Kelas XII
BAHASA INGGRIS PEMINATAN
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Tujuan Pembelajaran
Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, kamu pasti sudah mengetahui bahwa banyak hal yang berbeda
dan berkebalikan: ada bangunan besar dan kecil, jarak tempat yang jauh dan dekat, pohon
yang tinggi dan pendek, bunga yang mekar dan layu, orang yang rajin dan malas, orang
dewasa dan anak kecil, dan lain sebagainya. Hal-hal tersebut membuktikan bahwa sesuatu
yang bertentangan satu sama lain selalu bisa ditemui setiap harinya.
A. Overview
Ungkapan contrast atau pertentangan digunakan untuk membandingkan dua
aspek serupa dari orang, benda, atau keadaan. Sebagai contoh, jika kamu hendak
membandingkan bakat yang berbeda dari kakak beradik, kamu perlu menggunakan
ungkapan contrast. Aspek yang dibandingkan sama, yaitu bakat, bakat yang berbeda
dari keduanya.
Lalu, bagaimana cara mengungkapkan contrast dalam bahasa Inggris? Untuk membuat
kalimat yang mengungkapkan contrast, perlu digunakan conjunction (kata penghubung)
yang tepat. Conjunction berfungsi sebagai penghubung kata, frasa, atau klausa dalam
kalimat. Conjunction ini dapat diibaratkan sebagai jembatan yang menghubungkan
unsur-unsur tadi satu sama lain.
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1. Coordinating conjunction
Coordinating conjunction merupakan kata penghubung yang menghubungkan dua
klausa setara. Biasanya, conjunction jenis ini muncul di tengah kalimat. Dalam bahasa
tulis, conjunction ini dapat muncul setelah tanda koma (,) di akhir klausa pertama.
Apabila setelah coordinating conjunction bukanlah sebuah klausa, melainkan noun
phrase, prepositional phrase, atau adjective, koma (,) tidak perlu dituliskan sebelum
conjunction jenis ini.
a. But
Kata but merupakan conjunction penanda contrast yang paling umum dipakai
dalam bahasa Inggris. Conjunction ini biasanya dianggap informal dan lebih sering
muncul dalam bahasa lisan. Contoh penggunaannya adalah sebagai berikut.
Contoh dialog:
Situation: Reni and Santi are at the school canteen. Jefri and his brother just came to
the canteen.
Reni : “Look at them. Both of them are smart.”
Santi : “Yea, but they have different areas of expertise. Jefri is good at
Maths, but his brother is good at Economics.”
Reni : “True. Besides, they are friendly but quiet.”
b. Yet
Kata yet memiliki fungsi yang sama dengan but. Perbedaannya ada pada
penggunaannya. Umumnya kata ini dipakai dalam bahasa tulis. Selain itu, kata ini
memiliki kesan memberi penekanan sehingga terdengar lebih formal.
Contoh:
Farsya has submitted her assignment, yet Yuli hasn’t.
A Captain America comic book is thin, yet a Harry Potter novel is very thick.
2. Subordinating conjunction
Subordinating conjunction merupakan kata penghubung yang menggabungkan dua
klausa yang terdiri dari induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. Kata penghubung jenis ini
mengawali klausa yang menjadi anak kalimat. Beberapa subordinating conjunction
yang umumnya digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pertentangan adalah sebagai
berikut.
a. While
Selain dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan hubungan waktu, kata while sering
juga digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pertentangan.
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Sebagai subordinating conjunction, while bisa muncul di awal kalimat ataupun di
tengah kalimat. Jika muncul di tengah kalimat kata while tidak perlu diawali atau
diakhiri tanda koma (,). Namun, apabila while terletak di awal kalimat, tambahkan
tanda koma (,) di akhir anak kalimat. Perhatikan contoh berikut.
Contoh:
While Rina is accepted to Universitas Indonesia, Roi is accepted to Universitas
Airlangga.
Jakarta is in the west of Java while Surabaya is in the east.
b. Whereas
Kata whereas memiliki fungsi yang sama dengan kata while. Namun, whereas lebih
umum dipakai dalam bahasa tulis dan bersifat lebih formal. Untuk menunjukkan
contrast, kata whereas lebih sering dipakai di tengah kalimat. Aturan penggunaan
koma (,) pada kalimat dengan kata whereas sama dengan aturan penggunaan
koma (,) untuk kata while.
Contoh:
Some studies show positive results, whereas others do not.
Whereas the east coasts are surrounded by beautiful beaches, the west coasts are
fringed by mangrove-swamps.
c. Unless
Kata unless memiliki makna ‘jika ... tidak’. Kata hubung ini bisa berada di awal atau
tengah kalimat.
Contoh:
I will grab those cookies unless they want it.
Unless you return my book, I won’t study.
d. Even if
Conjunction ini mengungkapkan pengandaian yang bertentangan dengan
ekspektasi atau harapan. Dengan kata lain, kalimat dengan conjunction ini memiliki
hubungan pertentangan negatif.
Contoh:
You can’t go even if you have finished your homework.
Fajar won’t buy a new smartphone even if he wants to.
3. Conjunctive adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs merupakan kata penghubung yang digunakan untuk
menghubungkan dua klausa independent. Beberapa contoh conjunctive adverbs yang
digunakan untuk menunjukkan makna pertentangan adalah however, on the other
hand, dan in contrast. Conjunctive adverb lebih sering dipakai dalam komunikasi tulis
daripada komunikasi lisan.
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Pada umumnya, conjunctive adverb ini menunjukkan transisi antara dua kalimat.
Misalnya, kalimat sebelum conjunctive adverb bertentangan dengan kalimat dengan
conjunctive adverb. Letaknya ada di awal kalimat dan pada penulisannya diikuti tanda
koma (,).
Contoh:
Jefri got 95 in the last English quiz. However, his classmates got lower than 80.
Food industry creates a lot of job opportunities. On the other hand, it causes significant
use of plastic.
Struktur penulisan lain dari conjunctive adverb dapat melibatkan penggunaan tanda
semicolon (;) jika ingin menggabungkan dua klausa independen dalam satu kalimat.
Berikut adalah contohnya.
Contoh:
Rianna got a gold medal in the Olympic; however, his roommate got a silver medal.
Indonesia makes up of thousands of islands; in contrast, Mongolia is a landlocked
country.
Conjunctive adverbs juga dapat muncul sebagai sisipan dalam sebuah kalimat. Pada
penulisannya diawali dan diakhiri tanda koma (,). Beberapa contoh kalimatnya adalah
sebagai berikut.
Contoh:
Aini prefers watching Wreck-It Ralph. Yuli, on the other hand, wants to watch Marry
Poppins Returns.
Jack spends the weekend studying at home. His sister, however, plays basketball all day
long.
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whereas, however, in contrast, dan lain sebagainya, biasa digunakan dalam konteks yang
lebih formal seperti presentasi bisnis, perkuliahan, seminar, atau rapat. Perhatikan
beberapa contoh percakapan berikut ini.
Dialogue
Situation: There is a music festival held next week. Sarah will go there. She wants to know if
Arina also plans to go to the event.
Sarah : “I will go to the music festival next weekend. Are you going to come?”
Arina : “I am still thinking whether or not I should go. I’m still considering
going there or watching a movie. A ticket to the music festival is rather
expensive but a ticket to a cinema is affordable.”
Sarah : “It’s actually up to you. I think it’s better to go to the music festival. While
the movie is played in cinema in a period of a month or more, the music
festival is held once a year. Think about it.”
Arina : “You’re right. I think I’d rather go to the cinema. I don’t have enough
money to buy the ticket for the music festival, except you pay for me.”
Sarah : “Ugh... you wish.”
A ticket to the music festival is rather expensive but a ticket to a cinema is affordable.
Pertentangan ditandai dengan conjunction: but. Pada kalimat ini, aspek yang
dipertentangkan adalah harga tiket dari dua tempat yang berbeda: music festival
(festival musik) dan cinema (bioskop).
While the movie is played in cinema in a period of a month or more, the music festival is
held once a year.
Monologue
Situation: Mr. Ahmad is a geography teacher. He is talking about immigration in the class.
Mr. Ahmad : : “Hello everyone. Today we’re going to talk about economic factors
causing immigration. It is undeniable that economic factors are the
major cause of immigration. A lot of people migrate to another country
to work and make money. For some people, they may not be able to find
a job that suits their qualifications in their hometown. However, the job
relevant to their qualifications is offered in another country.
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So, they migrate to that country. Some people immigrate to a particular
country because they don’t have a proper job in their origin country. In
contrast, others may immigrate to another country because they want
to expand their business. It may be true for some people who find that
their business in another country may grow better.”
For some people, they may not be able to find a job that suits their qualifications in their
hometown. However, the job relevant to their qualifications is offered in another country.
Some people immigrate to a particular country because they don’t have a proper job in
their origin country. In contrast, others may immigrate to another country because they
want to expand their business.
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C. Contrast in Written Language
Ungkapan pertentangan juga sering dipakai dalam tulisan, baik itu teks yang bersifat
formal maupun informal. Beberapa contoh teks yang bersifat informal adalah surat
pribadi dan teks iklan. Kedua contoh teks tersebut cenderung menggunakan bahasa
yang mirip dengan bahasa lisan sehingga ungkapan pertentangan sering ditandai
dengan conjunction: but.
Dalam dunia pendidikan, baik saat SMA maupun universitas, kamu akan sering
membuat esai. Penulisan esai cenderung memakai gaya bahasa formal. Kamu juga akan
sering diminta membuat esai yang berisi tentang pertentangan. Untuk mengungkapkan
pertentangan dalam sebuah esai, kamu perlu memakai conjunction yang sesuai dengan
gaya bahasa yang umum dipakai. Beberapa conjunction yang umumnya dapat ditemukan
dalam teks adalah sebagai berikut.
As gadgets that can be used to facilitate academic activities, laptops are relatively too big
in size. However, smartphones can be solution with its way smaller size.
Unlike laptops, smartphones may have limited compatibility to some websites.
In Indonesia, 27.4% of the population use smartphones. By comparison, 55.3% Japanese
population use smartphones.
Berikut ini adalah sebuah teks tentang the development of communication technology.
Temukan pernyataan yang menunjukkan contrast dalam teks ini.
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task, ranging from email to instant messaging and video calls. While the present
and previous means of communication are similar in their general form, they
differ in regard to their speed and the range of tools available.
However, there are clearly many differences in the way we communicate over
long distances, the most notable of which is speed. This is most evident in relation
to written forms of communication. In the past, letters would take days to arrive
at their destination. In contrast, an email arrives almost instantaneously and can
be read seconds after it was sent. In the past, if it was necessary to send a short
message, for example at work, a memo could be passed around the office, which
would take some time to circulate. This is different from the current situation, in
which a text message can be sent immediately.
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Perhatikan penjelasan tentang penggunaan conjunction yang mengungkapkan
pertentangan di dalam teks sebagai berikut.
1. While the present and previous means of communication are similar in their general
form, they differ in regard to their speed and the range of tools available.
Kata while digunakan untuk menunjukkan adanya pertentangan ide dari dua klausa
dalam kalimat ini. Kalimat ini menyampaikan bahwa alat komunikasi sekarang dan di
masa lampau masih sama dalam hal bentuknya. Namun, ternyata keduanya memiliki
perbedaan dalam hal kecepatan dan banyaknya macam alat komunikasi.
Kalimat lain di dalam teks yang menggunakan conjunction: while ada di paragraf
terakhir: While there are some similarities, such as the forms of communication, there are
significant differences, chiefly in relation to the speed of communication and the range of
communication tools available. Dapatkan kamu temukan apa yang dipertentangkan
dari kalimat ini?
2. However, there are clearly many differences in the way we communicate over long
distances, the most notable of which is speed.
Kalimat ini merupakan kalimat pertama pada paragraf ketiga. Fungsi conjunction:
however adalah untuk mengungkapkan pertentangan antara ide pokok di paragraf
sebelumnya (paragraf kedua) dengan ide pokok di paragraf ketiga. Pada paragraf
kedua, hal yang dibahas adalah similarity between current and previous methods of
communication (persamaan metode komunikasi sekarang dengan di masa lampau)
sedangkan pada paragraf ketiga, hal yang dibahas adalah many differences in the way
we communicate (banyak perbedaan dalam cara kita berkomunikasi).
3. In the past, letters would take days to arrive at their destination. In contrast, an email
arrives almost instantaneously and can be read seconds after it was sent.
4. In the past, if it was necessary to send a short message, for example at work, a memo could
be passed around the office, which would take some time to circulate. This is different
from the current situation, in which a text message can be sent immediately.
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5. Fifty years ago, the tools available for communicating over long distances were primarily
the telephone and the letter. By comparison, there are a vast array of communication
methods available today.
D. Integrated Practice
Setelah mengetahui bagaimana mengungkapkan pertentangan, baik dalam bahasa
lisan maupun tulis, kini saatnya kamu menguji kemampuanmu.
Latihan Soal
Soal 1
Read the following sentences then identify sentences expressing contrast. Write C if a
sentence expresses contrast, and NC if it doesn’t.
No Sentences C / NC
1 Sarah’s house is far from the school, while Adinda’s house is just
behind the school.
Soal 2
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4. Oura won three out of five matches ... Jess won two matches.
5. … Lorena, Jessy is a shy girl.
6. Joanne is a nurse in a hospital. ..., Jacky works in a private clinic.
7. During the golden hour, the sun is orange, ... the sky is pink.
8. Nk is my favorite shoe brand, ... Az is Roni’s favorite.
Soal 3
Read the dialogue then identify the expressions of contrast. Mention the things being
contrasted.
Situation: It is January 2. Vanessa and Ola talk about the New Year’s Eve celebration.
Vanessa : “Hi, Ola. Did you watch the New Year’s Eve celebration around
the world yesterday?”
Ola : “Yes, I did. It was exciting. I find it interesting that we all have time
difference. While it is afternoon here, it’s just the start of new
year in the U.S.”
Vanessa : “That’s true. By the way, which country’s celebration do you like
the most?”
Ola : “Can I not choose? I like all of them. The celebration in New York
is like at the city centre. On the other hand, the celebration in
Sydney is near the shoreline.”
Vanessa : “Haha. Exactly. They are all unique. Did you go out on the New
Year’s Eve?”
Ola : “I would love to, but I don’t like overcrowded place and traffic
jam. I’m aware that it must be very crowded at the city centre.
How about you?”
Vanessa : “Well, me too. I didn’t go out either.”
Soal 4
Read the following text carefully and answer the questions accordingly.
Tablet is a small portable computer device that has the feature of accepting input
directly on the screen and does not have any keyboard or mouse as peripheral
devices. On the other hand, the smartphone is a general-purpose mobile phone
that performs several functions on a computer and has features such as a
touchscreen, the internet, small operating system, microprocessor and other
applications.
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The main difference between a tablet and smartphone comes on their utilization
space. For example, people may bring their tabs with them but mostly use it
at home. In contrast, people always carry their smartphones with them even at
work. Another difference between these two gadgets is related with the frequent
use of either. Smartphones keep people busier as they just lean in and use the
device without knowing of their surroundings. By comparison, tablets have more
lean back usage where only people who are free, utilize it. While tablets are more
useful for business and academic activities, smartphones are usually limited
to communication and entertainment. Tablets have many other uses within
organizations and educational institutes and used for teaching and documenting
purposes. Unlike tablets, smartphones only have personal usage and not shared
with anyone else.
Questions:
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