DENGAN INFEKSI HIV, SIFILIS DAN HEPATITIS B
GUNA MENDUKUNG TRIPLE ELIMINASI
POKJA INFEKSI SALURAN REPRODUKSI POGI
2019
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Mampu melakukan tata laksana ibu hamil terinfeksi HIV, sifilis dan hepatitis B
sesuai standar.
POKOK BAHASAN
• Analisis situasi
• Program triple eliminasi
• Diagnosis infeksi HIV, sifilis, hepatitis B
• Penatalaksanaan ibu hamil terinfeksi HIV, sifilis, hepatitis B
INDONESIA
SDG 3 = Promosi hidup sehat dan kesejahteraan bagi semua orang dari segala usia dengan memperhatikan
prioritas kesehatan sebagai wawasan pembangunan, termasuk kesehatan reproduksi, kesehatan ibu dan anak
dan penanggulangan penyakit menular.
2,50% Resiko penularan dari ibu ke anak untuk HIV 20 – 45 %
1,70% Resiko penularan dari ibu ke anak untuk sifilis 69 – 80 %
Resiko penularan dari ibu ke anak untuk hepatitis B > 90 %
0,30%
2016 HIV Sifilis Hepatitis B
Ibu Hamil 5.354.594
HIV Sifilis Hepatitis B
Ibu Hamil dites 726.764 43.873 173.439
2016 HIV AIDS
Ibu Hamil terinfeksi 4.389 4.169 4.418
usia <4th 4.965
17.841 Ibu Hamil ditangani 1.234 n/a n/a
usia 5‐15th 2.273
est 2020 20.825
Januari ‐ Juni 2017 HIV Sifilis Hepatitis B Hepatitis
Januari‐Juni 2017 HIV Sifilis
Bayi lahir hidup 2.635.008 B
Bayi lahir hidup dari ibu terinfeksi 396 N/A 2.497 Ibu Hamil 2.662.163
Ibu Hamil dites 618.651 39.660 213.632
Bayi Penanganan dini 360 N/A 2.492
Ibu Hamil terinfeksi 3.202 3.295 5.255
Bayi tes PCR (EID DBS) 63 N/A N/A
Ibu Hamil ditangani 740 344 N/A
Bayi terinfeksi 26 N/A N/A
Syphilis seropositivity among antenatal care attendees reported by countries through the WHO HIV
Universal Access reporting system in 2008 or 2009, and regional median for non‐reporting countries.
2018 ‐2019 • Akses Terbuka
2022 • Eliminasi
2023‐2025 • Pemeliharaan
Radolf JD. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.
8th Ed, Updated Edition ed2015. p. 2684‐709.e5.
Treponema pallidum
Electron micrograph of Treponema
pallidum on cultures of cotton‐tail
rabbit epithelium cells, displaying
the characteristic helical structure
of treponemes
W_Indriatmi
Natural history of untreated acquired syphilis
Red to violet raised papules on the palms (A) and
soles (B) are characteristic of secondary syphilis.
([A and B] Courtesy Dr. Stanton Wesson,
Department of Dermatology, University of Florida
College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL.)
Duff. P. Maternal and Fetal Infections. In: Resnik R, editor. Creasy and resnik's maternal‐fetal medicine : principles and
practice. 8th edition. ed. Philadelphia, MO: Elsevier; 2018. p. 862‐919.e8,.
Natural course of untreated syphilis
Radolf JD. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.
8th Ed, Updated Edition ed2015. p. 2684‐709.e5.
Stages of syphilis
Cohen SE, Engelman J, Klausner JD. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum). Netter’s Infectious Diseases2012. p.
351‐61.
Stage of syphilis
POKJA Infeksi Saluran Reproduksi PB POGI
The natural history of untreated syphilis
in pregnancy
TREATMENT:
(1) Aqueous penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IV q 12
hr ( 1 wk of age), q 8 hr (>1 wk), or procaine
penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IM single daily
dose, x 10 days
(2) Benzathine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IM x 1
dose
Dobson SR. Syphilis. In: Cherry JD, Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, Hotez PJ, Steinbach WJ, editors. Feigin and Cherry's Textbook
of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 8th edition. ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2019. p. 1268‐84.e3.
Causes of Biologic False‐positive Reactions (Reactive Nontreponemal Test With A
Nonreactive Treponeme‐specific Test)
Qin J, Yang T, Xiao S, Tan H, Feng T, Fu H. Reported estimates of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with and
without syphilis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e102203.
Subgroup analysis based on gestational week at treatment for the
proportion (%) of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) among syphilis‐
infected women
No. of included Summary estimates
Gestational week at treatment APOs n #
studies (95%CI)
Treatment in the first trimester (≤12 weeks)
All APOs 37 277 8 13.3% (7.7%–21.8%)
Congenital syphilis 39 416 8 10.4% (7.7%–14.0%)
Preterm birth 10 172 5 6.8% (3.7%–12.2%)
Low birth weight 2 20 1 10.0% (2.5%–32.4%)
Stillbirth or fetal loss 5 99 2 5.3% (2.2%–12.1%)
Treatment in the second trimester (12–28 weeks)
All APOs 138 447 7 37.8% (23.7%–54.3%)
Congenital syphilis 249 1359 13 17.6% (11.8%–25.4%)
Preterm birth 32 379 5 10.1% (5.2%–18.5%)
Low birth weight 5 140 2 5.3% (0.6%–35.8%)
Stillbirth or fetal loss 6 179 3 4.2% (1.9%–9.1%)
Treatment in the third trimester (>28 weeks)
All APOs 292 540 11 64.4% (45.2%–79.8%)
Congenital syphilis 428 1454 15 40.6% (31.3%–50.7%)
Preterm birth 65 447 7 17.6% (11.4%–26.5%
Low birth weight 26 236 4 12.4% (5.9%–24.2%)
Stillbirth or fetal loss 71 336 6 21.3% (17.2%–26.0%)
Qin J, Yang T, Xiao S, Tan H, Feng T, Fu H. Reported estimates of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with and
without syphilis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e102203.
Subgroup analysis based on baseline titers of nontreponemal antibodies
for the proportion (%) of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) among
syphilis‐infected women
Maternal baseline titers of No. of included Summary estimates
APOs n #
nontreponemal antibodies studies (95%CI)
Low titers (<1:8)
All APOs 114 1215 6 11.0% (6.3%–18.5%)
Congenital syphilis 251 3085 8 4.2% (1.9%–9.1%)
Preterm birth 32 998 3 2.9% (0.8%–10.2%)
Low birth weight 31 813 3 3.9% (2.7%–5.5%)
Stillbirth or fetal loss 20 813 3 2.7% (0.4%–15.3%)
Neonatal death 4 708 2 0.8% (0.1%–10.2%)
High titers (≥1:8)
All APOs 182 510 6 42.8% (26.2%–61.2%)
Congenital syphilis 325 1161 8 25.8% (15.4%–40.1%)
Preterm birth 51 359 3 15.1% (5.2%–36.9%)
Low birth weight 32 347 3 9.4% (2.7%–27.5%)
Stillbirth or fetal loss 57 383 3 14.6% (6.5%–29.7%)
Neonatal death 40 250 2 16.0% (12.0%–21.1%)
Qin J, Yang T, Xiao S, Tan H, Feng T, Fu H. Reported estimates of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with and
without syphilis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e102203.
Study‐specific and summary estimates of the proportion (%) of all
adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) among women with untreated
syphilis and women without syphilis
Zhang X, Yu Y, Yang H, Xu H, Vermund SH, Liu K. Surveillance of Maternal Syphilis in China: Pregnancy
Outcomes and Determinants of Congenital Syphilis. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:7727‐35.
Quality assessment of evidence for treatment with at least 2.4MU
penicillin for women with active syphilis in pregnancy to prevent
adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes
Sena AC, White BL, Sparling PF. Novel Treponema pallidum serologic tests: a paradigm shift in syphilis screening for the
21st century. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(6):700‐8.
Screening Syphilis Infections in Pregnancy
When to screen All women should be screened at their
first prenatal visit.
Repeat screening should be performed in
all pregnancies early in the third
trimester.
Patients should be screened at delivery if
not screened previously or if at high risk.
How to screen* Treponemal and nontreponemal test
Diagnostic criteria Positive treponemal and nontreponemal
test
Nyholm JL. Maternal and Perinatal Infection: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis in Pregnancy. In:
Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, Landon MB, Galan HL, Jauniaux ERM, et al., editors. Obstetrics :
normal and problem pregnancies. Seventh edition. ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017. p. 1089‐98.
Screening for Syphilis Infection in Pregnancy: Clinical
Summary of the USPSTF Recommendation
Population All pregnant women
Recommendation Screen for syphilis infection (Grade: A)
Screening tests Nontreponemal tests commonly used for Confirmatory tests include:
initial screening include: • Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorbed test
• Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test • Treponemal pallidum particle agglutination test
• Rapid plasma reagin test
Timing of screening Test all pregnant women at the first prenatal visit.
Other clinical Most organizations recommend testing women at high risk again during the considerations third
trimester and at delivery.
Groups at increased risk include:
• Uninsured women
• Women living in poverty
• Sex workers
• Illicit drug users
• Women diagnosed with other STDs
• Women living in communities with high syphilis morbidity
Prevalence is higher in the southern United States, in metropolitan areas, and in Hispanic and
black populations.
Interventions The CDC recommends treatment with parenteral penicillin G benzathine.
Women with penicillin allergies should be desensitized and treated with penicillin.
Consult the CDC for the most up‐to‐date recommendations at http://www.
cdc.gov/std/treatment/.
Relevant USPSTF Recommendations on screening for other STDs, and on counseling for STDs, can be found at
recommendations http://www.preventiveservices.ahrq.gov.
Force USPST. Screening for syphilis infection in pregnancy: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation
recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(10):705‐9.
Composite results of syphilis
testing algorithms using
treponemal tests for initial
screening and recommendations
from the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2008
Sena AC, White BL, Sparling PF. Novel Treponema pallidum serologic tests: a paradigm shift in syphilis screening for the
21st century. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(6):700‐8.
DIAGNOSA IBU HAMIL DENGAN SIFILIS
POKJA Infeksi Saluran Reproduksi PB POGI
Seroreactivity of Common Tests
for Untreated Syphilis
Primary Secondary Latent Tertiary
Test
Stage Stage Stage Stage
VDRL or RPR 80‐85 95‐98 75 <66
FTA‐ABS, TP‐PA 75‐85 100 100 100
POKJA Infeksi Saluran Reproduksi PB POGI
Alur Tes Serologis Sifilis
Bila TERSEDIA Tes Non
Treponema dan Treponema
Alur Tes Serologis Sifilis Pada
Ibu Hamil
Bila Hanya Tersedia TP Rapid
Interpretasi
Tes Serologi Sifilis
RPR atau TPHA atau
VDRL TP Rapid INTERPRETASI
Reaktif Non reaktif Tes skrining nontreponema
positif palsu
Reaktif Reaktif Sifilis yang belum diobati;
Sifilis lanjut yang pernah
diobati
Frambusia
Interpretasi
Tes Serologi Sifilis
RPR atau TPHA atau INTERPRETASI
VDRL TP Rapid
Non reaktif Reaktif Sifilis sangat dini yang belum
diobati;
Sifilis dini yang pernah
diobati
Frambusia
Non reaktif Non reaktif Bukan sifilis;
Sifilis masa inkubasi;
Sifilis sangat lanjut;
Sifilis bersamaan dengan
infeksi HIV dan imunosupresi
Tatalaksana
SIFILIS pada ibu hamil
• Sifilis DINI (S‐1 dan S‐2):
– Benzathin penicillin G 2,4 juta unit dosis tunggal
injeksi intramuskular ATAU
– Procaine penicillin G 1,2 juta unit injeksi
intramuskular sekali sehari selama 10 hari
– Bila alergi penisilin dan tidak memungkinkan untuk
desensitisasi, atau tidak tersedia:
• Eritromisin 4X500 mg per oral selama 14 hari ATAU
• Seftriakson injeksi intramuscular 1 g sekali sehari, selama 14 hari, ATAU
• Azitromisin 2g per oral dosis tunggal
• Catatan: ketiga obat dapat mengobati ibu hamil, namun tidak dapat
melewati sawar plasenta, sehingga tidak dapat mengobati janinnya
WHO guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis). 2016
Tatalaksana
SIFILIS pada ibu hamil
• Sifilis LANJUT (termasuk S laten):
– Benzathin penicillin G 2,4 juta unit injeksi
intramuskular sekali seminggu selama 3 minggu
berturut‐turut (interval jangan melebihi 14 hari)
ATAU
– Procaine penicillin 1,2 juta unit injeksi intramuskular
sekali sehari selama 20 hari
– Bila alergi penisilin dan tidak memungkinkan untuk
desensitisasi, atau tidak tersedia:
• Eritromisin 4X500 mg per oral selama 30 hari
• Catatan: obat dapat mengobati ibu hamil, namun tidak dapat
melewati sawar plasenta, sehingga tidak dapat mengobati janinnya
WHO guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis). 2016
Reaksi Jarisch‐Herxheimer
• Reaksi demam akut, seringkali disertai nyeri
kepala, mialgia, dan keluhan lain
• Biasanya terjadi dalam 24 jam pertama setelah
pemberian terapi awal apapun untuk sifilis dan
seringkali terjadi pada pasien sifilis dini,
kemungkinan karena bakteri masih sangat
banyak dalam stadium dini
Reaksi Jarisch‐Herxheimer
• Pasien harus diberi tahu mengenai kemungkinan ini
• Dapat diberikan antipiretik untuk mengurangi simtom,
namun tetap tidak dapat mencegah reaksi ini
• Reaksi Jarisch‐Herxheimer dapat menginduksi partus
atau menyebabkan fetal distress pada perempuan hamil,
namun keadaan ini jangan menjadi alasan untuk tidak
mengobati atau menunda pengobatan
Jarisch‐Herxheimer Reactions
• Up to 60% of patients with early syphilis and a significant proportion of patients with later
stages of syphilis experience a transient febrile reaction after therapy for syphilis.
• The pathogenesis is unclear, but it may be caused by the liberation of antigens from
spirochetes.
• This reaction usually occurs in the first few hours after therapy, peaks at 6 to 8 hours, and
disappears within 12 to 24 hours of therapy.
• On occasion, Jarisch‐Herxheimer reactions are mistaken for allergic reactions to syphilis
therapy.
• Temperature elevation is usually low grade, and there is often associated myalgia,
headache, and malaise.
• The skin lesions of secondary syphilis are frequently exacerbated during the Jarisch‐
Herxheimer reaction, and cutaneous lesions that were not visible may become visible.
• The reaction is generally of no clinical significance and in most cases can be treated with
salicylates.
• Corticosteroids have been used to prevent adverse effects of the Jarisch‐Herxheimer
reaction, but there is no evidence that they are clinically beneficial (other than reducing
fever) or necessary. Institution of treatment with small doses of penicillin does not prevent
the reaction.
Hook EW. Syphilis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, editors. Goldman‐Cecil medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2016. p.
2013‐20.e2.
MONITOR
• Pemeriksaan serologi VDRL dan RPR pada bulan ke – 3 dan bulan ke – 6
(VDRL dan RPR menurun 4x)
• Selama kehamilan titer serologi diperiksa setiap bulan (wanita risiko tinggi
reinfeksi).
• Evaluasi USG pada usia kehamilan > 20 minggu untuk melihat sifilis
kongenital yaitu:
• hepatomegali,
• penebalan plasenta,
• hidramnion,
• ascites,
• hidrops fetalis dan
• peningkatan arteri serebri media.
Oral Desensitization Protocol for Patients With a Positive Skin Test
for Penicillin Allergya
b c
Penicillin V Suspension Dose Amount (units/mL) mL Units Cumulative Dose
(units)
1 1,000 01 100 100
2 1,000 02 200 300
3 1,000 04 400 700
4 1,000 08 800 1,500
5 1,000 16 1,600 3,100
6 1,000 32 3,200 6,300
7 1,000 64 6,400 12,700
8 10,000 12 12,000 24,700
9 10,000 24 24,000 48,700
10 10,000 48 48,000 96,700
11 80,000 10 80,000 176,700
12 80,000 20 160,000 336,700
13 80,000 40 320,000 656,700
14 80,000 80 640,000 1,296,700
a Observation period: 30 minutes before parenteral administration of penicillin.
b Interval between doses, 15 minutes; elapsed time, 3 hours and 45 minutes; cumulative dose, 1.3 million units.
c The specific amount of drug is diluted in approximately 30 mL of water and then administered orally.
A, Progression of fetal syphilis proposed by Hollier et al in 2001;
B, resolution of fetal syphilis after treatment
Any child with symptomatic congenital syphilis should undergo a lumbar puncture, complete blood
count, and long‐bone radiography before treatment. If these results are normal, a single intramuscular
dose of benzathine penicillin G (50,000 units/kg) should be given. With abnormal results or if compliance
is not ensured, the infant should be given a 10‐day course of either aqueous crystalline penicillin G
(50,000 units/kg IV every 12 hours for the first 7 days of life, and then every 8 hours for the next 3 days) or
procaine penicillin (50,000 units/kg/d IM).
W_Indriatmi 63
Scenario
Treatment Guidelines for Congenital Syphilis
Maternal Stage/Treatment Evaluation Antimicrobial Regimen
Infant age ≤28 d with proven or highly Any or none CSF analysis: VDRL, cell count, and protein; Aqueous penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IV q12h (≤1
probable disease: CBC and platelet count; other tests as clinically wk old), q8h (>1 wk old, ≤4 wk old), q6h (>4
(a) Abnormal physical examination indicated (e.g., long bone radiographs, liver wk old) × 10 d, or
a
(b) Abnormal evaluation function tests, ophthalmologic examination, Procaine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IM × 10 d
(c) Serum nontreponemal titer ≥4 times hearing evaluation, neuroimaging) (≤4 wk old)
maternal titer
(d) Visualization of spirochetes in clinical
specimen
Infant age ≤28 d with possible congenital Any stage of infection and: mother CSF analysis for VDRL, cell count, and protein; If complete evaluation normal:
c
syphilis: normal physical examination and (a) was not treated, inadequately treated, or CBC and platelet count; long bone (a) benzathine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IM × 1
b
serum quantitative nontreponemal titer the has no documented treatment; (b) was radiographs or
b
same or less than fourfold the maternal titer treated with erythromycin or other (b) aqueous penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IV q12h
nonpenicillin regimen; or (c) received (≤1 wk old), q8h (>1 wk old, ≤4 wk old), q6h
appropriate treatment but ≤4 wk before (>4 wk old) × 10 days, or
delivery (c) procaine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IM ×
10 d (≤4 wk old)
Infant age ≤28 d with congenital syphilis less Mother with: No evaluation Benzathine penicillin G 50,000 U/kg IM ×
likely: normal physical examination and serum (a) adequate therapy >4 wk before delivery, 1 (preferred), or
quantitative nontreponemal titer the same or and appropriate for stage of infection; or Clinical, serologic follow‐up
less than fourfold the maternal titer (b) nontreponemal titers remained stable and
low for late syphilis and no evidence of
reinfection or relapse
Infant age ≤28 d old with congenital syphilis Mother with adequate therapy before pregnancy None None
unlikely: normal physical examination and and nontreponemal serologic titer remained low
serum quantitative nontreponemal titer the and stable during pregnancy and at delivery
same or less than fourfold the maternal titer
Congenital syphilis in infant age >28 d Any or none CSF analysis: VDRL, cell count, protein; CBC Aqueous penicillin G, 50,000 units/kg q4–6h ×
d
and differential; platelet count. 10 d
As clinically indicated: radiographs of long
bones, liver function tests, neuroimaging
(cranial ultrasonography), eye examination,
hearing evaluation
Dobson SR. Syphilis. In: Cherry JD, Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, Hotez PJ, Steinbach WJ, editors. Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 8th edition.
ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2019. p. 1268‐84.e3.
Breastfeeding
• Postnatal infection of an infant can occur through contact with open,
moist lesions of the skin or mucous membranes of the mother or other
infected individuals.
• If the mother or infant has potentially infectious lesions, isolation from
each other and from other infants and mothers is recommended.
• If lesions are on the breasts or nipples, breastfeeding or using expressed
milk is contraindicated until treatment is complete and the lesions have
cleared.
Lawrence RA. Transmission of Infectious Diseases Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding. In: Lawrence RA, editor.
Breastfeeding, a guide for the medical profession2016. p. 407‐82.
Contoh Kasus (atas izin Dr. dr. Wresti Indriatmi, SpKK(K), MEpid
SIFILIS KONGENITAL DARI ORANGTUA PENDERITA SIFILIS
W_Indriatmi 66
Status gizi baik,
Terdapat pembesaran hepar
Bayi, 6 bulan, anak pertama,
dan limpa
dengan bercak merah bersisik
Kelenjar getah bening aksila
sejak 3 bulan
& inguinal membesar
Saat lahir: tidak ada lenting,
cairan dari hidung atau mata
W_Indriatmi 67
Pemeriksaan radiologi:
penebalan korteks dan
periosteal tulang panjang:
sesuai dengan sifilis
kongenital
W_Indriatmi 68
Kasus: TSS dan Tatalaksana
PASIEN AYAH IBU
VDRL 1:512 1:1 1:128
TPHA 1:5120 1:5120 1:5120
Aqueous Benzathine
‐ Alergi penisilin
penicillin penicillin 3 x 2.4
‐ Doksisiklin 2 x
Terapi procaine 50,000 juta IU dengan
100 mg/hari
IU/kg/hr selama interval 1
selama 1 bulan
10 hari minggu
W_Indriatmi 69
Kasus – 1 bulan pascaterapi
W_Indriatmi 70
Kasus – 1 bulan pascaterapi
VDRL 1:256
TPHA 1: 5120
W_Indriatmi 71
TERIMA KASIH