ANALISA INFORMASI

GEOSPASIAL
RM184520

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK GEOMATIKA

http:// geomatika.its.ac.id
 RM184626
ANALISA INFORMASI GEOSPASIAL
Departemen Teknik Geomatika
FTSLK - ITS

MODUL #1 : PROXIMITY
ANALYSIS

Agung B. Cahyono/Lalu M. Jaelani

Department of Geomatic Engineering
Semester Genap 2018/2019

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 Apa itu Proximity Analisis?
• Proximity Analysis adalah teknik analitik yang
digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan antara
titik yang dipilih dan tetangganya.
• Proximity Analysis adalah studi yang
menggunakan kecerdasan lokasi menggunakan
perangkat lunak pemetaan untuk menghitung
jarak.

• Misalnya antara pelanggan / lokasi prospek, ke lokasi toko ritel,

bank, restoran, dealer, atau perwakilan penjualan) sebagai langkah
pertama dalam membangun pemahaman dari perdagangan /
penjualan / area layanan.
Salah satu pertanyaan paling mendasar yang ditanyakan tentang
SIG adalah "apa yang dekat dengan apa?"

Sebagai contoh:

• Seberapa dekat tempat ini dengan tempat pembuangan sampah?

• Apakah ada jalan yang melewati 1.000 meter dari aliran?
• Berapa jarak antara dua lokasi?
• Apa fitur terdekat atau terjauh dari sesuatu?
• Berapa jarak antara setiap fitur dalam lapisan dan fitur di lapisan
lain?
• Apa rute jaringan jalan terpendek dari beberapa lokasi ke lokasi
lainnya?
• Proximity tools can be divided into two categories
depending on the type of input the tool accepts: features or
rasters.

• The feature-based tools vary in the types of output they

produce. For example, the Buffer tool outputs polygon
features, which can then be used as input to overlay or
spatial selection tools such as Select Layer By Location. The
Near tool adds a distance measurement attribute to the
input features.

• The raster-based Euclidean distance tools measure

distances from the center of source cells to the center of
destination cells. The raster-based cost-distance tools
accumulate the cost of each cell traversed between sources
and destinations.
Feature Class
Feature classes are
homogeneous collections
of common features, each
having the same spatial
representation, such as
points, lines, or polygons, and
a common set of attribute
columns, for example, a line
feature class for representing
road centerlines. The four
most commonly used feature
classes in the geodatabase
are points, lines, polygons,
and annotation (the
geodatabase name for map
text).
TOOL
Bagaimana proximity menghitung jarak ?

• Jarak antara dua fitur dihitung sebagai

pemisahan terpendek di antara keduanya,
yaitu, di mana dua fitur paling dekat satu
sama lain. Logika ini diterapkan oleh alat
geoproses yang menghitung jarak,
termasuk Near, Generate Near Table,
Point Distance, and Spatial Join.
 BASIC OPERATIONS FOR FINDING
DISTANCE

Calculating distance is dependent on the geometry type of the

features as well as other factors such as coordinate system.
However, there are three basic rules, described in detail below,
that determine how distance is calculated.
1. The distance between two points is the straight
line connecting the points.
2. Distance from a point to a line is either the
perpendicular or the closest vertex.
3. Distance between polylines is determined by
segment vertices.
Rule 1. The distance between two points is the straight
line connecting the points
Rule 2. Distance from a point to a polyline is the
perpendicular or the closest vertex
Point to Polygon
Because a polygon is an
area enclosed by an
ordered collection of line
segments, calculating the
distance from a point to a
polygon involves
identifying the closest line
segment to the point, and
then Rule 2 is applied to
get the distance.
The distance is positive
only when the point is
outside of the polygon;
otherwise, it is zero.
Rule 3. Distance between polylines is determined by
line segment vertices
Rangkuman
Near
Point Distance
Generate Near Table
Buffer & Ring Buffer
Near Distance
What is a Thiessen polygon?
• Thiessen polygons are generated from a set of
sample points such that each polygon defines
an area of influence around its sample point,
so that any location inside the polygon is
closer to that point than any of the other
sample points.
• Thiessen polygons (also called Voronoi
Diagrams)
Each Thiessen polygon contains only a single point input
feature. Any location within a Thiessen polygon is closer
to its associated point than to any other point input
feature.
Thiessen polygons in this map show the areas that are closest to each
subway stop. Anywhere in the shaded polygon is closest to the Copley
subway station.
Network distance tools
Network Distance dijalankan
sepanjang segmen karena
membandingkan berbagai
rute alternatif antara lokasi
ketika menemukan rute
terpendek. Ketika
menemukan area layanan
mengeksplorasi ke jarak
maksimum sepanjang setiap
segmen jaringan yang
tersedia, dan ujung dari jalur
ini menjadi titik pada
perimeter poligon area
layanan.
Raster Based
The analysis proximity contains
tools that create rasters showing
the distance of each cell from a set
of features or that allocate each
cell to the closest feature.
Distance tools can also calculate
the shortest path across a surface
or the corridor between two
locations that minimizes two sets
of costs. Distance surfaces are
often used as inputs for overlay
analyses; for example, in a model
of habitat suitability, distance from
streams could be an important
factor for water-loving species, or
distance from roads could be a
factor for timid species.
 The Distance tools allow you to perform
distance analysis in the following ways:

1. Euclidean (straight-line) distance

2. Cost-weighted distance
3. Cost-weighted distance allowing for vertical and
horizontal restrictions to movement
4. Paths and corridors between sources with the
least cost of travel

The two main ways of performing distance analysis with the

ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension is with the Euclidean distance
and the cost-weighted distance tools.
Euclidean Distance Tools
• Euclidean Distance Tool untuk mengukur jarak
garis lurus dari setiap sel ke pusat terdekat;
yang dimaksud pusat adalah objek yang
menarik, seperti sumur, jalan, atau sekolah.
• Jarak diukur dari pusat sel ke pusat sel.
• Tidak hanya dapat menentukan jarak setiap sel
ke sumber terdekat, namun dapat menghitung
setiap arah sel.
 The Euclidean distance tools describe each cell's
relationship to a source or a set of sources based on the
straight-line distance.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTaH2B6bzcI

• Euclidean Distance gives the distance from each cell in

the raster to the closest source. Example of usage: What
is the distance to the closest town?
• Euclidean Direction gives the direction from each cell to
the closest source. Example of usage: What is the
direction to the closest town? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJVfVOJTnJU
• Euclidean Allocation identifies the cells that are to be
allocated to a source based on closest proximity.
Example of usage: What is the closest town?
Algorithm Euclidean

Euclidean distance is calculated from the center of the source cell to

the center of each of the surrounding cells. True Euclidean distance
is calculated in each of the distance tools. Conceptually, the Euclidean
algorithm works as follows: for each cell, the distance to each source cell
is determined by calculating the hypotenuse with x_max and y_max as
the other two legs of the triangle. This calculation derives the true
Euclidean distance, rather than the cell distance. The shortest distance
to a source is determined, and if it is less than the specified maximum
distance, the value is assigned to the cell location on the output raster.
 Contoh Euclidean

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WeaQ4FOumw