Bahan Peledak I ndustri dan

Perlengkapan Pendukungnya

DYNO NOBEL /Mey Suryawan

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
1
 Pendahuluan

Tujuan : Menjelaskan definisi Bahan Peledak; system

pengisian curah; Sistem Inisiasi; aspek Keselamatan kerja
dari Explosives.

I s i : Sifat dan Jenis Bahan peledak; system

pengisian curah; konsep inisiasi bahan peledak;
keselamatan kerja penanganan bahan peledak.

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
2
 Definisi Bahan Peledak

Setiap material atau campuran material bilamana di

inisiasi akan dengan cepat berubah struktur kimianya dan
menghasilkan panas dan tekanan tinggi yang terlihat atau
terdengar atau menyebabkan perubahan secara nyata
(AS2187)

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
3
 Klasifikasi Bahan Peledak

• Berdasarkan Strenght (kekuatan, dampak dan akibat

dari reaksi bahan peledak)
• Berdasarkan Pemanfaatan(Ideal dan Non-ideal, teori dan
keilmuan)
• Berdasarkan Sensitifitas, dampak dan akibat dari reaksi
bahan peledak ( Klasifikasi UN, AS etc.)

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
4
 Berdasarkan “Strength”

Bahan Peledak Kuat/High Explosives

• Detonasi > kec. Suara

• Menghasilkan tekanan tinggi (>300 Mpa)
Contoh emulsion, PETN, NG

Bahan Peledak Lemah/ Low Explosives

• Deflagasi, terbakar lebih lambat dari kecepatan suara ( V < dari

kec. Suara deflagasi)
• Menghasilkan tekanan yang rendah (biasanya dibawah 100Mpa)
Contoh black powder

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
5
 Bahan Peledak Kuat:

Primary Explosives (BP Utama)

• Meledak oleh spark-percikan panas, api, benturan (spark,

flame or impact)
Contoh: NG, black powder, lead azide

Secondary Explosives (BP Sekunder)

• Memerlukan gelombang detonasi yang besar dari sumber

lain agar dapat terjadi detonasi pada BP sekunder.
Contoh: TNT, emulsion explosives

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
6
 Bahan Peledak I deal/ Non I deal

Bahan Peledak Ideal/Sempurna

• VOD tinggi ; dapat dihitung secara teori

• Critical diameter kecil
• Densitinya besar
• Tidak terpengaruh diameter lubang bor

Bahan Peledak Tidak Sempurna

• Variabel VOD; secara teori susah dipastikan

• Critical diameter besar
• Densitinya kecil
• VOD terpengaruh oleh diameter isian

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
7
 Explosives UN Classifications

Explosive Class Explosive Type Packaging

Ammonium 5.1 Oxidiser Only Bulk or 1.2t bags

Nitrate

ANFO & Low 1.1D Ammonium Nitrate & Bulk or in 22kg bag
Density ANFOs Fuel Oil (Plus LD Fillers)

Emulsion Blends 1.1D AN, CN, SN solution, Fuel Bulk

Oils (various) with
emulsifiers
HDP Booster 1.1D Pentolite Cardboard cylinder

Emulsion Matrix Ammonium Nitrate, Bulk

5.1
(Oxidiser) Polystyrene & Oil
Nonel Detonators 1.1B PETN, Diazo, Pyrotechnic Bagged in
Delay Cardboard Box
First Class Blasting Course
August 2008/MS
8
 Sifat-sifat Bahan Peledak

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
9
 Sifat-sifat Bahan Peledak

Sifat Fisik BP / Physical Properties

Sifat fisik ini memberikan indikasi untuk pemilihan bahan peledak mana
yang cocok untuk digunakan pada suatu kondisi tertentu, misal:
keadaan batuan, ukuran lubang bor, tambang terbuka atau
underground
• Density Kerapatan, densitas
• Sensitivity Sensitifitas
• Water Resistance Ketahanan terhadap air
• Chemical Stability Stabilitas ikatan kimia
• Fume Characteristics Karakter fumes, asap/ uap air

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
10
 Density / Berat Jenis
• Berat per satuan Volume; dalam g/cc
• Untuk menggambarkan berapa BP dalam kg per
satu meter pada diameter tertentu (kg/lm)
• Sifat yang penting untuk mempertimbangkan
pemilihan bahan peledak:
Density tinggi – untuk batuan keras dan masive
Density rendah – untuk batuan lunak dan
banyak stuktur pecahan/ retakan

ANFO = 750- 850 kg (0.75-0.85g/cc)

Bulk Emulsion = 1050 - 1250 kg
1 m3
Heavy ANFO = 1100 - 1350 kg

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
11
 Sensitivitas

• Mengukur kegampangan meledak dengan diinisiasi dengan panas/

gesekan/impact/kejutan (shock)

• BP dengan angka sensitivitas tinggi akan mudah meledak

Touch Heat

N o 2 Det

N o 6 Det

N o 8 Det

Primer

Lead NG Dynamite Cap sensitive Bulk

Azide Emulsion Emulsion

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
12
 Ketahanan Terhadap Air/ Water Resistance

• “Daya tahan terhadap air” dari BP menunjukan kemampuan BP

untuk meledak walaupun sudah terekspos terhadap air.

• Efektivitas BP terpengaruh oleh adanya air disekitar lubang tembak

• Daya tahan terhadap air tergantung pada “inherent ability“ –

kemampuan internal dari stuktur kimia/ fisika dari BP.

• Static (still) water pada tekanan rendah tidak akan berpengaruh

banyak terhadap BP dibandingkan dengan effek dari dinamic
(moving) water pada tekanan tinggi

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
13
 Stabilitas Kimia

• Kemampuan BP untuk tetap tidak berubah ketika disimpan pada

kondidi gudang yang sesuai disebut shelf life

• Faktor faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap shelf lives :

– Formulasi kimia
– Perubahan temperatur dan kelembaban
– Kualitas Raw material
– Kontaminasi
– Fasilitas pergudangan

• Tanda tanda ketidak stabilan kimia BP :

– Kristalisasi/ Crystallisation dan perubahan warna

– Rendahnya performance BP dilapangan

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
14
 Fume Hasil Peledakan
• Asap Bahan Peledak Industri dibuat agar menghasilkan reaksi yang “oxygen
balanced”, dan hanya menghasilkan asap yang tidak meracuni: carbon
dioxide, nitrogen dan uap air.

• Sedikit jumlah gas racun yang disebut fumes, yakni carbon monoxide dan
nitrogen oxides

• Nitrogen oxides merupakan hasil dari kelebihan oksigen dan carbon

monoksida dari rumusan bahan yang tidak balance. Factor lain penyebab
fumes:

– Improper priming Priming tidak tepat

– Lack of confinement Tidak terkungkung
– Insufficient water resistance Tidak cukup ketahanan thd. Air
– Incomplete product reaction Reaksi produk tidak selesai
*fuel and oxidiser components are balanced providing basis for complete chemical reaction

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
15
 Fumes

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
16
PERFORMANCE BAHAN PELEDAK
Detonasi

Karakteristik detonasi ini paling utama untuk menentukan unjuk kerja/

performance yang diberikan oleh BP

• Velocity of Detonation Kecepatan Detonasi

• Energy/strength Enerji/ kekuatan yang dihasilkan

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
18
 Kecepatan Detonasi
• Kecepatan Detonasi/ velocity of detonation ( VoD) adalah
kecepatan dari gelombang kejut yang merambat sepanjang kolom
lubang tembak
Gelombang kejut

Ekspansi Gas BP yang belum

muka meledak
kejut

Stable Reaction Products -

Mainly HT HP Gas and Heat EXPLOSIVE
Arah detonasi

Primary Reaction
Zone

Gambaran kecepatan detonasiuntuk BP komersial: 2500-7000 m/s

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
19
 Detonation

Shock Wave

Shock Undisturbed
Front Explosive

C-J Plane
Stable
Reaction
Products, Expanding Gases
Mainly Gas
Direction of Detonation

Primary Reaction
Zone

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
20
 VOD = Velocity of Shock Front

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
21
 Shockwave

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
22
 Kecepatan Detonasi

• Kecepatan Deonasi tergantung

pada :

– Diameter BP

VOD ( m/ s)
– Density BP
– Ukuran partikel
– Keterkungkungan/Confinement
– Primer
Diameter BP (mm)

• VoD tinggi biasanya memberi

shatter potential
SHATTER HEAVE
• VoD rendah biasanya memberi
efek heave potential
Higher VOD

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
23
 Energy/ Strength – Kekuatan BP

• Kekuatan BP / Stength diukur berdasarkan kemampuan BP yang

bekerja disekitar lubang tembak

• Energy BP terbagi dalam dua bentuk yang berbeda bentuk: shock

energy dan gas energy

• Energy Kejut / Shock adalah energy BP yang behubungan

dengan hasil/ efek fragmentasi batuan (rock breakage)

• Energy Heave/ Gas adalah energy BP yang berhubungan dengan

perpindahan batuan / displacing dari medium batuan (rock
movement)

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
24
Blast Fragmentation

Two distinct phases

– failure of the intact rock
– liberation of in-situ matrix

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
25
 Energy/ Strength/ Kekuatan BP

Breakage

Movement
First Class Blasting Course
August 2008/MS
26
 Energy/ Strength

Ada beberapa cara penghitungan besaran energi :

• The absolute w eight strength (AWS) is the absolute energy (MJ)

in a unit weight of explosive

• The absolute bulk strength (ABS) is the energy available in a

unit volume of explosive; ABS(exp) = AWS(exp) x Density(exp)

• The relative w eight strength (RWS) is the energy of a unit

weight of explosive compared to an equal weight of ANFO

• The relative bulk strength (RBS) is the energy available in a unit

volume of explosive compared to an equal volume of ANFO

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
27
 Energy/ Strength

• Pada prinsipnya energi BP dapat dihitung dan juga dapat diukur

• Penghitungan energi biasanya dilakukan dengan cara-cara

termodinamika

• Pada saat pengukuran, biasanya ada energi yang hilang tidak

terukur, maka biasanya nilai energi yang terukur lebih kecil dari nilai
yang dithitung.

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
28
 BAHAN PELEDAK I NDUSTRI

Penggolongan Secara Umum

1. Initiation System
• Detonator
• Booster
• Detonating Cord
2. Package Product
3. Bulk Explosives
Jenis bahan peledak curah dikembangkan untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan pertambangan yang berdiameter lubang tembak besar
dan dalam skala yang besar:
• ANFO
• Emulsion
• Heavy ANFO

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
29
 I nitiating Explosives

An initiation system is a combination of explosive devices and

component accessories specifically designed to convey a signal and
initiate an explosive charge

Optimum results from any blasting activity can be achieved only when
the initiation system used to detonate the explosive is carefully selected
and correctly utilised

These are typically explosive products required for the initiation of lower
sensitive explosives (eg bulk ANFOs, emulsions and heavy ANFOs)

• Detonators
• Detonating cord
• Cast primers

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
30
 Electric Detonators

Plastic covered Plastic covered

lead wires lead wires

Neoprene plug Neoprene plug

Detonator tube Detonator tube
Neoprene sleeve
Fusehead Fusehead

Delay element
Priming charge Priming charge

Base charge Base charge

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
31
 Electric Detonators
• Electric initiation systems (ie detonators) use electrical power with
an associated circuit to transmit the impulse to the electric
detonators which then fire and initiate the explosive
• Electrical energy is delivered into the detonator by two plastic
insulated metal wires called leg or lead wires which enter the
detonator through a rubber or neoprene plug
• This plug is crimped tightly in the open end of the detonator shell
forms a water resistant seal and firmly positions thew copper lead
wires inside the detonator
• Leg wires are joined together by a short length of high resistant
wire called bridge wire which is embedded in the detonator’s
ignition mixture or fuse head.
• When sufficient electrical current passes through the system, the
bridge wire becomes hot enough to ignite the fuse head which then
ignites the primary and base charges
First Class Blasting Course
August 2008/MS
32
 Non Electric Detonators

• Non electric detonator system is most common type of detonator

• Safer to use and reliable compared with electric detonator systems
• Sensitive to heat, impact, friction and shock for initiation
• Key elements:
– aluminium shell (length relates to length of delay element)
– high strength PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate) base charge
– primer charge (diazo); flame sensitive explosive
– delay element, longer the element the longer the millisecond delay
– transition element modulates the output of the nonel tube

Aluminium Shell Steel Sleeve Transition Element Nonel Shock Tube

PETN Diazo Delay Element

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
33
 NONEL detonator

Aluminium Steel Transition NONEL

Shell Sleeve Element Tube

Base Primer Delay Isolation Sealing

Charge Charge Element Cup Plug

Dyno
First Nobel Technology
Class Blasting Course
August 2008/MS
34
 Non Electric Detonators
Nonel Tube

• Hollow and approximate diameter of 3mm

• Inside coated with HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine) or
explosive powder and aluminium
• Close contact detonator required for initiation ie shock sensitive
• Insensitive to electric energy, radio transmitters, fire, impact or
friction for initiation
• Shock wave travels at a velocity of 2000m/s
• Three layer design allows powder retention, oil resistance and tube
strength to be combined

Abrasion Resistance & UV Protection

Oil Resistance, Elongation and Powder Retention

Tensile Strength

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
35
 NONEL tube

External layer
for abrasion resistance and
UV protection
Middle layer
for tensile strength, elongation
and chemical resistance
Inner Layer
reliably holds the reactive
mixture in place

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
Dyno Nobel Technology 36
 Types of explosives

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
Dyno Nobel Technology 37
Detonators, Basic Differences in Functionality

NONE ELECTRIC ELECTRONIC

L
Nonel
Tube
Leg
Wires

Starting Supply
Ready
Check
Fire and
Communicate
to be
Function
Command
Communicate
Charge Store
Delay
Starts Electric
initiated
time
the
status
Electronic Power
Electronic Timer
Circuit
Board
Delay
Fuse Head
Element
Initiation
Initiation-
Element
Element
Base Base Charge
First Class Blasting Course Charge
August 2008/MS
38
 Electronic Detonators

Electronic Detonators incorporate a circuit

board within the detonator which contains one
or more chips and capacitors
The chips are programmed to provide customised timing
for the delay interval
This allows precise control of the blast initiation and
provides benefits for:
– Perimeter Blasting
– Presplit Blasting
– Mass Blasting/Vibration Control
– Environmentally Sensitive Blasting Projects
First Class Blasting Course
August 2008/MS
39
 Electronic Dets Key Differences

• Max detonators per shot (cf no limit for cord or NONEL®)

• Maximum length of connecting wires
• Delay time range
• Re- programmability
• All dets can be regarded as identical and can be assigned any
delay time
• Delay time accuracy (electronics only) of 100 ppm/0.1ms
• Connecting Wires
• Communication is 2-way between control box & detonator
• Technology is critical in chip, fuse head, safety

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
40
 Electronic Dets System components
Detonator
Connecting system
Logging Unit (LU)
Portable verification device (PVD)
Planning software
Blasting Machine (BM)

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
41
 EDS2 Detonator

Unique identity number (ID code)

Electric energy reservoir
Programmable timing delay up to 16 000 ms
Fuse head and explosives
Can be regarded as identical for inventory control
Can be reprogrammed at any time
Physically similar to a normal electric det with two
leg wires.

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
42
Electronic Detonator

Aluminium Steel Transition

Shell Sleeve Element

Delay Isolation Nonel®

PETN Diazo Cup Tube
Element
First Class Blasting Course
August 2008/MS
43
 Detonating Cord

• Round flexible cord consisting of a core of powdered PETN

• PETN load bound in plastic, textile and waterproofing materials
• Designed for use as downhole and surface initiating lines
• Excellent water and abrasion resistance
• Initiation is by a suitable detonator (#8) or cord of similar core load
• Relatively insensitive to initiation by impact, shock, friction, electricity
• VoD of 6500 m/s (ie ‘instantaneous’) and a shelf life of 5 years

Plastic Covering
PETN Explosive

Nylon Fibres Cotton

First Class Blasting Course
August 2008/MS
44
 Detonating Cord

Plastic or Woven Waxed Cover

Plastic Cover

Nylon Fibres

PETN Explosive

First Class Blasting Course

Cotton Core
August 2008/MS
Dyno Nobel Technology 45
 Product Range

Detonating Cord

Various charge weights:

• 3.6 g/m @ 1000m/box
• 5 g/m @ 1000m/box
• 10 g/m @ 700m/box

First Class Blasting Course

Product Range
August 2008/MS
46
 Detonating Cord Downlines

Advantages
– You only use what you need (cost effective)
– No residue after blast (coal blasting)

Disadvantages
– No in-hole delay unless cord is tied to Nonel Shortie or Slider Primer
(risk of ground movement cut offs)
– Detonation of the cord disrupts the stemming column just when you
want it at its best
– Detonation of the cord will either side initiate the explosive column
or dead press a core of product and detract from performance
– Side initiation will bypass any inhole delays
– High cost
First Class Blasting Course
August 2008/MS
47
 Cast Primer

General

• Consists of a mixture of PETN

(pentaerythritol tetranitrate) and
TNT (trinitrotoluene); 50/50
• Hard crystalline structure that is
typically encased by a cardboard
shell
• Primarily used to initiate lower
sensitivity explosives eg bulk
ANFO’s, HANFO’s and emulsions
• Initiated by detonators and are
inherently more sensitive than
bulk products

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
48
 Cast Primer

Physical Properties

• Density: 1.60g/cc
• Sensitivity: detonator (#8 min) and cord sensitive (3.6g min)
• Relatively insensitive to friction and impact
• Water resistance: high
• Chemical stability: 5 year shelf life

Detonation Properties

• Velocity of Detonation: 7200m/s

• Energy/strength: high shock energy potential

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
49
 Product Range

Cast Boosters cont

• Differing configurations
– standard
– doubledet
• Work under way to reduce box weight and change configuration

First Class Blasting Course

Product
August Range
2008/MS
50
Primers and VOD

Overdrive
Steady State VOD

Runup

Distance from Point of Initiation

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
51
 Cartridge/ Package Product

Excellent water resistant

Sensitive to #8 detonator
Used as a primer in smaller diameter holes
Aluminium added to increase energy
Used as a primer in smaller diameter holes
Used in wet holes
First Class Blasting Course
August 2008/MS
52
PRODUK CURAH
 ANFO

• Paling sederhana, paling murah , paling banyak dipakai

• 3NH NO + CH CO + 7H O + 3N
4 3 2 2 2 2
• 94% ammonium nitrate (AN) prill dan 6% diesel fuel (FO)

Ammonium Nitrate (AN)

• Principle raw material component of all commercial explosives

• Responsible for supplying oxygen to the detonation reaction

• AN solution manufactured by reacting ammonia with nitric acid

• Solution sprayed from a tower to form solidified particles or prills

• Specification important in terms of size, porosity, flowability

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
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 ANFO

Sifat Fisik

• Density: 0.75g/cc – 0.85g/cc

• Sensitivity: booster sensitive (bulk)
• Water resistance: Tidak
• Stabilitas kimia: 6 month shelf life

Sifat Detonasi

• Kecepatan Detonasi: 3000m/s – 4500m/s

• Energy/strength: high gas energy potential

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
55
 ANFO

100
4000
90

Energy per Kilogram ( % )

80
3500
70
3000 60
VOD ( m/ s)

50
40
2500
30
2000 20
10
1500 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fuel oil (%)
Wt % water

Efek Air tehadap VoD Variasi Energi ANFO

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
56
 ANFO

60

50 NO x CO
40
Fume (l/kg)

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fuel Oil (wt%)

Asap yang dihasilkan oleh ANFO

First Class Blasting Course
August 2008/MS
57
 Pembuatan AN

Gas Alam

Ammonia AN Melt
Plant Storage

NH3 AN Melt AN Melt

Nitric Acid Prilling

Plant Plant

NH3
HNO3 AN Solid
AN AN Prill
Reactor Storage

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
58
Ammonium Nitrate Manufacture
Natural Gas
(CH4 ) Feedstock
Air (N2 O2 ) Ammonia
Plant
Catalyst + Energy

Ammonia
(NH3 )
Nitric Acid
Air (N2 O2 )
Plant
Catalyst + Energy

Nitric Acid (HNO3 )

Ammonia AN Solution
(NH3 ) Plant AN Solution to
Energ Emulsion Plant
y

AN Prilling
Energy & Drying
Prilled AN
Prill Coating
First Class Blasting Course to
August 2008/MSCrystal Stabilisers
59 Customers
Ammonium Nitrate Manufacture

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
60
Explosive Grade Prill

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
61
ANFO Derivatives
ANFOPS
– Lower density by incorporating polystyrene
– Loading problems - segregation in pouring and blow
loading
– Various blends 70- 30, 50-50 etc

SANFOLD
– ANFO- PS blended with small % of emulsion to bind PS
– Will improve ability to stay in upholes
– Can limit length of blow loading
– Various blends 70- 30, 50-50 etc

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
62
 Liner tidak selalu effectif

Static Water SG
Dan Lumpur 0.8 g/cc Hal Lain:
menggantikan 1. Dynamic water
Anfo saat loading pressure
2. Plastik bocor ?

SG 1.0 - 1.1

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
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 EMULSI ONS

Bentuk dan Sifat Fisik

• Larutan Oxidiser (AN) berupa Oil

droplet kecil yang di kitari oleh

phasa Oil yang kontinue - -
- - -
-
- + + - +
- -
• Stabilisatornya adalah -
Water
-
Water

+ +
emulsifiers, dan biasanya di + +
+
+
- +
+ + +
+ +
+
-
- -
sensitasi oleh “gas sensitised’ +
+
+ +
- +
+
+
+ -
- - - -
- -
• Biasanya digunakan diarea
lubang tembak basah atau yang
sangat lembab
Water in Oil

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
64
 Bulk Emulsion Manufacture

Oxidiser Fuel
AN,SN,CN, Water Oil, Emulsifier

Bulk Emulsion
Storage

Blender

Transfer To Delivery Tankers

Pump or Bulk Trucks

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
65
 Small Scale Bulk Emulsion Plant

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
66
 Emulsions

Sifat Fisik

• Density: 1.05g/cc – 1.25g/cc (average)

• Sensitivity: booster sensitive (bulk)
• Water resistance: high
• Chemical stability: 3 month shelf life

Sifat Detonasi

• Velocity of Detonation: 4500m/s – 5800m/s

• Energy/strength: high shock energy potential

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
67
 Sensitising Emulsions

• Emulsions memerlukan sensitasi untuk menjadi bahan peledak

• ANFO dalam campuran blends berfungsi sebagai sensitasi

– Emulsion Matrix 5.1

– Emulsion ANFO Blends 1.5

– ANFO 1.1

• Meskipun ANFO-Emulsion blend itu memiliki rating 1.5 , tapi masih

memerlukan sensitasi untuk dapat meledak di lubang tembak

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
68
 Sensitising Emulsions

• Penambahan void udara dalam campuran ANFO-Emulsion blend

akan meningkatkan sensitas campuran

• As more voids are introduced into the emulsion blend product the
less dense the product

• Sensitisation can be achieved with glass/ plastic microspheres or

chemical gassing

• Chemical gassing (generation of nitrogen gas) is more commonly

used by explosive manufacturers due to economics

• Even though emulsion/ ANFO blends carry a 1.5 rating, they still
require additional sensitisation to be used down the hole
First Class Blasting Course
August 2008/MS
69
 Chemical Gassing

• Kritikal density adalah densiti dimana BP tidak akan meledak.

FINAL After 30 min

After 0 min After 15 min Gassed cup @1.10 g/cc
Ungassed @1.33 g/cc Gassed cup @1.15 g/cc Av @ 1.14 g/cc
6.6m column Approx 7.3m column 7.7m FINAL column
1.1 m rise after gassing

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
70
 Cap Sensitive Emulsion Manufacture

Oxidiser Fuel
AN, SN, CN, Oil, Wax,
Emulsifier Packing
Water Machine
Sensitiser

Transfer
Pump

Cooling Bath

Boxing, storage
Blender
and delivery
Transfer
Pump
First Class Blasting Course
August 2008/MS
71
 Heavy ANFO

General

• Blend of emulsion and ANFO,

where emulsion fills the
interstices between prills
Emulsion
• Developed to provide a higher
strength and water resistant
product than ANFO; dewatered
holes AN
Prills

• Maximum emulsion content is

50% (wt). This product has the
highest density and water
resistance

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
72
 Heavy ANFO

ANFO Emulsion

ANFO Heavy ANFO

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 Heavy ANFO

Physical Properties 6000

5500

VOD (m/s)
• Density: 1.10g/cc – 1.35g/cc 5000
• Sensitivity: booster sensitive 4500
• Water resistance: moderate 4000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
% ANFO
Detonation Properties

• Velocity of Detonation: 4300m/s – 5600m/s

• Energy/strength: high shock/gas energy potential

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Quality Control – Bulk Product

Tujuan: untuk memantau konsistensi kualitas produk

ANFO
Manual test (Dengan Visual) atau Anfo Test Kit
Emulsion/Emulsion Blend
Retain sample (percontoh ex. Pabrik atau ex. Truck)
Density Check, Glass-rod test
Raw Material Daily-Weekly-Monthly Stock Take
Pemantauan terhadap kosumsi Raw Material (konsistensinya)
dapat menunjukan trend Quality Control yang dilakukan
dilapangan

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Testing Fuel Oil Content in ANFO

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Product QC Saat Loading

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Product QC

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 Product QC Sheet
FIELD SAMPLE EVALUATION RECORD
Init cap. Location Capacitance Reading Pf/ Rating
Load Date Product Type Operator Truck No. Load. No.
(pF) After a days After 2 days After 3days
1/11/2007 T4070 Euginius 7405 1 West 349 8\7 283 7 328 7
T4070 Euginius 7405 2 West 179 8\7 180 7 196 7
T4070 Euginius 7405 3 West 182 8\7 167 8\7 213 7
2/11/2007 T4070 Euginius 7405 1 East 151 8\7 175 8\7 245 7
T4070 Euginius 7405 2 East 174 8\7 218 8\7 190 7
T4070 Euginius 7405 3 East 206 8\7 249 8\7 260 7
3/11/2007 T4070 Euginius 7405 1 West 201 8 170 7 219 7
T4070 Euginius 7405 2 West 266 8 226 7 190 7
4/11/2007 T4070 Euginius 7405 1 Seam E 270 7 117 7 240 7
T4070 Euginius 7405 2 West 1430 7 893 7 >2000 7
T4070 Euginius 7405 3 West 260 7 110 7 238 7
T4070 Euginius 7405 4 West 340 7 122 7 247 7
5/11/2007 T4070 Sugeng 7405 1 West 310 7 210 7 229 7
T4070 Sugeng 7405 2 West 244 7 241 7 239 7
6/11/2007 T4070 Euginius 7405 1 East 240 8 251 8\7 330 7
7/11/2007 T4070 Euginius 7405 1 T5 222 8 227 8 235 8
T4070 Euginius 7405 2 T5 239 8 254 8 257 8
T4070 Euginius 7405 3 T5 226 8 201 8\7 239 8\7
T4070 Euginius 7405 4 T5 212 8 227 7 229 7
8/11/2007 T4070 Mena 7405 1 East 227 8 262 8 217 7
T4070 Mena 7405 2 East 165 8 232 8 242 7
T4070 Mena 7405 3 East 210 8 219 8 220 7
T4070 Mena 7405 4 East 276 8 181 8 223 7
9/11/2007 T4070 Euginius 7405 1 T5 196 8 232 8 250 7
10/11/2007 T4070 Euginius 7405 1 East 274 8 131 7 115 7

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Kenapa pakai Emulsion di lubang kering ?

Positif :
Produk per lubang lebih banyak (density >) sehingga jarak
antar lubang dapat diperbesar (mengurangi drilling cost)
Digger production jauh lebih tinggi, mengurangi fuel cost dan
total production cost.
Negatif:
Capital untuk set-up depo, pabrik emulsion dan MPU Truk

First Class Blasting Course

August 2008/MS
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Bahan Peledak Curah di Indonesia

Anfo
Emulsion 100% (straight emulsion)
Emulsion blend 7030
Emulsion blend 6040
Emulsion bend 5050:

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 SARANA PENDUKUNG DI LAPANGAN

1. Magazines/ Gudang Bahan Peledak, Depot

2. Kendaraan Pengangkut HE/ Detonator
3. Mixing Unit /Truck/ (MPU/Anfo Mixer)
4. Shelter/ Shor Firer Protection
5. Blasting Machine dan sarana penghubungnya
( kabel listrik, extendaline)
6. Tenaga Kerja dan Prosedur Kerja
7. Safety dan Quality System

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Gudang/ Depo Bahan Peledak

Hal-hal yang perlu digaris bawahi dalam pembuatan

Gudang/ Depo Bahan Peledak
• Memerlukan waktu
• Standard bentuk, perlengkapan dan infrastuktur
gudang/ Depo minimum mengikuti regulasi yang ada
• Bench-Mark ke tambang lain
• Safety Distance perlu diperhatikan (Peraturan Indonesia
membaik dan tren mengacu ke International standard,
asuransi, Keselamatan kerja lebih baik).

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Jarak Gudang HE/ Dets/ AN ke Depo

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Gudang/ Depo Bahan Peledak

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 High Explosives Dets Vehicle

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 Bulk Explosives Delivery Systems –
ANFO Truck
AN Bin Fuel Oil

Auger
System

ANFO Truck
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August 2008/MS
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 Bulk Explosives Delivery Systems

AN Bin Emulsion Bin

11000 kg 5500 kg

Pump

Heavy ANFO Truck

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 Bulk Explosives Delivery Systems

AN Tank Emulsion Tank Hose Reel

Fuel Oil Tank

Delivery Auger

Pump
Gassing Chemicals

Triple Product Truck

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 Multi Purpose Unit ( MPU)

KAPASITAS
Nominal Capacities
• Ammonium Nitrate Prill (AN) 9000kg
• Emulsion (EM) 8000kg
• Fuel (DFO) 800kg
• Water Tank 400kg

Delivery Rates
• ANFO/HANFO 10-1000kg/min
• Emulsion (EM) 100-400kg/min
• Fuel (DFO) 6-75 kg/min
• Water Tank 1-20 kg/min

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 Bulk Explosives Delivery Systems

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 Emulsion I njection / Auger

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 Discharge Auger

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 Hose Reel and Arm

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 Hose Reel and Arm

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Emulsion Blend Pumping System

Positive displacement
progressive cavity pump
(Mono Pumps)
Two scenarios to be avoided
– Low flow
– Dead heading

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Shaft Loader (UG)

LATEST ITERATION OF THE DynoMiner LAYOUT

First Class Blasting Course
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USING THE SAME PROCESS DESIGN 97
DynoMiner – Emulsion Loader (Open Pit)

LATEST ITERATION OF THE DynoMiner LAYOUT

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USING THE SAME PROCESS DESIGN 98
Site Work Shop, Forklift, Drum Tipper

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Field Supporting Unit (FSU)

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IMPLEMENTASI DILAPANGAN

Faktor-faktor Penentu Fungsi Bahan Peledak

 Faktor Pemilihan Bahan Peledak

BP untuk kondisi lubang kering atau basah ?

• Lubang kering; load with ANFO or Heavy ANFO or Emulsion

• Lubang Basah; dewatering, plastic liner, efektif ?
• Lubang basah; bottom load with gassed emulsion

Penentuan Tinggi atau rendah “heave” (perpindahan batuan)

• High heave; ANFO based explosives (high gas/low shock)

• Low heave; emulsion based explosives (low gas/high shock)

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 Desain Peledakan – Sudah Tepat ?

S
D e = Hole diameter (mm)
T L = Charge length (m)
H = Hole length (m)
H n ch B = Burden (m)
L Be
B S = Spacing (m)
T = Stem length (m)

De

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 Pengisian Lubang Ledak

Priming
• Letakan primer pada lokasi yang tepat
• Pastikan pemilihan primer yang tepat (conto: 400 gr, 200gr,150gr,
cast booster atau “normal” package product)

In Hole Delays
• Didesain untuk meminimasi “misfire” dari “ surface/in hole” cut-offs
• “Burning front” (garis ledak) ditentukan dari kombinasi “ surface/ in
hole delays”

Pengisian Kontinue atau Deck Loading

• Ditentukan oleh powder factor yang ingin dicapai atau jenis bahan
peledak yang berbeda
• Tujuannya untuk mengoptimisasi distribusi BP di dalam lubang tembak

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 Pow der Factor

• Powder factor is a measure of the quantity of explosives used per unit

of rock mass blasted (kg/bcm)

• The design powder factor can be used as a guide* to determine the

expected blast performance (breakage/movement)

• Actual powder factor is calculated from the total explosives used and
the total quantity of rock removed by the blast

• Explosive quantities in kilograms/ tonnes can be derived from explosive

delivery vehicle record sheets

• Design bcm from burden x spacing x bench height and actual bcm
from survey volume (before & after blast)

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 Blast Design – Timing
Effect of Change in Surface Delays
FREE FACE

ST
A
RT

42 42 42 42 168 42 210 42 252 42 294

F 0 42 84 126
R
E 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
E

227 269 311 42 353

F 59 101 143 185
A
C 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
E

286 328 370 42 412

118 160 202 244

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 Kenyataan Di Lapangan

Blast Design

Design Bench
Refinement Preparation

Performance Optimum Blast Pattern

Quantification
Performance Layout

Excavation
Drilling

Blast
Loading

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 Optimisasi Peledakan

Mengapa diperlukan Optimisasi Peledakan ?

Overall Cost

Explosives Cost

Drilling Cost

Excavation Cost
Treatment Cost

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I mplementasi Agar Penggunaan Bahan
Peledak Optimum

Drilling – Bench Preparation

• Bench area should be adequate to accommodate the drill pattern

dimension

• Bench should be as level as possible to aid drill set up and explosives

delivery vehicle movement

• Sufficient drainage should be provided to cater for diversion of surface

run-off water

• Quantity of fill material should be minimised in developing the

appropriate benches

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 Blast Design – I mplementation

Drilling – Pattern Layout

• All blast hole locations should be precisely located with respect to

design on the bench

• Establish the back line and appropriate crest offset for the designed
blast. Avoid crowding of rows along the crest

• Use back line and crest offset as a reference for marking out the
remaining drill rows

• Mark location of holes on bench with markers that will not be easily
moved accidentally

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 Blast Design – I mplementation

Drilling – Drill Set-up

• Check face for irregularities

• Set-up precisely over blast hole marker

• Ensure drill is as level as possible

• Establish correct blast hole inclination

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 Blast Design – I mplementation

Pengisian – Pemeriksaan sebelum pengisian lubang tembak

• Hole depth – use the appropriate measuring tape or measuring pole

• Water – if wet hole mark hole clearly and record on loading sheets

• Compare actual depth to drilled depth and the design/plan depth

• Backfill or redrill as required or if possible

• Calculate total quantity of explosives for both wet and dry holes

• Ensure the blast area is adequately delineated to prevent

unauthorised entry

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 Blast Design – I mplementation

Pengisian – Tahapan sebelum pengisian

• Check explosives column rise with tape or pole to avoid over and/or
under charging

• Ensure booster(s) located at the correct depth, and not placed in

sludge at the bottom of hole or not floating

• Avoid contaminating explosives with drill cuttings from collar when

loading blast hole

• Record specific loading and hole conditions for the pattern on the
appropriate record sheet

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 Blast Design – I mplementation

Loading Procedures – Blast Tie In

• Remove all equipment from the designated blast area prior to

commencing the tie-in

• Only qualified personnel permitted to access the shot area and

conduct the tie-in procedure

• Assign the overall responsibility for the tie-in to a single person,

typically lead shot-firer

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 Blast Design – I mplementation

Pre-blast Clearing Procedure

• Blasts should be fired ASAP after tie-in has been completed and
walked (checked) by lead shot-firer

• Shot-firer must be familiar with mine standard blast clearance

procedure and must follow this procedure

• Shot-firer is responsible for removal of all equipment and personnel

from the blast area

• Clearly audible blast warning signal should be sounded for the set
period prior to firing

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 Blast Design – I mplementation

Post-blast Clearing Procedure

• Wait until post blast gases and dust clears before entering the blast
area
• Check for hazardous conditions such as overhanging walls or
unstable ground
• Shot-firer to walk post blast muck pile and check for any evidence of
misfires
• Misfire detection:
– Watch and listen during detonation of blast
– Examine muck-pile profile
– Oversize material in the muck pile
– Explosives in the muck pile
– Un shot initiation system(s) in the muck pile
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 KESELAMATAN KERJA
DALAM PENANGANAN BP

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 PPE – Alat Pelidung Diri

PPE yang digunakan dilapangan saat handling Bahan Peledak

( Aktivitas pengisian Bahan peledak) :

• Safety helmet
• Safety boots
• Safety glasses
• Protective clothing
• Sun protection
• Hand protection

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 Tempat Kerja Yang Aman

Area Kerja : Ketinggian – Kestabilan Lereng

Adalah sangat penting untuk memastikan area kerja berada pada kondisi
yang aman, serata mungkin. Hal yang perlu diperhatikan :
Level ketinggian : tidak akan tergelincir kebawah karena lokasi kerja tak
stabil (dekat lereng bench). Tidak tertimpa jatuhan batu dari atas lereng
bench.

Akses Keluar Masuk Kendaraan pengangkut Bahan Peledak.

Akses keluar masuk kendaraan bahan peledak juga harus diperhatikan

untuk menghindari tergilasnya BP oleh roda kendaraan; tabrakan sesama
pengangkut BP; tabrakan dengan alat bor etc.

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 Safe Explosive Handling

Although most explosives are safe to handle, w hen handled

correctly, it must be remembered that they are still explosives
and the potential for major injury or death, in the event of an
accident, is very high.

• Do not handle explosives unless authorised to do so

• Use only if all safety and work procedures are understood
• Never place explosives (part. dets), in clothing or mouth
• Do not pull anything out of or try to open detonators
• Do not take apart any explosive materials
• Do not strike explosive materials with any object
• Do not expose explosives to excessive temperatures

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 Safe Explosive Handling

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 Un-Safe attitude

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 Safe Explosive Handling

• No naked flame or lighted cigarette w ithin 8 metres of

explosives (AS 2187.2)

• No spark or other ignition source is to exist w ithin 8 metres

of explosives (AS 2187.2)

• Explosives are to be only carried in approved vehicles ( Safe

Transport)

• Explosives are to be only stored in an approved building

(Safe Storage)

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 Safe Explosive Storage - Design

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 Safe Explosive Storage

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 Safe Explosive Storage

• Only store explosives in magazines. Magazines are storage

containers that conform to specific requirements

• Require all w eather access, clearance from combustible

materials, mounding ( from protected w orks) , fencing and
lightning protection

• Separate magazines needed for incompatible explosives eg

detonators shall not be stored with boosters

• Do not enter a magazine or remove any explosive from the

magazine unless authorised

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 Safe Explosive Transport

• Transported in normal vehicles on public and private ( eg

mine) roads; conditions for transport are subject to the local
regulations

• I n Queensland, shot-firers vehicles can carry 250 kg of

explosives including a maximum of 5000 detonators

• Vehicle must be in roadw orthy condition, fitted w ith a

suitable fire extinguisher and appropriate signage on four
sides of vehicle

• Explosives must be transported in approved lockable

containers fixed to the vehicle. Mixed loads are to be
transported in separate containers.

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 Beberapa penyebab kecelakaan
Bahan Peledak
Fly Rock
• Jarak tembak dan lokasi tembak yang tidak tepat
• Desain Peledakan tidak tepat (timing, holes di free face)
• Ketidak sempurnaan alat pelindung (shelter) saat peledakan
• Kegagalan meng-clear kan area peledakan

Panas dan api

• BP yang terkena panas, terbakar
• Tindakan tidak aman; merokok, peletakan BP yang salah

Misfire dan Final check setelah Peledakan

• Penggalian misfire dengan menggunakan alat berat
• Berjalan di OB setelah peledakan, rawan: Fumes/toxic, Lubang
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 Misfires / Gagal Meledak

Misfire dinyatakan terjadi apabila ada “alasan untuk

menduga” terjadi atau ada isian BP yang gagal meledak atau
BP yang tidak terledakkan, atau sambungan yang putus, atau
adanya sisa BP setelah peledakan.

Setiap Tambang/Unit kegiatan peledakan harus memiliki

prosedur menangani Misfire. Prosedur ini harus diaudit
secara regular.

Lokasi misfire biasanya diidentifikasi sesaat setelah

peledakan yakni saat “post blast inspection” atau saat
pekerjaan penggalian dengan Excavator.

“Tidak harus kembali bekerja sebelum dinyatakan aman”

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 Misfires

Pencegahan:
“ Mencegah lebih baik daripada mengobati”

Pelajari sejarah/ kejadian misfire sebelumnya. Catatan untuk

produk yang gagal meledak harus teridentifikasi dan diingat
oleh Juru Ledak dilapangan.
Semua proses pengisian lubang tembak harus benar dan
cermat dilakukan oleh seluruh anggota kru peledakan

Pemeriksaan akhir / final check harus dilakukan tanpa

terburu-buru sebelum peledakan dilakukan

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 Misfires

Perlakuan yang tepat terhadap Misfires

• Detonating cord atau Nonel tube yang tidak meledak .

Dalam hal Nonel di dalam lubang tembak susah untuk
dikenali apakah misfire atau tidak, Jika ragu-ragu,
perlakukan HAL INI sebagai misfire.

• Bagian Dari lubang tembak dan/ atau cut-offs yang berisi

bahan peledak harus diperlakukan sebagai misfire.

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 Misfires

Perlakuan yang tepat terhadap Misfires

• Kalau BP adalah bahan yang dapat dilarutkan air, maka

dapat di siram dengan air untuk yang masih tersisa di lubang
ledak ( Anfo)

• Jangan memaksakan untuk menarik/ menekan BP dari

lubang tembak

• Yang paling baik dan aman adalah meledakan kembali BP

yang tidak meledak daripada memaksakan dengan cara lain.
Meledakan kembali yang paling aman adalah didalam lubang
tembak pada peledakan yang selanjutnya.

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 Misfires

Perlakuan yang tepat terhadap Misfires

Apabila ditemukan nonel yang terputus tapi masih tampak

baik dan dapat direngkuh/ dicapai, maka meledakan ulang
adalah cara yang paling baik selama dilakukan dengan
mengikuti prosedur

• Kalau downline tak dapat dicapai, stemming dapat

dipinggirkan dengan kopresor air ( kalao mungkin)
kemudiaan dimasukan kembali bahan peledak untuk
diledakan kembali.

• Catatan yang harus diingat : meledakan kembali misfire

mengandung resiko yang sangat besar untuk terjadi flyrock
dan suara keras/noise dibandingkan dengan yang terjadi
pada standard peledakan (less burden dan less stemming)

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 Misfires
Perlakuan terhadap Misfires

• Shovels dan loaders yang menggali BP yang belum

terdetonasi/ terledakan di Over Burden merupakan
pekerjaan yang berbahaya

• Bilamana ditemukan BP di gundukan tanah/ galian maka BP

ini harus digali / dipisahkan/ diperlakukan sesuai dengan
prosedur

• Kejadian Misfires harus selalu dicatat/ di record dan secara

seksama harus diinvestigasi dan ditemukan penyebabnya

• Tidak ada misfire yang dibiarkan tanpa pengamanan. Setiap

dugaan misfire harus diberi tanda, diberitakan dan diaw asi
sebelum juru ledak meninggalkan lokasi misfire tersebut.

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 Safe w ork and finally ……

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 SELESAI

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