LEMBAR KERJA PRAKTIKUM

ELEKTRONIKA

UNIVERSITAS MULAWARMAN

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

LABORATORIUM PENDIDIKAN FISIKA

 TATA TERTIB PRAKTIKUM MEKANIKA

1. Praktikan telah berada di dalam ruangan praktikum 15 menit sebelum praktikum

dimulai.
2. Praktikan yang diperkenankan mengikuti praktikum adalah praktikan yang dinyatakan
telah lulus responsi dan dapat dibuktikan dengan terteranya nilai responsi dan tanda
tangan asisten pada kartu kontrol serta telah mengumpulkan tugas pendahuluan.
3. Praktikan diwajibkan memakai jas praktikum.
4. Praktikan tidak diperkenankan memakai sandal/sepatu sandal, baju kaos/kaos oblong,
celana/rok jeans, celana/rok ketat sebagaimana pada saat perkuliahan.
5. Praktikan dilarang makan, minum dan merokok pada saat praktikum berlangsung.
6. Kebersihan ruangan menjadi tanggung jawab praktikan sesuai piket yang berlaku pada
hari dilaksanakannya praktikum.
7. Kehilangan atau kerusakan alat praktikum menjadi tanggung jawab praktikan, yaitu
berupa penggantian alat dengan spesifikasi yang sama.
8. Siap melakukan praktikum dengan penuh tanggung jawab.

“PELANGGARAN ATAS PERATURAN DI ATAS, DIANGGAP

TIDAK BERSEDIA MENGIKUTI PRAKTIKUM”

 LEMBAR KERJA PRAKTIKUM
MENGUKUR NILAI RESISTOR

Nama Mahasiswa : ......................................................

NIM : ......................................................

Kelompok :......................................................

A. Pendahuluan
Resistor adalah komponen dasar elektronika yang digunakan untuk membatasi jumlah
arus yang mengalir dalam suatu rangkaian. Resistor bersifat resistif dan umumnya terbuat dari
bahan karbon. Mengapa demikian? Bagaimana bahan karbon ini dapat bersifat resistif?
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Bentuk resistor yang umum adalah seperti tabung kecil dengan dua kaki di kiri dan kanan.
Pada badan resistor terdapat lingkaran berbentuk cincin kode warna untuk mengetahui besar
resistansi resistor tersebut. Nilai ini dapat pula diukur menggunakan Ohmmeter. Menutut Anda
apakah hasil pengukurannya akan sama? Kode warna merupakan standar manufaktur yang
dikeluarkan EIA (Electronic Industries Association), ada resistor yang memiliki 4 gelang warna
dan ada yang memiliki 5 gelang warna.
Berdasarkan bentuknya dan proses pemasangannya pada PCB, Resistor terdiri 2 bentuk
yaitu bentuk Komponen Axial/Radial dan Komponen Chip. Untuk bentuk Komponen Axial/Radial,
nilai resistor diwakili oleh kode warna sehingga kita harus mengetahui cara membaca dan
mengetahui nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam warna tersebut sedangkan untuk komponen chip,
nilainya diwakili oleh Kode tertentu sehingga lebih mudah dalam membacanya.
Seperti yang dikatakan sebelumnya, nilai Resistor yang berbentuk Axial adalah diwakili
oleh Warna-warna yang terdapat di tubuh (body) Resistor itu sendiri dalam bentuk Gelang.
Umumnya terdapat 4 Gelang di tubuh Resistor, tetapi ada juga yang 5 Gelang.
Gelang warna Emas dan Perak biasanya terletak agak jauh dari gelang warna lainnya
sebagai tanda gelang terakhir. Gelang Terakhirnya ini juga merupakan nilai toleransi pada nilai
Resistor yang bersangkutan. Tabel dibawah ini adalah warna-warna yang terdapat di tubuh
resistor :

Tabel 1.1 Kode Warna Resistor

Warna Cincin Cincin Cincin Cincin IV Cincin V
Cincin I II III Pengali Transisi
Hitam 0 0 0 x1
Coklat 1 1 1 x101 ±1%
Merah 2 2 2 x102 ±2%
Jingga 3 3 3 x103
Kuning 4 4 4 x104
Hijau 5 5 5 x105
 Biru 6 6 6 x106
Ungu 7 7 7 x107
Abu-abu 8 8 8 x108
Putih 9 9 9 x109
Emas x0,1 ±5%
Perak x0,01 ± 10 %
Tanpa warna ± 20 %

a. Resistor dengan 4 Gelang warna

Berikut ini adalah cara menghitung Nilai resistor dengan 4 gelang warna, dimana gelang
pertama (angka), kedua (angka), ketiga yaitu faktor pengkali(10(angka)), dan terakhir
toleransi.
Masukkan angka langsung dari kode warna Gelang ke-1 (pertama) Masukkan angka langsung
dari kode warna Gelang ke-2 Masukkan Jumlah nol dari kode warna Gelang ke-3 atau
pangkatkan angka tersebut dengan 10 (10n). Gelang ke - 4 Merupakan Toleransi dari nilai
Resistor tersebut.

Gambar 1.1 : Resistro 4 gelang warna (sumber : http://teknikelektronika.com)

Contoh :
Gelang ke 1 : Coklat = 1
Gelang ke 2 : Hitam = 0
Gelang ke 3 : Hijau = 5
Gelang ke 4 : Perak = Toleransi 10%
10 * 105 = 1.000.000 Ohm
Maka nilai Resistor tersebut adalah 1 MΩ dengan toleransi 10%.

b. Resistor dengan 5 Gelang warna

Masukkan angka langsung dari kode warna Gelang ke-1 (pertama) Masukkan angka langsung
dari kode warna Gelang ke-2 Masukkan angka langsung dari kode warna Gelang k3-3
Masukkan Jumlah nol dari kode warna Gelang ke-4 atau pangkatkan angka tersebut dengan
10 (10n). Gelang ke-4 merupakan Toleransi dari nilai Resistor tersebut.
 Gambar 1.2 : Resistro 5 gelang warna (sumber : http://teknikelektronika.com)

Contoh :
Gelang ke 1 : Coklat = 1
Gelang ke 2 : Hitam = 0
Gelang ke 3 : Hijau = 5
Gelang ke 4 : Hijau = 5
Gelang ke 5 : Perak = Toleransi 10%
105 * 105 = 10.500.000 Ohm
Maka nilai Resistor tersebut adalah 10.5 MΩ dengan toleransi 10%.
Cara menghitung Toleransi :
2.200 Ohm dengan Toleransi 5% =
2200 – 5% = 2.090
2200 + 5% = 2.310
artinya nilai Resistor tersebut akan berkisar antara 2.090 Ω ~ 2.310 Ω
Untuk mempermudah menghafalkan warna di Resistor, kami memakai singkatan seperti
berikut :
H I- CO – ME – O – KU – JAU – BI – UNG – A - PU
(HItam, COklat, MErah, Orange, KUning. HiJAU, BIru, UNGu, Abu-abu, PUtih).

c. Menghitung nilai Resistor berdasarkan Kode Angka

Membaca nilai Resistor yang berbentuk komponen Chip lebih mudah dari Komponen Axial,
karena tidak menggunakan kode warna sebagai pengganti nilainya. Kode yang digunakan
oleh Resistor yang berbentuk Komponen Chip menggunakan Kode Angka langsung jadi
sangat mudah dibaca atau disebut dengan Body Code Resistor (Kode Tubuh Resistor)
Angka pertama dan ke-n adalah angka, sedangkan angka terakhir ada faktor pengali.

Gambar 1.3 Bentuk Fisik Resistor CMD (sumber : http://teknikelektronika.com)

 Masukkan Angka ke-1 langsung = 4
Masukkan Angka ke-2 langsung = 7
Masukkan Jumlah nol dari Angka ke 3 = 000 (3 nol) atau kalikan dengan
103
Maka nilainya adalah 47.000 Ohm atau 47 Kilo Ohm (47 KΩ)
d. Menentukan Nilai Resistor dengan Multimeter
Multimeter adalah alat pengukur listrik yang sering dikenal sebagai AVO (Ampere/Volt/Ohm
meter) yang dapat mengukur tegangan (voltmeter), hambatan (ohm-meter), maupun arus
(amper-meter). Ada dua kategori multimeter: multimeter digital atau DMM (digital multi-
meter) (untuk yang baru dan lebih akurat hasil pengukurannya), dan multimeter analog.
Masing- masing kategori dapat mengukur listrik AC, maupun listrik DC.
Sebagai penunjuk besaran, avometer ada yang menggunakan jarum dan ada yang
menggunakan display angka. Alat ini dilengkapi dengan dua kabel penyidik yang berwarna
masing-masing merah dan hitam. Untuk dapat bekerja, avometer memerlukan sumber listrik
berupa battery. Dalam penyimpanan yang cukup lama, battery ini harus dilepaskan.

B. Rumusan Masalah
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C. Hipotesis
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D. Pengujian Hipotesis
1. Pengujian hipotesis
 Penentuan Variabel
a. Variabel bebas : ...........................................................................................................
b. Variabel terikat : ...........................................................................................................
c. Variabel kontrol : ...........................................................................................................
 Definisi Operasional
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 Alat dan Bahan
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 Prosedur Percobaan
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 Tabel Pengamatan
Gelang ke -
Metode Nilai tertera
1 2 3 4
Gelang warna …
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Multimeter …
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 Data rangkaian yang dibuat

Hambatan menggunakan
Gambar Rangkaian Resistor
Ohmmeter

Seri

Paralel
 Seri - Paralel

2. Analisis data
a. Apakah ada perbedaan antara hasil pengukuran dengan hasil pengamatan pada resistor
? mengapa bisa terjadi ?
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b. Dari besarnya nilai resistansi yang tertera pada resistor buatlah kesimpulan tentang
kedua jenis resistor !
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c. Hitunglah dua buah resistor dengan menggunakan multimeter dan hitung pula
toleransinya !
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E. Pembahasan
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F. Kesimpulan

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 LEMBAR KERJAPRAKTIKUM
RANGKAIAN RESISTOR

Nama Mahasiswa : ......................................................

NIM : ......................................................

Kelompok :......................................................

A. Pendahuluan
Rangkaian Seri
Adalah suatu rangkaian yang menggabungkan dua buah resistor atau lebih yang diurutkan
sedemikian rupa, sehingga nilai hambatan totalnya menjadi lebih besar. Hal ini dikarenakan nilai
hambatan total merupakan hasil penjumlahan dari semua resistor pembentuknya.

Gambar 2.1. Rangkaian seri resistor (sumber : http://teknikelektronika.com)

Pada rangkaian seri, I sama untuk setiap komponen, maka :
= .
= + + + …+
= + + + …+
= ( + + + …+ )
= ( 1 + 2 + 3 + …+ ) ...................................................................... 2.1
Rangkaian Paralel
Adalah sebuah rangkaian yang menggabungkan dua atau lebih resistor yang dijajar sedemikian
rupa, sehingga nilai hambatan total menjadi lebih kecil dari nilai resistor terkecil yang
membentuknya

Gambar 2.2. Rangkaian seri resistor (sumber : http://teknikelektronika.com)

Pada rangkaian paralel, V sama untuk setiap komponen, maka :

= + + + …+
= + + + …+

= + + + …+
1 1 1 1
= + + + …+ .....................................................................2.2
1 2 3

Rangkaian Campuran
Adalah suatu rangkaian yang menggabungkan dua atau lebih resistor yag dihubungkan secara
deret dan sejajar sedemikian rupa, di dalam rangkaian tersebut terdapat hubungan seri dan
paralel

Gambar 2.3. Rangkaian campuran (seri – parallel) (sumber :http://gokakoelektro.blogspot.co.id)

Adapun cara menyelesaikan perhitungan untuk rangkaian di atas adalah dengan cara
menyelesaikan terlebih dahulu salah satu jenis rangkaian, baru kemudian menggabungkannya
dengan rangkaian lainnya sebagai rangkain pengganti.
Dari contoh gambar rangkaian di atas, maka terlebih dahulu kita menyelesaian rangkaian
pengganti untuk R1 dan R2 sebagai rangkaian seri, setelah itu baru menggabungkannya dengan
R3 yang disusun parallel terhadap R1 dan R2. Setelah menyelesaiakan rangkaian untuk R1, R2
dan R3 maka rangkaian pengganti tersebut kita rangkai dengan R4 secara seri, dengan begitu
kita dapat menentukan nilai hambatan total dari keseluruhan resistor.
B. Rumusan Masalah
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C. Hipotesis
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D. Pengujian Hipotesis
1. Pengujian hipotesis
 Penentuan Variabel
a. Variabel bebas : ...........................................................................................................
b. Variabel terikat : ...........................................................................................................
c. Variabel kontrol : ...........................................................................................................
 Definisi Operasional
a. ..........................................................................................................................................
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b. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 Alat dan Bahan
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 Prosedur Percobaan
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 Tabel Pengamatan
Tabel 1. Rangkaian Seri
Ohm (Ω) Volt (V) Ampere (A)
No Ket
R1 R2 R3 R total V1 V2 V3 I
1
2
3
4
5

Tabel 2. Rangkaian Paralel

Ohm (Ω) Ampere (A) Volt (V)
No Ket
R1 R2 R3 R total I1 I2 I3 V
1
2
3
4
5

Tabel 3. Rangkaian Campuran

Ohm (Ω) Ampere (A) Volt (V)
No
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R total I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 VR1 VR2 VR3 VR4 VR5
1
2
3
4
5
2. Analisis Data
Buatlah perhitungan dan error data dari hasil praktikum yang anda lakukan untuk setianp
rangkain dan data yang diperoleh
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3. Pembahasan
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4. Kesimpulan
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 LEMBAR KERJA PRAKTIKUM
HUKUM KIRCHOFF

Nama Mahasiswa : ......................................................

NIM : ......................................................
Kelompok :......................................................

A. Pendahuluan
Hukum Kirchhoff merupakan salah satu hukum dalam ilmu Elektronika yang berfungsi untuk
menganalisis arus dan tegangan dalam rangkaian. Hukum Kirchoff pertama kali diperkenalkan
oleh seorang ahli fisika Jerman yang bernama Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) pada tahun
1845. Hukum Kirchhoff terdiri dari 2 bagian yaitu Hukum Kirchhoff 1 dan Hukum Kirchhoft 2.
Hukum Kirchoff 1
Hukum Kirchhoff 1, merupakan Hukum Kirchhoff yang berkaitan dengan dengan arah arus dalam
menghadapi titik percabangan. Hukum Kirchhoff 1 ini sering disebut juga dengan Hukum Arus
Kirchhoff atau Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL).
“Arus Total yang masuk melalui suatu titik percabangan dalam suatu rangkaian listrik sama
dengan arus total yang keluar dari titik percabangan tersebut.”

Gambar 3.1 : Ilustrasi arus pada titik percabangan (sumber : Wikipedia.com)

∑I masuk =∑ I keluar ⇨ i2 + i3 = i1 + i4 ............................................................................... 3.1

Hukum Kirchoff 2
Hukum Kirchhoff 2, merupakan Hukum Kirchhoff yang digunakan untuk menganalisis tegangan
(beda potensial) komponen-komponen elektronika pada suatu rangkaian tertutup. Hukum
Kirchhoff 2 ini juga dikenal dengan sebutan Hukum Tegangan Kirchhoff atau Kirchhoff’s Voltage
Law (KVL).
“Total Tegangan (beda potensial) pada suatu rangkaian tertutup adalah nol.”

Gambar 3.2. Ilustrasi tegangan/beda potensial pada rangkaian tertutup (sumber :

Wikipedia.com)
V1 + V2 + V3 – V4 = 0 ............................................................................................................. 3.2

B. Rumusan Masalah
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C. Hipotesis
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D. Pengujian Hipotesis
1. Pengujian Hipotesis
 Penentuan Variabel
a. Variabel bebas : ...........................................................................................................
b. Variabel terikat : ...........................................................................................................
c. Variabel kontrol: ...........................................................................................................
 Definisi Operasional
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 Alat dan Bahan
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 Prosedur Percobaan

Gambar 3.3. Rangkaian percobaan

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Nb : Agar tidak merusakkan multimeter, dalam menggunakan multimeter gunakan batas
ukur yang paling besar dulu, baru jika tidak ada kesalahan polaritas dan batas ukur tidak
dilampau, batas ukur diperkecil.

 Tabel Pengamatan
Pengukuran Tegangan Pengukuran Arus
Komponen
Pengukuran Perhitungan Pengukuran Perhitungan

R1 = Vab = ………….V I1 = ………….A

R2 =

R3 = Vbc = ………….V I2 = ………….A

E1 =

E2 = Vbd = ………….V I3 = ………….A

 Pengukuran Tegangan Pengukuran Arus
Komponen
Pengukuran Perhitungan Pengukuran Perhitungan

R1 = Vab = ………….V I1 = ………….A

R2 =

R3 = Vbc = ………….V I2 = ………….A

E1 =

E2 = Vbd = ………….V I3 = ………….A

2. Analisis Data
Buatlah perhitungan dan error data dari hasil praktikum yang anda lakukan untuk setianp
rangkain dan data yang diperoleh
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3. Pembahasan
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4. Kesimpulan
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 LEMBAR KERJA PRAKTIKUM
PENGISIAN DAN PENGOSONGAN KAPASITOR

Nama Mahasiswa : ......................................................

NIM : ......................................................

Kelompok :......................................................

A. Pendahuluan
Kondensator atau sering disebut sebagai kapasitor adalah suatu alat yang dapat
menyimpanenergi di dalam medan listrik, dengan cara mengumpulkan ketidakseimbangan
internal dari muatan listrik. Kondensator memiliki satuan yang dibut Farad, berasal dari mana
kah nama ini? Mengapa demikian?
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Kondensator juga dikenal sebagai "kapasitor", namun kata "kondensator" masih dipakai
hingga saat ini. Pertama disebut oleh Alessandro Volta seorang ilmuwan Italia pada tahun 1782
(dari bahasa Itali condensatore), berkenaan dengan kemampuan alat untuk menyimpan suatu
muatan listrik yang tinggi dibanding komponen lainnya.
1. Kapasitor polar
Kapasitor polar yang biasanya terbuat dari bahan metal-oksida adalah kapasitor yang
memiliki dua kutub yaitu + dan -, jadi pemasangan tidak boleh terbalik. Bagaimana sifat
bahan ini sehingga dapat menjadi bahan pembuat kapasitor?
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Contoh Kapasitor polar adalah Kapasitor Elco,untuk bentuk fisik dan simbol perhatikan
gambar berikut :

Nilai untuk kapasitor Elco adalah mikro Farad (uF), nah untuk membaca nilai kapasitas pada
Kapasitor Elco sangatlah mudah. Karena di bagian badannya sudah ada nilai kapasitas serta
tegangan kerja maksimal kapasitor tersebut. Contoh : 10uF/16V artinya kapasitor ini memiki
kapasitas 10 mikro Farad (uF) dan tegangan kerja maksimal 16V. Jika kapasitor ini di beri
tegangan melebihi tegangan kerja maksimal maka kasitor akan meledak, contoh kapasitor
Elco 2200uF/16V diberi tegangan 24V maka kapasitor tersebut akan meledak.
2. Kapasitor non-polar
Kapasitor non-polar yang biasanya terbuat dari bahan-bahan film (Polyester,
Polystyrene, Polyprophylene, Polycarbonate, Metalized paper, dll ) adalah Kapasitor yang
tidak memiliki kutub + dan -. Contoh Kapasitor non-polar adalah Kapasitor Ceramic, Mylar,
MKM, dan MKT. untuk bentuk dan simbol perhatikan gambar ini.

Simbol kapasitor non polar Bentuk kapasitor non polar

Jika terdapat Kapasitor non-polar yang di bagian badannya terdapat angka 103J,
pertanyaannya berapakah nilai kapasitas kapasitor ini ?
Angka pertama dan angka kedua menunjukkan angka kapasitas kapasitor sedangkan angka
ketiga menunjukkan faktor pengali.
103J=10x103pF

Kode huruf memiliki makna toleransi, huruf "J" nya itu berarti toleransi 5%.

Bagaimana jika resistor dan kapasitor dirangkai seri dalam sebuah rangkaian? Apakah
kapasitor akan langsung terisi penuh? Mengingat secara teori, konstanta waktu sebanding
dengan nilai resistansi dikali nilai kapasitas
=
Dalam praktikum ini Anda akan ditugaskan untuk menyelidiki bagaimana pengaruh kapasitas
kapasitor terhadap waktu pengisian kapasitor? Bagaimana juga pengaruh kapasitas kapasitor
terhadap waktu pengosongannya kapasitor? Menurut Anda apakah sama waktu yang
diperlukan untuk pengisian dan pengosongan?
B. Rumusan masalah
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C. Hipotesis
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D. Pengujian hipotesis
1. Penentuan Variabel
a. Variabel bebas : ...................................................................
b. Variabel terikat : ...................................................................
c. Variabel kontrol : ...................................................................
2. Definisi Operasional
a. ...........................................................................................................................................
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b. ...........................................................................................................................................
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3. Alat dan bahan

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4. Prosedur Kerja
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5. Gambar rangkaian
Skema
rangkaian

Gambar
rangkaian
6. Tabel Pengamatan
1) R = ........ Ω C = .......... µF
Pengisian Pengosongan
No
t V t V
2) R = ........ Ω C = .......... µF
Pengisian Pengosongan
No
t V t V
 7. Analisis data
 Grafik pengisian dan pengosongan kapasitor menurut teori
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 Grafik pengisian dan pengosongan pada rangkaian pertama (R = ......... dan C = ..............)
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 Grafik pengisian dan pengosongan pada rangkaian kedua (R = ......... dan C = ..............)
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8. Pembahasan
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9. Kesimpulan
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