Introduction

 Part of phase diagram :

 Components (solute,
solvent)
 Composition
 Temperature
 System
 Phase
 Solubility limit
 Phase : a homogeneous
portion of a system that
has homogeneous
chemical and physical
properties
Aturan Fasa Gibbs
 Menentukan jumlah fasa-fasa yang dapat berada
dalam kesetimbangan:
 P+F=C+2; P = jumlah fasa dalam kesetimbangan, C =
jumlah komponen dalam system, F = derajat
kebebasan.
 F adalah jumlah variabel (tekanan, temperatur, jumlah
komponen) yang dapat diubah bebas (variabel bebas)
tanpa mengubah jumlah fasa dalam kesetimbangan.
 Untuk sistim paduan logam, tekanan ditetapkan 1 atm,
sehingga hanya ada variabel temperatur dan
komposisi : F = C – P + 1

Pada Tm(Cu), atau Tm(Ni) (Cu atau

Ni murni): C = 1, P = 2, maka F =
0, artinya tidak ada variable
yang dapat diubah tanpa
mengubah kesetimbangan

Daerah fasa padat atau cair : C =

2, P = 1, maka F = 2, artinya
struktur mikro tetap sama
walaupun temperatur atau
komposisi diubah bebas
Daerah 2-fasa (padat dan cair) :
C = 2, P = 2, maka F = 1, artinya
hanya satu variabel (temperatur
atau komposisi) yang dapat
diubah secara bebas tetapi
tetap berada dalam daerah dua
fasa.
 Isomorphous Cu-Ni
 Salah satu atau lebih
persyaratan terbentuknya
system isomorf (larut sempurna
dalam keadaan padat dan cair) :
1. Perbedaan ukuran atom kurang
dari 15%
2. Tidak membentuk senyawa
logam
3. Struktur kristal setiap
komponen harus sama
4. Valensi kedua komponen harus
sama

 Dikenal sebagai aturan Hume-

Rothery

Kurva Pembekuan Paduan

Pendinginan tidak setimbang

Lever Arm Rule

 Applied in the two phases region

 Will be used to obtain the relative amount of phases
present
 The total amount shall be 100%
Lever Arm Rule

 Fraksi berat solid, Xα, dan fraksi berat

cairan Xl
 𝑋 +𝑋 =1
 Pada temperatur T, komposisi fasa padat
= Cα, fasa cair = Cl.
 𝐶 =𝑋𝐶 +𝑋 𝐶
 𝐶 = 𝑋 𝐶 + (1 − 𝑋 )𝐶
 𝐶 =𝑋𝐶 +𝐶 −𝑋𝐶
 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 𝑋 (𝐶 −𝐶 )
(𝑪𝜶 𝑪𝟎 )
 𝑿𝒍 =
(𝑪𝜶 𝑪𝒍)

 𝐶 = 𝑋 𝐶 + (1 − 𝑋 )𝐶
 𝐶 =𝑋 𝐶 +𝐶 −𝑋 𝐶
 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 𝑋 (𝐶 −𝐶 )
(𝑪𝜶 𝑪𝟎 )
 𝑿𝜶 =
(𝑪𝜶 𝑪𝒍 )

Binary Eutectic System

Eutectic Re action :
   
L
 Eutectic : 63%Sn-37%Pb Hypoeutectic : 40%Sn-60%Pb

Hypereutectic : 70%Sn-30%Pb Hypereutectic : 90%Sn-10%Pb

Peritectic Reaction
 Peritectic reaction : Eutectoid reaction :

 L
  
   

Iron – Carbide Phase Diagram

 0.10 0.50

0.18

Phases and Compound

 α (ferrite) :  Fe3C (cementite) :

 Pure iron, when C = 0  Compound

 BCC  Occurred at 6.70% C

 Magnetic
 Stable up to 912 oC  Peritectic reaction :
 Max solubility of C = 0.022%  At T = 1493 oC

 γ (austenite) :  δ+L→γ

 FCC
 Non-magnetic  Eutectic reaction
 Max solubility of C = 2.14%  At T = 1147 oC
 L → γ + Fe3C

 δ (delta) :
 BCC  Eutectoid reaction
 Magnetic  At T = 723 oC

 Stable at high temperature  γ →  + Fe3C (Pearlite)

400 X

200 X

Alpha = 89 %
Fe3C = 11%
Hypoeutectoid Steel
Hypereutectoid Steel
White Cast Iron, 3% C


White Cast Iron, 3% C

White Cast Iron, 3% C


White Cast Iron, 3% C

White Cast Iron, 3% C

Proeutectic Austenite = 60% Eutectic Liquid = 40%

Eutectic cementite = 19%

Eutectic proeutectoid Cementite =

5%
Proeutectic eutectoid cementite = Eutectic eutectoid ferrite = 14%
5%
Eutectic eutectoid cementite = 2%
PR 3 (Callister 8th edition)

 .
 Weight % and Atom %

 Weight (or mass)  Atom percent :

percent :
m1
nm1 
m1 A1
C1  X 100
m1  m2
nm1
 m : mass (g) C1'  X 100
nm1  nm 2
 A : atomic weight
(g/mole)
 nm = number of mole

Conversion of Weight % to Atom %

 Weight % (C1, C2) to Atom %  Atom % (C1’, C2’) to Weight %

(C1’, C2’): (C1, C2) :

C1 A2
C1'  X 100 C1' A1
C1 A2  C2 A1 C1  X 100
C1' A1  C2' A2

C2 A1
C2'  X 100 C2' A2
C1 A2  C2 A1 C2  X 100
C1' A1  C2' A2
Conversion of Weight % to Weight/Volume

 Weight % (C1, C2) to Weight/Volume (C”1, C”2) :

 
 
"  C1  X 103
C1 
 C1 C2 
  
 1 2 

 
 
C2
C2"    X 103
 C1 C2 
  
 1 2 

Density and Atomic Weight of Binary Alloys

 Density :  Atomic Weight :

100 100
 avg  Aavg 
 C1 C 2   C1 C2 
     
 1  2   A1 A2 

C1' A1  C2' A2
 avg  C1' A1  C2' A2
 C1' A1 C2' A2  Aavg 
  
 1  2  100
Calculation Example
 Determine the composition in atom percent of an alloy
that consists of 97 wt.% aluminum and 3 wt.% copper.
AAl = 26.98 g/mol, ACu = 63.55 g/mol.

C Al ACu
C Al'  X 100
C Al ACu  CCu AAl

(97) (63.55)
C Al'  X 100  98.7 at.%
(97) (63.55)  (3) ( 26.98)

(3) (26.98)
'
CCu  X 100  1.30 at.%
(97) (63.55)  (3) (26.98)