Sensory organ
Senses
Stimuli
Organ deria
Deria
Rangsangan
Eye
Sight
Light
Mata
Penglihatan
Cahaya
Ear
Hearing
Sound
Telinga
Pendengaran
Bunyi
Nose
Smell
Chemicals
Hidung
Bau
Kimia
Tongue
Taste
Chemicals
Lidah
Rasa
Kimia
Skin
Touch
Kulit
Sentuh
Rangsangan ------ > organ deria ------ > saraf ------ otak ------ saraf ------ > tindakbalas
6. Nerves connect the brain to all part of the body. They send signals from
the sensory organs to the brain. The brain interprets or sorts out the
messages and the brain decides how the body should respond.
Deria Sentuh
1. The skin is the sensory organ of touch. It is sensitive to the stimuli of
touch, heat, cold ,pain and pressure.
Kulit adalah organ deria bagi sentuhan. Kulit sensitif kepada rangsangan
sentuhan, panas, sejuk, sakit dan tekanan.
2. The skin has two main layer. The outer epidermis and the inner dermis.
Below the skin is a layer of fatty tissue.
Kulit terbahagi kepada dua lapisan utama. Bahagian luar ialah epidermis
dan bahagian dalam ialah dermis. Di bawah kulit ialah lapisan tisu
lemak.
3. The epidermis is a thin layer, is waterproof and protect the surface of
the body and the dermis is a thick layer of living cell.
Epidermis adalah lapisan yang nipis atau kulit mati, ia adalah kalis air
dan melindungi permukaan badan dan dermis adalah lapisan tebal yang
mengandungi sel hidup.
4. The skin has many nerve endings called receptors.
Reseptor sakit
Touch receptor
Reseptor sentuh
Cold receptor
Reseptor sejuk
Heat receptor
Reseptor panas
Pressure receptor
Reseptor tekanan
ketebalan kulit.
Sense of Taste
Deria Rasa
1. The sensory organ for taste is the tongue.
Asasnya, lidah boleh mengesan empat rasa asas, manis, masin, masam
dan pahit.
3. Our tongue is covered by taste buds which contain many receptors.
5. Taste receptors can only detect chemicals in food which have dissolved
in saliva.
Reseptor rasa hanya boleh mengesan bahan kimia dalam makanan yang
larut di dalam air liur.
6. When we chew food, chemicals from the food dissolved in the saliva and
stimulate the taste receptors in the teste buds. The taste receptors send
out impulses along nerves to the brain to interprets the message and
identifies the taste of food.
Apabila makanan dikunyah, bahan kimia dari makanan larut dalam air
liur dan merangsang reseptor rasa di dalam tunas rasa. Reseptor rasa
akan menghantar impuls melalui saraf ke otak untuk ditafsirkan dan
mengenalpasti rasa makanan tersebut.
Sense of Smell
Deria Bau
1. The nose is sensory organ of smell.
Sense Of Hearing
Deria Pendengaran
1. The ear are sensory organ of hearing.
Telinga luar
b) The middle ear
Telinga tengah
c) The inner ear
Telinga dalam
3. Figure below shows the structure of the human ear.
4. Table below shows the structure and function of each part of the human
ear.
Part
Structure
Function
Bahagian
Struktur
Fungsi
Pinna
Cuping telinga
Bentuk seperti
corong.
Mengumpul dan
mengarahkan
gelombang bunyi ke
lubang telinga.
Ear canal
Lubang telinga
Eardrum
Gegendang telinga
Menghantar gelombang
bunyi ke gegendang
telinga.
Ossicles
Osikel
Bergetar pada
frekuensi yang sama
dengan gelombang
bunyi.
Menguatkan getaran.
Oval window
Jendela bujur
A thin, small
Transfer the vibrations
membrane at the end from the ossicles to the
of the ossicles.
cochlea.
Memindahkan getaran
dari osikel ke koklea.
Sense Of Sight
Deria Penglihatan
1. The eye is a sensory organs for sight that detect light.
Sklera
b) Choroid
Koroid
c) Retina
Retina
3. The parts of the eye that help to focus the light onto the retina are ;
Kornea
b) The aqueous humour
Gelemair
c) The lens
Kanta mata
d) The vitreous humour
Gelemaka
4. The eye is able to focus the light from an object on the retina by
changing the thickness of the lens.
Mata dapat memfokuskan cahaya dari objek tepat pada retina dengan
menukar ketebalan kanta mata.
5. The light path in the human eye.
Kornea -----> gelemair -----> anak mata -----> kanta mata ----->
gelemaka -----> retina -----> saraf optik
Bahagian mata
A- Sclera
Sklera
B- Choroid
Koroid
C- Yellow spot
Bintik kuning
D- Blind spot
Bintik buta
E- Optic nerve
Saraf optik
F- Pupil
Anak mata
G- Cilliary body
Otot silia
H- Retina
Retina
I- Iris
Iris
J- Cornea
Kornea
K- Aqueous humour
Gelemair
L- Lens
Kanta mata
M- Vitreous humour
Gelamaka
Pantulan Cahaya
1. Light is form of energy.
Pembiasan
1. Refraction is the bending of light as is passes from one transparent
medium to another.
Rabun dekat
b) Short-sightedness
Rabun jauh
c) Astigmatism
Astigmatisma
2. Astigmatism is a vision defect caused by the irregular curve of the
cornea.
Short-sightedness
Long-sightedness
Rabun jauh
Rabun dekat
Causes
Sebab
Sebab
Correction
Correction
Pembetulan
Pembetulan
Concave lens
Kanta cekung
Convex lens
Kanta cembung
Limitation Of Sight
Had Penglihatan
1. We are unable to see objects that are too small, near or far away.
Kita tidak dapat melihat objek yang terlalu halus, jauh atau terlalu jauh.
2. The examples of the limitations of sight are ;
Bintik buta
The blind spot does not have any receptors sensitive to light and
connect any image that falls on it.
Ilusi optik
Optical illusion what we see is different from actual situation.
Ilusi optik ialah apa yang kita lihat adalah berbeza dari situasi
yang sebenar.
Contoh ;
Monocular vision
Penglihatan monokular
Stereoscopic vision
Penglihatan stereoskopik
Sifat-sifat bunyi
a) A form energy.
3. Defects of hearing
Kecacatan telinga
a) Deafness is a defect in the hearing mechanism.
Gegendang telinga
Ossicles
Osikel
Cochlea
Koklea
Auditory nerve
Saraf pendengaran
4. Limits of hearing
Pendengaran stereofonik
a) Stereophonic hearing means hearing with both ears.
Stereophonic hearing.
Pendengaran stereofonik.
1. Stereophonic hearing means hearing with both ears.
Tropisms
Tropisma
Stimulus
Response
Ransangan
Gerak balas
Fungsi gerakbalas
Light
Phototropisms
To obtain sunlight.
Cahaya
Fototropisma
Gravity
Geotropisms
Graviti
Geotropisma
Water
Hydrotropisms
Air
Hidrotropisma
Touch
Tigmotropism
Sentuhan
Nutrition
Nutrisi
Classes of Food
Kelas Makanan
1. Nutrition is the process of the obtaining food in order to grow and keep
healthy.
Karbohidrat
Protein
Protein
Fats
Lemak
Vitamins
Vitamin
Minerals
Mineral
Fibre
Gentian
Water
Air
Carbohydrate
Karbohidrat
a) The basic elements in carbohydrates are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
c) The presence of starch will turn the colour of iodine solution from brown
to dark blue.
Kelas-Kelas Makanan
Proteins
Protein
1. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Some proteins
have sulphur and phosphorus.
Protein haiwan termasuk daging, susu, ikan dan telur. Kekacang, bijirin
dan kacang soya adalah protein tumbuh-tumbuhan.
4. Functions of proteins are ;
Classes Of Food
Kelas Makanan
Vitamins
Vitamin
1. Vitamins are organic compounds required for maintaining good health.
Hanya vitamin B dan C sahaja larut air. Yang selebihnya adalah larut
lemak.
4. The following table shows the sources, functions and deficiency disease
of some vitamins.
Vitamin
Sources
Function
Deficiency diseases
Vitamin
Sumber
Fungsi
Kesan kekurangan
Carrots,
tomatoes,
pumpkin, green
vegetable, egg,
fish.
Lobak merah,
tomato, labu,
telur, ikan.
Green
vegetable, milk,
eggs, cereals,
yeast.
Sayur-sayuran
hijau, susu,
telur, bijirin, yis.
Fresh fruits,
green
vegetable.
Buah-buahan
segar, sayursayuran hijau.
Good night
vision and
healthy skin.
Pandangan
malam yang
baik dan kulit
yang sihat.
Healthy
nervous system
to release
energy from
carbohydrate.
Night blindness
Rabun malam
Beri-beri
Beri-beri
Anaemia
Anemia
Sistem saraf
yang sihat
untuk
melepaskan
tenaga
daripada
karbohidrat.
For healthy
skin, teeth and
gums. Untuk
kesihatan kulit,
gigi dan gusi.
To fight
Scurvy
Skurvi
desease.
Untuk melawan
penyakit.
D
Kuning telur,
hati, terbentuk
pada kulit di
bawah sinar
matahari.
Vegetable oil,
whole grain,
nuts.
Minyak sayursayuran,
gandum,
kacang.
Liver, green
vegetable,
tomatoes, egg
yolk.
Hati, sayursayuran
hijau, tomato,
kuning telur.
tulang yang
sihat dan kuat.
For fertility.
Untuk
kesuburan.
Prevent cell
damage.
Rickets
Rakhitis
Osteomalacia
Osteomalasia
Sterility
Kemandulan
Mencegah
kerosakan sel.
For blood
clotting
Pembekuan
darah
Slow blood
clotting
Melambatkan
pembekuan
darah
Mineral
Garam Mineral
1. Minerals are inorganic element that are usually in the body and needed
in small quantities.
Mineral
Sources
Function
Garam mineral
Sumber
Fungsi
Calcium
Kalsium
Untuk pembentukan
tulan dan gigi.
Blood clotting.
Pengumpalan darah.
Phosphorus
Fosforus
Iodine
Iodin
laut.
Iron
Zat besi
Menghasilkan hormon di
dalam kelenjar tiroid.
Forms the haemoglobin
in red blood cells.
Membentuk
hemoglobin dalam sel
darah merah.
Sodium
Comman salt
Natrium
Garam biasa
Potassium
Kalium
Mengimbangi bendalir
badan.
Maintains a healthy
nervous system.
Mengekalkan sistem
saraf.
Fats
Lemak
1. Similar to carbohydrates, fats are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.
Lemak tumbuhan wujud dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu bilik dipanggil
minyak. Contohnya minyak sayuran dan kekacang.
3. Animal fats are usually solids at room temperature. Examples are eggs,
fatty meats and dairy products.
Lemak haiwan wujud dalam keadaan pepejal pada suhu bilik. Contohnya
telur, lemak daging dan produk tenusu.
4. Function of fats in our body are ;
Pelawas
1. Fibre consists mainly of cellulose, the indigestible (cell walls of the
plants that cannot be digested).
Gizi seimbang ialah gizi yang mengandungi amaun yang betul untuk
semua tujuh kelas makanan yang diperlukan seharian.
2. The importance of a balance diet ;
Umur
b) Body size
Saiz badan
c) Sex
Jantina
d) Physical activity and occupation
Keadaan kesihatan
f) Climate
Cuaca
The Importance of a Balance Diet
Nilai kalori ditakrifkan sebagai jumlah tenaga yang dilepaskan dari jisim
tertentu makanan
2. It is measured in calories (cal) or joules (J).
Nilai kalori disukat dalam unit kalori (cal) atau joule (J).
1 cal = 4.2 J
1 kal = 4.2 J
3. The energy in a food comes from the carbohydrate, protein and fats.
Table below shows the calorific value of these food.
Class of food
Pengkelasan makanan
Carbohydrate
17
Karbohidrat
Protein
18
Protein
Fats
39
Lemak
Pada masa sama, makanan akan bercampur dengan air liur dari kelenjar
air liur.
4. The saliva is alkaline and contain an enzyme called amylase, that break
down starch into maltose.
Proses Pencernaan
1. In the oesophagus
Di dalam esofagus
a) The food is pushed downwards all along the oesophagus to the
stomach by a wave-like action called peristalsis.
Di dalam perut
a) Food is mixed with gastric juice produced by the gastric glands in the
stomach walls.
Place of
digestion
Tempat
pencernaa
n
Mouth
Mulut
Glands
Secretion
Kelenja Merembeska
r
n
Salivary
glands
Saliva
Air liur
Enzyme
Enzim
Tindak balas
pencernaan
Amylase
Amilase
Kelenjar
air liur
Protease
Hydrochlori
c acids
Perut
Gastric
glands
Kelenjar
gastrik
Starch to
maltose.
Kanji kepada
maltosa.
Protease
Stomach
Digestive
action
Gastric juice
Jus gastrik
Asid
hidroklorik
Proteins to
polypeptides
or peptones.
Protein kepada
polipepton
atau pepton.
Kill
microorganism
.
Membunuh
mikroorganism
a.
Provide acidic
medium.
Menyediakan
medium
berasid.
Stop action of
salivary
amylase.
Menghentikan
tindak balas
dengan
amilase.
Duodenum
Liver
Bile
Duodenum
Hati
Hempedu
Pancrea
s
pankrea
s
Emulsifies fat.
Memecahkan
lemak.
Jus pankreas
Amilase
Protease
Protese
Lipase
lipase
Starch to
maltose.
Kanji ke
maltosa.
Proteins to
polypeptides.
Protein ke
polipeptida.
Fat to fatty
acids and
glycerol.
Lemak ke asid
lemak dan
gliserol.
Carbohydra
Maltose to
Lower part
of small
intestine
Intestin
al
glands
se
glucose.
Karbohidras
e
Maltosa ke
glukosa.
Intestinal
juice Jus usus Protease
Bahagian Kelenjar
bawah usus
usus
kecil
Protease
Lipase
Lipase
Polypeptides
to amino
acids.
Polipeptida ke
asid amino.
Fat to fatty
acids and
glyserol.
Lemak ke asid
lemak dan
gliserol.
a) The internal wall surface has many finger-like projections called villi
(villus). The villi increase the surface in contact with digested food.
Food can be absorbed at a faster rate.
Class of food
End product
Kelas makanan
Produk akhir
Carbohydrate
Karbohidrat
Protein
Amino acid
Protein
Asid amino
Fats
Lemak
5. Digested food is carried in the blood from the small intestine to the liver.
From the liver, the digested food is transported to the heart and then to
all parts of the body.
Makanan tercerna yang dibawa oleh darah dari usus kecil ke hati. Dari
hati, makanan tercerna diangkut ke jantung dan kemudian keseluruh
bahagian badan.
4. The colon absorbs water, vitamins and minerals from the residue,
leaving behind solid waste material called faeces.
Penyahtinjaan
1. Faeces is stored in the rectum temporarily before removal.
Jika bahan tidak tercerna melalui kolon dengan perlahan, banyak air
perlu diserap. Tinja akan menjadi keras dan kering, dan ini dipanggil
sembelit.
4. Constipation is the condition where defecation is difficult.
Biodiversity
Biodiversiti
1. Living things are called organisms.
Habitat
Biodiversity
Habitat
Biodiversiti
Rainforest
Hutan hujan
Pond
Kolam
Desert
Padang pasir
Polar region
Kawasan kutub
Soil
Tanah
Sea
Laut
5. One reason why there are so many kinds of organisms is that earth has
a great range of climates and habitats.
Satu alasan mengapa terlalu banyak jenis organisma ialah kerana bumi
ini mempunyai julat dan habitat yang baik.
Classification of Animals
Pengelasan Haiwan
1. Animals can be classified based on their common characteristics.
Classification of
animals
Pengelasan haiwan
Habitat
Breathing
organs
Habitat
Organ
Land
Darat
Chiken
Ayam
Eagle
Helang
Tiger
Water
Air
Crab
Ketam
Prawn
Udang
Jelly
Frog
Katak
Crocodile
Buaya
Turtle
Gills
Lungs
Insang
Peparu
Tadpole
Berudu
Eel
Belut
Horse
Kuda
Penguin
Penguin
Moist
skin
Kulit
lembab
Frog
Katak
Chart form
Bentuk carta
Group of animals
Kumpulan haiwan
With
wings
Without
wings
Berkepak
Tidak
Segmented
body
Badan
bersegmen
Feathers
Unsegmented
body
Badan tidak
bersegmen
No feathers
With legs
Berkaki
Hard shell
Bercengkerang
Using statements
Menggunakan penyataan
a) With wings, without wings.
Without legs
Tidak berkaki
No hard shell
Tidak
Invertebrata
1. Invertebrates are animals without backbone.
5. Some invertebrates have bodies using their body fluids for support like
earthworms and leeches.
Berkaki
b) Without legs
Tidak berkaki
Vertebrates
Vertebrata
1. Vertebrate are animals with backbones.
Vertebrate (fish)
Vertebrata (ikan)
Common Characteristics
Ciri-Ciri Umum
1. Live in water.
Hidup di air.
2. Most have a skeleton of bone.
Berdarah sejuk.
6. Most lay eggs without shells.
Amphibians
Amfibia
1. Bodies covered with moist skin.
Berdarah sejuk.
3. The young breathe through gills. The adults breathe with lungs on the
land and through moist skin in water.
Anak amfibia hidup di dalam air. Amfibia dewasa hidup di darat dan di
air.
Reptiles
Reptilia
1. Have tough leathery skin covered with hard and dry scales to prevent
too much lose of water from the body.
Mempunyai kulit yang diselaputi sisik yang keras dan kering untuk
mengelakkan kehilangan air daripada badan.
2. Cold-blooded.
Berdarah sejuk.
Burung
1. Bodies covered with feathers.
Mamalia
1. Bodies are covered with hair or fur.
Pemuliharaan bermaksud penggunaan dan pengendalian sumbersumber semulajadi untuk mengelakkan pembaziran, kehilangan atau
kerosakan.
3. Preservation means keeping the resources in their original or natural
state.
Bunga akan membentuk buah dan biji. Biji akan bercambah dan
tumbuh sebagai biji benih.
3. Plants that do not produce flowers are called non flowering plants.
Plants
TumbuhNonflowering
Flowering
Berbunga
Ferns
Conifer
Algae
Moss
Monocotyledone Dicotyledone
Paku-
Konifer
Alga
Lumut
Monokoteledon Dikoteledon
Flowering Plants
Tumbuhan Berbunga
1. The type of plant produce flowers. Seeds and fruits. The flowers
normally becomes fruits.
Jenis tumbuhan ini menghasilkan bunga, biji dan buah. Bunga biasanya
berkembang menjadi buah.
2. This types of plants produces flowers tor reproduction.
Dikotiledon
1. Seed has two cotyledons.
Flowering Plants
Tumbuhan Berbunga
Non-Flowering Plant
Alga
Chalamydomonas
Spirogyra
Seaweed
Klamidomonas
Spirogira
Rumpai laut
b) Mosses
Lumut
Heart mosses
Normal mosses
Lumut hati
Lumut biasa
c) Ferns
Paku-pakis
Ferns
Paku-pakis
d) Fungi
Kulat
Fungi
Mushroom
Kulat tetupai
Cendawan
Maintaining Biodiversity
Keseimbangan Biodiversiti
1. Malaysia is one of the 12 mega biodiversity countries in the world.
Cuaca yang panas dan lembab membuatkan hutan hujan kita, tanah
rendah dan tanah lembab menjadi perlindungan kepada berjuta
tumbuhan dan haiwan.
3. The following are some of the benefits of biodiversity ;
Spesies
1. A species is a group of similar organisms.
Mereka mempunyai rupa bentuk dan struktur yang sama serta saling
membiak.
3. Cats, elephant, monkeys, birds and rats are examples of species of
organisms.
Habitat
1. A habitat is a natural living place for plants and animals.
Plants
Habitat
Animal
Habitat
Tumbuhan
Habitat
Haiwan
Habitat
Coconut
Beach
Snake
Bush
Kelapa
Pantai
Ular
Belukar
Lotus
Pond
Termite
Wood
Teratai
Kolam
Anai-anai
Kayu
Rambutan
Orchard
Shark
Sea
Rambutan
Kebun
Jerung
Laut
Cactus
Desert
Crocodile
River
Kaktus
Gurun
Buaya
Sungai
Wood fungus
Tree
Millipede
Soil
Kulat tetupai
Pokok
Ulat gonggok
Tanah
Populasi
1. A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live
together and reproduce in a habitat.
Sebagai contoh :
a) A population of monkeys on the tree.
Komuniti
1. A community consists of several types of animal and plant populations
that lives together and interact with one another in a habitat.
Sebagai contoh :
Komuniti
3. A community consists of several types of animal and plant populations
that lives together and interact with one another in a habitat.
Sebagai contoh :
c) A pond community consists of fish, plant, tadpole and insect
population and these organisms interact with each other.
Ecosystem
Ekosistem
1. An ecosystem refer to the community of organisms living in the same
habitat, together with their non-living environment that affects them.
Sebagai contoh :
a) A pond ecosystem.
Ekosistem kolam.
b) A tropical rainforest ecosystem.
Bersandaran antara benda hidup dan benda bukan hidup ialah penting
untuk mengekalkan :
a) Balance in the environment.
Mangsa-pemangsa
b) Symbiosis
Simbiosis
c) Competition
Persaingan
Prey-predator
Mangsa-pemangsa
1. A predator is an organisms that hunts and eats another organisms.
Mangsa ialah organisma yang diburu dan dimakan oleh organisma lain.
3. Predators are usually bigger in size. They are carnivores or omnivores.
Singa kerbau
b) Kingfisher fish
c) Eagle rabbit
Symbiosis
Simbiosis
1. In symbiosis, two different species of organisms live together in a close
relationship.
a) Commensalism
Komensalisma
b) Parasitism
Parasitisma
c) Mutualism
Mutualisma
Commensalism
Komensalisma
1. Commensalism is a relationship between two organisms. One organisms
benefits from the other. The second organisms is not adversely affected
by the relationship.
Sebagai contoh, paku-pakis tanduk rusa tumbuh pada pokok lain untuk
mendapat cahaya matahari dengan mudah. Pokok yang ditumpang tidak
mengalami sebarang kerugian.
3. Examples of plants that live on tree to obtain sunlight.
Pokok duit-duit
b) The pigeon orchid
Orkid merpati
Paku-pakis langsuyar
4. Examples of animals that live on other animals to obtain food (that fall
out of the hosts mouth), as well as for shelters and transport are.
Parasitisma
1. Parasitism is another type of interaction between two organisms, only
one organisms benefits whereas the other organisms is negatively or
adversely affected.
Parasit ialah organisma yang hidup pada atau dalam organisma lain,
perumah ialah organisma yang dijadikan sebagai tempat tinggal parasit.
3. The host is negatively affected by this interaction, the parasite many
even kill the host .
Contoh-contoh lain:
a) Stem borer and oil palm leaves.
Parasitisma
a) Parasitism is another type of interaction between two organisms, only
one organism benefits whereas the other organism is negatively or
adversely affected.
Parasit ialah organisma yang hidup pada atau dalam organisma lain,
perumah ialah organisma yang dijadikan sebagai tempat tinggal
parasit.
2. Mutualism
Mutualisma
Mutualism is an interaction between two different organisms that live
together in which both organisms benefited, they obtain nutrient and
shelter from each other.
Persaingan
a) Competition occurs when organisms compete for the same basic
resources.
Kawalan Biologi
1. Biological control is a method in which a predator, which is a natural
enemy to a certain pest is used to control the population of that pest in
an area.
Sebagai contoh :
a) Owls and snake eat rats.
Food Web
Rangkaian Makanan
1. Producers are all green plants that can make their own food through
photosynthesis.
4. The sun is the main source of energy for all living organisms in a food
chain.
Rangkaian Makanan
Consumers
Pengguna
1. Consumers are organisms that eat other organisms or their products.
Food chain
Rantai makanan
1. A food chain is an energy link showing how energy in food is passed
from plants to animals.
Contoh :
Producer -- primary consumer -- secondary consumer --
tertiary consumer
Food Webs
Rangkaian Makanan
Pyramid of Numbers
Piramid Nombor
Aliran tenaga dalam piramid nombor pada asasnya sama dengan aliran
tenaga dalam rantai makanan.
The Flow of Energy In a Food Web
Snake
Ular
Frog
Katak
Caterpillar
Beluncas
Leaf
Daun
a) The number of snake will decrease because of a shortage of food.
Fotosintesis
1. Photosynthesis is a process that occurs in green plants, in which food is
made from water and carbon dioxide in the presence of chlophyll and
sunlight.
klorofil
Karbon dioksida + air ------------------- > glukosa + oksigen
cahaya matahari
3. The glucose produced is brought to other parts of the plant to be :
Matahari
b) Chlorophyll
Klorofil
c) Water
Air
d) Carbon dioxide
Karbon dioksida
Photosynthesis
Fotosintesis
The Presence of Starch in a Leaf
Cebisan daun tadi diletakkan di atas jubin putih. Beberapa titis iodin
dititiskan ke atas cebisan daun tadi.
7. The leaf becomes dark blue when tested with iodine solution.
Daun bertukar menjadi warna biru gelap bila diuji dengan larutan iodin.
8. Starch is product of photosynthesis.
Fotosintesis
Carbon Dioxide is Needed for Photosynthesis.
1. Two potted plants are placed in the dark for two days.
Dua pasu tumbuhan hijau diletakkan di tempat gelap selama dua hari.
Sehelai daun dipetik dari setiap pokok dan ujian kehadiran kanji
dijalankan.
4. The observation are recorded in the table.
Apparatus
Starch test
Radas
Ujian kanji
Observation
Explanation
Pemerhatian
Penerangan
Dark blue
Starch present
Biru gelap
Kehadiran kanji
No change
No starch
Tidak berubah
Tiada kanji
Analysis
Analisis
a) The green plant in A carried out photosynthesis. It produced starch in
the presence of carbon dioxide.
Fotosintesis
Chlorophyll and Sunlight are Needed for Photosynthesis
Observation
Pemerhatian
Starch test
Ujian kanji
Part of leaf
Bahagian daun
Observation
Explanation
Pemerhatian
Penerangan
Dark blue
Starch present
Biru gelap
Ada kanji
No change
No starch
Tiada perubahan
Tiada kanji
Dark blue
Starch present
Biru gelap
Ada kanji
Bahagian hijau dan bukan hijau pada daun dilukis dan dilabelkan.
c) The leaf is tested for starch.
Observation
Pemerhatian
Starch test
Ujian kanji
Part of leaf
Bahagian daun
Observation
Explanation
Pemerhatian
Penerangan
White
No change
No starch
Putih
Tiada perubahan
Tiada kanji
Green
Dark blue
Starch presence
Hijau
Biru gelap
Ada kanji
Kepentingan Fotosintesis
1. Photosynthesis is important to maintain the equilibrium of an ecosystem.
Kitaran karbon
1. The carbon cycle maintains the content of carbon dioxide in the air.
Pembakaran
c) Decomposition
Pereputan
The oxygen cycle
Kitaran oksigen
1. The oxygen cycle maintain the content of oxygen in the air.
Pembakaran
c) Decomposition
Pereputan
d) Rusting
Pengaratan
The Importance of Conserving and Preserving Living Things
Pemuliharaan bermaksud penggunaan dan pengendalian sumbersumber semulajadi untuk mengelakkan pembaziran, kehilangan atau
kerosakan.
8. Preservation means keeping the resources in their original or natural
state.
Pemuliharaan bermaksud menggunakan dan mengendalikan sumbersumber semulajadi untuk mengelakkan pembaziran, kehilangan atau
kerosakan.
2. Preservation means keeping the resources in their original or natural
state.
3. Every organisms has its special and important role in the ecosystem.
When one organisms extinct, the functioning of the ecosystem is
affected.
Creating and enforcing laws to protect wild life and the environment.
Replanting forest trees that have been cut down for timber.
2. Human use a lot of natural resources to meet their needs. When we use
these resources, we have to ensure that there will be a continuous
supply of the resources.
Penanaman semula harus dijalankan untuk menggantikan pokokpokok yang ditebang akibat pembalakan.
Penebangan hutan
b) Mining
Perlombongan
c) Fishing
Perikanan
d) Agriculture
Pertanian
e) Industrial activities
Aktiviti perindustrian
f) Motorized vehicle
c) Habitat destruction.
Pemusnahan habitat.
d) Species extinction.
Kepupusan spesies.
4. Clearing forests is known as deforestation. Deforestation bring about
many problems such as ;
Replanting forest trees that have been cut down for timber.
Penanaman semula harus dijalankan untuk menggantikan pokokpokok yang ditebang akibat pembalakan.
Air adalah cecair tidak berwarna, tidak berbau dan tidak mempunyai
rasa.
2. Water exists in three states, which are solid (ice), liquid (water) and gas
(steam).
Air wujud dalam tiga keadaan jirim, iaitu pepejal (ais), cecair (air) dan
gas (stim).
3. Water can change from one state to another.
Air boleh berubah daripada satu keadaan kepada satu keadaan yang
lain.
4. The change in the state of water occur at specific temperature.
Point
Explanation
Example
Takat
Penerangan
Contoh
Freezing
point
Takat beku
Freezing point of
water = 0
Boiling point of
water = 100
Suhu bahan kekal sama, iaitu tidak naik atau turun ketika berlakunya
proses perubahan keadaan jirim.
Water Test
Ujian Air
The presence of water can be determined by the tests below.
Water test
Observation
Ujian air
Pemerhatian
Perhubungan Antara Takat Beku dan Takat Didih dengan Air dan
Teori Kinetik
Zarah-zarah cecair terbebas dan berubah menjadi gas pada takat didih.
8. Experiment ;
Eksperimen ;
a) Aim,
Tujuan,
To study the melting point and boiling point.
b) Observation
Pemerhatian
Ice melts at 0 C.
The temperature does not increase when ice melts to form water.
Suhu tidak naik sehingga semua ais telah melebur menjadi air.
Pada peringkat P, ais melebur menjadi air pada takat lebur. Pada
ketika ini suhu dalam keadaan tetap.
At stage Q, the temperature of water increase.
Bendasing menaikkan takat didih air tetapi menurunkan takat beku atau
takat lebur.
4. Impurities in water also increase the density of water.
5. Observation,
Pemerhatian,
The boiling point of the sea water is more than 100 C.
Takat didih bagi bagi air laut adalah lebih dari 100 C.
Composition of Water
Komposisi Air
1. Water is a chemical compound that consists of two atom of hydrogen
and one atom of oxygen.
Air ialah sebatian kimia yang terdiri daripada dua atom hidrogen dan
satu atom oksigen.
2. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in one molecule of water is 2 : 1.
3. Water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen through the process
of electrolysis.
Komposisi Air
1. Water is made up of two elements, hydrogen( H) and oxygen (O).
Air terbentuk daripada dua unsur, hidrogen (H) dan oksigen (O).
2. A water molecule consists of two atom of hydrogen and one atom of
oxygen. The formula of water is written as HO.
Satu molekul air mengandungi dua atom hidrogen dan satu atom
oksigen. Formula kimia bagi air ditulis sebagai HO.
3. Water is a compound. Its compound can only be broken down by
chemical method.
Penyejatan adalah suatu proses di mana cecair bertukar kepada wap air
pada sebarang suhu di bawah takat didih cecair tersebut.
2. Evaporation occurs continuously and slowly because it only involves the
molecules at the surface of water.
Kelembapan
b) Surrounding temperature
Suhu persekitaran
c) Surface area
Luas permukaan
d) Air movement
Pergerakkan angin
5. Boiling only take place at boiling point and throughout the water.
Pendidihan hanya berlaku pada takat didih dan berlaku di dalam seluruh
air.
6. Boiling is a quick process.
Factors
Faktor
Rate of
evaporation
Inference
Inferens
Kadar penyejatan
air
Humidity of air is
lower.
Kelembapan
udara yang
rendah.
Increase
Meningkat
Surrounding
temperature is
higher.
Suhu
persekitaran
yang tinggi.
Surface area of
water is larger.
Luas permukaan
air yang besar.
Increase
Meningkat
Molekul-molekul air
memperoleh lebih tenaga
kinetik untuk mengatasi daya
tarikan di antara molekulmolekul untuk terbebas ke
udara.
Increase
Meningkat
Air movement
(wind) increases.
Pergerakan
udara (angin)
bertambah.
Increase
Meningkat
Lebih banyak molekul air bersedia untuk menyejat dari permukaan air
untuk memenuhi ruang kosong tersebut.
Evaporation of Water
Penyejatan Air
Comparing Evaporation and Boiling
Proses penukaran
1. Liquid change to gas.
Perbezaan
Happen at any
temperature below
boiling point of liquid.
Temperature
Suhu
Berlaku pada
sebarang suhu di
bawah takat didih
cecair.
A slow process.
Rate
Kadar
Site
A fast process.
Melibatkan
Berlaku pada
permukaan cecair
sahaja.
No visible effect.
liquid.
Berlaku pada
keseluruhan cecair.
Observation
Pemerhatian
Gelembung udara
terbentuk di dalam air.
Humidity of air.
Air pressure.
Surrounding of
temperature.
Factors
Presence of dissolved
impurities.
Faktor
Kehadiran bendasing.
Kelembapan udara.
Suhu persekitaran.
Tekanan udara.
Rate of heating.
Air movement.
Volume of liquid.
Kadar pemanasan.
Isipadu cecair.
Pengeringan pakaian ;
a) Clothes dry faster in the hot sun, windy weather and dry air.
Hasil pertanian dan makanan laut menjadi rosak dengan cepat akibat
tindakan mikroorganisma di dalam air.
b) Agricultural products are dried in the oven or under the sunlight to
remove the water content.
Pemprosesan makanan.
Milk powder is produced by evaporating liquid milk droplets in a hot
furnace. These droplets provide a large surface area to produce fine
milk powder when evaporated.
Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang boleh larut dalam sesuatu cecair.
Contohnya, garam adalah zat terlarut kerana ia boleh larut di dalam
cecair (seperti air).
2. Solvent is a liquid that dissolves a substance. Example, water is a
solvent because it can dissolve a substance ( such as sugar).
Larutan ialah campuran yang terhasil apabila suatu zat melarut di dalam
suatu pelarut. Contohnya, larutan gula dihasilkan apabila hablur-hablur
gula (zat terlarut) melarut di dalam air (pelarut).