MINERAL

Sifat Fisika Sifat Kimia

ANALISIS MINERAL
 a. Polimorfisme
b. Homeomorfisme
MINERAL c. Psedomorfisme
d. Paramorfisme
e. Mineraloid
 Fenomena suatu kristal yang memiliki bentuk lebih dari satu
(alotropi).
Kalsit Aragonit

CaCO3

Pirit Markasit
FeS2
 Sfalerit Wurzit
ZnS

Massa jenis, kekerasan, difraksi sinar X beda

Komposisi kimia berbeda, geometri kristal yang sama

Rutil Zircon
bentuk luar kristal dipertahankan tetap tetapi struktur bagian
dalamnya berubah
Ex: pirit berubah jadi limonit tetapi bagian luarnya pirit.
SUBSTITUSI
materi semula diubah sedikit demi sedikit secara terus
menerus tanpa reaksi kimia diantara keduanya.
Ex: terbentuknya kuarsa setelah fluorit

Kuarsa Fluorit
PELAPISAN KERAK (INCRUSTATION) :
suatu kerak mineral dideposit ke kristal lain.
Ex : penutupan kuarsa oleh fluorit.
PERUBAHAN
perubahan terjadi pada sebagian materi
Ex: CaSO4 anhidrit → CaSO4 . 2 H2O
PbS (galena) → PbSO4 anglesit

Galena Anglesit
Fenomena suatu kristal yang struktur bagian dalamnya
berubah sehingga terbentuk suatu polimorfi tanpa
perubahan bagian luar.
Ex: aragonit menjadi kalsit, rutil menjadi brukit.
Proses terbentuknya suatu kristal karena memadatnya
larutan koloid di bawah keadaan tekanan dan temperatur
rendah.
Ex: limonit, opal, lekaterit.
Kristal yang rusak karena radiasi unsur-unsur radioaktif

nirbentuk

Tidak memberikan difraksi sinar-X, tidak dapat dibelah,

pecahan berbentuk konkoidal

Jika dipanaskan, struktur kristal dapat terbentuk kembali

 PbS : 1 atom timbal, 1 atom sulfur
CuFeS2 : 1 atom tembaga, 1 atom besi, 2 atom sulfur

Unsur Persen Massa Atom Jumlah Perbandingan

berat (Ar) mol mol
Cu 34,40 63,54 0,54139 1 
Fe 30,68 55,85 0,54932 1  pendekatan
S 34,92 32,07 1,08886 2 
Total 100
 Kebanyakan mineral merupakan senyawa teroksidasi

Analisis dilakukan dalam bentuk oksidanya

Gibs (CaO. SO3. 2H2O)

Oksida Persen Massa Jumlah mol Perbandingan
berat molekul mol
oksida
CaO 32,51 56,08 0,57970 1
SO3 46,71 80,07 0,58336 1  pendekatan
H 2O 20,78 18,00 1,15444 2
100
 Di alam, beberapa ion dapat masuk ke dalam struktur kristal

Rumus lebih kompleks

Olivin (Mg,Fe)2SiO4

Oksida % Mr Jumlah mol Perbandingan mol (O = 4)

berat
SiO2 35,21 60,09 0,58595 Si 0,5860 0,99
FeO 36,77 71,85 0,51537 Fe 0,5134 0,87
MnO 0,53 70,94 0,00747 Mn 0,0075 0,01 2,02
MgO 27,23 40,31 0,67551 Mg 0,6755 1,14
O 2,3684 4

Mg1,14Fe0,87Mn0,01Si0,99O4

(Mg0,57Fe0,43)2SiO4
Analisis kualitatif unsur

Nyala Reduksi
Nyala tidak tampak (d) Arah tiupan
a

Nyala kuning terang (c) c

b

Nyala tak berkilau (b)

Daerah gelap (a)
A

Nyala oksidasi
Unsur Warna dan keadaan percikan Keterangan
Au Kuning, lunak, tidak melapisi, Dapat diperoleh dengan mudah
warna terang. melalui reduksi mineral emas telurida
tanpa flux.
Ag Putih, lunak, tidak melapisi, warna Biasanya menggunakan campuran
terang. pereduksi.
Sn Putih, lunak, menjadi suram pada Percikan sulit terbentuk, walau
pendinginan. Lapisan tipis dengan tambahan campuran
oksida berwarna putih. pereduksi. Percikan logam
teroksidasi dalam asam nitrat.
Cu Merah, lunak, permukaan hitam
jika dingin, sulit melebur
Pb Abu-abu, lunak, melebur. Warna
dalam nyala reduksi
 Komposisi Warna dan keadaan lapisan pada
Unsur Keterangan
lapisan arang
As As2O3 Putih dan mudah menguap, Biasanya
mengendap pada jarak tertentu menimbulkan bau
dari analit. bawang.
Sb Sb2O3 Putih, mudah menguap, Kurang mudah
Sb2O4 mengendap dekat dengan analat. menguap dibanding
As2O3
Se SeO2 Menguap putih
Te TeO2 Putih gigi, mudah menguap. Dalam nyala
Bagian luar berwarna abu-abu reduksi membentuk
sampai coklat. lapisan.
 Mineral Criteria
– 1. Crystalline solid – atoms have specific
arrangement or crystal structure

– 2. Naturally occurring – not manufactured

– 3. Have a definite chemical composition –

may be a single element or combination

– 4. Inorganic – minerals not made by living

things (organic)
A mineral’s physical properties
are controlled by its internal
arrangement of atoms
regularly repeating, orderly pattern
Minerals can have the same chemical composition
(Carbon) but different physical properties because
of their crystal structure
Diamond Graphite
- Dipengaruhi oleh sifat tembus, bias, dan struktur mineral
- Ada 2 macam kilau :
a. seperti logam : pirit dan galena
b. tidak seperti logam
-Vitreus : kilau seperti gelas/kuarsa

- Adamantin : kilau terang dan mempunyai indeks putar

refraksi yang tinggi. Ex : intan dan piromofit
-Resinous : kilau seperti damar. Ex: sfalerit

- Greasi : berminyak pada permukaan. Ex: nefelin

- Pearli : berkilau seperti mutiara. Ex: talk

- Silki : kilau mineral karena struktur serat.

Ex: serat gibs dan asbes

- Buram: tidak bercahaya / tidak berkilau.

Ex : kapur dan kaolin

c. Metaloida / sub metal : kilau diantara kilau seperti logam

dan kilau tidak seperti logam
 Idiokromatis (warna tetap)

Alokromatis (variasi warna)

Adanya pengotor azurit (biru) magnetit (hitam)

Kuarsa
(putih)
malasit ( hijau)

Ametis
(ungu)
pirit (kuning)
 Warna goresan

Serbuk Pelat
gores Skala Mosh < 7
Melalui penghancuran,
pengikiran atau
penggarukan
Warna Mineral bervariasi Warna goresan tetap
Mungkin warna
Warna yang sama dari Beberapa Mineral goresan beda
(Hematit, gutit, magnetit = HITAM) (coklat hitam, coklat
kuning, hitam)
Varieties of Hematite – all same color streak
Daya tahan mineral terhadap pengikiran atau goresan

Dinyatakan dalam skala Mohs

Derajat Mineral Derajat Mineral

kekerasan kekerasan
1 Talk 6 Felspar
2 Gips 7 Kuarsa
3 Kalsit 8 Topas
4 Fluorit 9 Korundum
5 Apatit 10 intan
Contoh : mineral dapat tergores dengan kuarsa, tidak
dapat tergores dengan felspar

Skala 6,5

Derajat Mineral Derajat Mineral

kekerasan kekerasan
1 Talk 6 Felspar
2 Gips 7 Kuarsa
3 Kalsit 8 Topas
4 Fluorit 9 Korundum
5 Apatit 10 intan
 Penggores Derajat kekerasan
Kuku Sampai dengan 2,5
Keeping tembaga Sampai dengan 3
Pisau Sampai dengan 5,5
Kaca jendela Sampai dengan 5,5
Pelat penggores Sampai dengan 6,5
Kikir baja Sampai dengan 7

 Pensil kekerasan (hardness pencils).

felspar (6), kuarsa (7), sirkon (7½), topas (8), kristoberil
(8½), korundum (9) dan intan (10).
hardness wheel
pensil kekerasan yang tersusun melingkar seperti setir mobil.
tersusun dari 6 (enam) macam pensil, yaitu olivin (6¾), kuarsa
(7), sirkon (7½), topas (8), kristoberil (8½) dan korundum (9).
 Aliase

Kekerasan berhubungan dengan daya tahan terhadap

perubahan bentuk

Tidak mudah
Mineral mengubah bentuk
mineral melalui
penekanan →
mineral pecah
Penentuan Kekerasan dipengaruhi :

1. Kerapuhan
2. Ada tidaknya pecahan
3. Arah penentuan kekerasan
4. Struktur kristal
5. Tidak sebandingnya material dengan alat
Sejajar dengan bidang Tidak pada bidang muka
muka kristal kristal

Tidak dapat / sukar

dibelah → mudah dipecah

Biasanya material
nirbentuk
 Cleavage – due to weak bonds in
the crystal structure

Halite (NaCl)
Fluorite (CaF2)

HALITE

FLUORITE
Cleavage

MUSCOVITE
BIOTITE
sifat mineral karena perlakuan pemecahan, pemotongan,
pembengkokan, penghancuran dan lain-lain.

a). rapuh, mudah dihancurkan dan dibuat serbuk, tetapi tidak

dapat diiris menjadi keping
b). mudah diserut
c). lunak, mudah ditempa
d). mudah digores dalam keadaan pijar
e). lentur, mudah dibengkokkan tetapi tidak dapat kembali
dengan sendirinya f). kenyal (elastis), mineral dapat berbentuk
lapisan tipis, dapat dibengkokkan dan dapat kembali ke bentuk
semula
 Dihirup
Digosok
Digores
Dipukul
a). asam, Dipanaskan
b). basa,
c). segar, a). Bau tanah
d). pahit, b). Bau arang → batu bara/ zat
e). dingin, organik
f). seperti logam, c). Bau busuk → H2S
g). pedas, d). Bau bawang putih → arsen
h). asin, e). Bau lobak → selenium
f). Bau belerang → SO2
a). dingin
b). berlemak
c). kasar
d). licin
massa zat itu di udara dibagi dengan massa zat dalam air

Piknometer
(C - A)
massa jenis =
(B + C) - (A - D)
A= massa piknometer kosong
B = massa piknometer terisi air
C = mass piknometer dalam keadaan kering dan
terisi serbuk mineral
D = massa piknometer terisi mineral dan air
sampai penuh
Ditunjukkan oleh mineral yang mengandung besi

Magnet tapal kuda

Diamati dengan perubahan kedudukan

 LELEHAN

PEMBENTUKAN LARUTAN
MINERAL

UAP
Material lebur

Magma
Komposisi kimia

Mineralize (uap air,

CO2, F, As.borat, S, Cl)
Mendingin

Menurunkan suhu &

fluiditas magma

Mineral
(Mineral primer) magnetit,ilmenit, kromit,
pirotit, kalkopirit
Contact metamorphism: Mineralogical and textural changes and
deformation of rock resulting from the head and pressure of an igneous
intrusion in the near vicinity.
Penguapan Garam Pengendapan air tanah
Air laut/danau yang Kerak bumi memiliki banyak patahan
mengandung garam (kecil dan besar) yang berisi air tanah

Air tanah perlahan mengalir bergerak

MENGUAP naik sambil melarutkan zat dari
bebatuan
Konsentrasi
Lebih pekat Pada kondisi berbeda
P dan T rendah

MINERAL
Mineral mengkristal dan terendapkan di
dinding celah batuan
Konsentrasi, suhu, komposisi
MINERAL URAT
 Penguapan larutan
Ex: penguapan air laut dan danau
Pengeluaran gas yang dapat bekerja sebagai pelarut
Air yang mengandung gas CO2 kontak dengan batu kapur
Gas CO2 Mineral
Melarutkan CaCO3 P dan T
dalam mengendap
menghasilkan
larutan
bikarbonat
keluar
Ex: stalagtit dan stalagmit
PEMBENTUKAN
MINERAL DARI Penurunan suhu dan tekanan
LARUTAN Air magmatis P dan T rendah Mineral hidrotermal
Air tanah mengendap
P dan T tinggi
Interaksi larutan-larutan
Ex: larutan CaSO4 +larutan BaCO3
Interaksi larutan dengan bahan padat
Larutan melarutkan sesuatu dari mineral, dan mengendapkan
mineral lain ditempatnya
Interaksi gas dengan larutan
Ex: air mengandung gas H2S mengendapkan Zn, Cu, Fe
Pengaruh kegiatan makhluk hidup
Moluska → aragonit atau kalsit
SUBLIMASI ….. Tidak hanya terjadi pada mineral yang
langsung mengkristal dari uap, tetapi..
hasil interaksi gas atau gas dengan batuan

Pembentukan hematit : 2 FeCl3 + 3H2O → Fe2O3 + 6HCl

PNEUMATOLITIS / PNEUMATOLISIS.
Mineral yang terbentuk dari reaksi gas, dengan batuan
yang berdekatan
Pembentukan kasierit (SnO2) bersama-sama fluorit
SnF4 + 2H2O → SnO2 + 4 HF
4 HF + 2CaCO3 → 2CaF2 + 2 H2O + 2 CO2
BATUAN BEKU

BATUAN SEDIMEN

BATUAN MALIHAN /
METAMORF
 - dari pendinginan & pemadatan magma
- Mineral mengkristal sesuai “DERET BOWEN”
olivin bitownit

Mg-piroksen labradorit
Mg-Ca-piroksen anelsin
ampibol oligoklas
biotit
albit
K- felspar

muskovit

kuarsa
 Jumlah Silisium Berlebih: kuarsa
Kurang: fekspatoit
PENGGOLONGAN
Macam2 felspar dan kandungan
BATUAN BEKU masing2 jenis

Tekstur/ukuran butir Kasar (plutonik)

Halus (volkanik)
Felsit Basal

Karakter asam = jumlah

silika tinggi
TIPE MINERAL Batuan melimpah sebagai
MAGMA
kuarsa bebas (berwarna terang)
BATUAN BEKU
Karakter basa = jumlah
silika sedikit
Batuan tidak menunjukkan
kuarsa bebas (berwarna gelap)
 - Mineral sekunder
- Dari pengendapan sedimen dalam badan air

Batuan Sedimen Mekanik :

kandungan mineral = batuan induk
Batuan Sedimen Kimia :
kandungannya ditentukan juga oleh lingkungannya
Batuan Metamorf Regional Batuan Metamorf Kontak

 Perubahan pada daerah Termal/ Hidrotermal /

yang luas Pirometamorfisme Metasomatisme
 Struktur berubah jelas
Pemanasan Larutan dari
batuan batuan beku
Contoh :
bereaksi dgn
- Bituminous menjadi antrasit batuan
- Endapan kapur menjadi marmer/ pualam
 Celah bebatuan yang terisi oleh mineral
Urat kasierit,wolframit,
molibdenit
Urat emas-kuarsa
ENDAPAN HIDROTERMAL
(P dan T tinggi) Urat tembaga-turmalin

Urat timbal - turmalin

PENGGOLONGAN
ENDAPAN MESOTERMAL Pirit, kalkopirit, arsenopirit,
MINERAL URAT Galena, spalerit, tetrahedrit,
(P dan T sedang)
Emas dll)

ENDAPAN EPITERMAL Emas, markasit, pirit

(P dan T rendah)
• Mineral bijih primer adalah mineral yang pertama terbentuk,
diendapkan dari larutan yang naik ke permukaan bumi
• Mineral sekunder adalah mineral yang berasal dari mineral primer
yang telah mengalami perubahan karena pengaruh oksidasi akibat
kandungan oksigen dalam air

Mineral besi pirit, limonit

BEBERAPA
MINERAL URAT Mineral tembaga Kalkopirit, bornit,
PRIMER DAN kalkosit
SEKUNDER Mineral timbal Galenit, serusit, aglesit,
wulfenit
Bauxite: A rock composed primarily of hydrous aluminum oxides and formed
by weathering in tropical areas with good drainage; a major ore of aluminum.
Bedding: A characteristic of sedimentary rocks in which parallel planar surfaces
separating different grain sizes or compositions indicate successive depositional
surfaces that existed at the time of sedimentation.
Bed-load: The sediment that a stream moves along the bottom of its channel by
rolling and bouncing.
Blowout: A shallow circular or elliptical depression in sand or dry soil
formed by wind erosion.
Clastic rock: A sedimentary rock formed from mineral particles (clasts) that
were mechanically transported.
Diatom: A one celled plant that has a siliceous framework and grows in
oceans and lakes.
Eclogite: An extremely high-
pressure metamorphic rock
containing garnet and
pyroxene.
Erosion: The set of all processes by which soil and rock are loosened and
moved downhill or downwind.
Exfoliation: A physical weathering process in which sheets of rock are
fractured and detached from an outcrop.
 Review of Minerals
 What are the four characteristics of a mineral?

• Naturally Occurring
• Crystalline Solid
• Specific Chemical Composition
• Inorganic
Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 DOLOMITE
 Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 QUARTZ
Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 GALENA
 Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 OLIVINE
Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 ORTHOCLASE
FELDSPAR
 Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 HEMATITE
Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 FLOURITE
Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 GYPSUM
 Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 PYROXENE - AUGITE
 Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 PYRITE
Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 MAGNETITE
Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 MUSCOVITE
 Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 CALCITE
Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 HALITE
 Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 GARNET
 Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 AMPHIBOLE
-
HORNBLENDE
 Review of Minerals
 What mineral is this?

 BIOTITE
 Goals for this lab
 Learn the basics of rock identification
 Learn how to distinguish between 3 rock
types
 Observe hand samples and infer how
they might have been formed
*Solid aggregate of mineral grains, mineral
crystals, or other rocks

*Some exceptions
**Obsidian is made of volcanic glass
**Coal is made of plant fragments

*The materials forming rocks come from the

Earth’s mantle as magma, from space, from
organisms, or from the breakdown of other
rocks and minerals.
*Environmental changes and processes affect
the rock forming materials and existing rocks

*These changes and processes produce 3

distinct groups of rocks
**IGNEOUS
**SEDIMENTARY
**METAMORPHIC
Igneous Rocks…
 What is an igneous rock?
 Crystallineor glassy rocks formed from
the cooling and solidification of molten
magma (below Earth’s surface)/lava (on
Earth’s surface)

 Compose the majority of the earth

 Canuse the texture and mineralogy of

these rocks to determine where in the
Earth they formed
 Igneous Rock Textures

 Where the rock forms in the Earth and

how quickly it cools determines what
kind of texture it will have
Cooling Rates and Igneous Textures
 The slower the crystals form, the larger they will be.

 Deep = Hot = Slow Cooling= Large Crystals =

Phaneritic
 Shallow = Cooler = Fast Cooling = Small Crystals =
Aphanitic
 Cooled slowly and then abruptly brought near surface
and cooled quickly = both large and small crystals =
Porphyritic
 Cooled extremely quickly = Glassy
 Cooled quickly and bubbles present = Vesicular
 Explosive welding of materials from volcanism =
Pyroclastic/Fragmental
Igneous Rock TexturesGlassy

Vesicular

Pyroclastic/Fragmental
What minerals are present also determine
what kind of Igneous Rock forms.
Chemistry changes
influence rock type
Minerals in Igneous Rocks Cont.
Chemistry changes influence rock type
 Felsic rocks
Mineralogy cont.
• dominated by K-feldspar, Na Plagioclase, quartz, and biotite
• usually light in color
• typical of continental crust (Granite and Rhyolite)

 Intermediate rocks
• dominated by plagiocase, amphibole, pyroxene, biotite, quartz
• intermediate color
• Andesite and diorite

 Mafic rocks
• Dominated by Ca-Plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, amphibole
• Usually dark in color
• Typical of oceanic crusts (and the Moon, Mars, and Venus!) (Basalt,
• Gabbro)

 Ultramafic rocks
• Dominated by olivine, minor amounts of pyroxene and Ca-plagioclase
• Rarely seen on Earth’s surface
• Major constituent of Earth’s Mantle
• Peridotite
Sedimentary Rocks…
 Type of rock
and Rock-forming
source material process

IGNEOUS Crystallization Example

Melting of rocks

SEDIMENTARY
Weathering and Deposition,
erosion of burial, and
Exposed rocks lithification
 Sediments
Grain Size

Gravel >2mm

Sand 1/16-2mm

Silt 1/256-1/16mm

Clay <1/256
 Sediments cont.
How are size and angularity affected by transport?
 Sediments cont.
Grain Sorting
 Sedimentary Rocks
 Formed by surface processes
 Sediments are formed from weathering
and erosion
• Weathering = chemical and physical processes
that break up rocks into fragments of various
sizes
• Erosion = set of processes that loosen soil and
rock and move them
 Sedimentary Rocks
 Loose sediments form sedimentary rocks through
the process of lithification
 Lithification = converts sediment into solid rock
by
• Compaction = grains are squeezed together by weight
of overlying sediment into a mass denser than original
• Cementation = minerals precipitate around deposited
particles and bind them together
 The sedimentary stages of the rock cycle
Weathering Erosion carries
breaks down away particles.
rocks. Transportation moves
particles downhill.

Glacier
Delta
Desert
Playa Deposition occurs
lake when particles
settle out or
precipitate.

Sedimentary Burial occurs

rocks as layers of
Metamorphic sediment
rocks accumulate.
Plutons

Diagenesis lithifies
the sediment to make
sedimentary rocks.
 Sedimentary Rock Texture
 Step 1 in identifying a Sedimentary Rock
• 3 types
 Detrital/Siliclastic – rock made of fragments of other
rocks

 Biochemical/Bioclastic – composed of organically

derived material

 Chemical – sedimentary rocks precipitated out of

solution
Step 2 in Identifying Sedimentary Rocks
Detrital Rocks
 Organic Matter
Bioclastic Rocks

Pressure

Heat to Heat to
90° - 120° C 90° - 120° C

Oil and gas Coal

Chemical rocks

Evaporation  Precipitation
 Breccia Chert

Hematite

Coal-Anthracite Conglomerate
Limestone Rocksalt

Siltstone

Sandstone Shale
Metamorphic Rocks…
 Metamorphism
 Metamorphism is the solid-state
transformation of a protolith (parent or
pre-existing rock) into texturally or
mineralogically distinct new rock as the
result of high temperature, high
pressure, or both.
 Metamorphism is Described by
Texture, Index minerals, Grade, and
Facies
 Identifying Metamorphic Rocks
 Step 1
• Determine the rock texture
 Foliated textures – rocks exhibit
foliation…layering or parallel alignment of
platy or flat mineral crystals (if the rock
appears layered, it is foliated) due to
pressure and recrystallization
 Nonfoliated textures – rocks exhibit no
layering, yet they may exhibit stretched
fossils or long, prismatic crystals that have
grown parallel to the pressure field
 Foliation

 Determined by the degree of

• Cleavage
• Schistosity
• Banding
Increasing intensity of metamorphism
Low grade Intermediate grade High grade
Increasing crystal size

Increasing coarseness of foliation

Foliated rocks are classified by the degree
of cleavage, schistosity, and banding.
Diagenesis Low grade Intermediate High grade
grade
Gneissic
Slaty Rock Phyllite Schistosity Banding Migmatite
Cleavage Texture (abundant (fewer
micaceous micaceous
minerals) minerals)

very flat wavy or scaly glittery alternating Banding

foliation wrinkled layer of visible layers or
foliation of platy minerals lenses of light
fine grained and/or linear and dark
minerals giving alignment of medium to
rock metallic long prismatic coarse grained
luster crystals minerals
 Progression of metamorphism

Start with a shale and then hit

it with pressure and heat.

Slate

Phyllite Schist
You end up with something that is really Gneiss!
 Low
Grade

Slate
Intermediate
Pressure (kilobars)

Phyllite Grade

Depth (km)
High
Grade

Schist

Blueschist Gneiss
Migmatite

Temperature (°C)
 Metamorphic Rock Textures
(Unfoliated Textures)
- Crystalline Texture – medium to coarse grained aggregate
of intergrown, equigranular, visible crystals (example:
Marble)
- Microcrystalline Texture – fine grained aggregate of
intergrown microscopic crystals (example: hornfels)
- Sandy Texture – medium to coarse grained aggregate of
fused, sand-sized grains that resemble sandstone (example:
quartzite)
- Glassy Texture – homogeneous texture with no visible
grains or other structures and breaks along glossy surfaces
(anthracite coal)
 Identifying Metamorphic Rocks
 Step 2
• Determine the rock’s mineralogical composition
and/or other distinctive properties
 Other Distinctive Features to Note
 Stretched or Sheared Grains – deformed
pebbles, fossils, mineral crystals, that have been
stretched, shortened, or sheared
 Porphyroblastic Texture – arrangement of large
crystals (PORPHYROBLASTS) set in a finer-
grained groundmass (sort of sounds like
porphyritic texture)
 Hydrothermal Veins – fractures filled by minerals
that precipitated from hydrothermal fluids
With increasing metamorphic
Mineral suites define
grade, mineral composition
metamorphic facies.
changes.
 Identifying Metamorphic Rocks
 Step 3
• Use Five Step Chart for Metamorphic Rock
Analysis to determine the name of the rock you
are identifying

 Step 4
• Based on the name of the identified
metamorphic rock, name the rock it was before
metamorphism (this is the metamorphic rocks
“parent” rock or protolith)
Metamorphism of Sedimentary Rocks

Protolith

Sandstone: Quartzite, Metaquartzite

Shale: Slate
Phyllite
Schist
Gneiss
Limestone: Marble
Metamorphism of Igneous Rocks

For most purposes, just put “meta” in front

of the protolith name.

Examples: metabasalt
metarhyolite

If a mafic or intermediate metamorphic rock is

dominated by amphibole and feldspars:

-Amphibolite
Mineral Classification
Minerals are classified by
chemical composition
 1. Minerals with the same anion or anionic
group have unmistakable family
resemblances. For example, the carbonates
resemble each other more closely than say
the minerals of Cu.
 2. They occur together in nature, for
example, it is very common to find both
calcite and dolomite in the same rocks.
 3. It agrees with the naming of inorganic
compounds in chemistry.
And at the next level
 Once minerals have been grouped by
chemical composition, they can be
further separated into groups on the
basis of internal structure.
Native Elements
 Metals
 Semi Metals
 Non Metals
Sulfides
 Including sulfarsenides; arsenides and
tellurides
Sulfosalts
 In these minerals, As and Sb play a role
more akin to metals than anions. Many
important Ag minerals are sulfosalts.
Oxides
 a) simple and multiple where O
combines with one or metals (cations)
 Simple
 Multiple
 b) hydroxides with OH- group and H2O
molecules
Halides
 these minerals have Cl, Br, F, and I as
anions
Carbonates
 Based on the carbonate radical
 Hexagonal; orthorhombic; and
monoclinic
 You have examples of all three!
Nitrates
 NO3 radical
 Only 7 known minerals
Borates
 (BO3)-3 can form polymers--about 100
known minerals
So are they iso, meso, or aniso desmic?
Phosphates
 (PO4)-3 are usually hydrous as well
Sulfates
 (SO4)-2 can be hydrous or anhydrous
Tungstates (WO4)-2
scheelite and wolframite are both ore
minerals for W
Silicates (SiO4) -4

 The most important group of minerals!!

 Nesosilicates
 Sorosilicates
 Cyclosilicates
 Inosilicates
 Phyllosilicates
 Tectosilicates
Why can they form so many
structures?
 Mesodesmic
 Remember this term?
Nesosilicates
Sorosilicates
Cyclosilicates
Inosilicates
Phyllosilicates
Tectosilicates
What is the best way for you
to remember formulas
 General formulas!!
 Next time
 GEMOLOGI
Oleh: Hartati

GEMOLOGI = ILMU YANG MEMPELAJARI

BATU MULIA
GEMS/GEMSTONE = BATU MULIA
Batu mulia adalah semua batu jenis mineral dan
batuan yang mempunyai sifat kimia dan fisika
yang khas, serta dapat digunakan untuk perhiasan
dan bahan dekorasi atau hiasan.
Istilah batu mulia sudah diterapkan juga pada
seluruh mineral dan batuan, yang apabila diproses
melalui pemotongan, pembentukan, dan
pengasahan dapat dijadikan batu hias.
GEMSTONE /BATU MULIA
MINERAL DENGAN WARNA DAN
PENAMPILAN YANG SANGAT INDAH
ADA YANG TRANSPARAN, BERWARNA
CEMERLANG, ATAU BERKILAU
ADA TIGA JENIS:
BATU PERMATA (PRECIOUS STONE)
SEMI PERMATA (SEMI-PRECIOUS STONE)
BATU HIAS (ORNAMENTAL STONE)
 Nama Batu mulia
Satu jenis permata dapat memiliki nama
beragam, mulai dari nama mineral / batuan,
nama ilmiah, nama perdagangan, bahkan
ada nama khusus. Nama khusus biasanya
diberikan atas dasar pertimbangan warna,
tekstur, atau motif/pola (pattern), bahkan
kadang-kadang mengandung unsur
kepercayaan.
Klasifikasi batumulia
Dasar:
komposisi kimia
struktur kristal
karakteristika optis
ukuran dan bentuk.
Klasifikasi berdasar komposisi kimia

Terdiri dari satu unsur : intan

Senyawa sederhana: safir (Al2O3)
kecubung (SiO2)

Terdiri beberapa unsur/ kompleks:

garnet, dapat tersusun oleh campuran besi, mangan, krom,
dan kalsium silikat,
sehingga memiliki warna yangvbervariasi.
Klasifikasi berdasar struktur kristal
Kubus
Sadkona
Caturkona
Ortorombus
Monoklin
triklin
Klasifikasi berdasarkan karakter optis
Warna
Karakter optis
Dispersi
Flouresensi
Fosforesensi
kejernihan
Klasifikasi berdasarkan bentuk
Gunungan
Kerakal
Isian/lempungan
UKURAN DAN BERAT BATUMULIA
1. KARAT:
1 KARAT = 0,200 g
2. GRAM
3. TROY:
1 TROY = 24 BUTIR = 1,56 g
4. BUTIR: misal untuk mutiara
1 butir mutiara = 0,05 g
4 butir mutiara = 1 karat
Teknik pengolahan batumulia
Pemilahan
Pemotongan
Pengasahan
Pengampelasan
Pembentukan model Lapidary
Pemolesan
Pembentukan muka
Pengukiran
Pembuatan lubang
Pemilahan batumulia
Pemilahan batumulia
Pemotongan (sawing)
Pengasahan (grinding)
Pengasahan (grinding)
Pengampelasan (sanding)
Pembentukan muka (faceting)
Pembentukan muka (faceting)
Pemolesan/penghalusan
Pemolesan/penghalusan
Pembuatan lubang
 POLA BATUMULIA UNTUK PERHIASAN

1. Cabochon
POLA BATUMULIA UNTUK PERHIASAN

2. Berbidang muka