H1
2.50 m
5.35 m H2
A B
C D
2.00 9.88 9.88 2.00
L1 L2 L1
10 Sudut ( α) : 14
II PERENCANAAN ATAP
B PERENCANAAN GORDING
♠ Jenis bahan : Penutup atap galvalum
♠ Berat penutup atap galvalum : 10 kg/m2 (PMI Tabel 1 Berat Konstruksi Seng Gelombang)
♠ Tebal penutup atap galvalum : 0.50 mm 0.2
♠ Panjang penutup atap galvalum : 6.00 m
♠ Lebar penutup atap galvalum : 0.89 m
♠ Jarak miring gording : 1.40 m
♠ Jarak horizontal gording : 1.20 m 1.4
♠ Jarak Kuda - Kuda : 6.00 m α= 0.97
♠ Sudut kemiringan atap cos α (15) : 0.9703 1.20
♠ Jumlah Gording per sisi atap : 11.0 buah
2 BEBAN ATAP
2.a. Beban Mati ( D )
- Berat Gording CNP : 7.50 kg/m2
- Berat Zinc Aluminium = 10.00 x 0.89 x 1.40 : 12.46 kg/m2
- Alat Pengikat dll (10%) : 2.00 kg/m2 +
Qd : 21.96 kg/m2
2.b. Momen Akibat Beban Mati ( MD )
QD : 21.96 kg/m2 x 1.40 m = 30.74 kg/m
M Dx : 1/ 8 (( QD x ( cos α )) x L2
: 1/ 8 (( 30.7 x ( 0.97 )) x 6.00 2 = 134.214 kgm
M Dy : 1/ 8 (( QD x ( sin α )) x 1/3 L2
: 1/ 8 (( 30.7 x ( 0.24 )) x 2.00 2 = 3.718 kgm
2.50 m
m
0.3
5.35 m
-1.0
5 KONTROL LENDUTAN
L
– Lendutan ijin untuk gording f = → LRFD Tabel 6.4-1 Batas Lendutan Maximum
240
600
= = 2.50 cm
240
fx1 : Lendutan terhadap sumbu X-X pada profil
fy1 : Lendutan terhadap sumbu Y-Y pada profil
5 ( Q sin α ) x 1/2L
4 1 ( P sin α ) x 1/2L 3
fy1 = x + x
384 E x Iy 48 E x Iy
5 7.436 x 200 4 1 23.957 x 200 3
= x + x
384 2100000 x 33.10 48 2100000 x 33.10
= 0.013 ▪ 1.712 + 0.02 ▪ 2.757 = 0.08 cm
♠ Kontrol Tekuk
Kuat lentur berdasarkan faktor kelangsingan pada Sumbu-X
♠ Lkx = 6.00 m = 600 cm
Lkx 600
– λx =
ix
=
4.77
= 125.8 cm
λ fy
– λc =
π √ E
125.8 2400
=
3.14 √ 2100000
= 1.353 cm
Tegangan kritis Euler akibat tekuk
π2 x E x Ag
- Fcr = 2
λ
9.88 x 2100000 x 9.55
= = 12520.05 kg
15822.159
Kuat lentur berdasarkan faktor kelangsingan pada Sumbu-Y
♠ Lky = 2.00 m = 200 cm
Lky 200.0
– λy =
iy
=
1.18
= 169.5 cm
λ fy
– λc =
π √ E
169.5 2400
=
3.14 √ 2100000
= 1.823 cm
Tegangan kritis Euler akibat tekuk
π2 x E x Ag
- Fcr =
λ2
9.88 x 2100000 x 9.55
= = 6895.66 kg
28727.377
Jadi kesimpulan nilai kelangsingan (λ) diambil yg terbesar untuk ω = 0.25 < λc <1.2 maka :
1.43
- ω =
1.60 - 0.67 · λc
1.43
= = 2.062
1.60 - 0.67 · 1.35
Tekuk kritis adalah arah X, karena λx > λy → ω = 2.062
Ag x fy
- Nn =
ω
9.55 x 2400
= = 11115.023956756 kg
2.062
Komponen struktur dengan penampang simetris yang mengalami momen lentur dan
gaya aksial (LRFD Page 75)
Nu
- Nn =
φ x Nn
1564.06
= = 0.145 > 0.20 Ulangi
0.97 x 11115.0
Untuk Gording dianggap tidak bergoyang maka :
♠ Mux = Mntx δbx
Cmx
– δbx = Nu > 1.0
1 -
Fcrbx
1.00
= 1564.1 > 1.0
1 -
12520.1
= 1.143 > 1.0 ( OK !!! )
cm
cm
III PERENCANAAN PENGGANTUNG GORDING
♠ Jenis Penggantung Gording : BJTP
♠ Jumlah Penggantung Gording : 1 buah
♠ Jarak Penggantung Gording : 3.00 m Gording b 25.02
♠ Jarak miring gording : 1.40 m
Penggantung
Kuda-kuda
♠ Jarak Kuda - Kuda : 6.00 m Gording
♠ Sudut kemiringan atap : 14.00 0
Ag x 4 0.317 x 4
d = = = 0.64 cm2
π 3.14
Dipakai Penggantung Ø 12.0 mm
A terpasang = 113.1 mm2 > dari 63.6 mm2 ( OK !!! )
4 KONTROL KELANGSINGAN
– L = 1400.00 2 + 3000.00 2 = 3310.59 mm
Panjang Kemiringan S
– d > → d >
Jarak Kuda - Kuda 600
331.06
1.2 >
600.00
1.2 > 0.6 cm → OK !!!
IV PERHITUNGAN IKATAN ANGIN ATAP
1 Skema Tekanan Angin ( W )
Direncanakan Tekanan Tiupan pada umumnya 30.0 kg/m2
2.50
R1 R2 5.35
C D
9.88 9.88
RC RC/D RD
s s s s
β β β β
P1 P2
3 Koefisien Angin (C) diambil 0.9 dari PMI Pasal 4.3 Dinding Vertikal di pihak Angin
P 1 : 1/ 2 (( C x W )) x R1
: 1/ 2 (( 0.90 x 30.00 )) x 65.21 = 1007.46 Kg
P 2 : 1/ 2 (( C x W )) x R1
: 1/ 2 (( 0.90 x 30.00 )) x 65.21 = 1007.46 Kg
♠ Karena gording biasanya bertumpu pada kuda-kuda/balok kuda-kuda atau balok geuvel
maka beban terdistribusi menjadi dua Rc dan Rd
ΣRC = ΣRD
ΣP / 2 = ( P1 + P2 )/ 2 = 1007.46 Kg
x Ag4 0.987 x 4
d = = = 1.121 cm
π 3.14
Dipakai Ikatan Angin Atap Ø 16.0 mm
A terpasang = 201.1 mm2 > dari 112.1 mm2 ( OK !!! )
5 Kontrol Kelangsingan Profil
S 700
D > → 1.6 > → 1.6 > 1.4 ( OK !!! )
500 500.0
VII PERENCANAAN KUDA-KUDA
PERHITUNGAN BEBAN
1 Beban Mati Kuda-kuda
- Berat atap galvalum PPIUG = 10 x 6.00 x 1.40 = 84.00 kg/m
- Berat Gording-C Lip Channel = = 7.50 kg/m
- Berat Alat pengikat dll = = 9.15 kg/m
Total Qd = 100.65 kg/m
Dibulatkan = 104.00 kg/m
KUDA-KUDA
WF. 300 x 150 x 6.5 x 9
KOLOM g.n
WF. 300 x 150 x 6.5 x 9
150
G.
DIKETAHUI : MU 11973.47479202 kgm = 1,197,347 kgcm
FRAME No. 297 PU x ( cos α )
3034 x ( cos 14 ) = - kg
=
5900.94 • 14 d2 = 14.77 cm
2400 15 d3 = 22.77 cm
= 2.29 cm d4 = 30.77 cm
= 22.9 mm d5 = 38.77 cm
d6 = 38.77 cm
d7 = 37.77 cm +
ΣTd = 190.39 cm
♣ Ø Mn = ( 0.9 Fy a2 bf )
+ ΣT.di > Mu
2
= 0.9 2400 5.266 15
+ 1123501.75 > 1197347.48
2
= 85,311.73 + 1,123,502 kg > 1,197,347 kg/cm
= 1,208,813 kg/cm > 1,197,347 kg/cm Ok !!!
6 KONTROL KEKUATAN
Batas Momen Plastis pengaruh tekuk lateral
– Mnx = Zx x Fy
= 541.6 x 240 = 129989.9 kgcm
Mnx = Mpx → 1299.90 kg.m
– Mny = Zy x Fy
= ( 1/ 4 tf bf 2 )x Fy
= ( 1/ 4 9 150 )x 240 = 12150000 kg.cm
Mny = Mpy → 121500 kg.m
♠ PERSAMAAN INTERAKSI
Kuat Momen Lentur berdasarkan Sumbu Kuat-X dan Sumbu Lemah-Y
Mux Muy
+ ≤ 1
φ Mnx φ Mny
144.68 11401.89
+ ≤ 1
1169.91 109350
0.23 ≤ 1 OK!!!
7 KONTROL LENDUTAN
L 1018
f = = = 2.827 cm
360 360
5 ( Q ultimate ) L 4
∆ =
384 E ▪ Ix
5 ( 1.040 ) 1018 4
=
384 2000000 ▪ 7195.77
= 0.013 ▪ 78
= 1.009 < 2.827 cm OK!!!
H SAMBUNGAN KUDA-KUDA ATAS (PERTEMUAN WF)
Direncanakan Baja WF 300 150 6.5 9
» Weight = 36.70 kg/m Ix = 7195.77 cm4
» Sectional Area = 46.78 cm2 Iy = 508.60 cm4
» Depth of Section (D) = 300.00 mm ix = 12.40 cm
» Flange Width (B) = 150.00 mm iy = 3.30 cm
» Thickness Web (tw) = 6.50 mm Zx = 541.62 cm3
» Thickness Flange (tf) = 9.00 mm Zy = 105.65 cm3
140
d3
80
d2
80 d1
RAFTER a= 19.7
WF. 200 X 100 X 5.5 X 8 70 fy
150
H.
DIKETAHUI : MU 7726.38880575 kgm = 772,639 kgcm
FRAME No. 507 PU x ( cos α )
2083.2 x ( cos 14 ) = 2,083 kg
=
5895.19 • 12 d2 = 13.03 cm
2400 15 d3 = 21.03 cm
= 1.97 cm d4 = 35.03 cm
= 19.7 mm d5 = 43.03 cm
d6 = 43.03 cm +
ΣTd = 160.21 cm
♣ Ø Mn = ( 0.9 Fy a2 bf )
+ ΣT.di > Mu
2
= 0.9 2400 3.861 15
+ 944466.65 > 772638.88
2
= 62,555.95 + 944,467 kg > 772,639 kg/cm
= 1,007,023 kg/cm > 772,639 kg/cm Ok !!!
4 KONTROL KEKUATAN
Batas Momen Plastis pengaruh tekuk lateral
– Mnx = Zx x Fy
= 541.6 x 240 = 129989.9 kgcm
Mnx = Mpx → 1299.90 kg.m
– Mny = Zy x Fy
= ( 1/ 4 tf bf 2 )x Fy
= ( 1/ 4 9 150 )x 240 = 12150000 kg.cm
Mny = Mpy → 121500 kg.m
♠ PERSAMAAN INTERAKSI
Kuat Momen Lentur berdasarkan Sumbu Kuat-X dan Sumbu Lemah-Y
Mux Muy
+ ≤ 1
φ Mnx φ Mny
144.68 11401.89
+ ≤ 1
1169.91 109350
0.23 ≤ 1 OK!!!
5 KONTROL LENDUTAN
L 1018
f = = = 2.827 cm
360 360
5 ( Q ultimate ) L 4
∆ =
384 E ▪ Ix
5 ( 1.040 ) 1018 4
=
384 2000000 ▪ 7195.77
= 0.013 ▪ 77.5281564297
= 1.009 < 2.827 cm OK!!!
I SAMBUNGAN KONSOL
Direncanakan Baja WF 150 75 5 7
» Sectional Area = 17.85 cm2 Ix = 664.62 cm4
» Weight = 14.00 kg/m Iy = 49.64 cm4
» Depth of Section (D) = 150.00 mm ix = 6.10 cm
» Flange Width (B) = 75.00 mm iy = 1.67 cm
» Thickness Web (tw) = 5.00 mm Zx = 101.72 cm3
» Thickness Flange (tf) = 7.00 mm Zy = 20.90 cm3
GORDING LIGHT LIP CHANNEL 150.65.20.3,2
KONSOL
WF. 150 X 75 X 5 X 7 d3
70 d2
KUDA-KUDA
WF. 300 x 150 x 6.5 x 9 100
d1
KOLOM
WF. 300 x 150 x 6.5 x 9 a= 7.8
60
fy
75
I.
DIKETAHUI : MU 474.8266354925 kgm = 47,483 kgcm
FRAME No. 273 PU x ( cos α )
146.5 x ( cos 14 ) = 146.47 kg
1 KONTROL KEKUATAN BAUT Ø 12 mm
Baut rencana
PU 146.5
RUV = = = 24.41 kg
n 6
♣ Kuat geser
Φ Rnv = 0.75 0.5 Fu Ab n
= 0.75 0.50 3700 1.13 1 = 1569.226 kg
♣ Kuat tumpu
Φ Rn = 2.4 d tp Fu 0.75
= 2.4 1.13 1.0 3700 0.75 = 7532.283 kg
♣ Kuat tarik
Φ Rnt = 0.75 0.75 Ab Fu
= 0.75 0.75 1.13 3700 = 2353.838 kg
2 RUMUS INTERAKSI GESER & TARIK
Ruv Rut
( )2 + ( )2 < 1.00
Φ Rnv Φ Rnt
24.41 Rut
( )2 + ( )2 < 1.00
1569.226 2353.838
Rut
( 0.00024 ) + ( )2 < 1.00
2353.838
Rut2 < (( 1.00 - 0.00024 ) x 2353.838
< 5539213.9
Rut = T = 2353.55 kg < Φ Rnt = 2353.84
3 LETAK GARIS NETRAL ( a )
ΣT ♣ Letak / jarak baut dari garis netral
a =
Fy bf d1 = 5.22 cm
2353.55 • 6 d2 = 15.22 cm
=
2400 7.5 d3 = 22.22 cm +
= 0.7845178 cm = 7.8 mm ΣTd = 42.65 cm
♣ Ø Mn = ( 0.9 Fy a2 bf )
+ ΣT.di > Mu
2
= 0.9 2400 0.615 7.5
+ 100370.69 > 47482.66
2
= 4,985.29 + 100,371 kg > 47,483 kg/cm
= 105,356.0 kg/cm > 47,482.7 kg/cm Ok !!!
J PERENCANAAN PLAT LANDASAN (FLENDES)
L
♠ DIMENSI PLAT FLENDES
n
L ( Panjang ) : 20.0 Cm
B ( Lebar ) : 20.0 Cm
Fy ( Tegangan baja ) : 240.0 Mpa
0.85 B
Fu ( Tegangan leleh ) : 370.0 Mpa
B
♠ DIMENSI KOLOM BETON
L ( Panjang ) : 25.0 Cm
B ( Lebar ) : 25.0 Cm
Fc' ( Tegangan beton ) : 25.0 Mpa
n
m 0.95 L m
– Pu < φ x Pn
4794.23 < 0.60 x 1275000
4794.23 < 7650.00 kg Ok !!!
II TEGANGAN EXENTRISITAS
Mu 127684.2
– e =
Pu
=
4794.2
= 2663.29 cm
– W = 1/ 6 x B x L2
= 1/ 6 x 20.0 x 20.00 2 = 1333.33 cm3
Pu M
– σu max = ±
Ag W
4794.23 127684.19
= ±
625.00 1333.33
= 7.671 + 95.763 = 103.43 kg/cm2
4794.23 127684.19
– σu min = ±
625.00 1333.33
= 7.671 - 95.763 = -88.09 kg/cm2
+
kg/m
kg/m
)2
kg
Ok !!!
mm
)2
kg
Ok !!!
mm
)2
kg
Ok !!!
PEMBEBANAN KONSTRUKSI ATAP
C PERENCANAAN BEBAN
A BEBAN HIDUP
1.a. Beban Hidup Terpusat (Ql)
Direncanakan Berat Pekerja Konstruksi 100.0 kg ( PMI Pasal 3.2 Muatan Hidup Atap )
2.a. Beban Hidup Terbagi Rata Air Hujan (Qr)
- Beban hidup terbagi rata
w = 40 - 0.8 α
= 40 - 0.8 14 = 39.22 kg/m2 > 20 kg/m2
Menurut PPI pasal 3.2 Beban Hidup Atap tidak perlu diambil lebih besar dari 20 kg/m 2
Pw = 1/ 2 x 20.0 x 1.40 x 6.00 = 84.00 kg
3.a. Total Beban Hidup ( P ) 184.0 kg
B BEBAN MATI
1.b. Beban Mati Atas ( Qd )
- Berat Gording Light Lip Channels 7.5 x 6.00 : 45.00 kg
- Berat Zinc Aluminium 10
x 1.40 x 6.00 m : 148.66 kg
cos 14
- Berat Kuda-kuda ┴ 100.100.10 (tabel baja) : 15.10 kg
- Alat Pengikat dll (10%) : 19.37 kg +
Qd : 228.12 kg
Dibulatkan = 228.20 kg
2.b. Beban Mati Bawah ( Qd )
- Berat Penggantung / Langit-langit ( 11 + 7 ) x 6.00 : 108.00 kg
Qd : 108.00 kg
C BEBAN ANGIN
1.c. Tiupan Angin ( Qw )
Rencana tekanan tiupan angin jauh dari pantai 30.0 kg/m2 (PPI Pasal 4.2 Muatan Angin)
♠ Beban Angin Tekan Atap = -0.98 x 30.0 x 1.40 x 6.00 : 246.96 kg
Px : ( PL x ( cos 14 ))
: ( 246.96 x ( cos 14 )) = 139.600 kg → Vertikal
Py : ( PL x ( sin 14 ))
: ( 246.96 x ( sin 14 )) = 59.200 kg → Horizontal
♠ Beban Angin Hisap Atap = -1.00 x 30.0 x 1.40 x 6.00 : 252.00 kg
Px : ( PL x ( cos 14 ))
: ( 252.00 x ( cos 14 )) = 142.400 kg → Vertikal
Py : ( PL x ( sin 14 ))
: ( 252.00 x ( sin 14 )) = 60.400 kg → Horizontal
TABEL HASIL PERHITUNGAN KONSTRUKSI SAP 2000
NO. STATION KOMBINASI PEMBEBANAN GAYA ( P ) YG. DIPAKAI
BATANG m COMB1 COMB2 COMB3 COMB TEKAN ( − ) TARIK ( + )
1.4 D 1.2 D + 1.6 L 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.3W 1.2D + 0.5L - 1.3W Kg. m Kg. m
5 0.000 -6229.22 -12802.68 -7125.55 -8217.71 -12802.68
Diagonal 0.739 -6221.22 -12795.83 -7118.69 -8210.86 -12795.83
1.479 -6213.23 -12788.97 -7111.84 -8204.00 -12788.97
7 0.000 -321.59 -626.75 -706.45 -64.29 -706.45
Diagonal 0.823 -304.53 -612.12 -691.82 -49.67 -691.82
1.646 -287.47 -597.50 -677.20 -35.04 -677.20
9 0.000 -1047.52 -2122.77 1163.05 -3724.36 -3724.36
Diagonal 0.739 -1039.52 -2115.92 1169.90 -3717.50 -3717.50
1.479 -1031.53 -2109.06 1176.76 -3710.65 -3710.65
11 0.000 -4485.42 -9162.32 -7280.20 -3732.64 -9162.32
Vertikal 0.600 -4460.36 -9140.85 -7258.73 -3711.16 -9140.85
1.200 -4435.31 -9119.37 -7237.25 -3689.68 -9119.37
13 0.000 5772.22 11889.55 9228.58 5005.36 11889.55
Diagonal 0.823 5766.02 11884.24 9223.27 5000.05 11884.24
1.646 5759.82 11878.93 9217.96 4994.74 11878.93
15 0.000 3611.25 7477.88 8517.68 412.11 8517.68
Diagonal 0.739 3619.24 7484.73 8524.53 418.96 8524.53
1.479 3627.24 7491.58 8531.38 425.82 8531.38
17 0.000 -4029.22 -8259.29 -6495.06 -3415.72 -8259.29
Vertikal 0.600 -4020.12 -8251.49 -6487.26 -3407.92 -8251.49
1.200 -4011.02 -8243.69 -6479.46 -3400.12 -8243.69
19 0.000 265.68 543.24 554.16 98.48 554.16
Diagonal 0.739 273.67 550.09 561.02 105.33 561.02
1.479 281.67 556.94 567.87 112.18 567.87
21 0.000 5190.31 10688.59 8189.29 4608.23 10688.59
Diagonal 0.823 5184.12 10683.28 8183.98 4602.92 10683.28
1.646 5177.92 10677.96 8178.67 4597.61 10677.96
63 0.000 20582.28 42417.29 33032.15 17736.34 42417.29
Diagonal 0.739 20590.27 42424.14 33039.01 17743.19 42424.14
1.479 20598.27 42430.99 33045.86 17750.04 42430.99
71 0.000 21580.52 44463.11 33849.02 19374.61 44463.11
Diagonal 0.739 21588.52 44469.96 33855.87 19381.47 44469.96
1.479 21596.51 44476.82 33862.72 19388.32 44476.82
77 0.000 1117.01 2281.83 914.29 1828.33 2281.83
Diagonal 0.823 1110.81 2276.52 908.98 1823.02 2276.52
1.646 1104.61 2271.21 903.67 1817.71 2271.21
79 0.000 22055.83 45429.67 33731.91 20656.01 45429.67
Diagonal 0.739 22063.83 45436.52 33738.76 20662.86 45436.52
1.479 22071.82 45443.38 33745.62 20669.71 45443.38
81 0.000 -634.90 -1253.87 -432.74 -1099.20 -1253.87
Vertikal 0.600 -625.80 -1246.07 -424.94 -1091.40 -1246.07
1.200 -616.70 -1238.27 -417.14 -1083.61 -1238.27
85 0.000 535.11 1080.87 -125.00 1431.20 1431.20
Diagonal 0.823 528.91 1075.56 -130.31 1425.89 1425.89
1.646 522.71 1070.24 -135.62 1420.58 1420.58
89 0.000 -210.61 -378.20 325.05 -809.64 -809.64
Vertikal 0.600 -201.51 -370.40 332.85 -801.84 -801.84
1.200 -192.41 -362.60 340.65 -794.04 -794.04
91 0.000 -27528.07 -56708.85 -40952.98 -26933.85 -56708.85
Diagonal 0.739 -27536.07 -56715.70 -40959.84 -26940.70 -56715.70
1.479 -27544.06 -56722.55 -40966.69 -26947.55 -56722.55
93 0.000 -46.80 -120.10 -1164.28 1034.07 -1164.28
Diagonal 0.823 -52.99 -125.41 -1169.60 1028.76 -1169.60
1.646 -59.19 -130.72 -1174.91 1023.45 -1174.91
99 0.000 -28003.38 -57675.41 -40896.58 -28154.54 -57675.41
Diagonal 0.739 -28011.38 -57682.26 -40903.43 -28161.39 -57682.26
1.479 -28019.37 -57689.11 -40910.28 -28168.24 -57689.11
107 0.000 -27955.76 -57562.71 -39906.21 -29018.35 -57562.71
Diagonal 0.739 -27963.76 -57569.56 -39913.06 -29025.20 -57569.56
1.479 -27971.75 -57576.41 -39919.91 -29032.05 -57576.41
103 0.000 20344.17 41853.79 27776.80 22358.87 41853.79
Diagonal 0.739 20352.16 41860.64 27783.65 22365.73 41860.64
1.479 20360.16 41867.49 27790.50 22372.58 41867.49
104 0.000 20344.17 41853.79 23888.32 26247.35 41853.79
Diagonal 0.739 20352.16 41860.64 23895.18 26254.20 41860.64
1.479 20360.16 41867.49 23902.03 26261.05 41867.49
115 0.000 -1792.50 -3722.99 -4282.14 -157.32 -4282.14
Diagonal 0.823 -1798.70 -3728.30 -4287.46 -162.63 -4287.46
1.646 -1804.89 -3733.62 -4292.77 -167.94 -4292.77
116 0.000 -1792.50 -3722.99 44.82 -4484.28 -4484.28
Diagonal 0.823 -1798.70 -3728.30 39.51 -4489.59 -4489.59
1.646 -1804.89 -3733.62 34.19 -4494.90 -4494.90
117 0.000 12510.59 25791.53 15727.73 15136.61 25791.53
Vertikal 0.600 12535.65 25813.01 15749.21 15158.09 25813.01
1.200 12560.71 25834.49 15770.68 15179.56 25834.49
120 0.000 -24675.30 -50749.04 -31331.29 -29468.46 -50749.04
Diagonal 0.739 -24683.30 -50755.89 -31338.14 -29475.32 -50755.89
1.479 -24691.29 -50762.74 -31344.99 -29482.17 -50762.74
121 0.000 -24675.30 -50749.04 -31453.90 -29345.85 -50749.04
Diagonal 0.739 -24683.30 -50755.89 -31460.75 -29352.71 -50755.89
1.479 -24691.29 -50762.74 -31467.60 -29359.56 -50762.74
BAB IV
PERHITUNGAN RANGKA BATANG
D PERENCANAAN PROFIL
I RANGKA BATANG VERTIKAL ( FRAME 11 )
♠ Rencana Profil Siku-Siku : ┴ 60 60 6 mm
Sectional Area (Ag) = 6.91 cm2 M Tahanan (Wx-Wy) = 5.29 cm3
Weight = 5.42 kg/m M Kelambatan (Ix-Iy) = 22.80 cm4
Jarak titik berat (e) = 1.69 cm Jari-jari Kelambatan (ix-iy) = 1.82 cm
♠ Rencana Konstruksi
Dipakai Baut = 8.00 mm L = 5.350 M
Tebal Plat Simpul = 8.00 mm Pu = -9162.325 Kg → Tekan
Diameter Lubang = 9.60 mm
Iy ┴ 85
= √ 2 Ag
= √ 2 6.91
= 2.48 cm
Lky 164.50
– λc =
Iy ┴
=
2.48
= 66.30 cm
E 2100000
λ = 1.76
fy
= 1.76
240
= 164.63 cm
λc < λ
66.30 < 164.6 cm Ok !!!
3 Kapasitas Profil terhadap Leleh
– Pu = φ x Fy x Ag
= 0.90 x 2400 x 13.82 = 29851 kg
– Pu < φ x Pn
11889.55 < 0.90 x 29851
11889.55 < 26866.08 kg Ok !!!
4 Kapasitas Profil terhadap Patah
A adalah luas plat → Menurut LRFD hal. 72 L > 2 w maka U = 1.00
Menurut LRFD hal. 72 2 w > L > 1.5 w U = 0.87
Menurut LRFD hal. 72 1.5 w > L > w U = 0.75
L adalah Panjang pengelasan
W adalah Lebar plat ( jarak antara sumbu pengelasan )
e 1.69
– U = 1 - = 1 - = 0.97
L 56.00
– A Netto = ( 2 x Ag ) – 2 x Ø lubang x tb. Profil
= 2 x 6.91 – 2 x 0.96 x 0.60
= 12.67 cm 2
– Ae = A Netto x U
= 12.67 x 0.97 = 12.29
– Pu = φ x fu x Ae
= 0.75 x 3700 x 12.29
= 34092.8116 kg > Gaya Tarik 11889.552 kg Ok !!!
5 Kontrol Blok Shear
Bidang Tarik
– Agt = 2 x ( S x t )
= 2 x ( 2.50 x 0.60 ) = 3.00 cm2
– Ant = 2 x ( S x t ) – ( d x t )
= 2 x ( 2.50 x 0.60 ) – ( 0.96 x 0.60 ) = 2.42 cm2
Tarik Fraktur = 2.42 x 3700 = 8968.8 kg
Bidang Geser
– Ags = 2 x ( S1 + S2 ) x t
= 2 x ( 3.50 + 7.00 ) x 0.60 = 12.60 cm2
– Ans = 2 x (( S1 + S2 ) – ( 1.50 x d )) x t
= 2 x (( 3.50 + 7.00 ) – ( 1.50 x 0.96 )) x 0.60
= 2 x (( 10.50 – 1.44 ) x 0.60 = 10.87 cm2
Geser Fraktur = φ x fu x Ans
= 0.6 x 3700 x 10.87 = 24135.84 kg
Kesimpulan Tarik Fraktur < Geser Fraktur
– Pu < φRn
– 11889.6 < φt x (( φ x Fu x Ans ) + ( Fy x Agt ))
– 11889.6 < 0.60 x (( 0.6 x 3700 x 10.87 ) + ( 2400 x 3.00 ))
11889.6 < 18801.50 Ok !!!
Iy ┴ 659
= √ 2 Ag
= √ 2 19.20
= 4.14 cm
Lky 147.90
– λc = = = 35.69 cm
Iy ┴ 4.14
E 2100000
λ = 1.76 = 1.76 = 164.63 cm
fy 240
λc < λ
35.69 < 164.6 cm Ok !!!
3 Kapasitas Profil terhadap Leleh
– Pu = φ x Fy x Ag
= 0.90 x 2400 x 38.40 = 82944 kg
– Pu < φ x Pn
45443.38 < 0.90 x 82944
45443.38 < 74649.60 kg Ok !!!
4 Kapasitas Profil terhadap Patah
A adalah luas plat → Menurut LRFD hal. 72 L > 2 w maka U = 1.00
Menurut LRFD hal. 72 2 w > L > 1.5 w U = 0.87
Menurut LRFD hal. 72 1.5 w > L > w U = 0.75
L adalah Panjang pengelasan
W adalah Lebar plat ( jarak antara sumbu pengelasan )
e 2.82
– U = 1 - = 1 - = 0.95
L 56.00
– A Netto = ( 2 x Ag ) – 2 x Ø lubang x tb. Profil
= 2 x 19 – 2 x 1.44 x 1.00
= 35.52 cm2
– Ae = A Netto x U
= 35.52 x 0.95 = 33.73
– Pu = φ x fu x Ae
= 0.75 x 3700 x 33.73
= 93604.3971 kg > Gaya Tarik 45443.376 kg Ok !!!
5 Kontrol Blok Shear
Bidang Tarik
– Agt = 2 x ( S x t )
= 2 x ( 2.50 x 1.00 ) = 5.00 cm2
– Ant = 2 x ( S x t ) – ( d x t )
= 2 x ( 2.50 x 1.00 ) – ( 1.44 x 1.00 ) = 3.56 cm2
Tarik Fraktur = 3.56 x 3700 = 13172.0 kg
Bidang Geser
– Ags = 2 x ( S1 + S2 ) x t
= 2 x ( 3.50 + 7.00 ) x 1.00 = 21.00 cm2
– Ans = 2 x (( S1 + S2 ) – ( 1.50 x d )) x t
= 2 x (( 3.50 + 7.00 ) – ( 1.50 x 1.44 )) x 1.00
= 2 x (( 10.50 – 2.16 ) x 1.00 = 16.68 cm2
Geser Fraktur = φ x fu x Ans
= 0.6 x 3700 x 16.68 = 37029.60 kg
Kesimpulan Tarik Fraktur < Geser Fraktur
– Pu < φRn
– 45443.4 < φt x (( φ x Fu x Ans ) + ( Fy x Agt ))
– 45443.4 < 1.00 x (( 0.6 x 3700 x 16.68 ) + ( 2400 x 5.00 ))
45443.4 < 49029.60 Ok !!!
.
IV RANGKA BATANG BAGIAN ATAS ( FRAME 99 )
♠ Rencana Profil Siku-Siku : ┴ 100 100 10 mm
Sectional Area (Ag) = 19.20 cm2 M Tahanan (Wx-Wy) = 24.70 cm3
Weight = 15.10 kg/m M Kelambatan (Ix-Iy) = 177.00 cm4
Jarak titik berat (e) = 2.82 cm Jari-jari Kelambatan (ix-iy) = 3.04 cm
♠ Rencana Konstruksi
Dipakai Baut = 12.00 mm L = 1.479 M
Tebal Plat Simpul = 12.00 mm Pu = -57689.111 Kg → Tekan
Diameter Lubang = 14.40 mm
♠ BATANG 85
Gaya Tarik Maximum : 1431.200 Kg.m
Panjang Batang : 1.646 m
Dipakai Baut : 8.00 mm
Diameter Lubang : 9.60 mm
Rencana Profil Siku-Siku : ┴ 60 60 6 mm
Sectional Area (Ag) = 6.91 cm2 M Tahanan (Wx-Wy) = 5.29 cm3
Weight = 5.42 kg/m M Kelambatan (Ix-Iy) = 22.80 cm4
Jarak titik berat (e) = 1.69 cm Jari-jari Kelambatan (ix-iy) = 1.82 cm
No. Sambungan 51 45
75 60
85 1431.20 kg
-56722.55 91
81 -1253.87 kg
GAYA - GAYA YANG BEKERJA
1 Gaya Tarik ( Nu )
– Nut = 0.50 x ( S99 – S91 ) – S81 COS 75 + S85 COS 45
= 0.50 x 57689.11 – 56722.55 – 1253.87 COS 75 + 1431.20 COS 45
= 0.50 x 966.56 – 324.53 + 1012.01
= 1333.028 kg
2 Gaya Lintang ( Vu )
– Vu = S81 SIN 75 + S85 SIN 45
= 1253.87 SIN 75 + 1431.20 SIN 45
= 1211.15 + 1012.01 = 1336.537 kg
3 Momen ( Mu )
– Mu = 0.50 x ( S99 - S91 ) δ1 – S81 COS 75 · δ2 + S85 COS 45 · δ3
= 0.50 x 2725.70 – 548.45 + 1710.30
= 2798.924 kg
4 Gaya Tarik Nominal
– φt Nnt = φ Fy Ag simpul
= 0.90 2400 1.2 25 = 64800 kg
= φ Fu An
= 0.75 3700 30.0 – 17.3 = 35298 kg
Z = 0.25 t h2 – Ø lubang · δ1
= 0.25 1.2 625.0 – 48.73 = 138.7704 cm3
5 Momen Nominal
– φb Mn = φ Z fy
= 0.90 139 2400 = 299744.06 kg.cm
6 Gaya Lintang Nominal
– φv Vn = φ 0.6 An fu
= 0.75 0.60 12.7 3700 = 21178.80 kg
7 Persamaan Interaksi Aksial - Momen
Nut Mu Vu
[ + ]2 + [ ]2 ≤ 1.0
φt Nnt φb Mn φv Vn
1333.03 2798.92 1336.54
[ + ]2 + [ ]2 ≤ 1.0
64800.00 299744 21178.80
[ 0.0206 + 0.009 ]2 + [ 0.063 ]2 ≤ 1.0
0.005 ≤ 1.0 Ok !!!
89 -809.64 kg
85 1431.20 kg 79 45443.38 kg
60 75
45
No. Sambungan 41
44476.82 71
TITIK SAMBUNGAN
60 60
41867.49 kg 41867.49 kg
= 18267.741 kg
S 115 S 116
– N = x Cos 45 + x Cos 45
2 2
-4292.77 -4494.90
= x 0.707 + x 0.707 = -3106.909 kg
2 2
– Nut = 15160.832 kg
2 Gaya Lintang ( Vu )
– Vu = S117 SIN 45 – S 104
= 25834.49 0.707 – 41867.49 = 23599.75 kg
3 Momen ( Mu )
– Mu = 0.50 x ( S99 - S91 ) δ1 – S81 · δ1
= 0.50 x 0.00 – 72853.25 = 72853.25 kg
4 Gaya Tarik Nominal
– φt Nnt = φ Fy Ag simpul
= 0.90 2400 1.2 88.78 = 230117.8 kg
= φ Fu An
= 0.75 3700 106.5 – 1.728 = 290842.2 kg
Z = 0.25 t h2 – Ø lubang · δ1
= 0.25 1.2 7882 – 4.87 = 2359.694 cm3
5 Momen Nominal
– φb Mn = φ Z fy
= 0.90 2360 2400 = 5096938.09 kg.cm
6 Gaya Lintang Nominal
– φv Vn = φ 0.6 An fu
= 0.75 0.60 104.8 3700 = 174505.32 kg
7 Persamaan Interaksi Aksial - Momen
Nut Mu Vu
[ + ]2 + [ ]2 ≤ 1.0
φt Nnt φb Mn φv Vn
15160.83 72853.25 2 23599.75 2
[ + ] + [ ] ≤ 1.0
230118 5096938 174505
[ 0.0659 + 0.014 ]2 + [ 0.135 ]2 ≤ 1.0
0.025 ≤ 1.0 Ok !!!
KONTROL TEGANGAN
1 Tegangan Tarik
Nut Muy
+ ≤ σ't
A net φ Mny
15160.83 72853.25
+ ≤ 0.75 x 1400
85.8 1957.35
213.92 ≤ 1050.00 kg/cm2 Ok !!!
2 Tegangan Geser
Vu
≤ τ
A net
23600
≤ 0.58 x 1400
85.8
275.0553 ≤ 812.00 kg/cm2 Ok !!!
3 Tegangan Idiil
σ'i = σ't2 + 3 τ2 ≤ σ'
= 45762 + 226966 ≤ 1400
522.23 ≤ 1400 Ok !!!
B PERENCANAAN SAMBUNGAN REGEL PADA KOLOM
♠ PU akibat Angin Tekan // Regel : 235.48 Kg
MU akibat Angin Hisap ┴ Regel : 469.46 kg/m
Panjang Batang : 6.00 m
Dipakai Baut : 8.00 mm
Diameter Lubang : 9.60 mm
Tebal Plat : 10.00 mm
Pu 12359.66 kg ♠ qW = -1.00 x W x L
= 1.00 x 30.00 x 7.85 = 235.5 kg/m
B Hb 606.31 ♠ Tumpuan Kolom Diasumsikan jepit
MAB ♠ MAB = - 1/12 x qW x L2
= - 1/12 x 235.5 x 7.85 2 = -1209.34 kg/m
♠ MBA = 1/12 x qW x L2 + Hb x L
7.85
A
I KEKAKUAN STRUKTUR KOLOM
Kolom diasumsikan Struktur Bergogang karena hanya diperkaku ikatan angin dan regel
1 TEKUK SUMBU X-X → ARAH MELINTANG
– KcA = 1.00 → Tumpuan Jepit
– L = 7.85 m = 785 cm
Lkx = = KcA L = 1.00 785 = 785.0 cm
Lkx 785.0
– λx = ix =
29.2
= 26.9 cm
λx fy
– λc =
π √ E
26.9 2400
=
3.14 √ 2100000
= 0.289 cm
Tegangan kritis Euler akibat tekuk
π2 x E x Ag
– Fcr = 2
λ
9.87 x 2100000 x 235.50
= = 6766416.28 kg
721.366
♠ Jika Nilai Kelangsingan (λc) pada hal 83 :
Berada pada ω = λc < 1.2 maka disebut Batang Pendek
Berada pada ω = 0.25 < λc <1.2 maka disebut Batang Menengah yang dipakai :
Berada pada ω = λc > 1.2 maka disebut Batang Panjang
1.43
– ω = 1.60
- 0.67 · λc
1.43
= = 1.017
1.60 - 0.67 · 0.29
Tekuk kritis adalah arah X, maka → ω = 1.017
Ag x fy
– Ncr =
ω
235.5 x 2400
= = 555861 > ### kg OK!!!
1.017
Komponen struktur dengan penampang simetris yang mengalami momen lentur dan
gaya aksial (LRFD Page 75)
Nu
– Nn =
φ x Nn
12359.66 MAKA DIPAKAI PERSAMAAN
= = 0.03 < 0.20
0.85 x ### INTERAKSI 1 hal 75
Untuk Kolom dianggap tidak bergoyang maka :
Cmx
– δbx = Nu > 1.0
1 -
Fcrbx
1.00
= 12359.7 > 1.0
1 -
6766416
= 1.002 > 1.0 OK!!!
Untuk Elemen beban transversal ujung tumpuan sederhana
♠ Mux = Mntx x δbx
= 5968.9 x 1.002 = 5979.82 kgm
♠ Mnx = Zx x fy
= 6459.2 x 2400 = 15501962.1 kgm
φb Mnx = φ x Mnx
= 0.9 x 15501962 = 13951765.9 kgm
n
0.85 B
B
n
m 0.95 L m
40 30
5
5 70 5
IV PERHITUNGAN ANGKER
Y = B - X
= 40 - 6.80 = 33.2 cm
σu min = 1.5 d = 1.5 ( 2 x tf )
= 7.2 cm
80 1/ 3 X = 2.27 cm
X Y 1/ 3 Y = 11.1 cm
P M M - P X
T =
σu min 40 Y
104089 - 11828.3 2.267
=
11.1
= 6982.985 kg
1/ 3 X 1/ 3 Y
6983.0
– τ = 3 Baut = 1163.83 kg
2 Sisi
τ 6982.99
– Ld = =
σb' * 2π * d 7.00 · 6.28 · 4.80
= 33.077 cm ~ 34 cm
V PERHITUNGAN LAS FLENDES
Profil baja Bj → Fu 3700 kg/cm2
Pu
Fu P =
te x Ab
6982.99
= = 175.407 kg/cm2
2 x 18.10
Fu = Фf • 0.6 • F70xx
= 0.75 • 0.6 • 4921.00 = 2214.45
Fu P
e = = 0.079 cm
e = = 0.079 cm
Fu
H PERHITUNGAN KOLOM BETON ( 1 & 2 )
♠ DIMENSI KOLOM
a. Lebar1 Kolom ( b1 ) : 400 mm
b. Lebar2 Kolom ( b2 ) : 800 mm
c. Tinggi ( lu ) : 0 mm
e. r : 0.3 x b2
: 0.3 x 800 : 240 mm
f. Ig kolom : 1 / ### x b1 x b2 3
: 1 / ### x 400 x 800 3
: 1.7E+10 mm 4
1.2 D : Berat Sendiri = 768 kg/m +
g. βd = →
(1.2 D + 1.6 L) Total = 768 kg/m
Beban hidup = 250 kg/m
: ### x 768 / ( ### x 768 + ### x 250 )
: 0.697 ~ 0.70
h. EI kolom 2/ 5 x Ec x Ig kolom
:
1 + βd
2/ 5 x 25743 x 1.707E+10
: : 1.0E+14 Nmm2
1 + 0.70
π 2 x El k
- Pc :
( k x lu ) 2
3.14 2 x 1.034E+14 1.021E+15
: : : #DIV/0! N
( 1.000 x 0 ) 2 0
Cm 1.082
- δb :
( 1 - Pu )
:
( 1 - 14750060 )
Φ Pc #DIV/0!
1.082
:
( 1 - #DIV/0! )
: #DIV/0!
Cm 1.082
- δs :
( 1 - Σ Pu )
:
( 1 - 14750 )
ΣΦ Pc #DIV/0!
1.082
:
( 1 - #DIV/0! )
: #DIV/0!
MU 86346.75
- et : : : 5.854 m
PU 14750.06
- eo min : 15 + ( 0.003 x 800 ) : 17.40 mm = 0.0174 m
et > eo min
PU 1475005.96
- Sumbu vertikal : :
Ø A gr 0.81 ƒ'c 0.65 320000 0.81 30
: 0.292
- eo = et : 5854 mm ; et 585.4
= = 0.7317
h 800.0
- et > eo min : 0.73 > 0.017
- ρ : ρ x β
: 0.010 x 1.2 : 0.012
- As tot : ρ x A gr
: 0.012 x ( 400 x 800 ) : 3840.00 mm2
Jumlah tulangan keseluruhan yang dipasang : 12 Ø 22 = 4562 mm2 …Ok !!!
: 500 - 40 - 8 - ( 16 / 2 )
: 444 mm
d' : selimut + beugel + ( tul. pokok / 2 )
: 40 + 8 + ( 16 / 2 )
b : 56 mm
2 Perhitungan r Beton ( sama )
3 Perhitungan Momen ( Dari Konstruksi Baja Karangan Ir. A.P. Potma dan Ir. J.E. De Vries )
1/24 1/ 9 1/24
1/11 1/11
♣ Mt1 = 1/16 * qu. * L 2
= 1/24 x 13.84 x 2.00 2 = 2260533.33 Nmm
♣ Mt2 = 1/16 * qu. * L 2
= 1/ 9 x 13.84 x 2.00 2 = 6028088.89 Nmm
♣ ML1 = 1/12 * qu. * L 2
= 1/11 x 13.84 x 2.00 2 = 4932072.73 Nmm
3a Perhitungan pada Tumpuan 1
♣ Mu (t) = 6028088.89 Nmm
♣ Rn Mu (t)
=
Ø x b x d 2
6028088.89
= = 0.15289163
0.8 x 250 x 444 2
♣ r perlu 1 2 x Rn x m
= x ( 1 - 1 - )
m (fy)
1 2 x 0.1529 x 9.41
= x ( 1 - 1 - )
9.41 400
= 0.0003829 > r min = ( 0.00350 )
♣ r b = 0.85 x b1 x fc 600
x
fy 600 + fy
= 0.85 x 0.85 x 30 600
x = 0.03251
400 600 + 400
♣ r max= 0.75 x r b
= 0.75 x 0.0325 = 0.024384375
Dipakai r perlu = 0.000383
♣ As = ρ perlu x b x d
= 0.00038 x 250 x 444 = 4 mm2
Dipasang tulangan = 3 Ø 16 = 603 mm2
3b Perhitungan pada Lapangan
♣ Mu (L) = 4932072.73 Nmm
♣ Rn Mu (L)
=
Ø x b x d 2
4932072.73
= = 0.1250932
0.8 x 250 x 444 2
♣ r perlu 1 2 x Rn x m
= x ( 1 - 1 - )
m (fy)
1 2 x 0.125093152 x 9.41
= x ( 1 - 1 - )
9.41 400
= 0.0003132 > r min = ( 0.00350 )
Dipakai r perlu = 0.000313
♣ As = ρ perlu x b x d
= 0.000313 x 250 x 444 = 3 mm2
Dipasang tulangan = 3 Ø 16 = 603 mm2
BAB VI
PERENCANAAN PONDASI
I. DATA - DATA
♣ Mutu Beton (fc') : 30 Mpa
♣ Mutu Baja (fy) : 240 Mpa (Tulangan Ulir / Deform)
♣ Bentang Pondasi Setempat
Arah Melintang (L) : 2.50 m'
Arah Memanjang (B) : 1.50 m'
V1 = 16160 V2 = 16160
M1 = 104089 M2= -104089
H2 = 11828 H2 = -11828
h= 1.60 h = 2.0
d= 0.40
L= 2.00
1.5
2.5
♣ Beban Ultimate
Q ult = ( 1.2 x Pu ) + ( 1.6 x LL )
= ( 1.2 x 29420 ) + ( 1.6 x 250.00 ) = 35703.66 kg-m
Qs = ( Q ult / LXB )
= ( 35704 / 3.81 ) = 9380.14 kg-m
Lx Ly 2.54
β = = = 1.7 < 2 ( Penulangan 2 arah )
Ly Lx 1.50
B = 2.54
r perlu = 1 2 x Rn x m
x ( 1 - 1 - )
9.41 (fy)
= 1 2
0.607546838 xx 9.41
x ( 1 - 1 - )
9.41 240
= 0.002562 < r min = ( 0.00350 )
r pakai = 0.00350 x 1.33 = 0.00466
As pasang = r x b x dy
= 0.00466 x 1000 x 332 = 1545.46 mm 2
Dipakai tulangan = Ø 16 - 130 ( As = 1547 mm2 )
VI. PERHITUNGAN TULANGAN LENTUR
Lx Ly 2.54
β = = = 1.7 < 2 ( Penulangan 2 arah )
Ly Lx 1.50
B = 2.54
DITINJAU DARI ARAH X
M = 1/2 * qu. * Ly 2
= 1/ 2 x 9380.1 x 0.55 2 = 1418.75 kg/m
dx = h - d' - ( tul. pokok / 2 )
L= 1.50 = 400 - 50 - ( 12 / 2 )= 344.0 mm
♣ m = fy
( 0.85 x fc )
= 240
( 0.85 x 30 )
= 9.41
♣ Rn M
=
Ø x b x dx 2
141874644
=
0.8 x 1000 x 344 2
= 1.498642048
r perlu = 1 2 x Rn x m
x ( 1 - 1 - )
9.41 (fy)
= 1 2 x
1.498642048 x 9.41
x ( 1 - 1 - )
9.41 240
= 0.006439 > r min = ( 0.00350 )
r pakai = 0.00644 x 1.33 = 0.00856
As pasang = r x b x dx
= 0.00856 x 1000 x 344 = 2946.19 mm 2
Dipakai tulangan = Ø 16 - 120 ( As = 1676.2 mm2 )
(WIDE FLANGE SHAPE )
ix iy Sx Sy Cx Cy Zx Zy
cm cm cm³ cm³ cm cm cm³ cm³
36.96 6.57 10907.50 1039.19 11.27 10.61 12495.91 1634.34
36.42 6.39 9130.29 844.56 11.27 10.71 10449.23 1328.85
35.68 6.17 7750.81 689.55 11.61 10.93 8908.71 1090.08
33.19 6.71 8388.02 916.35 9.42 10.45 9529.42 1430.77
33.00 6.63 7282.47 783.59 9.20 10.44 8238.19 1220.81
32.25 6.39 6396.00 663.59 9.69 10.72 7282.99 1040.81
29.42 6.87 6690.10 854.98 7.79 10.25 7554.58 1328.03
29.23 6.79 5747.92 723.15 7.57 10.24 6459.15 1121.37
28.53 6.54 4974.34 603.15 8.01 10.55 5623.95 941.37
24.83 6.91 4614.80 702.49 6.35 10.20 5192.53 1089.86
24.74 6.85 4008.46 602.79 6.11 10.15 4484.21 933.21
24.23 6.64 3520.57 512.79 6.42 10.43 3957.71 798.21
24.61 4.32 3377.65 315.38 7.80 7.17 3890.87 500.44
24.33 4.23 2979.00 271.61 7.81 7.22 3430.01 431.46
24.01 4.12 2583.36 228.69 7.86 7.29 2976.40 363.99
23.86 4.06 2301.49 199.82 7.81 7.31 2648.39 317.82
20.80 7.05 2900.82 542.01 4.69 9.90 3223.67 834.43
20.34 6.83 2497.70 452.01 4.95 10.19 2787.17 699.43
20.73 4.44 2230.61 257.39 5.96 6.98 2539.23 403.30
20.45 4.33 1910.58 214.68 5.98 7.05 2173.42 336.86
20.31 4.27 1684.98 186.00 5.91 7.07 1912.71 291.67
18.85 7.18 2543.10 541.56 4.07 9.72 2821.76 830.89
18.59 7.05 2150.84 448.44 4.07 9.85 2381.37 689.03
18.58 4.40 1484.32 187.55 5.16 6.98 1677.77 292.31
18.43 4.33 1284.47 159.18 5.11 7.01 1448.85 247.98
19.67 11.07 11960.94 4369.43 6.13 12.86 14454.49 6727.02
18.81 10.70 8168.37 2903.49 4.85 12.45 9537.96 4438.60
18.17 10.45 5566.44 1934.78 3.91 12.19 6309.03 2943.40
17.71 10.25 4477.72 1532.71 3.69 12.35 5023.91 2333.67
17.49 10.14 3840.24 1300.76 3.52 12.38 4277.29 1979.73
16.81 9.75 3540.29 1167.68 4.08 13.23 3990.06 1796.29
17.44 10.13 3326.95 1121.10 3.22 12.22 3670.06 1702.41
16.68 9.65 3026.94 985.96 3.90 13.19 3387.71 1513.55
17.32 10.07 2845.83 951.33 3.02 12.17 3116.04 1443.33
16.55 9.55 2519.73 809.36 3.71 13.15 2799.73 1239.87
16.85 7.29 1979.06 481.09 3.43 9.59 2185.54 735.61
16.73 7.21 1740.73 418.20 3.35 9.63 1915.49 639.51
A (mm2) At (cm2)
10268 168.56 168.56 15192 168.56 168.56 10268 364.022
8400 168.56 168.56 13504 168.56 168.56 8400 309.782
6877 168.56 168.56 12660 168.56 168.56 6877 270.882
9060 168.56 168.56 11968 168.56 168.56 9060 307.622
7800 168.56 168.56 10472 168.56 168.56 7800 267.462
6600 168.56 168.56 10472 168.56 168.56 6600 243.462
8456 168.56 168.56 9780 168.56 168.56 8456 273.662
7200 168.56 168.56 8476 168.56 168.56 7200 235.502
6000 168.56 168.56 8476 168.56 168.56 6000 211.502
6946 168.56 168.56 7672 168.56 168.56 6946 222.382
6000 168.56 168.56 6576 168.56 168.56 6000 192.502
5100 168.56 168.56 6576 168.56 168.56 5100 174.502
4646 104.06 104.06 7358 104.06 104.06 4646 170.662
4020 104.06 104.06 6792 104.06 104.06 4020 152.482
3400 104.06 104.06 6226 104.06 104.06 3400 134.422
2985 104.06 104.06 5660 104.06 104.06 2985 120.462
5400 145.34 145.34 4972 145.34 145.34 5400 163.534
4500 145.34 145.34 4972 145.34 145.34 4500 145.534
3819 86 86 5148 86 86 3819 131.3
3200 86 86 4680 86 86 3200 114.24
2786 86 86 4212 86 86 2786 101.28
5400 123.84 123.84 4444 123.84 123.84 5400 157.394
4485 123.84 123.84 4040 123.84 123.84 4485 135.054
2800 69.66 69.66 3798 69.66 69.66 2800 96.7664
2388 69.66 69.66 3376 69.66 69.66 2388 84.3064
30240 104.06 104.06 16110 104.06 104.06 30240 770.062
20850 104.06 104.06 10740 104.06 104.06 20850 528.562
14245 104.06 104.06 7160 104.06 104.06 14245 360.662
11340 104.06 104.06 6444 104.06 104.06 11340 295.402
9672 104.06 104.06 5728 104.06 104.06 9672 254.882
8568 104.06 104.06 7518 104.06 104.06 8568 250.702
8400 104.06 104.06 4654 104.06 104.06 8400 218.702
7290 104.06 104.06 6444 104.06 104.06 7290 214.402
7164 104.06 104.06 3938 104.06 104.06 7164 186.822
6030 104.06 104.06 5370 104.06 104.06 6030 178.462
4800 104.06 104.06 3580 104.06 104.06 4800 135.962
4186 104.06 104.06 3222 104.06 104.06 4186 120.102
1496 42.0608 1300 55.04 1496 55.04 1300 42.0608 6.5 21 21 200 379
1309 36.0808 1094.5 55.04 1309 55.04 1094.5 36.0808 5.5 19 19 198 377
2184 101 3872 86 2184 86 3872 101 11 32 32 178 324
2964 99.19 3391.5 86 2964 86 3391.5 99.19 9.5 29 29 175 321
1872 86.94 3325 86 1872 86 3325 86.94 9.5 29 29 175 321
2496 83.32 2832 86 2496 86 2832 83.32 8 26 26 172 318
1560 73 2784 86 1560 86 2784 73 8 26 26 172 318
2028 67.63 2281.5 86 2028 86 2281.5 67.63 6.5 23 23 169 315
1404 50.76 1750 86 1404 86 1750 50.76 7 24 24 170 316
1248 44.08 1494 86 1248 86 1494 44.08 6 22 22 168 314
1148 31.5728 962.5 42.14 1148 42.14 962.5 31.5728 5.5 18 18 175 332
984 26.3428 783 42.14 984 42.14 783 26.3428 4.5 16 16 173 330
1485 67.4132 2558.5 69.66 1485 69.66 2558.5 67.4132 8.5 26 26 152 278
2025 67.3932 2287.5 69.66 2025 69.66 2287.5 67.3932 7.5 24 24 150 276
1350 59.8932 2250 69.66 1350 69.66 2250 59.8932 7.5 24 24 150 276
1215 55.4032 2093 69.66 1215 69.66 2093 55.4032 7 23 23 149 275
1620 53.8332 1812 69.66 1620 69.66 1812 53.8332 6 21 21 147 273
1215 41.6832 1407 69.66 1215 69.66 1407 41.6832 7 23 23 149 275
1080 36.1932 1200 69.66 1080 69.66 1200 36.1932 6 21 21 147 273
916.5 23.3917 675 36.335 916.5 36.335 675 23.3917 4.5 15.5 15.5 150 284.5
775.5 20.4017 596 36.335 775.5 36.335 596 20.4017 4 14.5 14.5 149 283.5
1554 52.3408 1785 55.04 1554 55.04 1785 52.3408 7 22 22 125 228
999 46.0908 1750 55.04 999 55.04 1750 46.0908 7 22 22 125 228
888 42.3508 1618.5 55.04 888 55.04 1618.5 42.3508 6.5 21 21 124 227
1221 41.0308 1386 55.04 1221 55.04 1386 41.0308 5.5 19 19 122 225
777 28.1208 962.5 55.04 777 55.04 962.5 28.1208 5.5 19 19 122 225
696 18.8292 562.5 30.96 696 30.96 562.5 18.8292 4.5 15 15 125 235
580 16.3392 496 30.96 580 30.96 496 16.3392 4 14 14 124 234
880 41.8467 1616 36.335 880 36.335 1616 41.8467 8 22.5 22.5 104 185.5
1056 35.7667 1224 36.335 1056 36.335 1224 35.7667 6 18.5 18.5 100 181.5
704 31.7667 1200 36.335 704 36.335 1200 31.7667 6 18.5 18.5 100 181.5
528 19.5067 675 36.335 528 36.335 675 19.5067 4.5 15.5 15.5 97 178.5
506 13.5803 400 26.015 506 26.015 400 13.5803 4 13.5 13.5 100 186.5
414 11.5903 346.5 26.015 414 26.015 346.5 11.5903 3.5 12.5 12.5 99 185.5
573.75 25.6067 962.5 30.96 573.75 30.96 962.5 25.6067 5.5 17 17 87.5 158
420.75 14.8267 500 30.96 420.75 30.96 500 14.8267 4 14 14 84.5 155
397.5 11.5233 360 17.415 397.5 17.415 360 11.5233 4 12.5 12.5 87.5 162.5
455 20.0703 750 26.015 455 26.015 750 20.0703 5 15.5 15.5 75 134.5
390 13.4203 450 26.015 390 26.015 450 13.4203 4.5 14.5 14.5 74 133.5
340 8.9252 262.5 13.76 340 13.76 262.5 8.9252 3.5 11 11 75 139
347.75 15.1575 562.5 21.5 347.75 21.5 562.5 15.1575 4.5 14 14 62.5 111
327 8.4183 240 17.415 327 17.415 240 8.4183 4 12.5 12.5 62.5 112.5
252 10.95 400 21.5 252 21.5 400 10.95 4 13 13 50 87
215 5.9252 175 13.76 215 13.76 175 5.9252 3.5 11 11 50 89
x
864 895 245 151 128 174 151 128 174 151 75.5 128
858 886 239 150 128 172 150 128 172 150 75 128
853 878.5 234 149.5 128 171 149.5 128 171 149.5 74.75 128
764 793 217 151 129 173 151 129 173 151 75.5 129
760 787 213 150 129 171 150 129 171 150 75 129
756 781 209 150 129 171 150 129 171 150 75 129
666 694 191 151 129.5 172.5 151 129.5 172.5 151 75.5 129.5
662 688 187 150 129.5 170.5 150 129.5 170.5 150 75 129.5
658 682 183 150 129.5 170.5 150 129.5 170.5 150 75 129.5
557 582.5 160 151 130 172 151 130 172 151 75.5 130
554 578 157 150 130 170 150 130 170 150 75 130
551 573.5 154 150 130 170 150 130 170 150 75 130
578 600.5 164.5 101 83.5 118.5 101 83.5 118.5 101 50.5 83.5
575 596 161.5 100.5 83.5 117.5 100.5 83.5 117.5 100.5 50.25 83.5
572 591.5 158.5 100 83.5 116.5 100 83.5 116.5 100 50 83.5
570 588.5 156.5 99.5 83.5 115.5 99.5 83.5 115.5 99.5 49.75 83.5
457 479 131 150 131.5 168.5 150 131.5 168.5 150 75 131.5
454 474.5 128 150 131.5 168.5 150 131.5 168.5 150 75 131.5
477 496.5 136 100.5 85 116 100.5 85 116 100.5 50.25 85
474 492 133 100 85 115 100 85 115 100 50 85
472 489 131 99.5 85 114 99.5 85 114 99.5 49.75 85
410 431 119 150 132.5 167.5 150 132.5 167.5 150 75 132.5
407 426.5 116 149.5 132.5 166.5 149.5 132.5 166.5 149.5 74.75 132.5
427 443 119.5 100 86.5 113.5 100 86.5 113.5 100 50 86.5
425 440 117.5 99.5 86.5 112.5 99.5 86.5 112.5 99.5 49.75 86.5
417 463 159.5 216 182.5 249.5 216 182.5 249.5 216 108 182.5
397 433 139.5 208.5 182.5 234.5 208.5 182.5 234.5 208.5 104.25 182.5
382 410.5 124.5 203.5 182.5 224.5 203.5 182.5 224.5 203.5 101.75 182.5
375 400 117.5 202.5 182.5 222.5 202.5 182.5 222.5 202.5 101.25 182.5
371 394 113.5 201.5 182.5 220.5 201.5 182.5 220.5 201.5 100.75 182.5
368 389.5 110.5 204 182.5 225.5 204 182.5 225.5 204 102 182.5
368 389.5 110.5 200 182.5 217.5 200 182.5 217.5 200 100 182.5
365 385 107.5 202.5 182.5 222.5 202.5 182.5 222.5 202.5 101.25 182.5
365 385 107.5 199 182.5 215.5 199 182.5 215.5 199 99.5 182.5
362 380.5 104.5 201 182.5 219.5 201 182.5 219.5 201 100.5 182.5
363 382 105.5 150 134 166 150 134 166 150 75 134
361 379 103.5 149.5 134 165 149.5 134 165 149.5 74.75 134