Kelompok 2

Kelas A

FLUIDUZED BED REACTOR

Deskripsi reaktor
Fluidized bed reactor merupakan reaktor heterogeneous catalytic. Keadaan
didalam reaktor memungkinkan pencampuran luas ke segala arahs yang menghasilkan
stabilitas suhu, perpindahan massa dan kecepatan reaksi yang baik. Reaktor dapat
digunakan untuk katalis dan feed dalam jumlah besar.
Keuntungan dari reaktor ini adalah distribusi panas yang baik sehingga tidak
ada hot spots, katalis dapat dengan mudah diganti atau di regenerasi, dapat digunakan
secara continue, lebih efisien dalam mengontakkan gas dan padatan dibandingkan
dengan reaktor katalitik lainnya.
Kekurangan dari reaktor ini adalah biaya pembangunan dan pemeliharaan
mahal, dapat terjadi erosi dibagian dinding, peralatan regenerasi katalis mahal, tidak
dapat dgunakan dengan katalis yang tidak dapat mengalir bebas, pressure drop tinggi,
gesekan, penghancuran pelet pelet katalis karena tumbukan dengan dinding reaktor.
Alasan pemilihan
1. Reaksi memerlukan katalis dan terdiri dari fasa gas atau cair.
2. Ketika partikel fluidized sangat kecil.

3. Ketika konsentrasi intra partikel dan gradien temperaturnya diabaikan.

4. Ketika terjadi regenerasi katalis dan reaksinya memiliki efek panas yang
tinggi. Biasanya diameter reaktor 10-30 ft.
5. Ketika reaktor dimana katalisnya terangkat oleh aliran gas reaktan.
6. Operasi isothermal.

Flow Regimes in Fluidized Beds

J. Ruud van Ommen, 2003
Gambar konfigurasi dan penjelasan

Katalis berada pada bagian bawah reaktor dan fluida dialirkan dari bagian
CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
bawah reaktor secara continue. Katalis akan tersuspensikan oleh reaktan yang berupa
fluida yaitu gas atau cairan yang masuk. Sebagian padatan kecil dari katalis dapat
lepas dari atas reaktor. Padatan terlepas dari reaktor dipisahkan dengan menggunakan
siklon untuk membuang padatan. Produk keluar melalui bagian atas reaktor.

3rd Edition, CD ROM Chapter 12

Design Equation

Figure R12.3-4 Schematic of bubble, cloud, and wake.

The
gas within
a particular
bubble remains largely within that bubble, only
Rate
of reaction
bubble
phase
penetrating a short distance into the !surrounding emulsion phase. The region
!"bubble
= !is
!"
penetrated by gas from a rising
called the cloud.
Davidson found that he could relate the velocity of bubble rise and the cloud
thickness to the size of bubble. Kunii and Levenspiel8 combined these observations
Rate of reaction per unit volume of bubble
with some simplifying assumptions to provide a practical, useable model of
!
fluidized-bed behavior. Their assumptions
!" = ! !" are presented in Table R12.3-1.
Rate ofTABLE
reactionR12.3-1.
in emulsion
ASSUMPTIONS IN THE KUNII-LEVENSPIEL MODEL
3rd Edition, CD ROM Chapter 12
!
!" size.
= ! !"
(a) The bubbles are all of one
3rd Edition,
CD
ROM
Chapter
12
(b) The solids
in on
theBubble
emulsion
phase flow smoothly downward, essentially in
R12.3.5A
Balance
Phase
plug flow.
R12.3.5A
Balance
on
Bubblefase
Phase
Jumlah
masuk
padaphase
zatdalam
bubble
karenaby
aliran
The A
at minimum
fluidizing conditions. The gas
The(c)
amount
ofemulsion
A entering
z isexists
the bubble
phase
flow,
occupies
same void
in this
phase as it had in the entire bed at the
The amount
of the
A entering
at z fraction
is therate
bubble
Molar
phase by flow,
flow
Fractionbecause
of the the solids are flowing
minimum fluidization
point. In addition,
of AMolar
assuming
the
bed
flow
rate

occupied
A
C

=
(udownward,
)
(
)

the
minimum
fluidizing
velocity
refers
tothe gas velocity relative
b c Ab
entire
Fraction of the
is filledthe
of Abed
assuming

by
bubbles

CAb )( ) solids,
to(uthe
that
is, is filled
b Acmoving
with
bubbles
= entire
bed occupied
bed

umf by bubbles
with bubbles
(R12.3-12)
A similar expression can be written for theuamount
ofu sA leaving in the bubble phase
e=
mf
A similar
can be written for the amount
of A leaving in the bubble phase
in flow
at z + expression
z.
Jumlah
A
keluar
pada
z+z
dalam
fase
bubble
karena
in flow at z +(The
z. mf is present in this equation
because
umfaliran
is the superficial velocity, i.e.,
Out
by
mass
In by flow
Out by flow +
+ Generation
Transport
Out by mass
based on an
empty
tube cross
section.)
The velocity
the moving solids, us,
In by flow
Out
by flow
+
+ ofGeneration
Transport
n
most
(ub Acin
CAbthe
)z downward
K bc (Cdirection
Ac zas in
kb C
zthe
= 0fluidization
(ub AcCAb )(is) x positive
Ab C Ac )here,
AbnAcof
+x
u
A
C

u
A
C

K
C

C
A
z

k
C
A
z

( b c Abliterature.
)( ) x ( The
( Ab
) c
gas
in theAc
emulsion,
ue,bis Ab
taken
b c velocity
Ab )z +xof the bc
c as =a0positive in
Dividing by A cz
and taking
the limit
z
0 it can be negative under some conditions.
the upward
direction,
butasnote
that
A
Dividing
by
z
and
taking
the
limit
as
z

0 state operation in section z.

c A in the bubble phase for steady
A balance on
A balance on A in the bubble phase for steady state operation in section z.
dCz dan dinlimit z0 akan memperoleh persamaan untuk
Balance on
Dibagi dengan A
ub c Ab
(R12.3-33)
dC = kb CAb n Kbc (CAb CAc )
Balance on
the bubble
ubdz Ab = kb CAb Kbc (CAb CAc )
(R12.3-33)
fase bubble
the bubble
dz
!"
!
R12.3.5B
Balance!on Cloud
Phase
=
! !" ! !" !"
R12.3.5B
Balance
on Cloud Phase
8 D. Kunii and O. Levenspiel, Fluidization Engineering (New York: Wiley, 1968).
In the material balance on the clouds and
wakes in the section z, it is easiest
In the material balance on the cloudsR12-9
and wakes in the section z, it is easiest
to base all
terms on the volume of bubble. The material balance for the clouds and
CD-Ch12FluidizedBed.doc
to base
all terms on the volume of bubble. The material balance for the clouds and
wakes is
wakes is
3 u
dC
3
mf u mf
3
dC
Balance on
Ac
n
mf
mf +
Balance onub
= K=bcK(CAbC CAcC) KceK(CAc
CAe ) k c CA n (R12.3-34)
the clouds

Ac
u
+ dz
bc ( Ab
Ac )
ce (C Ac C Ae ) k c C A (R12.3-34)
the clouds
ub u

( ( ) )
br u ( mf u mf )
br ( mf mf )

dz

Persamaan untuk fase cloud

3 !" !"
!"
3rd Edition,
CD ROM Chapter
!
+ 12 = ! !" !" !" !" !" ! !!
!"

3rd Edition, CD
Chapter
!"ROM

!" 12
with the terms on the right-hand side. Using this assumption, and letting t = z/ub
with(i.e.,
the the
terms
onthe
thebubble
right-hand
side.inUsing
thisthe
assumption,
and letting
t =form:
z/ub
time
has spent
the bed),
three equations
take the
(i.e., the timePersamaan
the bubbleuntuk
has spent
in the bed), the three equations take the form:
fase emulsion
dCAb
n
=
kC
Kbc (C Ab CAc )
(R12.3-36)
1Ab

dC
n b !"Ab
!
dt

k
C

K
(
C

C
)
(R12.3-36)
! 12
! !"
3rd
Edition, CD ROM Chapter
b Ab
bc !"Ab !" Ac !"
THE
dt
n
THE
BALANCE
(R12.3-37)
K bc (CAb CAc ) = kcCAc + K ce(CAc CAe )
n
BALANCE
EQUATIONS
(R12.3-37)
(
C

C
)
=
k
C
+
K
(
C

C
)
K
with the terms on the right-hand
bc Abside.AcUsing
c this
Ac assumption,
ce Ac
Aeand letting t = z/ub
n
QUATIONS
K
C

C
=
k
C
Akan
diperoleh
persamaan
(
)
ce
Ac
Ae equations
(i.e., the time the bubble has spent in the bed),
the three
take the form: (R12.3-38)
n e Ae
K ce (CAc CAe ) = k e CAe
(R12.3-38)
dCAb
n
= kequation
CAc )
(R12.3-36)
or only one differential
equations.
In all equations, kC nA is
b CAb Kand
bc (Ctwo
Ab algebraic
dt
one differential
algebraic
equations, kC nA is
Note or only
the g-moles
per secondequation
reacted inand
the two
particular
phaseequations.
per volumeInofall
bubbles.
n
NCENote
the g-moles per second
reacted
phase
of bubbles.
(R12.3-37)
CAcin
) =thekcCparticular
CAevolume
)
K bc (CAb
Ac + K ce(C
Ac per
ONS
R12.3.5D
Partitioning of the Catalyst
n
R12.3.5D
Partitioning
Catalyst
K ce (CAc ofCthe
(R12.3-38)
Ae ) = k e C Ae
To solve these equations, it is necessary to have values of kb, kc, and ke. Three
Toparameters
solve theseare
equations,
new
defined: it is necessary to have values of kb, kc, andn ke. Three
or onlynew
oneparameters
differentialare
equation
and two algebraic equations. In all equations, kC A is
defined:
e
Volume
of solid
dispersed
in bubbles
the g-moles per second reacted in the
particular
phasecatalyst
per volume
of bubbles.

R12.3.5D

Volume
of solid catalyst dispersed in bubbles
b :
Volume of bubbles

:
b
Partitioning
of the Catalyst

Volume of bubbles
Volume of solid catalyst in clouds and wakes
Volume
To solve these equations,
it is
to have
values
of wakes
kb, kc, and ke. Three
ofnecessary
solid catalyst
in clouds
and
c:
Volume of bubbles

:
c
new parameters are defined:
Volume of bubbles
Volume of solid catalyst in emulsion phase
Volume
dispersed
in bubbles
e :of solid
ofcatalyst
solid catalyst
in emulsion
phase
b : : Volume
Volume
of
bubbles
e
Volume
of bubbles
Volume
of bubbles
First of all the specific reaction rate of solid catalyst , kcat must be known. It is
Volume
solid catalyst
in clouds
and wakes
n
Firstnormally
of all
specificofreaction
rate of
solid
catalyst
,The
kcat term
mustk be Cknown.
It is
c the
: determined
from laboratory
experiments.
cat A is the g-moles
n
of bubbles
normally determined from Volume
laboratory
experiments. The term kcat C is the g-moles

A
reacted per
volume
solid catalyst. Then
Reaction
rateofkatalis
reacted per volume
of solid
catalyst.
Then
Volume
of solid
catalyst
in emulsion phase
e :
k b = b k cat ; k c = ck cat ; ke = e kcat
(R12.3-39)
Relating the
Volume
of
bubbles
k
=

k
;
k
=

k
;
k
=

k
(R12.3-39)
n

1
n

1
specific
Relating the
b
b cat
c
c cat
e 3 e cat
3

g cat
cm 3 cm
cm 3 cm
n 1
n 1
reaction rates
specific

3
3
3
3
k
=

=
cm , kcatcm
First of all the specificcatreaction
of
must cm
be known.
It is
c

3 solid catalyst
grate
cat
cat
eaction rates
cm catcm g cat
=
s mol
ns mol

k cat = c k =
3
normally determined from laboratory
g cat s molThe
s Cmol
cm cat experiments.
termcatkcat
A isthe g-moles

is
the
specific
reaction
rate
per
weight
of
catalyst.
The
term
k
reacted per volume of solid catalyst. Then
is the
specific
rate per weight of catalyst.
The term kThe
value
of reaction
b ranges between 0.001 and 0.01, with 0.005 being the more
Harga
dan
dengan
0.005
yang biasa
digunakan.
k of
k c between
= ck0.001
ke =0.01
and
(R12.3-39)
the
The value
0.01,
with
0.005
being
theismore
b =bberada
cat ; diantara
cat ; 0.001
e kcat
bb kranges
Guess
typical
number.
The
volume
fraction
ofn catalyst
in the
clouds
and
wakes
(1 mf).
1
n

1
ic Guess
3
3
3
3
b ~ 0.01

typical
number.
The
volume
fraction
of
catalyst
in
the
clouds
and
wakes
is
(1

mf).
cm
cm is
g cat and wakes
cm
cmbubble
The volume of cloud
of
rates
per volume

k cat = c k =

=
b ~ 0.01 The volume
3 wakes per volume of bubble is
of cloud
s mol
cmand
cat g cat sV mol 3 umf cat
mf
c
=
3
u

Vc V
umfb ofmf
ucatalyst.
b
= weight
mf mf
The term k is the specific reaction rate per
Vb ub umf mf
The value of b ranges between 0.001 and 0.01, with 0.005 being the more
so the expression for c is
ss
typicalsonumber.
The volume
of catalyst in the clouds and wakes is (1 mf).
the
expression
for c fraction
is
volume of
.01TheThe
is
catalystsofvolume
in the of cloud and wakes per volume of bubble
he volume
R12-22
4
talysts
in the
3 umf R12-22
mf
Vc
clouds
is c. CD-Ch12FluidizedBed.doc
=
louds is c. CD-Ch12FluidizedBed.doc V
u u

( mf

mf

()

k cat = c k =

cm cat

g cat s mol

cat s mol

The term k is the specific reaction rate per weight of catalyst.

The value of b ranges between 0.001 and 0.01, with 0.005 being the more
3rd Edition,
CD ROM
Chapter
12
3rd
Edition,
CD
ROM Chapter
12 catalyst in the clouds and wakes is (1 ).
Guess
typical
volume
fraction12of
3rdnumber.
Edition, The
CD ROM
Chapter
mf
Volume
cloud
dan
wakes
per
volume
bubble
adalah
b ~ 0.01 The volume
of cloud and wakes per volume of bubble is
3 u 3 u
mf mf mf

mf
3 mf
umf + mf

Vc= 1 3 umf
c = 1 mf

(R12.3-40)

+
(R12.3-40)
mf
c =c 1=ub mf
+
(R12.3-40)

mf
mf

Vb ub uumf
b mf
mf
mf

b
u mf mf

(
)
)( ( () ) ( () ) )
(( ( ()) ) )

is normally
far from far
insignificant
in this expression
It turns out
that out
the value
of value
frominsignificant
insignificant
thisexpression
expression
turns
thatthe
the
of is normally
so the
for
far from
ininthis
It Itexpression
turns
out that
c is value of is normally

!"
for c and
a weakness
in the model
because
there does
notdoes
yet exist
a exist a
forrepresents
c and represents
a weakness
in
model
because
there
notyet
yet
3 the
!" because
The volume of
for
there
does not
exist a
c and represents a weakness in the model
! =
1. The
+c
!" typical
reliable method
for
determining
values
of

ranges
from
0.3
to
0.4.
catalysts in the

reliable
method
for
determining

.
The
typical
values
of

ranges
from
0.3
0.4.
c
!"
reliable method for determiningR12-22
.!"
The
values of c ranges
from 0.3 toto0.4.
typical

!"
clouds is cThe
. CD-Ch12FluidizedBed.doc
value
of value
c can of
be quite
incorrect
on occasion,
in particular,
a value of
=1. of =1.
The
quiteincorrect
incorrect
occasion,
particular,
value
c can
The
value
of ccan
bebequite
ononoccasion,
ininparticular,
a avalue
of =1.
The volume
fraction
of
the solids
in solids
the emulsion
phase is phase
again (1
again
mf). (1
Themf). The
The
volume
fraction
of
the
in
the
emulsion
is
The volume fraction of the solids in the emulsion phase is again (1 mf
). The
volume of
emulsion
per volume
of
bubble
isemulsi
volume
emulsion
pervolume
volume
bubbleisis
Volume
fraction
dariper
solid
pada
fase
volume
ofof
emulsion
ofofbubble

wakes
1 V Volume
cloudsofand
wakes
of
Volume
clouds
and
1 1 Volume
of clouds
and
= Ve e==
wakes

of
bubbles
Vb
V Vb Volume
Volumeofofbubbles
bubbles

Volume

b
Ve

and so the
expression
for e is for e is
and
theexpression
expression
and
sosothe
for e is

The value The

of value of
The value
of
catalysts incatalysts
the
the
catalysts inin
the
emulsion is
e.
emulsion
emulsion
is is
.e.

()(

1 1 1

e = 1 mf

=
1
mf c b
e
=
1

e
mf c c b b

))

(R12.3-41)
(R12.3-41)
(R12.3-41)

TypicalTypical
values values
ofvalues
b, of
and 0.2,
1.5, and
respectively.
Using the
Typical
, e, are
and0.005,
are0.2,
0.005,
1.5, respectively.
Using the
c,ofand
b, b c, c and e eare 0.005, 0.2, and 1.5, respectively. Using the
expressions
given above,
the
three
balance
equations
becomebecome
expressions
givenabove,
above,
the
threebalance
balanceequations
equations
become
expressions
given
the
three

(( )

dCAb dC
dCAb
For reactors
For
reactors
n
For
reactors
n nC Ab
Bubble
balance
=

Abb k=cat=CAb
K
CAcC
Bubble
balance
kb
k cat
C
bc
Ab
Bubble
balance
C
KK
CC
other than
first
other
than
first
b
cat
Ab
bcbcC AbAb
AcAc
other than first
dt
dt
dt
or zero order,
zero
order,
oror
zero
order,
n
n
these equations
these
equations
nC
Cloud balance
=
kcat
C
CceC
K bc CAbKKC
Cloudbalance
balance
(Ab
CAb
) Ac
= k+c kKcat
(Ac
CAc
CAe
these equations
Ac
cC
ceC
Ac+
Ae
bc
Ac
Ac+
Cloud
(
C
C
)
=
C
KK
CAe
))
bc
Ac
c
cat
Ac
ce(
must be must
solved
3rd
Edition,
must
be
solvedCD ROM Chapter 12
be
solved
numerically.
numerically.
Edition,
CD
ROM
Chapter
12
Emulsion
balance
k C
numerically.
Emulsion
balanceK (C KC (C) = C
) =n k Cn n

() )
(

(( )

))

(R12.3-42)
(R12.3-42)
(R12.3-42)
(R12.3-43)
(R12.3-43)
(R12.3-43)

(R12.3-44)
(R12.3-44)
ce AcK ce(
AeAcAc CeAecat
ce
Ae
Emulsion balance
C
) = Ae ekecatcat
CAeAe
(R12.3-44)
3rd Edition,
CD
ROM
Chapter
12
and in the cloud, CAc, in terms of the bubble concentration, CAb. First, we use the
emulsion
in the cloud,
CAc, balance
in terms of the bubble concentration, CAb. First, we use the
R12.3.5E
to the
Balance
Equations
for awe
First-Order
R12.3.5E
Solution
theBalance
Balance
fora a
First-Order
R12.3.5E
totothe
for
First-Order
and
in
the
cloud,
C
terms
ofSolution
the
concentration,
C Equations
. Equations
First,
use
the
Ac, in
ulsion balance
Untuk
reaksi
ordebubble
1Solution
n Ab
Reaction
Reaction
(R12.3-45)
K ce(CReaction
Ac CAe ) = ekcatCAe
emulsion balance
n
(R12.3-45)
K ce(CAc CAe ) = ekcatCAe n
IfAethe
is
first
then
the
CActhe
and
canC
be
eliminated
using the
Ifthe
reaction
order,
then
theCAc
CAc
and
CAecan
canbebeeliminated
eliminated
usingthe
the
in reaction
terms
of
. ) =order,
to solve for C
Ae
(R12.3-45)
K
(Cthe
CC
Ac
Ifce
reaction
isisfirst
order,
then
and
using
Ac
Ae
ekfirst
catC
Ae
Ae
two
algebraic
equations,
anda the
differential
equation
can
solved
analytically
for
two
equations,
andthe
thedifferential
differential
equation
canbebesolved
solvedanalytically
analytically
for
Rearranging
(R12.3-45)
for
first-order
reaction
(n =equation
1),
webeobtain
oftwo
CAcalgebraic
. algebraic
olve for CAe in terms
equations,
and
can
for
in
terms
of
C
.
to solve
for
C
AeC(R12.3-45)
Rearranging
for
first-order
reaction
(nsituation
= 1), wesituation
obtain would
a Ab
function
of t. Anofanalogous
would
exist
if exist
the
reaction
were zero.
C
asAc
function
oft.
t.An
Ananalogous
analogous
would
exist
thereaction
reaction
werezero.
zero.
Ab as C
Ab
as
aaafunction
if ifthe
were
K
ce (n = situation
Rearranging
(R12.3-45)
for
a
first-order
reaction
1),
we
obtain
= situations,
C
Ctwo
(R12.3-46)
Ae
Ac
Except Except
for
these
two
situations,
solution
to
these
two
equations
must
be
obtained
Except
for
these
solution
to
these
two
equations
must
be
obtained
for these
solution to these two equations must be obtained
Kcetwo situations,
ekcat + Kce
=
C
C
(R12.3-46)
numerically.
numerically.
Ae
Ac
K
numerically.
ce
CAc
CAe e=kcat + Kce
(R12.3-46)
reactions,
we can Ae
combine
the three
balance
equations
into one
Forfirst-order
first-order
we
can
combine
the
threebalance
balanceequations
equations
intoone
one
We now useFor
thisfirst-order
equation
to
in
thecombine
cloud
balance
For
can
the
three
into
esubstitute
kcat +reactions,
Kreactions,
ce for Cwe
differential
equation,
which
we
cancloud
then
solve
tosolve
determine
the conversion
achieved
differential
equation,
which
wecan
can
then
solvetotodetermine
determine
theconversion
conversion
achieved
differential
equation,
which
we
then
the
achieved
now use this equation
to
substitute
for
CAe in
the
balance
closed

C
K
We now use this
to
substitute
for
C
in
the
cloud
balance
in
a
fluidized-bed
reactor.
In
addition,
the
closed
form
solution
allows
us
to
examine
in equation
a fluidized-bed
reactor.
In
addition,
the
form
solution
allows
us
to
examine
Ae
ce Acform
in aKfluidized-bed
reactor. In addition,
the closed

solution allows us to examine

bc (CAb CAc ) = CAc ck cat + K ce CAc
determine
C
K
whichoperating
determine
+ Kcewhich
Ac toto
certain limiting
situations
order
operating
parameters
are
certain limiting
situations
in
determine
which
operating
parameters
are
ce
situations
ininto
order
parameters
are
ekcat
order
CAc ) = Climiting
K bc (CAb certain
Ac ck cat + K ce CAc

C
K
ce
Ac
most
influential
in+dictating
Here
wecan
can
pose
and
aska anumber
number
most
dictating
bed
canwe
pose
and
askand
a number
performance.
e
kbed
+performance.
Kce Here
K
we
most
influential
Here
pose
ask
(Cinfluential
CAc
) =inCof
kin
K bc
cat performance.
Solving
for
CAb
terms
Acin
Ac CcAb
catdictating
ce CAcbed

k
+
K

of
What
if
.
.
.
questions.
To
arrive
at
our
fluidized-bed
design
equation
for
firste catfluidized-bed
ce fluidized-bed
of What
if . . . questions.
To arrive
our
design design
equation
for a firstif . . . questions.
To
arrive
at our
equation
for a afirstKbcat
ing for CAc in terms
ofofCWhat
Ab
C
=
C
(R12.3-47)
Abconcentration
Solving for CAcorder
in terms
of Creaction,
order
reaction,
weexpress
simply
express
theconcentration
ofAA
theemulsion,
emulsion,
CAe
reaction,
we Ac
simply
both
the
concentration
of A inofthe
emulsion,
CAe, CAe
Ab
order
both
the
ininthe
, ,
Kwe
Kexpress
both
Ce kcat
bc simply
ce
CAc =
(R12.3-47)
ckKcat
+
+
K
Ab
bc
bc k
CAc =k + K ce e kcat
(R12.3-47)
+ Kc cat + KCceAb
R12-23
c cat
bc R12-23 R12-23

k
K

ce
e
cat
+ck cat + K ce
ck cat
+ Kbc
CD-Ch12FluidizedBed.doc
CD-Ch12FluidizedBed.doc
CD-Ch12FluidizedBed.doc
cCkac

We now
substitute
for
the
+K
catin
ce bubble balance
We now substitute for Cac in the bubblebalance

We now substitute
forCac in the bubble
balance

5

dCAb
K bcC
Ab

= k C + C

dCAb
dt b cat Ab AbK bcCAb
ekcat
Kce

= bk catCAb + CAb

k
+
K
+
dC
C
K

dt Ab
cbccatAb bc

Ae
Accloud balance
We now use this equation to substitute
for
CAe+ in
ekcat
Kcethe
We now use this equation to substitute
for
CAe in the cloud balance
We now use this equation to substitute for CAe in the cloud balance

KceC Ac balance
We now use K
this(C
equation to substitute for CAe in the
cloud

C
Kce
bc Ab CAc ) = C Ac ck cat + K ce CAc
Kce Ac KceC Ac
+ K ce C
K bc (CAb CAc ) = C Ac ck cat
ekAc
cat+

K bc (CAb CAc ) = C Ac ckcat + KKceCeCkcat

+ Kce
Ac
ce Ac

k
+
K

Solving for CAc in terms

of
C
e cat
ce
C ) = C k + K ce CAc
K bc (CAb Ab
Solving for CAc
in termsAcof CAbAc cK cat
ekcat + Kce

bcAb
Solving C
for C=Ac in terms of C
CAb
(R12.3-47)
Kbc
Ac
Solving for CAc in terms
ofCCAc
CAb
(R12.3-47)
Kbc
Ab= K ce e kcat
ck cat + CAc = K
K
CAb
(R12.3-47)
K ce +

k
bc
e
cat
ckccat
K + kKbc
bc

+
k
+
K
cat
ce
CAc =
(R12.3-47)
ckckcatcat++ K cece eCcat
Ab
K ce
e kcat k + K + Kbc
ce
k cat
+ bubble balance
+c Kcat
bc
We now substitute for Cac cin
the
ck cat + K ce
We now substitute for Cacin
the bubble balance

We now substitute
for Cac in the bubble balance

We now
bubble
balance

K
dCAbsubstitute for C ac in the
C
bc Ab

=dC
bAb
k catCAb + CAb

C
K

bc
Ab

= dC
dt
Kce ekcat KbcCAb
bkAb
catCAb + CAb

k
+
K
+
dt

k
C
C

k
K

c
cat
bc
b
cat
Ab
Ab
dCAb
ck cat K
+ bc
+ + Kcece e catKce ekcat
Ab
KeCbc
kcat
= bk catCdtAb + CAb
+ K
kcat++K ce

c cat
dt
eekbc
Kce
cat
Rearranging
e kcat + Kce
ck cat + Kbc +

Rearranging
e kcat + Kce

Rearranging

k K + c KbcK ce + Kce eKbc

dCAb
Rearranging

=dC
kcatAbCAb b + 2 e c cat ebc
c kcat Kbc + c KbcK ce + Kce eKbc

= kdC
CAb ecbk+cat +K ce2 ck cat + K bceekccat
dt
+ bc
KKcece
e+kcat
kcat+KKbcce+K bcc K
Kce eKbc
catAb
+ +k K ce
e ckb cat
2 ck+cat +KK bc
ek+cat
+Kce
K bc + K ce ekcat
=kcatCAb
K
K
K
K
dCAb dt

bc + Kc bc k ce + Kce e kbc + K K + K k
ck cat
e c ecat
= kcat
CAbdt b +
ce c cat
bc e cat
ce bc
ce e cat
2
After some dt
further
rearrangement,

e ck cat + K ce ck cat + K bc ek cat + KceK bc + K ce e kcat

After some further rearrangement,

After some further rearrangement,

After some further rearrangement,

dCAb
1

=dC
k catAbCAb b+
(R12.3-48)

= dC
kcatAb
CAbkcat
b +
(R12.3-48)
1
1
dt

k
1

dt

=
k
C

+
(R12.3-48)
+
cat

dC
cat Ab b 1
+ 1k cat 1
dt bK+

Ab = k cat CAb
(R12.3-48)
bc

+
k catK
1k+ + 1 1
c bc
dt

K
c
cat1 k
+
bc

+
+
cat

1 c

bc c+e K ce + K 1 + k cat

1 kecat ce

e K ce
e K ce

3rd Edition, CD ROM Chapter 12

dition,
CD ROM
Chapter 12
ion, CD
ition,
CDROM
ROMChapter
Chapter1212

1
K R+= b + k 1 1 R12-24 1R12-24
K
=

cat1
CD-Ch12FluidizedBed.doc
KKR =R= b +b+k k cat
R12-24
+ 1
CD-Ch12FluidizedBed.doc
R
b
cat
k cat+ + K bc 11
1
1
R12-24
CD-Ch12FluidizedBed.doc
+

+
K
KKbc bc +c + 1c1 1 k cat
bc
c c + 1 1 k k cat +
CD-Ch12FluidizedBed.doc
1+ +cat
k cat
Kcee K ce
e e+KKce
e
ce
dCAb
dC
dCAb Ab = k K= kCcatKR CAb
Ab= k cat
dtcat
dC
KR CRAbAb
dtdtdt = k catKR CAb
Expressing CAb as a function of X, that is,
Expressing
CAb
a function
of
X,
that
is, fungsi X
xpressing
CC
asas
a function
ofof
X,C
that
is,is,
Dengan
sebagai
Ab
Expressing
X,Ab
that
Ab as a function

(R12.3-49)
(R12.3-49)
(R12.3-49)
(R12.3-49)

(R12.3-50)
(R12.3-50)
(R12.3-50)
(R12.3-50)

C = CA 0 (1 X )
CAb==C
=CAC0AbA(1
CCAb
X )X )
0 (1
A 0 (1 X )
We can substitute to obtain Ab

nsubstitute
substitute
obtain
tototo
obtain
nsubstitute
obtain

and integrating
ntegrating
grating
egrating

dX
dX
= k KR (1 X )
dX
dX
kdt
K(R1(1(cat
1XX)X))
==k=cat
K
cat
k
K
R
cat R
dtdtdt

1
=k K t
111ln

=1k= kXcat
K
Kt Rt tcat R
lnlnln
K
=
k
cat
R
1 11XXX cat R
The height of the bed necessary to achieve this conversion is
eight
the
bed
necessary
achieve
this
conversion
ght
the
bed
necessary
tototo
achieve
this
conversion
isisis
ightofofof
the
bed
necessary
achieve
this
conversion
h = tub

=tu
tu
hh=h=tu
bu
bb
1
b
h
=
u
uub bb
111ln
1X
klncat
hh=h==
lnlnKR
X
1 1 X
k kK K

(R12.3-51)
(R12.3-51)
(R12.3-51)
(R12.3-51)

6
(R12.3-52)
(R12.3-52)
(R12.3-52)
(R12.3-52)

Ab
Expressing
CAb as a function of X, that is,

CAb = CA 0 (1 X )
CAb = CA 0 (1
)C
C X=

)
Ab
A0 (
an substitute to obtain
can substitute
to
obtain
We can substitute todX
obtain
dX = k catKR (dX
1X )
dt = k catKR (1 =Xk)catKR (1 X )
dt Anhydridedt
6.5 Phthalic
integrating
integrating
and integrating 6.5.1 General
11
1 = kcat KR1t
ln
(R12.3-51)

esign
lnPhthalic
KR t production
kcat(PAN)
= ln
(R12.3-51)
1 X anhydride
K
t
=
k
in
the
United
States
in
1972
was 0.9 billion pounds
per year;
(R12.3-51)

cat R
1X
tion
1 X
billion
this total is estimated to increase
to 2.2
pounds per year by 1985. Of the current production,
50 percent
is used for plasticizers,
25 percent for
height of the bed necessary
to achieve
this conversion
isalkyd resins, 20 percent for unsaturated polyester resins,
Tinggi
bed
height The
of the
bed necessary
tonecessary
achieve
this
conversion
is is produced byiscatalytic oxidation of either orthoxylene or
5 percent
for miscellaneous
and exports.
height
of theand
bed
to achieve
thisPAN
conversion
naphthalene. Since naphthalene is a higher-priced feedstock and has a lower feed utilization (about 1.0 lb
h =versus
tu
PAN/lb o-xylene
naphthalene), future production growth is predicted to utilize
h = tubb0.97 lb PAN/lb
b
u b emission factors
1 h =aretuintended
o-xylene. Because
for future as well as present application, this report will
u
1
h
=
ln
b
focushmainly
on
PAN
production
utilizing
o-xylene
as the main feedstock.(R12.3-52)
u
1
= k catKR hln=1 Xb
(R12.3-52) (R12.3-52)
ln
1k XK
k catKR
1

X
The processes for producing
cat RPAN by o-xylene or naphthalene are the same except for reactors,
catalyst handling,
corresponding catalyst weight
is and recovery facilities required for fluid bed reactors.
corresponding
catalyst weight
is weight is
Berat
katalis
The corresponding
catalyst
In PAN production using o-xylene as the basic feedstock, filtered air is preheated, compressed, and
W =with
Avaporized
mf (1and
)) into the fixed-bed tubular reactors.(R12.3-53)
chh 11o-xylene
mixed
The reactors contain the catalyst,
W = ccA
(1hfed
(R12.3-53)
c W
=mf
cA
1 F(340
) to 385 C). Small
(R12.3-53)
c 1 at 650
mf to(725
vanadium pentoxide,
and
are
operated
amounts of sulfur
dioxide are
1 X

((

))
( )
cA cub (1 mf )(1 )
) (111 )
W = cA cub (1 mfcA)(c1u
b (1 ln
W =
lnmf1) X
kcat=KR
W
ln

added to the reactor feed to maintain catalyst activity. Exothermic heat is removed by a molten salt bath
circulated around the reactor tubes and transferred to a steam generation system.

(R12.3-54)
1
(R12.3-54) (R12.3-54)
kcat KR

X
Naphthalene-based
feedstock is1made
up of vaporized naphthalene and compressed air. It is
k reactor
KR and oxidized in the1presence
X of a catalyst, vanadium pentoxide, at 650
transferred to the fluidized bedcat
to 725 F (340 to 385 C). Cooling tubes located in the catalyst bed remove the exothermic heat, which is

R12.3.5F
The Procedure
used to produce high-pressure steam. The reactor effluent consists of PAN vapors, entrained catalyst, and
R12.3.5F R12.3.5F
The Procedure
The
Procedure
various
byproducts
and nonreactant gas. The catalyst is removed by filtering and returned to the reactor.
Unfortunately, Contoh
one must
use
an
iterative
procedure to calculate the catalyst
reaksi
penjelasan
Unfortunately,
one must
use
an
iterative
to
calculate
catalyst
Thedan
chemical
reactions forprocedure
oxidation of o-xylene
and naphthalene
are as follows.
Unfortunately,
one
must
use anairiterative
procedure
tothe
calculate
the catalyst
ht.
This
predicament
is
a
consequence
of
the
fact
that
both
K
and
u
depend
R
b
ght. This
predicament
is
a
consequence
of
the
fact
that
both
K
and
u
depend
Oxidation
of
ortho-xylene
to
phthalic
anhydride
using
a
fluidized
catalysis
R
b K andbed
weight.
This predicament
is a consequence
of
the fact
that
both
ub depend
R
nnthe
bubble
diameter,
which
depends
upon
the
bed
height,
Equation
(R12.3-52).
the bubble
diameter,
which
depends
upon
the bed
height,
Equation
upon
the
bubblecheck
diameter,
which
depends
upon
the bed
height,(R12.3-52).
Equation
(R12.3-52).
sequently,
one
should
the
estimated
average
bubble
diameter
using
the
sequently,
one
should
check
the
estimated
average
bubble
diameter
using
the
Consequently,
one should
check the
estimated
average bubble
diameter using the
e of
from
Equation
(R12.3-52).
A
flow
chart
outlining
this
procedure
ue
ofhhcalculated
calculated
from
Equation
(R12.3-52).
A
flow
chart
outlining
this
procedure
value
ofR12.3-9.
h calculated from Equation (R12.3-52). A flow chart outlining this procedure
own in
Figure
hown
inis
Figure
R12.3-9.
shown in Figure R12.3-9.

Ch12FluidizedBed.doc
Ch12FluidizedBed.doc
CD-Ch12FluidizedBed.doc

R12-25
R12-25

R12-25
__

5/83 (Reformatted 1/95)

Organic Chemical Process Industry

6.5-1

The reactor effluent containing crude PAN plus products from side reactions and excess oxygen passes to a
series of switch condensers where the crude PAN cools and crystallizes. The condensers are alternately
cooled and then heated, allowing PAN crystals to form and then melt from the condenser tube fins.
The crude liquid is transferred to a pretreatment section in which phthalic acid is dehydrated to
anhydride. Water, maleic anhydride, and benzoic acid are partially evaporated. The liquid then goes to a
vacuum distillation section where pure PAN (99.8 wt. percent pure) is recovered. The product can be stored
and shipped either as a liquid or a solid (in which case it is dried, flaked, and packaged in multi-wall paper
bags). Tanks for holding liquid PAN are kept at 300 F (150 C) and blanketed with dry nitrogen to prevent
the entry of oxygen (fire) or water vapor (hydrolysis to phthalic acid).
Maleic anhydride is currently the only byproduct being recovered.

Figure 6.5-1 and Figure 6.5-2 show the process flow for air oxidation of o-xylene and naphthalene,
respectively.
6.5.2 Emissions And Controls1
Emissions from o-xylene and naphthalene storage are small and presently are not controlled.

6.5-4
EMISSION FACTORS
(Reformatted 1/95)

5/83
5/83 (Reformatted 1/95)

Figure 6.5-1. Flow diagram for phthalic anhydride using o-xylene as basic feedstock.1

Organic Chemical Process Industry

6.5-5

Figure 6.5-2. Flow diagram for phthalic anhydride using naphthalene as basic feedstock.1

Dalam produksi PAN menggunakan o-xylene sebagai bahan baku dasar, udara
disaring, dipanaskan, dikompresi, dan dicampur dengan menguapkan o-xylene dan
dimasukkan ke dalam fixed-bed reaktor tubular. Reaktor mengandung katalis,
pentoksida vanadium, dan dioperasikan pada 650-725 F (340-385 C). Sejumlah
kecil sulfur dioksida ditambahkan ke feed reaktor untuk mempertahankan aktivitas
katalis. Panas eksotermis diambil menggunakan salt bath yang beredar di sekitar
tabung reaktor dan dipindahkan ke unit pembangkit steam.
Bahan baku berbasis naftalena terdiri dari uap naftalena dan udara
terkompresi. Feed ditransfer ke reaktor fluidized bed dan teroksidasi dengan adanya
katalis, vanadium pentoksida pada suhu 650-725 F (340-385 C). Pendingin tabung
yang terletak di bed katalis mengambil panas eksotermik yang digunakan untuk
menghasilkan uap tekanan tinggi. Efluen reaktor terdiri dari uap PAN, katalis yang
tertahan, dan berbagai produk samping dan gas nonreactant. Katalis dihilangkan
dengan penyaringan dan dimasukan kembali ke reaktor.
Sumber :
Fogler, H. Scott. (1999) Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering 3rd Edition.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering Equipment. Diakses 27 Juni 2015 13:48
Makalah Fluidized Bed Combustion. Diakses Sabtu 27 Juni 2015 16:30
http://id.scribd.com/doc/178330796/Makalah-Fluidized-Bed-Combustion#scribd