➢Male gametocyte
oval in shape; 1 loose
nucleus in centre of it ;
malarial pigments diffuse .
➢Female gametocyte
oval in shape ; 1 compact
nucleus not in centre of it .
2. Morphological features of P. falciparum
Early trophozoite (ring form)
1or 2 red nuclei on the ring-like light blue cytoplasm ;
multiple infection in a cell.
infected RBC like normal RBCs.
P. falciparum:
only can the early
trophozoites and gametocytes
be seen in the peripheral blood .
➢Male gametocyte
Sausage in shape; 1
loose nucleus in centre of it ;
malarial pigment diffuse .
➢Female gametocyte
Crescentic in shape ;
1 compact nucleus in
centre of it .
Epidemiologi
Hospes reservoir
- Manusia merupakan reservoir
yang penting
- Parasitemia dengan fase aseksual
dan gametositemia pada malaria
falciparum pada penderita dgn
kekebalan tinggi dapat
berlangsung ber- bulan2 tanpa
gejala.
- Kekambuhan /relaps pada infeksi
dgn. Plasmodium vivax lebih
ringan dengan meningkatnya
imunitas penderita
- Penderita dgn gametosit
menjajadi sumber penularan
dengan perantaraan nyamuk
sebagai vektor
Malaria Ecology
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors
EXTRINSIC
INTRINSIC
Parasite Mosquito
Environmental conditions
Malaria Ecology and Burden
Clinical Manifestations
Hypoglycemia
Anemia
Acute Severe illness Respiratory Death
febrile distress
illness
Cerebral malaria
Infected
Mosquito
Anemia
Chronic Neurologic/ Impaired
Malnutrition
effects cognitive growth and
Infected development
Developmental
Human
Vektor malaria
Malaria endemik adalah malaria disuatu wilayah yang ditularkan secara alami
dengan insiden yang bisa diukur dan dan ditemukan terus menerus selama
beberapa tahun
Malaria stabil adalah malaria yang mempunyai prevalensi yang relatif tetap
Malaria tidak stabil adalah malaria yang mempunyai prevalensi yang sangat
fluktuatif
Masa prepaten; tenggang waktu antara saat pertama kali sporozoit masuk ke
dalam tubuh manusia sampai saat parasit malaria bisa ditemukan di dalam
darah tepi
Masa inkubasi: tenggang waktu sejak saat masuknya sporozoit masuk ke dalam
tubuh manusia sampai saat munculnya gejala2 penyakit malaria
Lama masa2 tersebut tergantung spesiesnya.
Gejala klinis
Gejala umum :
• panas tinggi
• pusing/ sakit kepala
• otot-otot merasa sakit, lemah
• sakit / nyeri punggung
• rasa mau muntah sampai muntah
• berkeringat, menggigil
• batuk kering
• pembesaran limpa
Bentuk2 klinis malaria yg. berat
Pengobatan
Dengan obat2 anti malaria
Pencegahan
Mengurangi pembawa gametosit
Memberantas nyamuk
Melindungi orang2 yang rentan
Mencegah gigitan nyamuk
Melindungi dgn obat antimalaria
Melindungi dgn vaksin malaria
Treatment
Chlorquine and quinine----anti-erythrocytic stage drugs. (question: Which
stage of plasmodium can these drugs kill?)
Primaquine and pyrimethamine ----anti-exoerythrocytic stage drugs.
Prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
-----Chloroquine / pyrimethamine
used for
prophylaxis of malaria
-----Chemotherapy: 1 week before entry into the endemic area ; for 4 weeks after
returning from the endemic area.
➢Mosquito control
(1). Reconstruction of environment: eradicate the breeding
places of mosquitoes.
(2). Spry insecticides: DDVP and so on.
(3). Use mosquito nets, screen, or mosquito repellents to
protect the person from mosquito bites.
What is RTS,S/AS01?
RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) is the world’s first malaria vaccine that has been
shown to provide partial protection against malaria in young children.
The vaccine acts against Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly
malaria parasite globally and the most prevalent in Africa. The vaccine
has been recommended by WHO for pilot introduction in selected
areas of 3 African countries. It will be evaluated for use as a
complementary malaria control tool that could be added to (and not
replace) the core package of WHO-recommended preventive,
diagnostic and treatment measures.
What makes RTS,S different from malaria vaccine
candidates currently under development?
• RTS,S is the first, and to date, the only vaccine to show a protective
effect against malaria among young children in a Phase 3 trial.
Beginning in 2019, it will be the first malaria vaccine provided to
young children through routine immunization programmes. Three
sub-Saharan African countries will introduce the vaccine in selected
areas as part of a large-scale pilot implementation programme.
What is the efficacy of the RTS,S vaccine?
The Phase 3 trial, conducted over 5 years (from 2009 to 2014), enrolled
approximately 15 000 young children and infants in 7 sub-Saharan
African countries. The trial sites within these countries represented a
range of malaria transmission settings. Among children aged 5–17
months who received 4 doses of RTS,S, the vaccine prevented
approximately 4 in 10 (39%) cases of malaria over 4 years of follow-up
and about 3 in 10 (29%) cases of severe malaria, with significant
reductions also seen in overall hospital admissions as well as in
admissions due to malaria or severe anaemia. The vaccine also reduced
the need for blood transfusions, which are required to treat life-
threatening malaria anaemia by 29%.
Malaria life cycle
Gene Drive & Malaria