permeability to ai
 Horizontal  Relative permeability
permeability to air  Capillary pressure
 Grain density  Cementation exponent
 Saturation • (m) and saturation
exponent (n)
 INTEGRATED CORE
MEASUREMENTS
AND ANALYSIS

- Core Heterogeneity
- Rock Typing
- Core Plug Selection
- Core Analysis
- Data
Integratio
n
 INTEGRATED WORKFLOW
1. Core Recovery
2. Core Preparation & Cleaning
3. AutoScan
Heterogeneity
Characterization
4. DataMiner Analysis
5. Plug Selection
6. Routine Core Analysis
7. Special Core Analysis
8. Pore Structure Analysis
– PSI
9. Slabbed Core Cap-
Pressure Maps
10. Up-scaled Physical
 3. AUTOSCAN HETEROGENEITY
CHARACTERIZATION
AutoScan II: Spatially Correlated Property
Measurements
- Ultrasonic Velocities Vp, Vs1, Vs2
- Complex Electrical Conductivity 0

- Gas Permeametry k 2

10

12

14
 4. DATAMINER
ANALYSIS
• Cluster Analysis:
- Rock Typing/Heterogeneity
- Property Correlations core/feet
0
- Plug Selection
2

10

12

14
Cross Plot 14 foot Line Scan
 4. DATAMINER ANALYSIS
• Cluster Analysis:
- Rock Typing/ Heterogeneity
- Property Correlations
- Plug Selection

all data

individual core

1 foot
slabbed core 14 foot line scan
 4. DATAMINER ANALYSIS

• Cluster Analysis:
- Rock Typing/ Heterogeneity
- Property Correlations
- Plug Selection

lithos Vs Vp Log k k map scan 1 ft core

Log k (mD)
14 foot line scan 1 ft core line scan
 8. PORE STRUCTURE
ANALYSIS – PSI
1. Core Plug Measurements 2. PSI Analysis
Inverse Modeling
& Data Mining Permeability

Velocity

Image Analysis

Formation
Factor
Pore Structure Inversion
Model
T2 NMR

3. Physical Model
Catalog

Forw
ar
d
 9. SLABBED CORE CAPILLARY
PRESSURE MAPS
1.
Integrated Data 2. Capillary Pressure - Saturation
Models

PSI Catalog

AutoScan II

Grid Scale Rel-Perm

BBerereea:a: RReellaattiivvee
PPeerrmmeaeabbiilliittyy Core Scale
ModelCCoorreyey DDrraaiinnagagee MMooddeell

K w at er vertic al

Cap-Pressure Map
K w at er vertic al

)) 404000
KKwwat
ater
er hhooriz
rizoonnttal
al
300
(
KKnnap
apll vertic
verticaall
ty
im
l
iD 200 K n ap l h o riz o n t al

aty
i
e
mi
b K w at er (s ta nd a rd
Kaw a
mo d el )
te
er 100
(sta K n ap l (s t an dard
nm
d r
dar
mo d el )
rP
e 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 3. Relative Permeability Models
mo d WWaateterr
SSaattuurarattiioonn
e l)

K n ap l (s t an dard
mo d el )

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
 10. UP-SCALED PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
1. Core Scale Cap-Pressure Map 2. Grid Scale Parameter
Properties

• Relative Permeability
• Fluid Substitution for 3D Seismic
• Formation Factor Anisotropy
• Saturation Exponent
• Sanding Potential

2
3
4 1
3. Reservoir Scale
Optimized Model
TERIMAKASIH