1.epidemiologi Pneumonia PDF
1.epidemiologi Pneumonia PDF
12 November 2018
Epidemiologi Pneumonia
Pneumonia Pembunuh Balita di Dunia
• WHO menyebut pneumonia: “The
Forgotten Killer” pada balita
Others
(Fungi, Virus)
30%
S.Pneumonia
(Pneumococcus)
50%
Severe Pneumonia cases
H.Influenza tipe
B 20%
120
AKB
91 AKBA
Kematian per 1.000 kelahiran hidup
90 81 Kem. Neonatal
AKB RPJMN
68
AKBA MDG
57 58 AKB MDG
60
46 46 44
32 35 34
30 32
26
30 20 19 26
23
0
1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015
7
Beban Masalah Pneumonia
• Prevalens terbesar
pneumonia: Asia Selatan
dan Afrika
• Setiap menit 1 anak balita
meninggal akibat
pneumonia di wilayah Asia
Tenggara
• Insidens pneumonia di
negara : 10-20 kasus/100
anak/tahun (10-20% anak).
• Hanya 25 % anak dengan
pneumonia di Asia Tenggara
yang mendapatkan terapi
antibiotik yang memadai
Beban Masalah Pneumonia
PNEUMONIA
Bayi, balita Cuaca dingin
Prevalens karier
‘Kumis pa joko’ patogen tinggi
Pajanan polusi
dalam & luar ruang
ETS, biomass fuel, vehicle &
industry pollution
KELOMPOK RISIKO TINGGI
Risk group Condition
Chronic heart disease (Particularly cyanotic congenital heart disease and cardiac
failure)
Chronic lung disease†(Including asthma if treated with high-dose oral
Immunocompetent corticosteroid )
children
Diabetes mellitus
Cerebrospinal fluid leaks
Cochlear implant
Children with functional or Sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathies
anatomic asplenia Congenital or acquired asplenia, or splenic dysfunction
HIV infection
Chronic renal failure and nephrotic syndrome
Children with Diseases associated with treatment with immunosuppressive drugs or radiation
immunocompromising therapy, including malignant neoplasms, leukemias, lymphomas and Hodgkin
conditions disease; or solid organ transplantation
Congenital immunodeficiency Includes B- (humoral) or T-lymphocyte deficiency;
complement deficiencies, particularly C1, C2, C3, and C4 deficiency; and
phagocytic disorders (excluding chronic granulomatous disease).
Study cross sectional pada 302 anak sehat usia 12-24 bulan
Overall NP carriage:
• S.pneumoniae: 49.5%
• H.influenzae: 27.5%
• M.Catarrhalis 42.7%
• S.aureus: 7.3%
Sudigdoadi S, Dunne E, Murad C, et al. Interactions etween S.pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, H. influenzae, and S.aureus in the Nasopharynx. Poster in
ISPPD 11th. April 2018, Melbourne
Karier Nasofaring di Padang, Bandung,
Lombok
Universitas Padjajaran, Universitas Andalas, Universitas Mataram, Murdoch Children’s Research
Institute, The University of Melbourne, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, PATH
Dunne EM, Murad C, Sudigdoadi S, et al. OneCarriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus
aureus in Indonesian children: A cross-sectional study. Plos One 2018;13(4): e0195098.
21
Asia-Pacific 4 6B
IPD 1 Frequent complications
18C 3
9V 14 18C Globally common in AOM
Invasiveness/mortality
Epidemic IPD 5
19F 23F
Frequent in
developing regions
6A Invasive diseases, AOM
Resistance to antibotic
Argentina, PCV 2+1
~72% ~64%
11.8 reduction reduction
10.9
(per 10,000 admissions)
(95% CI 8.4–15.9)
Hospitalization rates
(95% CI 7.2–14.5)
3.3 3.9
(95% CI 1.6–5.9) (95% CI 1.6–6.2)
The pre-PCV period was 2009–2011; the post-PCV period was 2012–2013.
IPD refers to PE, P-CAP, meningitis, bacteremia, peritonitis, arthritis, cellulitis and other.
CAP=community-acquired pneumonia; CI=confidence interval; PE=pneumococcal empyema; P-CAP= pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia; P-PD=pneumococcal pulmonary
disease (P-CAP+PE). 23
López EL, et al. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2017; doi: 10.1093/jpids/piw089.
The Route of Infection
Penyakit
Pneumokokus
Invasif
Meningitis
Karier Nasofaring
Bakteremia
Otitis Media
Akut
Herd effect
Pneumonia
24
Rute patogenik infeksi S.pneumoniae. Organ yang terinfeksi melalui udara (biru) dan rute hematogenik (merah)
Bogaert D, de Groot R, Hermans PWM. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease. The Lancet Inf Dis 2004;4:144-54
Pneumonia Pneumokokus (1/2)
van der Poll T, Opal SM. Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia. The Lancet 2009;374:1543-56
Pneumonia Pneumokokus (2/2)
van der Poll T, Opal SM. Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia. The Lancet 2009;374:1543-56
Pewarnaan Gram pada Pneumonia Pneumokokus Akut
Non-invasive (mucosal)
Invasive Disease
Diseases
Bacteremic
Sepsis Otitis Media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae : penyebab IPD
(Invasive Pneumococcal Disease) dan Penyakit Pneumokokus
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. The Pink Book. 11 th Edition. May
2009. 2. Watson DA et al. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995;14:479-490. 3. Peter G, Klein JO. In: Principles and Practice of Pediatric
Infectious Diseases. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 2008: 725 - 33). 4. Dagan R et al. In: Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases.
Vol 1. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004. 5. Weinberger DM et al. PLoS Pathog 2009;5(6):e10000476. 6. Gladstone RA et al. J Med
Microbiol Press 2011; 60: 1-8.
Penularan
Kualitas
Udara
Rilla Fahimah, Endah Kusumowardani Kualitas Udara Rumah dengan Kejadian Pneumonia Anak Bawah Lima Tahun (di Puskesmas Cimahi Selatan
dan Leuwi Gajah Kota Cimahi) Makara J. Health Res., 2014; 18(1): 25-33 doi: 10.7454/msk.v18i1.3090
Penyebaran Penyakit Pneumokokus
Resistensi antibiotik
Infeksi Mukosal
– Infeksi telinga tengah
– Infeksi sinus
– Infeksi konjungtiva
– Pneumonia
TERIMA KASIH