Nutrition Care
Pediatric
Nutrition
Care
Interpretasi
LLA
LLA
(cm)
WHO
<11.5
cm
:
(merah)
Severe
acute
malnutrition
(SAM)/gizi
buruk
11.5
–
12.5
:
(kuning)
At-‐risk
for
acute
malnutrition/
gizi
kurang
>12.5
cm
:
(hijau)
normal/gizi
baik
LLA/usia
(LLA
berdasarkan
usia
pada
P50)
<70%
:
gizi
buruk
70-‐85%
:
gizi
kurang
85-‐100%
:
gizi
baik
LLA/TB
(LLA
berdasarkan
usia
ideal
berdasarkan
TB
pada
P50)
:
.
usia
tidak
diketahui
<75%
:
gizi
buruk
/
Kurang
kalori
protein
(KKP)
III
75-‐80%
:
gizi
kurang
/
KKP
II
80-‐85%
:
borderline
/
KKP
I
>85%
:
gizi
baik
II. Menghitung
kebutuhan
kalori
Non-‐critical
illness
Critical
Illness
Kebutuhan
kalori
(kkal)/protein
=
Cara
cepat
à
RDA
x
stres
factor
x
activity
factor
RDA
untuk
umur
TB
(height-‐age)*
x
BB
ideal**
Teori
à
Kebutuhan
kalori
(kkal)
=
*umur
dimana
TB
saat
ini
berada
pada
p50
BMR
(REE)
x
Stress
Factor
x
Activity
Factors
**
p50
BB
menurut
height-‐age
saat
ini
-‐ REE
lebih
sering
digunakan
drpd
BMR
use
simplified
RDA
-‐ Perbedaan
BMR
vs
REE
≤
10%
-‐ BMR
=
0.9
x
REE
Kebutuhan
protein
=
RDA-‐protein
x
stress
factor
x
activity
factors
[just
to
know:
Estimate
BMR
=
Schofield
equations
-‐
Best
for
Failure
to
thrive
(FTT)
case]
RDA
untuk
kalori
kkal/kg/hari
(simplified):
Kecukupan
protein
g/kg/hari
(simplified)
:
0-‐1
th
:
110
Preterm
infant:
1.5
–
4
1-‐3
th
:
100
Term
neonates:
1.5
–
3
4-‐6
th
:
90
2
bln
–
3
thn
:
1
–
2.5
7-‐10
th
:
70
3
th-‐18
th:
1
–
2
11-‐14
th:
Male
55
/
Female
47
>14
th
:
Male
45
/
Female
40
Pediatric
Nutrition
Care
Rumus BMR
Umur Rumus
(thn)
0–3 ♀: (0,249 x BB) – 0,127
♂: (0,244 x BB) – 0,13
3 – 10 ♀: (0,095 x BB) + 2,110
♂: (0,085 x BB) + 2,033
10 – 18 ♀: (0,074 x BB) + 2,754
♂: (0,056 x BB) + 2,808
BMR = (X . 1000) : 4,2 kal
Tabel
3.
Menentukan
faktor
aktivitas
dan
faktor
stres
Jenis
aktivitas
Faktor
aktivitas
Non
ambulatory
;
intubated,
sedated
0.8
–
0.9
Tirah
baring
1.0 –
1.15
Ambulatory
ringan
1.2
–
1.3
Jenis
Stress
Faktor
stress
Kelaparan
(starvation)
0.7
–
0.9
Bedah
1.1
–
1.5
Sepsis
1.2
–
1.6
Cedera
kepala
1.3
Trauma
1.1
–
1.8
Gagal
tumbuh
1.5
–
2.0
Luka
bakar
1.5
–
2.5
Gagal
jantung
1.2
–
1.3
III. Rute
Pemberian
Nutrisi
1. Oral
:
all
should
be
per
oral
a. Indikasi:
Fungsi
GI
baik,
nafsu
makan
baik
b. (resiko
komplikasi
sepsi,pneumonia,
abses
<
oral)
c. Bentuk
sediaan:
Makanan
Cair
(MC),
Makanan
Lunak
(ML),
Makanan
Biasa
(MB)
2. Enteral
:
indikasi
bila
sesak
minimal,
anak
menolak
makan
tp
fungsi
usus
baik
a. NGT
b. Transpilorik
:
indikasi
à
atoni
gaster
c. Perkutaneus:
indikasi
à
nutrisi
enteral
>
4
bulan
-‐ Gastrostomi
-‐ Jejunostomi
à
GER
persisten,
gastroparesis,
pankreatitis
3. Parenteral
(lihat
algoritme
bawah)
a. Peripheral
(PPN)
:
entry
dari
Vena
perifer
b. Total
parenteral
(TPN)
:
entry
dari
vena
sentral
(CVC)
i. V
central:
jugularis,
subclavia,
femoralis
Method
of
Feeding
-‐
Parenteral:
-‐ Continuous
:
infused
per
24
hour/day
-‐ Intermittent
:
Feeding
over
short
time
period
allows
free
time
between
feedings
-‐ Bolus
intermittent:
feeding
over
15
minutes
-‐ Cyclic
intermittent:
high
infusion
rate
over
short
period
(8-‐16
hour
per
period)
Pediatric
Nutrition
Care
Pediatric
Nutrition
Care
IV. Type
of
Feeding
(Jenis
Makanan)
ORAL
0-‐6
months
-‐ ASI
eksklusif:
menyusui
bayi
on
demand
dan
hanya
asi,
tidak
makan/minuman
lain
termasuk
air
putih.
à
“on
demand”
:
BB
bayi
naik
adekuat,
kejadian
putting
lecet/payudara
bengkak
menurun
o Kalori
ASI:
67
kkal/100
ml
(formula
relatif
sama)
o Frekuensi
menyusui
6-‐18x
sehari
:
76
±
12,6
mL
ASI
per
episode
menyusu.
(tiap
2-‐3
jam
interval
menyusui)
(g/100
ml)
Kolostrum
ASI
Peralihan
ASI
matur
Susu
Formula
Karbohidrat
5,6 ± 0,6
5,9 ± 0,4
6,7 ± 0,2
7,6
Protein
2,5 ± 0,2 1,7 ± 0,1 1,3 ± 0,1 1,4
Lipid
2,2 ± 0,2 3,0 ± 0,1 3,8 ± 0,1 3,7
Kalori
(kkal/100
ml)
53,6
±
2,5 53,6
±
2,5 53,6
±
2,5
Whey:
casein
ratio
Hari 4-10 Hari 11-240 Hari >240
90:10 60:40 50:50
-‐ PASI
:
kombinasi
ASI
dan
Infant
formula
(lihat
daftar
formula
dan
kalori)
Pediatric
Nutrition
Care
6-‐12
months
MPASI
:
makanan/minuman
mengandung
nutrien
yang
diberikan
kepada
bayi
selama
periode
pemberian
MPASI
(saat)
makanan
/minuman
lain
diberikan
bersama
pemberian
ASI
-‐
4
kunci
MPASI
benar
:
Timely,
Adequate,
Safe,
Properly
fed
Usia
Kebutuhan
(bulan)
energi
(kkal/hari)
6-‐8
600
9-‐11
700
12-‐23
900
Tambahan
air
400-‐600
ml
(ml/hari)
(cuaca
normal)
800-‐1200
ml
(cuaca
panas)
Kebutuhan
Iron/Besi
0-‐6
bln
0.27
mg/hari
6-‐12
bln
11
mg/hari
1-‐3
thn
7
mg/hari
AVOID:
-‐ age<6
months
:
bit,
wortel,
sawi,
bayam,
lobak
(methemoglobinemia
+)
-‐
Age
<
1
year
:
Honey
(C.
botulinum
+),
Cow’s
milk
:
high
renal
solute
load),
makanan
kaleng
(tinggi
Na
dan
gula)
ENTERAL
FORMULA
SELECTION
à
Guidelines:
Patient
factors
Formula
factors
Age
Osmol
(isotonic
150-‐250
mOsm)
Diagnosis
Renal
solute
load
(RSL)
Assoc.
nutritional
problems
Caloric
density
+
viscosity
Nutritional
requirements
Nutrient
composition:
type
+
amount
karb,
prot,
fat
GI
functions
Product
availability+cost
Potential
Renal
Solute
Load
(PRSL)
:
menentukan
keterbatasan
kapasitas
ginjal
anak
untuk
megonsentrasikan
dan
mengekskresikan
nutrien,
elektrolit
serta
metabolit
yang
tidak
dimetabolisme
(RSL).
à
RSL
tinggi
=
resiko
dehidrasi
hipernatremik
>>
PRSL
(mOsm/100kkal)
=
(Nitrogen/28
[mg])+(Na+K+Cl+Pa
[mOsm])
Pa
:
available
phosphorus.
[Milk-‐based]
Pa
=
total
P
;
[soy-‐based]
Pa
=
2/3
total
P
Pediatric
Nutrition
Care
TABEL
:
ASI
–
FORMULA
–
CHILDREN
MILK
Energi Protein Laktosa Lemak MCT (g)
Osmolaritas
(kal/100 cc)
(g/100ml)
(g/100ml)
(g/100ml)
(mOsm/L)
ASI
65-70
1,1-1,4
3-5,5
Susu sapi 61 3,1
Standard
polymeric
[milk-‐based]
Pepti Junior
67
2
0,1
3,7
1,85
190
LLM
67
1,7
0,9
2,8
0,8
SGM 1
67
1,7
3,3
SGM 2
67
2,8
2,5
Isomil
67
1,8
3,7
NAN
67
1,5
3,4
Lactogen 2
67
3,1
2,7
Enfalac A+ 68 1,7
3,7
Vitalac
68
1,56
3,64
Vitalac 2
66
2,6
2,6
Wyeth S26 70 1,6
3,7
Bebelac FL 72 1
3,1
Standard
polymeric
[Soy-‐based]
Isomil infant 66 1,6
Nutrilon Soya 66
High
calorie
[Prematur]
Nenatal
76
1,7
4,5
SGM-BBLR
81
2,2
5,5
4,3
5,4
Infantrini 100 2,6
High
calorie
[children]
F 75
75
0,9
1,3
413
F 100
100
2,9
4,2
419
Pediasure
100
3
4,98
Nutrini
150
2,5
595
Pediatric
Nutrition
Care
TPN Protein untuk anak<2 th menggunakan larutan asam amino khusus à Indonesia:
-‐ Anak: Aminofusin Paed 5% (Baxter®) atau Aminofusin L-600 5%
-‐ Bayi: Aminosteril infant 6%(Fresenius®)
Sediaan Larutan Asam Amino (Protein Source)
Kebutuhan elektrolit
Osmolaritas cairan
Osmolaritas (mOsm/L) = 5.(total g dextrose/L) + 10.(total g asam amino/L) + 2.(total mEq kation/L)
Contoh TPN:
Kasus: An. ♀, 9 bulan, BB = 7 kg, BB ideal = 8,4 kg
1. Kebutuhan kalori An. ♀, 9 bulan à 110 - 120 kal/kg/hr à 1000 kal
2. Kebutuhan protein 1 g/kg/hr à 7 g/hr
3. Kebutuhan cairan = 7 X 100 = 700 cc
4. Kebutuhan elektrolit:
Na à 2 mEq/kg/hr à 14 mEq
K à 2 mEq/kg/hr à 14 mEq
5. Kebutuhan asam amino à dalam cairan Aminofusin L-600 (Protein 5% à 5 g/100 cc)
7 g protein = 7/5 x 100 = 140 cc
6. Sisa cairan = 700 – 140 = 560 cc
7. Konsentrasi cairan yang diinginkan à 12,5%
8. Komposisi cairan: KaEN 1B + D40%
V 1M 1 = V 2M 2 + V 3M 3
12,5 x 560 = 40 X + (560-X) x 3,75
X = 135 cc
Jadi cairan yang diberikan:
• KaEN 1B = 560 – 135 = 425 cc
• D40% = 135 cc
9. Buat cairan dalam 1 kolf (500 cc)
KaEN 1B = 425 / 560 x 500 = 380 cc
D40% = 135 / 560 x 500 = 120 cc
à KaEN 1B (380) + D 40% (120) + KCl 10 mEq/kolf
Kalori cairan yang diberikan:
• KaEN 1B = 425 cc à 425 x 3.75% dextrose x 4 kkal = 64 kal
• D40% = 135 cc à 135 x 40% x 4 kkal = 216 kal
• Aminofusin L-600 = 140 cc à 140 x 5% protein x 4 kkal = 84 kal
à Total kalori = 364 kal
10. BMR = 0,244 x 8,4 – 0,13 = 1,9 / 4 x 1000 = 480 kal
TPN = 76% BMR
Contoh perhitungan Ivelip:
Ivelip 20% (dalam 100 cc)
Misalnya: BB = 12 kg à Kebutuhan lipid diawali dengan 0,5 g/kg/hr
Jadi kebutuhan lipid = 6 g
Jumlah Ivelip = 6/20 x 100 = 30 cc
Kalori lipid = Σcairan x [cairan] x 9 = 30 x 20% x 9 = 54 kal
Aminofusin ped à Protein 4%
Aminofusin L-600 à Protein 5%
1 g Nitrogen = 6,25 g protein
1 g Asam amino = 0,833 g protein
Pediatric
Nutrition
Care
Discontinue
TPN
:
ü EN
well
tolerated
ü Suggest
PN
rate
drop
by
1/3
for
24
hours
ü PN
discontinued
if
EN
reached
2/3
enteral
requirements
V. Refeeding
syndrome
(complication
of
TPN)
-‐ metabolic
complications
associated
with
enteral
/
parenteral
feeding
to
severely
malnoursihed
-‐ Process:
o feeding
à
increased
CHO
load
à
hyperinsulinemia
o hyperinsulinemia
à
increased
anabolic
fx
o anabolic
fx:
§ increased
cellular
uptake
of
K/Mg/P
à
hypokalemia,
hypofosfatemia,
hypomagnesemia
§ decreased
Na
excretion
à
water
retention
à
edema
-‐ Prevention:
start
feeding
50-‐75%
of
need
+
monitor
electrolytes
VI. Trophic
Feeding
-‐ To
avoid
early
malnutrition
in
extremel
low
birth
weight
(BBLR)
neonates
-‐ aim:
enhance
feeding
tolerance
Pediatric
Nutrition
Care
-‐ method:
small
volume
of
feedings
given
at
same
rate
for
5
days
in
the
first
or
2nd
day
of
life,
initiated
with
TPN
and
the
followed
simultaneously
with
trophic
(enteral)
feeding:
o start
at
5
–
20
ml/kg/day
o ideal
substance:
colostrum/
breast
milk
-‐ Advantage:
marked
decrease
in
risk
of
NEC
VII. Failure
to
thrive
-‐ FTT
:
a
failure
of
expected
growth
(usually
weight)
and
well
being.
It’s
a
sign,
NOT
a
diagnosis!
o Criteria
includes:
§ Fall
from
normal
birth
weight
below
a
given
cut
off
§ Dropping
through
major
centile
spaces
(sustained
fall
through
2
weight
centile
spaces)
§ Slow
weight
gain
o Drop
off
in
growth
rates
:
first
in
weight
à
FTT
à
height
à
head
circumf.
VIII. Catch-‐up
Growth
ü Requires
150-‐200%
of
the
normal
required
intake
for
their
weight
and
age
ü Catch-‐up
growth
in
weight
begins
in
2
days
to
2
weeks,
in
height
lags
behind
o Multivitamin
with
Zn
&
Fe
is
recommended
ü Toddlers
with
FTT:
often
have
a
low
intake
of
low
energy
foods,
with
a
high
fluid
intake
o The
aim
of
management:
accelerate
their
progression
on
to
more
energy
dense
solid
foods
§ Liquid
supplements
§ Tube
feeding
§ Hospitalization:
exposure
to
infection
ü No
routine
panel
of
laboratory
or
radiology
ü Treatment
of
FTT
focus
on
correcting
the
underlying
causes
rather
than
just
increasing
nutrition
IX. Important
bits
Vitamin
dan
minerals
0 – 6 bl 6 bl – 1 1 – 3 th 4 – 6 th 7 – 10 th
th
Vit. A (µg) 375 375 400 500 700
Vit. D (µg) 7,5 10 10 10 10
Vit. E (mg) 3 4 6 7 7
Vit. C (mg) 30 35 40 45 45
Vit. B12 0,3 0,5 0,7 1 1,5
(µg)
Tiamin 0,3 0,4 0,7 0,9 1
(mg)
Riboflavin 0,4 0,5 0,8 1,1 1,2
(mg)
Niacin 5 6 9 12 13
Pediatric
Nutrition
Care
(NE)
Vit. B6 0,3 0,6 1 1,1 1,4
(mg)
Biotin (µg) 10 15 20 25 30
Asam 2 3 3 3-4 4-5
Pantotenat
(mg)
Asam Folat 25 35 50 75 100
(µg)
Vit. K (µg) 5 10 15 20 30
Calcium 400 600 800 800 800
(mg)
Fosfor 300 500 800 800 800
(mg)
Magnesium 40 60 80 120 170
(mg)
Fe (mg) 6 10 10 10 10
Zn (mg) 5 5 10 10 10
Na (mg) 115-350 250-750 325-975 450-1350 600-1800
K (mg) 350-925 425-1275 550-1650 775-2325 1000-
3000
Cl (mg) 275-700 400-1200 500-1500 700-2100 925-2775
Iodium 40 50 70 90 120
(µg)
Selenium 10 15 20 30 30