Faktor Ketersediaan Hara Dalam Tanah
Faktor Ketersediaan Hara Dalam Tanah
Sumber: www.fao.org/docrep/010/ag120e/AG120E10.htm
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi konsentrasi larutan tanah
Unsur hara yang larut dalam larutan-tanah berasal dari beberapa sumber
seperti pelapukan mineral primer, dekomposisi bahan organik, deposisi dari
atmosfer, aplikasi pupuk, AIR IRIGASI, rembesan air tanah dari tempat lain, dan
lainnya.
Ion-ion nitrat dan khlorida sangat mudah larut dan lazimnya tidak membentuk
senyawa yang tidak-larut dengan komponen tanah. Akibatnya nitrat dan khlorida
yang ditambahkan ke tanah akan tetap berbentuk anion dalam larutan tanah hingga
diserap oleh akar tanaman atau jasad renik, tercuci, atau mengalami reaksi
denitrifikasi nitrat. Anion sulfat dalam tanah-tanah netral dan alkalis mempunyai
perilaku yang serupa dengan nitrat, tetapi dalam tanah-tanah masam cenderung
untuk dijerap oleh koloid tanah. Kebanyakan unsur hara lainnya membentuk
beberapa tipe senyawa yang kurang melarut dan cenderung mempertahankan
konsentrasi kesetimbangan dalam larutan tanah. Dengan demikian kation-kation
larut air akan berkesetimbangan dengan kation tukar; kation-kation seperti Cu dan
Zn mempunyai ciri-ciri asam Lewis (sebagai aseptor elektron) dapt membentuk
kompleks dengan bahan organik tanah; ion ferri dan Al membentuk hidroksida atau
oksida hidrous yang tidak melarut; fosfor membentuk senyawa Fe-fosfat, Al-fosfat
dan Ca-fosfat yang tidak melarut.
Sumber: elkhorn.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.js...
Kemasaman Tanah (pH)
Sumber: http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G9102
Penyerapan dan ketersediaan hara juga dipengaruhi oleh pH tanah. Sumber:
http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/nutrition/soils.htm
Pengaruh kemasaman terhadap beberapa reaksi yang berlangsung dalam tanah
Dalam larutan tanah, gas ammonia terlarut (NH3) ternyata berkesetimbangan dengan
kation ammonium (NH4+).
The ratio of NH4+ to NH3 in this equilibrium is highly pH dependent. At low pH (more acidic)
the NH4+ form dominates, while at high pH (highly alkaline) there is more of the NH3 gas
form. The proportions of NH3 and NH4+ are equal at a pH of 9.2.
Ada tiga macam bentuk P dalam tanah, yaitu P-tanah, P-bahan organic, dan P-
larutan tanah. The soil P and organic matter P forms are not available for plant use.
The soil P must undergo a series of chemical reactions before it can enter the soil
solution. Organic matter P must be mineralized by microorganisms before it
becomes plant available. The P in soil solution is plant available; however, at any
given time less than 1% of all the P in the soil is plant available in the soil solution.
This makes leaching losses of P unlikely.
Akar tanaman menyerap fosfat dari larutan tanah dalam bentuk ion orthophosphate
:HPO4-2 atau H2PO4-. The proportion in which these two forms are absorbed is determined
by the soil pH, when at higher soil pH more HPO4-2 is taken up. The mobility of phosphorus in
soil is very limited and therefore, plant roots can take up phosphorus only from their
immediate surroundings. Since concentration of phosphorus in the soil solution is low,
plants use mostly active uptake against the concentration gradient (i.e. concentration of
phosphorus is higher in the roots compared with the soil solution). Active uptake is an
energy consuming process, so conditions that inhibit root activity, such as low temperatures,
excess of water etc., inhibit phosphorus uptake as well.
Sumber: http://www.smart-fertilizer.com/articles/phosphorus
Hubungan secara umum antara pH tanah dengan ketersediaan P dalam tanah , dibuat
berdasarkan spesies senyawa fosfat pada berbagai nilai pH. Pada tanah dengan pH tinggi, kebanyakan
P dalam bentuk senyawa kalsium. Pada tanah dengan pH rendah, P bersenyawa dengan Fe dan Al
menjadi senyawa Fe dan senyawa Al. Keterseediaan P yang maksimum terjadi pada kondisi pH 6.5 -
7.0.
Spesies fosfat dalam tanah bergantung pada pH tanah. Sumber:
http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447043&topicorder
=3&maxto=15&minto=1
Faktor lain yang sangat penting dalam menentukan konsentrasi hara dalam
larutan tanah adalah potensial redoks (Eh). Faktor ini berhubungan dengan keadaan
aerasi tanah yang selanjutnya sangat tergantung pada laju respirasi jasad renik
dan laju difusi oksigen. Ia mempengaruhi kelarutan unsur hara mineral yang
mempunyai lebih dari satu bilangan oksidasi (valensi). Unsur-unsur ini adalah C, H,
O, N, S, Fe, Mn, dan Cu. Kandungan air yang mendekati atau melebihi kondisi ke-
jenuhan merupakan sebab utama dari buruknya aerasi karena kecepatan difusi
oksigen melalui pori yang terisi air jauh lebih lambat daripada pori yang berisi udara.
Potensial redoks pada kondisi tanah tergenang dan aktivitas ion. Example of the range in redox
potential in soils and the location in the redox range where the various electron acceptors are active (R.
W. Miller, 1981) . Sumber : http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/oxides.htm
A high redox potential equals to well-aerated environmental conditions and a low redox
potential equals to saturated environmental conditions. Saturated soils become depleted of
oxygen, because this is rapidly consumed by aerobic organisms and cannot be replenished by
diffusion quickly. Then, anaerobic and facultative organisms continue the decomposition
process. In the absence of oxygen, other electron acceptors begin to function, depending on
their tendency to accept electrons. When flooding occurs the reduction of the remaining
oxygen will take place first, followed by the reduction of nitrate, then manganese, iron,
sulphate, and carbon dioxide. The reduction of oxygen occurs by the O 2 consumption of
aerobic organisms, NO3- serves as a biochemical electron acceptor involving N-organisms
that ultimately excrete reduced N, the reduction of Mn can be initiated in presence of NO3-,
whereas the reduction of Fe cannot be initiated in presence of NO 3-, and sulfate reducing
bacteria are involved to reduce SO 42-. (Schwertmann U., 1985. The Effect of Pedogenic
Environments on Iron Oxides Minerals. In: Advances in Soil Science, Vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, New
York, Inc.).
Diagram Eh-pH
Diagram stabilitas Eh-pH untuk berbagai spesies oksida besi dan hidroksida
besi merupakan contoh yang bagus. Diagram ini dapat digunakan untuk
memprediksi spesies besi apa yang direduksi atau yang dioksidasi. Reduksi
atau oksidasi memang dapat terjadi di luar batas-batas ini, tetapi hanya
mungkin kalau dimediasi oleh organism dengan menggunakan energy
metabolik.
Iron oxides and hydroxides are very stable under aerobic conditions, but they become more
soluble under anaerobic conditions (low redox potentials). They are able to form metal-
organic complexes, where the metal cations are bonded by functional groups such as -COOH,
=CO, -OH, -OCH3, -NH2, -SH to organic compounds resulting in the formation of a ring
structure incorporating the metal ion. These complexes are very stable and called chelates.
Eh-pH stability diagram for iron oxides and hydroxides (Scheffer F., and Schachtschabel P. 1989.
Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart. Sumber :
http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/oxides.htm
The weathering of primary minerals, such as biotite, pyroxene, amphibole, containing Mn2+,
produce in an aerobic environment brown/black Mn4+. The reaction can be written as:
Mn2+ + H2O = MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e-
The pyrolusite (MnO2) is a very stable manganese oxide. Often manganese is associated with
other ions such as Ba, Ca, K, Na, Li, NH4, Co, Cu and Ni, therefore the manganese oxides and
hydroxides have variable forms. For example, birnessite (Na,Ca,K,Mg,Mn2+)Mn64+O14*H2O,
lithiophorite (LiAl2Mn2+Mn24+O9*3H2O), or hollandite (BaMn8O16). Manganese oxides show
even a greater tendency than iron oxides to occur in concretions. A reason might be the
reduction of Mn4+ to Mn2+, which is relatively soluble, more readily soluble than for example
Fe2+. Manganese-rich micromorphological zones in peds that are black, often also contain
large amounts of iron oxides. However, iron-rich concretions have been shown to be low in
manganese oxides. Manganese oxide minerals have a black color, which is sometimes
difficult to distinct from the black color or organic material.
Eh-pH stability diagram for manganese oxides and hydroxides. (Scheffer F., and Schachtschabel P.
1989. Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart. Sumber :
http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/oxides.htm
Ikhtisar beberapa reaksi redoks yang penting disajikan berikut ini. Informasi
dalam tabel ini menyatakan bahwa kalau tanah yang semula dalam kondisi oksidasi
menjadi lebih reduksi mka akan dapat terjadi reaksi-reaksi berikut.
Sumber: http://www.terragis.bees.unsw.edu.au/terraGIS_soil/sp_exchangeable_sodium_percentage.html
.
Soil is made up of many components. A significant percentage of most soil is clay. Organic
matter, while a small percentage of most soil is also important for several reasons. Both of these
soil fractions have a large number of negative charges on their surface, thus they attract cation
elements and contribute to a higher CEC. At the same time, they also repel anion nutrients
("like" charges).
Larger CEC values indicate that a soil has a greater capacity to hold cations. Therefore, it requires
higher rates of fertilizer or lime to change a high CEC soil. When a high CEC soil has good test
levels, it offers a large nutrient reserve. However, when it is poor, it can take a large amount of
fertilizer or lime to correct that soil test. A high CEC soil requires a higher soil cation level, or soil
test, to provide adequate crop nutrition. Low CEC soils hold fewer nutrients, and will likely be
subject to leaching of mobile "anion" nutrients. These soils may benefit from split applications of
several nutrients. The particular CEC of a soil is neither good nor bad, but knowing it is a valuable
management tool.
Sumber: http://www.spectrumanalytic.com/support/library/ff/CEC_BpH_and_percent_sat.htm
KTK tanah merupakan ukuran banyaknya titik-titik pada permukaan partikel tanah yang
dapat menahan kation dnegan ikatan elektrostatika. Kation-kation yang ditahan secara
elektrostatika ini dapat dengan mudah ditukar oleh kation lain yang ada dalam larutan
tanah, sehingga mudah dapat diserap oleh akar tanaman.
Kation-kation yang ditahan di permukaan koloid tanah (misalnya kation Ca++) dapat ditukar dengan
H+ yang ada dalam alrutan tanah. Sumber:
http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/nutrition/soils.htm
Penyerapan ion oleh akar tanaman dapat melalui proses-proses fifusi, aliran masa, dan pertukaran ion.
Sumber: http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/nutrition/soils.htm
CEC is important for maintaining adequate quantities of plant available calcium (Ca2+),
magnesium (Mg2+) and potassium (K+) in soils. Under acid conditions (pH <5.5) as in tropical
soils with high organic content, aluminum (Al3+) may also be present as an exchangeable
cation. Some cations will have a preference over others for the negative surface charge of a
soil colloid. In general this will be related to the charge of the cation and its hydrated radii.
For example the following order of preference is observed for cations with a different
valence:
In the case of cations with the same charge or valence the order of preference follows the
order of decreasing hydrated radii:
The greater the charge the greater the force of attraction and the greater the distance
between the charges the lesser the force of attraction. In highly weathered soils such as the
Southeastern USA and the tropics the high rainfall leaches monovalent and divalent cations
and the exchange complex becomes dominated by Al+3 (low base saturation).
Cation exchange sites are found primarily on clay and organic matter (OM) surfaces. Soil OM
will develop a greater CEC at near-neutral pH than under acidic conditions. Additions of an
organic material will likely increase a soil's CEC.
Soil CEC may also decrease with time through acidification and OM decomposition.
When a plant respires ( as well as other critters including fungi/bacteria in the soil) it
releases CO2 which can then combine with soil water to produce H2CO3 --> dissociates into
The H+ displace the + charged minerals releasing them into soil solutions which can then be
picked up by the root.
Pertukaran ion antara partikel koloid tanah dengan bulu akar tanaman.
Both cations and anions have a tendency to get adsorbed on the surfaces of the cell
walls, and exchange with ions present in the soil solution. This process of exchange
between the adsorbed ions and ions in solution is known as ion exchange.
Sumber: http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/plant-
nutrition/passive-absorption.php
Sumber: http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch37/soil_availability.html
SISTEM RIZOSFER - TANAH
The rhizosphere concept was first introduced by Hiltner in 1904 to describe the
narrow zone of soil surrounding the roots where microbe populations are stimulated by root
activities. It thus distinguishes from the "bulk" soil, which is not influenced directly by
growing roots. The original concept has now been extended to include the soil surrounding a
root in which physical, chemical and biological properties have been changed by root growth
and activity (McCully 2005).
By definition, the rhizosphere is the volume of a thin layer of soil immediately
surrounding plant roots that is an extremely important and active area for root
activity and metabolism. Important physiological processes in this zone are the
uptake of mineral nutrients and microbial activity enhanced by root exudates; it is
profoundly different from the bulk soil.
Components That Relate to Nutrient Availability in the Soil- Rhizosphere System. Sumber:
http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110804155426&type_id=4
ROOT AND RHIZOSPHERE:
SOIL INFLUENCED BY PLANT ROOTS
The Rhizosphere is the zone surrounding the roots of plants in which complex
relations exist among the plant, the soil microorganisms and the soil itself. The plant
roots and the biofilm associated with them can profoundly, influence the chemistry
of the soil including pH and nitrogen transformations.
Nodulasi untuk fiksasi nitrogen. Sumber: Raina Maier et al., 2000, Environmental Microbiology.
http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol272/agriculture/agriculture.htm
MIKORHIZA
Mikoriza adalah kelompok fungi (jamur) yang bersimbiosis dengan tumbuhan tingkat
tinggi (tumbuhan berpembuluh, Tracheophyta), khususnya pada sistem perakaran. Terdapat
juga fungi yang bersimbiosis dengan fungi lainnya, tetapi sebutan mikoriza biasanya adalah
untuk mereka yang menginfeksi akar. Mikoriza memerlukan akar tumbuhan untuk
melengkapi daur hidupnya. Sebaliknya, beberapa tumbuhan bahkan ada yang tergantung
pertumbuhannya dengan mikoriza. Beberapa jenis tumbuhan tidak tumbuh atau terhambat
pertumbuhannya tanpa kehadiran mikoriza di akarnya. Sebagai misalnya, semaian pinus
biasanya gagal tumbuh setelah pemindahan apabila tidak terbentuk jaringan mikoriza di
sekitar akarnya. Hanya sedikit kelompok tumbuhan yang tidak menjadi simbion, seperti dari
Brassicaceae, Commelinaceae, Juncaceae, Proteaceae, Capparaceae, Cyperaceae,
Polygonaceae, Resedaceae, Urticaceae, dan Caryophyllales. Mikoriza dapat diinokulasi
secara buatan. Namun demikian, inokulasi mikoriza komersial memerlukan bantuan mikoriza
lokal, misalnya dengan menambahkan tanah dari tempat asal tumbuhan
(http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoriza. SUMBER: Diktat perkuliahan "Mikorisa" oleh Siti
Kabirun.).
Ektomikoriza
Ektomikoriza menginfeksi permukaan luar tanaman dan di antara sel-sel ujung akar.
Akibat serangannya, terlihat jalinan miselia berwarna putih pada bagian rambut-
rambut akar, dikenal sebagai hartig net. Serangan ini dapat menyebabkan
perubahan morfologi akar. Akar-akar memendek, membengkak, bercabang dikotom,
dan dapat membentuk pigmen. Infektivitas tergantung isolat dan kultivar tumbuhan
inang. Tumbuhan inangnya biasanya tumbuhan tahunan atau pohon. Beberapa di
antaranya merupakan komoditi kehutanan dan pertanian seperti sengon, jati, serta
beberapa tanaman buah seperti mangga, rambutan, dan jeruk. Selain itu pohon-
pohon anggota Betulaceae, Fagaceae, dan Pinaceae juga menjadi inangnya. Pada
umumnya ektomikoriza termasuk dalam Basidiomycota.
Endomikoriza
Endomikoriza menginfeksi bagian dalam akar, di dalam dan di antara sel-sel ujung
akar (root tip). Hifa masuk ke dalam sel atau mengisi ruang-ruang antarsel. Jenis
mikoriza ini banyak ditemukan pada tumbuhan semusim yang merupakan komoditi
pertanian penting, seperti kacang-kacangan, padi, jagung, beberapa jenis sayuran
dan tanaman hias. Infeksi ini tidak menyebabkan perubahan morfologi akar, tetapi
mengubah penampilan sel dan jaringan akar. Berdasarkan tipe infeksinya, dikenal
tiga kelompok endomikoriza: ericaceous (Ericales dengan sejumlah Ascomycota),
orchidaceous (Orchidaceae dengan sekelompok Basidiomycota), dan vesikular
arbuskular (sejumlah tumbuhan berpembuluh dengan Endogonales, membentuk
struktur vesikula (gelembung) dan arbuskula dalam korteks akar) disingkat MVA.
Sumber:
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Arbuscular_mycorrhiz
a_cross-section.png
Mikorhiza menembus di antara sel-sel dan memasuki sel
In this arrangement, specialized fungal hyphae form organs called mycorrhizae along the
plants roots. The plants provide energy to the fungus, and the growing fungus produce
enzymes that convert (chelate) organic material into minerals that are easy for the plant to
absorb. The fungus also acts as a moist cushion against heat and drought. The fungus exudes
antibiotics that protect roots from disease, and the action of the fungus protect the plant
against toxicites in the soil as well.
Sumber: Beneficial Mycorrhizae -
Your Plants Best Friend. http://www.jasons-indoor-guide-to-organic-and-hydroponics-
gardening.com/beneficial-mycorrhizae.html
Mycorrihizal roots lack root hairs. The fungal sheath together with the hyphae
extending to the soil absorb nutrients. The Hartig net acts as a liaison tissue between the
fungal sheath and the host cells. The ectmycorrhizal habit increases the surface area of the
root system and hence affords better intake of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium from the surrounding soil. Using intact plants as well as excised roots of pine
(Pinus radiata) many workers have demonstrated the transfer of isotopically labelled
phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and sodium from the, soil into the roots through the fungal
mycelium. The labelled isotopes were detected in all parts of the plants including leaves
(http://www.planthealthsolutions.com.au/mycorrhizal-fungi-4178).).
Despite inverted relative dimensions of macro- and microsymbiont the interface and
nutrient exchange in the G. pyriformis symbiosis correspond to that in the arbuscular
mycorrhiza. Several arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific phosphate transporters (PT) are
known from plants. The hypothetical role of GpMST1, and its orthologues, in the sugar
uptake through the symbiotic membrane of glomeromycotan fungi is indicated together
with the substrates of GpMST1 (fructose and putatively xylose are transported weakly).
Sumber:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7121/fig_tab/nature05364_F1.html
Júlio Alves Cardoso Filho; Eurico Eduardo Pinto de Lemos; Tania Marta Carvalho dos Santos;
Luis Carlos Caetano; and Marco Antonio Nogueira. 2008. Mycorrhizal dependency of
mangaba tree under increasing phosphorus levels. Pesq. agropec.
bras. vol.43 no.7 Brasília July 2008