Definisi:

Baja Berfasa Ganda (Dual Phase = DP)

Sebuah pengembangan yang relatif baru, baja DP diproduksi melalui pendinginan
cepat baja medium-karbon, mengandung vanadium atau molybdenum, dari
daerah dua fasa ferit ditambah austenit.
Austenit bertransformasi menjadi pulau-pulau martensit (stabil pada suhu kamar oleh
penambahan V dan Mo) dalam matriks ferit.
Tergantung pada kandungan paduan, pulau-pulau martensit dapat juga mengandung
austenit yang ditahan di bawah temperatur transformasi (disebut retained
austenit).
Baja DP mungkin mengandung baik martensit dan austenit sebagai fase kedua
(disebut MA constituent).
Karakteristik unik baja DP adalah perilaku continuous yielding selama deformasi;
yaitu, ada kekurangan dari yield point selama deformasi. Ini memberikan
peningkatan elongation dan work hardening secara seragam sehingga
komponen-komponen atau bagian yang dihasilkan dari baja DP benar-benar
mendapatkan kekuatan selama operasi pembentukan.
Baja DP sedang diterapkan dalam aplikasi seperti pelek roda dan cakram roda mobil.
Karena karakteristik energy absorbingnya, baja DP yang digunakan pada lokasi
kritis mobil untuk keamanan melindungi penghuni pada kejadian tabrakan.

Alloy Steels
HSLA
Dual-Phase Steel
Large applications

Quench from temp. above A1 but below

A3 to form structure of ferrite and
High yield (nearly twice of plain C
martensite
steel), good weldability and acceptable

Strength comparable to HSLA while improve

corrosion resistance
formability with no loss of weldability
Limited ductility and hardenability
Automotive structure and body application
Resist to form martensite in weld zone

[Potential for Mn in New Automotive Steels, Arcelor]

Dual Phase Microstructure

[CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS, Bruce L. Bramfitt, International Steel Group, Inc., Research
Laboratories. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 2002]

Baja DP adalah jenis baja yang dikarakterisasi oleh struktur mikro

yang terdiri dari fasa martensit keras yang tersebar di dalam ferit
ulet-lunak.
TabelRanges of the microstructural phases and tensile strengths
of multiphase steels [High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA), Ultra Low

Carbon Steel, Advance High Strength Steel by Panya Buahombura, School of

Metallurgical Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology]

Steel type

Tensile
strength,
MPa

DP
RA (TRIP)
CP
MS

500-600
600-800
>800
>1000

Microstructural phase, %
Retained
austenit
e
10-20
5-10
-

YS 500 Mpa min., TS 800 Mpa

Ferrit
e

Bainite

Martensite

80-85
15-20%
55-65
25-35
80-90
5-10
100
min.[IISI-AutoCo AHSS Guidelines Revised

Fig...Stress-starin Dual Phase Steel

[Part IB, Materials Science and

Metallurgy, Course A: Metals & Alloys, Lecture 11: Metallic Alloys, Professor Harry
Bhadeshia]

USIPHASE D 600
Ferrite + Martensite
[Potential for Mn in New Automotive Steels, Arcelor]
TRIP

Microstructure

Date: 24 March 2004]

Dual Phase merujuk pada adanya secara esensial dua fasa yaitu
ferit dan martensit di dalam struktur mikro, meskipun mungkin ada
juga sejumlah kecil bainit, perlit dan austenit sisa [Effect of Martensite on
the Mechanical Behavior of FerriteBainite Dual Phase Steels, ISIJ International, Vol.
47 (2007), No. 7, pp. 10581064, International Academic Printing Co. Ltd.].

Secara umum, baja DP dapat diproduksi dalam dua cara yang

berbeda: [Effect of Martensite on the Mechanical Behavior of FerriteBainite
Dual Phase Steels, ISIJ International, Vol. 47 (2007), No. 7, pp. 10581064,
International Academic Printing Co. Ltd.]

Hot Rolled Dual Phase (HRDP): terbentuk selama

pendinginan setelah hot rolling
Cold Rolled Dual Phase (CRDP): terbentuk setelah
intercritical annealing dari produk yang diroll sebelumnya.

Dual-phase ferrite-martensite steels

[Bhadeshia, Honeycombe, 2006]

USIPHASE T 800
Ferrite + Bainite + Residual

Austenite

Figure.Cooling pattern in the manufacturing process of a hot-rolled dualphase steel. From Okita et al, Nippon Kokan Technical Report, Overseas
No. 43, 1985 [2]. Copyright Nippon Kokan K.K. Reprinted with permission.

Baja DP dapat diproduksi dari baja karbon rendah dalam tiga cara:
[ASM Handbook, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High Performance
Alloys, Vol. 1, 1993]

Intercritical austenitization of carbon-manganese steels

followed by rapid cooling
Experimental Procedure 2:
Hot rolling with ferrite formers such as silicon and [High Strength Dual Phase Steels and Flow Curve Modeling Approach, Sawitree
transformation-delaying elements such as chromium, Sodjit, Vitoon Uthaisangsuk, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, King Mongkuts University Technology Thonburi, Thailand]
manganese, and/or molybdenum
Continuous annealing of cold-rolled carbon-manganese Materials
Materials used in this work are low carbon steels of the grade:
steel followed by quenching and tempering
o JIS G3101 SS400 (will be called S1 later) and
o JIS G3106 SM 490 (will be called S2 later).
Experimental Procedure 1:
The chemical compositions of the four DP steels used in this study The chemical compositions of both steel grades were determined
using vacuum emission spectroscopy as shown in Table 1.
are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Chemical composition in weight percent of the investigated
steels

[IISI-AutoCo AHSS Guidelines Revised Date: 24 March 2004].

[Development of Abrasion-resistant Pipe (NK-SL80) for Slurry Transportation Systems, Akira

Tohyama, Tatsuo Takaoka, Hidetoshi Furukawa, Hidenori Hor, Toshihiko Fuku and Yusuke
Minami]

The FRT was decided on

the basis of the
calculated values of the
Ar3 temperatures of the
steels using Andrews
equation
and
the
calculated
Ar3
temperatures for steels
A, B C and D are 852C, 837C, 849C and 851C respectively.
Metallographic specimens were cut out from hot rolled materials and
were prepared using standard metallographic polishing techniques. The
samples were finally etched with La Pera reagent to identify the
different phases.
Micrographs were observed on the longitudinal sections.
In order to confirm the identity of different phases, microhardness
measurements were also carried out using Leitz RZD micro hardness
tester.
The microstructures were analysed with the help of Leica Q-Win Digital
Image Analysis software.

Materia
l
S1
S2

The steels were melted in the form of 50 kg ingots in an induction

furnace.

These were forged to remove the cast structure.

The forged materials were soaked at 1200C for 3 h, and then hot
rolled in an instrumented laboratory rolling mill.

The details of the hot rolling schedule are given in Fig. 1.

The steels with initial thickness of 70 mm were first rolled to 25 mm

thickness in 5 passes and then further rolled to 5 mm thickness in 4
passes. The amounts of deformation given in the two stages were 64%

and 80% respectively.

The finish rolling temperature (FRT) was kept within 860875C for all
the steels so that rolling was completed in the austenitic region.

Si

Mn

Ni

Cu

0.112
0.173

0.018
0.235

0.013
0.010

0.015
0.016

0.519
0.809

0.065
0.009

0.044
0.025

The steel S2 has higher carbon, silicon, and manganese content

than the steel S1, but other elements are similar.
Carbon increases martensite phase fraction during quenching by
reducing the critical cooling rate.
Manganese was added in order to promote adequate hardenability.
Silicon was added with the purpose of increasing the strength of the
solid solution and inhibiting precipitation of cementite at the ferritemartensite interface during the water cooling stage.
Firstly, as-received hot-rolled steel strips with a thickness of 2.6 mm
were cut to rectangular dimension of 100x300 mm.

 Then, the steel sheets were pickled by a solution of 20% HCl in

water at the temperature of 80C.
The steel sheets were rolled using a twin rolling mill at room
temperature in order to obtain a final thickness of 1 mm.
This thickness reduction is approximately according to a cold-rolling
degree of 45%.
After that, specimens for tensile test were prepared parallel to the
rolling direction.
Afterwards, heat treatment was carried out for the samples to obtain
steel with dual phase microstructure containing different
martensitic phase fraction.
Hereby, the samples were quenched by water from different
intercritical annealing temperatures (IAT) to room temperature.
The heat treatment process was done in a salt bath furnace, for
which a salt composition of the mixture of 78% BaCl2 and 22%
NaCl was used.
The intercritical temperatures in the experiment were initially
calculated by means of the software Thermo-Calc.
The samples of material S1 were heated to different IAT
temperatures of 735, 750, 785, and 800C between the AC1 and
AC3 temperature in order to produce DP microstructures having
MPF of 10, 20, 30 and 40%, respectively.
By the same manner, the samples of material S2 were heated to the
temperatures of 750 and 790C for achieving DP steels with MPF
of 30 and 50%.
The holding time after reaching each intercritical temperature was 5
min.
Finally, the samples were quenched in cold water (the temperature
was about 10C).