FTTM – ITB
2020
Pendahuluan
Indonesia
mempunyai banyak
gunungapi aktif
Cekungan Sedimen Tersier Indonesia
100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140
-5
-10
FTTM – ITB
2020
Ilmu Kebumian dan Sistem Matahari
(Geosciences and Solar System)
Pengantar Sumber Daya Mineral dan Energi
TPB FTTM
30 September 2020
Dibawakan oleh
Dr. Darharta Dahrin
Peristiwa Kebumian dalam Berita
Ada beberapa contoh, misalnya:
• Hurricanes
– Ocean & sedimentary processes
• Planet formation, meteorites, Mars
– Today’s lecture
• Indonesian earthquakes and tsunamis
– Plate tectonics, earthquakes, oceans
• Volcanoes (Mt. St. Helens, Krakatau,
Merapi)
– Igneous rocks, volcanoes, climate
• California mudslides
– Mass wasting, landscape evolution
• Asbestos litigation : mneralogy,
Sistem Matahari & Bumi (Earth)
• Apakah arti geologi?
• Bumi adalah sebuah planet
– Key features
– Origin of chemical elements & solar system
– Nebular hypothesis
– Formation of Earth and Moon
• The Earth as an active planet
Apakah Geologi?
• Science of the Earth
– What it is, how it operates, how it evolved
• Observation of the earth—natural science
• Close links to other physical and biological
sciences
• Time—historical
– How old? For how long? How do we know?
• Application of Scientific Method
Metoda saintifik
• Science: Observations, questions,
experiments
• Hypothesis (continental drift)
– Tentative explanation based on data
collected through observation and/or
experiment
• Exposed to criticism, repeated testing
• Theory (plate tectonics)
– Survived repeated challenges, has strong
support
• Theories someday may be considered
fact, but they are never immune to
question nor are they finally proven
Penggunaan metoda saintifik
•Observations
•Many features
seen at
planetary scale
• Radius of
earth ~6370
km
•What are some of
these key features?
•What might we
postulate?
•Different
materials?
•Active
processes?
In the news: planetary comparisons
• How do planets
• Differences in types, compare?
location, and amounts
• What does it tell us
of activity
about the Earth?
• Why is Mars red?
Sebagai komparasi: Dari apa
sesuatu terbuat?
Chemical elements — differences, origin, and
distribution
• Nearly 90
naturally
occurring
elements
• Systematic
behavior in
the Earth
What are the most abundant
chemical elements?
• Where?
• What about in
the Earth?
Data tentang Kandungan Elemen
The stuff of the Solar System & Earth
1. H and He most abundant
2. Abundances decrease with increasing Z
3. Low abundance of elements adjacent to
He
4. Pronounced peaks near O and Fe
5. Isotopes with mass numbers that are
multiples of 4 have enhanced abundances
Dengan demikian apa yang mengontrol
kandungan elemen tersebut?
• Process(es) of element formation
• Starting with Big Bang – H and He
• Followed by nuclear processes in stars
– Nuclear fusion and fission
• Why do fusion (joining) and fission
(splitting) take place?
– Some atomic nuclei are more stable than others:
i.e., tightly bound or higher ‘binding energy’
Darimana element berasal?
Nucleosynthesis in stars
• Hydrogen and helium the starting materials
• Series of nuclear reactions related to stellar
evolution
– Hydrogen burning (4 1H to 4He), followed by
– Helium burning 3 4He to 12C, then adding more 4He >>
– Advanced burning (e.g., 16O, 20Ne, 24Mg, 28Si)
– Equilibrium process (Fe peak, most stable element)
– Neutron-capture reactions (heavier elements) in
supernova
• Basic to understanding abundance of elements
In some stars, this ends in an explosion (supernova) with a
burst of subatomic particles and then dispersal into space
Apakah kandungan elemen ini (solar abundance)
memperlihatkan komposisi elemen di Bumi?
Tidak, tapi
kenapa?
• Planet-forming
processes or
accretion in the
solar nebula
concentrates
certain elements
(which? why?)
• Followed by
internal planetary
differentiation
Terjadinya kumpalan debu (cosmic dust)
• Stars produce heavier elements in their cores
• Then lose them by gradual loss of outer layers or
by massive explosions (supernovae)
• Make up cosmic dust
• The C, N and O that compose us
• Were first created in the cores of now dead stars
• But how is cosmic dust converted to planets?
• Solar nebular hypothesis
• Developed by Pierre Laplace and Immanual
Kant in 18th century, but only widely accepted
recently
Origin of Solar System
– Nebular Hypothesis
1. Roughly spherical, rotating cloud
contracts
2. Flat, rapidly rotating disk forms
with most matter at center
(proto-Sun)
3. Enveloping gas and dust forms
grains, collide (planetesimals)
4. Collisions, accretion,
gravitational attraction
– Of planetesimals–terrestrial planets
– Of ices and gases–outer planets
• Inner planets—terrestrial (“Earth-like”, rocky) planets
• Asteroid belt
• Outer planets—includes the giants, rich in ices and gases
Our Solar System
Our solar system is made
up of:
◼ Sun
◼ Their moons
◼ Asteroids
◼ Comets
Inner Planets
The inner four rocky
planets at the center
of the solar system
are:
◼ Mercury
◼ Venus
◼ Earth
◼ Mars
Mercury
◼ Planet nearest the sun
◼ Second smallest planet
◼ Covered with craters
◼ Has no moons or rings
◼ About size of Earth’s moon
Venus
◼ Sister planet to Earth
◼ Has no moons or rings
◼ Hot, thick atmosphere
◼ Brightest object in sky besides sun
and moon (looks like bright star)
◼ Covered with craters, volcanoes,
and mountains
Earth
◼ Third planet from sun
◼ Only planet known to have life and
liquid water
◼ Atmosphere composed of
composed of Nitrogen (78%),
Oxygen (21%), and other gases
(1%).
Mars
◼ Fourth planet from sun
◼ Appears as bright reddish color in
the night sky
◼ Surface features volcanoes and
huge dust storms
◼ Has 2 moons: Phobos and Deimos
Outer Planets
The outer planets
composed of gas are :
◼ Jupiter
◼ Saturn
◼ Uranus
◼ Neptune
◼ Pluto
Jupiter
◼ Largest planet in solar
system
◼ Brightest planet in sky
◼ 60+ moons, 5 visible from
Earth
◼ Strong magnetic field
◼ Giant red spot
◼ Rings have 3 parts: Halo
Ring, Main Ring, Gossamer
Ring
Saturn
◼ 6th planet from sun
◼ Beautiful set of rings
◼ 31 moons
◼ Largest moon, Titan,
◼ Easily visible in the night
sky
◼ Voyager explored Saturn
and its rings.
Uranus
◼ 7th planet from sun
◼ Has a faint ring system
◼ 27 known moons
◼ Covered with clouds
◼ Uranus sits on its side
with the north and south
poles sticking out the
sides.
Neptune
◼ 8th planet from sun
◼ Discovered through math
◼ 7 known moons
◼ Triton largest moon
◼ Great Dark Spot thought
to be a hole, similar to
the hole in the ozone
layer on Earth
Outermost Planet
iron meteorite
(what does this
represent?)
chondritic meteorite
(represents the rocky
fraction of solar nebula)
Pembentukan (accumulation)
kemudian, Diferensiasi Planet
Dibawakan oleh
Atmosfer
Biosfer Hidrosfer
Geosfer
Paleontologi
Matematika
Geologi
Fisika Biologi
Kimia
Geologi
Fisika
Full multidicipline
Astronomi Biologi
Mining
Geophysics Petroleum
Geophysics
Geofisika
Metalurgi
Full multidicipline
Pertambang Perminyakan
an
Petromining
DR.Eng. Teuku Abdullah Sanny, M.Sc, Ph.D
DR.Eng. Teuku Abdullah Sanny, M.Sc, Ph.D
ِّّ ْل َح ْمدُ ّ ه َٰلِلّ َر
َ ب ْٱلعَالَ ّم
ين
Terima kasih
Teurimong Geunaseh
ありがとうございました
Massive thanks
Merci Beaucoup
Bumi Sebagai Benda Padat
(Keunikan Geologi Indonesia)
Pengantar Sumber Daya Mineral dan Energi
TPB FTTM
07 Oktober 2020
Dibawakan oleh
Dr.Eng. Ir. Syafrizal, MT
EARTH DYNAMIC AND
RESOURCES
Berikutnya: Sebuah Planet Aktif
• Sources of energy and how these act on the
materials that make up the Earth
• Plate tectonics
• Geochemical cycles
• Importance to us all
SE Asian Plate Tectonics
55-0 Ma
SOUTHEAST
ASIA
RESEARCH
GROUP
3. STRATIGRAPHY , SEDIMENTOLOGY ,
and PALEONTOLOGY
4. GEOMORPOLOGY
5
Elements of Plate Tectonics
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
Mid-ocean ridge Plate subduction
Magma rising
Asthenosphere
Magma forming
• Earthquake centers
6
Note : Basement of sedimentary basin mostly composed of metamorphic and/or igneous rocks
7
Classification of Rocks
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTS METAMORPHIC
Rock-forming Source of
material
Recrystallization due to
Crystallization Sedimentation, burial
heat, pressure, or
(Solidification of melt) and lithification
chemically active fluids
8
ROCKS CYCLE
MAGMA
METAMOPHIC metamorphism
ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCKS
compaction
SEDIMENTARY desiccation
ROCKS cementation 9
10
Sedimentary Rock Types
• Relative abundance
Sandstone
and conglomerate
~11%
Limestone and
dolomite
~13%
Siltstone, mud
and shale
~75%
11
2 mm
1/16 mm
12
QTZ
14
Porosity in Sandstone
Pore
Throat Pores Provide the
Volume to Contain
Hydrocarbon Fluids
15
SOURCE ROCKS
16
17
note :
➢ 400 oC in Lab
➢ + 100oC – 110 oC in nature
18
COMPOSITION AND MATURATION
OF ORGANIC MATTER
19
MIGRATION
20
Hydrocarbon Migration
23
Characteristics of Seals :
Rocks that typically make good seals are fine-grained clastics,
organic-rich rocks, and evaporites (after Exxon exploration)
25
26
LOSS OF PERMEABILITY
27
Pembentukan Mineral Berharga (Endogen)
Pembentukan Magma dan Aliran Fluida Pembawa Bijih
Pengantar Geologi 30
Deposition of Ores
Primary Dep.
(internal)
Secondary Dep.
(external)
Metamorphic Dep.
SN - Agt 2012 PLPG - Gl Ta - Genesa Bhn Galian 31
Keterdapatan Unsur Logam Utama Pada Kerak Bumi
Elemen % Elemen %
Alumunium (Al) 8,13 Kobalt (Co) 0,0023
Besi (Fe) 5,00 Timbal (Pb) 0,0016
Magnesium (Mg) 2,09 Arsenik (As) 0,0005
Titanium (Ti) 0,44 Uranium (U) 0,0004
Mangan (Mn) 0,10 Molibdenum (Mo) 0,00025
Kromiun (Cr) 0,02 Tungsten (W) 0,00015
Vanadium (V) 0,015 Antimony (Sb) 0,0001
Zink (Zn) 0,011 Air Raksa (Hg) 0,00005
Nikel (Ni) 0,008 Perak (Ag) 0,00001
Tembaga (Cu) 0,005 Emas (Au) 0,0000005
Timah (Sn) 0,004 Platinum (Pt) 0,0000005
PLPG - Gl Ta - Genesa Bhn Galian 32
Pembentukan Batubara
Coal Forming Scheme
Peat ➔ lignite ➔ coal
Time
Pressu
re
Heat
Peat
Lignite
Sub-bituminous Anthracite
Coal Forming Scheme
Peat
Diagenesis
Catagenesis Metagenesis
Coal Rank: low ➔ high
Peat ➔ lignite ➔ bituminous➔anthracite
Worldcoal.org
Pembentukan Reservoir Geothermal
Konsep Model Lapangan Panasbumi
By : Sigit Sukmono 51
Shallow Drillings for Seismic Acquistion
By : Sigit Sukmono 52
Illustration of Seismic Processing
By : Sigit Sukmono 53
Illustration of Gas Deposits in Seismic
By : Sigit Sukmono 54
Drilling Rig Crown Block
Drilling Rig
Draw Works
Casing
Casing
Drill Pipe
Drill Pipe
Bit Bit
24803
By : Sigit Sukmono 55
56
57
58
POTENSI BAHAN GALIAN DI INDONESIA;
TEKNOLOGI EKSPLORASI DAN SISTEM
PENAMBANGAN.
KU1164
Pengantar Sumberdaya Mineral dan Energi
Terminologi Umum
Mineral bijih,
Bahan galian batubara,
Mineral industri (bahan galian industri),
Bahan galian konstruksi.
Tahapan-tahapan Umum :
Penyelidikan umum,
Eksplorasi pendahuluan - rinci,
Studi kelayakan,
Persiapan penambangan,
Penambangan dan
pemasaran.
Reklamasi.
studi kelayakan,
konstruksi,
penambangan,
Nikel = 23,5 %
Timah = 17 %
Emas = 5,2 %
Bauksit = 4 %
Tembaga = 3,2 %
PROGRAM EKSPLORASI
Apa ?? Berapa ?
(target bahan galian)
Bagaimana ? (sumberdaya dan/atau
Dimana ?? (bentuk, kemenerusan,
cadangannya)
(kondisi geologi regional) & kualitas/kualitas)
(nisbah kupas)?
Prinsip Memanfaatkan sifat-sifat fisik dan kimia Melakukan perilaku yang langsung
pekerjaan dari endapan. pengamatan pada fisik endapan.
2001 2006
2009
19/10/2020 2
Metallurgy is the science and technology of metals
Metalurgi adalah ilmu sains dan
rekayasa dalam memproduksi logam
dan paduannya dari bijih.
Pengolahan Mineral
Ekstraksi Logam
19/10/2020 3
Produksi Logam Dunia, 2014
1800
1662
1600
1400
1200
juta ton
1000
800
600
400
1100
Perkembangan
1000 Ekonomi Dunia Krisis
"Era Baja I" Ekonomi
900 Dunia
800
"Cold War"
700
600 Akhir Perang Krisis Ekonomi
Krisis Ekonomi
Dunia Dunia II Dunia
500
400 Akhir Perang
Dunia I
300
200
100
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Diolah dari berbagai sumbe
19/10/2020 5
Produksi Baja Tahan Karat
50.000
Produksi Baja Tahan Karat (kilo ton)
45.000
40.000
35.000
30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
19/10/2020 8
19/10/2020 https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/02/19/the-chemical-elements-of-a-smartphone/ 9
Logam sebagai Komponen Mobil
19/10/2020 10
RANTAI PRODUKSI PEMENUHAN KEBUTUHAN
MATERIAL
Metals extraction
and refining
Semi fabricated parts
19/10/2020
Product assembly manufacture 11
.
Bijih
Pengolahan mineral
Konsentrat
Proses ekstraksi
Logam Wantah
oksida, hidroksida, karbonat,
sulfida
Pemurnian
processing (refining) Metalurgi Fisika
Bijih
Crushing,
Kominusi grinding
Pengolahan Mineral
Bijih Terliberasi / Mineral
Konsentrasi Processing /
gravitasi, Mineral Dressing
Konsentrasi pemisahan
magnetik, flotasi
Konsentrat
Ekstraksi
Pirometalurgi
Logam wantah Hidrometalurgi
Elektrometalurgi
Pemurnian
Logam murni
13
19/10/2020
Bijih (ore) Logam (Metal)
Bijih
Pengolahan Mineral
• Kominusi
Logam Murni / Paduan (alloys),
crushing, grinding
• Konsentrasi Produk Setengah Jadi / Produk Jadi
flotasi, magnetic separator,
gravity concentration dll. Metalurgi Fisik
• Transformasi fasa
Konsentrat Tailing • Pembekuan logam
• Deformasi
Metalurgi Ekstraksi
• Hidrometalurgi Logam Pemurnian (Refining)
• Elektrometalurgi Wantah • Elektrorefining
• Pirometalurgi • Pirorefining
LOGAM DAN
PADUANNYA
KOMPOSIT
KERAMIK DAN
POLIMER
GELAS
19/10/2020 16
Diagram alir proses pengolahan dari bijih hingga konsentrat
(Contoh: PT. FREEPORT INDONESIA)
Bijih dari
Tambang (ROM)
KOMINUSI
KONSENTRASI Tailing
Konsentrat
19/10/2020 17
PROSES KOMINUSI
19/10/2020 18
Contoh gambar skematik peremuk (crusher), jenis peremuk rahang (jaw crusher)
19/10/2020 19
• Menggunakan media gerus untuk mereduksi ukuran bijih.
• Media gerus bisa berupa bola-bola baja (ball mill), batangan
baja (rod mill) dan bijihnya itu sendiri (autogenous mill) atau
kombinasi bola/batang baja dengan bijih (semi-autogenous mill).
19/10/2020 20
PROSES KONSENTRASI
19/10/2020 21
PROSES KONSENTRASI
19/10/2020 22
https://images.app.goo.gl/GfAPqQe9RmKco3Ge7 https://images.app.goo.gl/Z7aShFpHjWNd3tLW6
19/10/2020 23
https://images.app.goo.gl/M6zU31MQjS5A5wP36 https://images.app.goo.gl/WWrutd4LNF9axDr66
19/10/2020 24
PROSES EKSTRAKSI DAN PEMURNIAN LOGAM
19/10/2020 25
Proses Bayer
Bauksit
Alumina
Aluminium
19/10/2020 26
Elektrolisis Garam Lebur
4 ton Bauxite 2 ton alumina 1 ton aluminium
19/10/2020 27
https://images.app.goo.gl/NwQHm3zK5Jg96dB78
19/10/2020 28
Proses Bijih (ore) / Konsentrat Fe Besi Wantah (Pig Iron)
Bijih / Konsentrat
(pellet, sinter) Pellet besi 200°C H2O = {H2O}
Fe2O3 Fe2O3 3<Fe2O3> + {CO} = 2<Fe3O4> + {CO2}
Metalurgi Ekstraksi C C C
2{CO} = {CO2} + <C>
• Pirometalurgi C H2 O C
<MgCO3 > = <MgO> + {CO2}
Sinter Fe3O4 Fe3O4 3<Fe3O4> + {CO} = 3<FeO> + {CO2}
Besi wantah CO2
CO2 CaO CO
(Pig Iron) 2 <CaCO3 >= <CaO> + {CO2}
FeO FeO 800°C
Batu kapur
CO CO
3<Fe3O4> + 4{CO} = 3<Fe> + 4{CO2}
CO CO
FeO <FeO> + {CO} = <Fe> + {CO2}
Fe Fe FeO + {CO} = Fe + {CO2}
Fe Fe
Kokas Fe
Al2O3 CaO P2OFe > {CO2} + <C> = 2{CO}
5
CaS MnOSiO2 1000°C
{CO2} + <C> = 2{CO} SiO2 + 2<C> = [Si] + 2{CO}
CO CO
{O2} + <C> = {CO2} CO C Fe Si CO MnO + <C> = [Mn] + {CO}
Fe Mn
1800-2000°C N2 O2 S P O2 N2
<C> = [C]
1500°C CaO+SiO2+Al2O3
19/10/2020 29
Proses Besi Wantah Baja
Besi Wantah
Metalurgi Ekstraksi
• Pirorefining
Metalurgi Fisik
• Transformasi fasa
• Pembekuan logam
• Deformasi
19/10/2020 31
JENIS-JENIS PADUAN LOGAM (ALLOY)
Metal Alloys
Ferrous Nonferrous
Steels
Steels Cast Irons
Cast Irons
Cu Al Mg Ti
<1.4 wt% C
<1.4wt%C 3-4.5 wt%C
3-4.5 wt% C
Cast iron= besi cor → kadar karbon lebih tinggi dari baja (steel)
https://images.app.goo.gl/nfVEHS9UjuEEMkyg8
19/10/2020 33
EFEK UNSUR PEMADU TERHADAP
KARAKTERISTIK PADUAN
(a) Ti42Al6Nb2.6C alloys with different (b) different temperatures at 750 °C,
Ta contents at 750 °C; 800 °C and 850 °C of Ti42Al6Nb2.6C -
0.6Ta alloy.
19/10/2020 34
EFEK UNSUR PEMADU TERHADAP
KARAKTERISTIK PADUAN
19/10/2020 35
EFEK UNSUR PEMADU TERHADAP
KARAKTERISTIK PADUAN
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 847, 156533
19/10/2020 37
PENEMPAAN
https://images.app.goo.gl/edmsFNfC49ovag7j6
19/10/2020 38
PENGEROLAN
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIM_t9QH8J8
19/10/2020 39
TERIMA KASIH
19/10/2020 40
1
Sumber :
Peta Produksi
Migas Indonesia
31 Desember 2018
(SKK Migas)
4
RRR (Reserve
Replacement
Ratio)
“RRR mencapai 353,72%
yang berasal dari 27
persetujuan POD, dengan
penambahan jumlah cadangan
sebesar 2.634 juta barel setara
minyak”
Sasaran Indikator
Kinerja
Satuan Target Realisasi %Capaian
Cadangan
Utama Minyak
Bumi dan
Optimalisasi Cadangan MMSTB 5747 3775 66%
Penyediaan Minyak
Energi Fosil Bumi
Gas Bumi di
Indonesia
Cadangan TCF 142 77 54%
Gas Bumi
Proyek Strategis
Migas Dalam
Kurun 10-20 Tahun
Mendatang
12
13
14
15
16
17
CBM
Coal Bed Methane (CBM)
Coal Bed Methane
merupakan natural gas yang
komposisi utamanya
merupakan metana. CBM
dihasilkan saat batu bara
terbentuk kemudian gas
teradsorbsi didalamnya.
Source : http://www.energyjustice.net/naturalgas/cbm
21
Potensi CBM
Di Indonesia sejak tahun 2009 hingga 2017, telah dibor sejumlah 177 sumur eksplorasi
CBM. Teserbar Pada 6 cekungan produksi di Indonesia yaitu cekungan Sumatera Tengah,
Ombilin, Sumatera Selatan, Kutai, Barito, dan Asam Asam
Gas hidrat
Gas hidrat adalah zat kristal yang
dikenal sebagai senyawa inklusi,
dimana molekul gas terperangkap di
dalam struktur padatan yang disusun
oleh molekul air. Gas ini merupakan
sumber daya hidrokarbon terbesar di
bumi, karena 53% dari distribusi
karbon organik di bumi terakumulasi
sebagai gas hidrat. Dua area diketahui
menjadi tempat akumulasi gas hidrat,
yaitu area permafrost di sekitar Kutub
Utara dan sea beds di laut dalam.
25
2025 2050
Rencana
• Menugaskan Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN)/Badan Layanan Umum
(BLU) untuk mengembangkan PLTP.
Umum
• Mengalokasikan pembiayaan pengembangan energi panas bumi melalui
Penyertaan Modal Negara (PMN) dan pinjaman kepada BUMN.
Energi
• Meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas survei potensi sumber daya dan
cadangan panas bumi.
Nasional
• Melakukan pelelangan Wilayah Kerja (WK) Panas Bumi minimal 7 WK per
tahun.
(RUEN)
• Menyiapkan rekomendasi WK panas bumi minimal 4 WK per tahun.
• Memberikan penugasan survei pendahuluan dan/atau eksplorasi kepada
Badan Usaha.
• Menyusun kebijakan harga jual listrik panas bumi
• Meningkatkan survei pendahuluan dan/atau eksplorasi oleh instansi
Pemerintah.
30
Statistik
Pengembangan
Panas Bumi
Tantangan
tingkat pengembalian proyek panas bumi (return) masih memenuhi
tingkat keekonomian.
Eksplorasi dan
Eksploitasi Lapangan
Minyak dan Gas
38
Tahapan
dalam
Eksplorasi
41
Pengembangan
pengembangan terpilih
• Scheduling
• Transportasi Oil and Gas
• Logistics
• Analisa eknomi dari skenario
pengembangan terpiih
43
Primary Recovery
Primary production, merupakan tahap
paling awal dalam proses produksi,
dimana aliran fluida (oil and gas)
mengandalkan natural energy
(reservoir pressure). Primary recovery
bisa dikelompokkan menjadi 2, yaitu
Secondary
Recovery
Secondary recovery
diimplementasikan setelah
produksi di primary recovery
menurun. Jenis secondary
recovery meliputi
1. Waterflooding
2. Pressure Maintenance
Sumber : Schlumberger
46
Meliputi
1. Survey pendahuluan
2. Pemboran Eksplorasi
3. Studi Kelayakan
4. Eksploitasi dan Utilisasi
Sumber : ScienceDirect
50
Survei pendahuluan
• Dilakukan untuk mencari daerah prospek panas bumi dilihat dari
manifestasi permukaan
• Meliputi
1. Studi literatur
2. Survei lapangan
3. Analisa data
4. Penentuan daerah prospek
5. Spekulasi besar potensi listrik
51
Sumber : ThinkGeoEnergy.com
52
Pemboran
Eksplorasi
• Dilakukan apabila hasil
eksplorasi pendahuluan
menunjukkan adanya potensi
panas bumi yang ekonomis
• Terdapat 3-5 sumur eksplorasi
sesuai dengan luas prospek
• Dilakukan berbagai macam
pengujian sumur untuk
memperoleh data lebih detail
dari karakteristik reservoir
panas bumi
Sumber : ThinkGeoEnergy.com
53
Studi Kelayakan
Sumber : britannica.com
56
Terima Kasih
Pengantar Sumberdaya Mineral:
Migas (1)
Prof. Tutuka Ariadji
Prasandi Abdul Aziz, MT
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
Filosofi Keilmuan Perminyakan
Upstream & Downstream Activities
Stage of Upstream Activities
Evaluation Abandon
Exploration
/ Appraisal Development Production ment
Reservoir Management Daily
Monitoring Implementation
Geophysics Petrophysics
Geology
Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Model
Multidiscplinary Approach
Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Model
Formation Evaluation Variogram
RESERVOIR MODELING WORK FLOWS
SIMULATION STUDY
Depositional Map
Realization
Geological Regional
Structural Stratigraphy Work
Lithofacies Map
RESERVOIR SIMULATION
UPSCALING
EXTRACTED
WELL MARKER
Gross Isopach Map
Geological Reservoir
Depositional Facies
Model
MATBAL: Driving Mechanism
3200
3100
Top "M" Marker
Analisis): cadangan
2900
2800
2600
870 890 910 930 950 970 990 1010 1030 1050
Time (ms)
3500
Top Bekasap Fm.
3400
3300
3200
Depth (tvdss)
3100
2800
2700
2600
Top Bekasap Fm
2500 Linear (Top Bekasap Fm)
880 900 920 940 960 980 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
Time (ms)
3700
Top Bangko Fm.
3300
Depth (tvdss)
2900
2700
Top Bangko Fm
2500 Linear (Top Bangko Fm)
Time Depth
Conversion
Essential of Plan of Development
Evaluation
Planning
Looking for Highest NPV
Seeking lowest cost
Environmentally friendly
Proceed NPV
With
Development?
Gas
Cost Price
Field Revenue
Well Management
Opening Cost
Cost Oil
Number Price
Of
Well
Facility Production
Op. Profile
Cost
Opening Proceed Plugging
Cost With Cost Recovery
Transport Development Factor
Cost
Workover Reserves
Cost
Overhead Flowlines
&
Pipelines
Terminal Facility
& Capital
Base
General Scope of Plan of
Development
Tectonic Frame
Regional Stratigraphic
Petroleum System
Geology Reconstruction
Well Data Intrepretation
Interpretasi Data Seismik (2D/3D)
Integration of Well Data and Seismic
Volumetric Calculation
Stratigrafi
PVT Analysis
Rock Properties
Welltest Analysis
Material Balance
Original Oil In Place (OOIP) /OGIP
Production Engineering
Data Gathering
Reservoir Modelling
Initialization
History Matching
Forecasting Future Performance
Development Scenarios
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
Petroleum Reservoir System
Field Management
History of Reserves Definitions
3
Reserve Definition
Reserves Classification
* Discovered
* Recoverable
* Commercial
* Remaining
And they are estimated, not determined, because they are always
uncertain.
4
Reserves and Estimated Ultimate Recovery
Reserves are the summation of the future production, from a given date
forward (up to the economic or contract limit)
5
Reserves & Resources
6
SPE/WPC/AAGP
Resources System
7
SPE/WPC/AAPG System
8
SPE/WPC/AAPG Resources
Classification System
Production
DISCOVERED RESERVES
COMMERCIAL
1P 2P 3P
CONTINGENT
DISCOVERED SUB- RESOURCES
COMMERCIAL Low Best High
Uncoverable
PROSPECTIVE
RESOURCES
UNDISCOVERED
Low Best High
Uncoverable
Range of Uncertainty
9
SPE/WPC/AAPG Resources
Classification System
10
Total Resources
IDENTIFIED UNDISCOVERED
DEMONSTRATED HYPOTHETICAL SPECULATIVE
IN IN
KNOWN UNDISCOVERED
MEASURED INDICATED INFERRED DISTRICTS DISTRICTS
RESERVES
PARAMARGINAL
RESOURCES
SUBMARGINAL
11
DISCOVERED UNDISCOVERED
Noncommercial Field
Decreasing Risk
12
Risk versus Uncertainty
Risk
Is it going to be accepted?
Probability of success?
13
Uncertainty
14
What are the Sources of Risk?
15
What are the Sources of Uncertainty?
For Volumes:
- Seismic
- Depth conversion
- Reservoir continuity
- Reservoir quality
- Fluid properties
- Well productivity
- Recovery factor
For Value:
- Future costs
- Future prices
Range of Most
Uncertainty Reliable
Estimate
Low
Estimate
- 50
Time (years)
17
Recovery Factor
18
Proved Definitions
SEC
Proved oil and gas reserves are the estimated quantities of crude oil,
natural gas, natural gas liquids which geological and engineering data
demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable, in future years
from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions,
i.e. prices and cost as of the date the estimate is made
SPE / WPC
Proved reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of
geological and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable
certainty to be commercially recoverable, from a given date
forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic
conditions, operating methods, and government regulations
19
Probable – SPE Definition
Probable reserves are those unproved reserves which
analysis of geological and engineering data suggests
are more likely than not to be recoverable. In this
context, when probabilistic methods are used, there should
be at least a 50% probability that quantities actually
recovered will equal or expected the sum of estimated proved
plus probable reserves.
20
Possible – SPE Definition
Probable reserves are those unproved reserves which analysis of
geological and engineering data suggests are less likely to be
recoverable than probable reserves. In this context, when
probabilistic methods are used, there should be at least a 10% probability
that quantities actually recovered will equal or expected the sum of
estimated proved plus probable plus possible reserves.
21
22
References
Andrew A. Young:”The Importance of Reserves Definitions: Global
Acceptance and Consistent Rporting”, AJM 2004.
Louis Rozman:”A Comparison Between Petroleum Reserve Reporting &
Mineral reserve Reporting”, AJM 2004.
Ian Paton:”Are Reserves and Intrinsic Property of the Reservoir or The
Result of Engineering”, AJM 2004.
23
Teknik Geofisika
Geofisika
Teknik Geofisika
https://ipon.hu/_userfiles/Image/Jools/maj29-jun3/convection1.jpg
Teknik Geofisika
Teknik Geofisika
Teknik Geofisika
Teknik Geofisika
Teknik Geofisika
Teknik Geofisika:
Eksplorasi dan Mitigasi
FISIKA
GEOFISIKA
Komputasi Observasi
Teknik Geofisika
Perangkat Keilmuan
• Aplikasi Matematika
• Aplikasi Fisika
• Pengusaan Geologi
Teknik Geofisika
Instrumentasi
Teknik Geofisika
Komputasi
Teknik Geofisika
Observasi
Eksplorasi dan Mitigasi
• Geotermal
• Mineral Logam
• Minyak dan Gas Bumi
• Kebencanaan Geologi
Eksplorasi Geofisika untuk Geotermal
Eksplorasi Geofisika untuk menghitung cadangan
mineral
Interpretasi data seismik
Kebencanaan Geologi
• Gempabumi
• Tsunami
• Gerakan Tanah
• Erupsi Gunungapi
Gempabumi
Peta Seismic Hazard Indonesia
Memahami sumber gempabumi
Memahami sumber gempabumi
Memahami struktur gunungapi
Geoscience di ITB
Stage-2
3rd Year: Advanced Concept in Geophysical Methods Bachelor Program
Stage-1
1st Year: Basic Concept Common First Year
Program
No Course Cluster CU Workload (%)
1 Mathematical Tools 22 15.28
2 Physics 21 14.58
3 Field Geology & Geophysics 31 21.53
4 Geophysics Methods 33 22.92
5 Science & System 16 11.11
6 Design 9 6.25
7 Interpersonal Capability 12 8.33
TOTAL 144 100
Metode Pengajaran
Teaching & Learning Independent
Description Contact hours
methods work
Lecture Lecture is the primary method to deliver various courses which 1 hour per week At least 1 hour
give students knowledge and understanding of all course per CU per week per CU
topics. The class size varies according to the course subject,
normally between 40-80 students for compulsory courses, and
5-25 students for elective courses. Minimum participant of 5
students is applied to run any course. Conventional teaching
normally uses board and LCD projector, however, in some
courses ICT based-lecture is used
Research based To get more experience and deep understanding of the topics, few At least 8 hours At least 16 hours
classes are run with Research Based Learning (RBL) method. In this per semester per semester
learning class method students are expected to do research, either literature study
or doing some simple research project, on the given topics of course.
At the end of the course, usually students have to present their
findings in the form of report and presentation
On Job Training This course is generally done in company. The focus of the study and Tentative, At least 160 hours
location of the company are chosen by the student themselves. This following the or 4 weeks
activity is dominated with independent study and learning process company’s work
which is taught by the off-campus institution (generally is held by hour. Minimum 80
student’s advisor from a company). Discussion and presentation in hours or 2 weeks
front of lecturer and/or student’s advisor is done in the the course.
Excursion / Site Site visit in general is held in site which has unique geological and At least 10 hours At least 24 hours to
geophysical properties or geological outcrops which are related to per activity complete an
Visit certain study course. This activity is held in at least once at the end of activity report
semester (especially for geological course)
Field work This course usually takes place in Karangsambung-Kebumen, West At least 12 days (8 At least 8 hours per
Java. In this course, the main activity is that the students practice to hours per day) day to prepare the
do a geological mapping and geophysical data acquisition. This field work for next
acquisition is done by executing several geophysical methods e.g. day and to perform
seismic refraction, gravity, magnetic, GPR, and resistivity. The the data
geological or geophysical activities is executed with a guidance from processing
lecturers and field assistants for the data processing and final report’s
making
Fasilitas
Laboratory facility
1. Geophysical Computation
2. Geophysical Instrumentation and Electronics
3. Seismology and Geodynamics
4. Rock Physical Properties Characterization and Modeling
5. Volcanology and Geothermal
6. Engineering and Environmental Geophysics
7. Exploration Geophysics
Computer facility
Computer facilities was divided in two purposes, such as :
• Practical work
1. Student daily activities
Research Collaboration ITB-Brown University and other universities
Funded by ICDP (International Continental Scientific Drilling Program), US National Science
Foundation (NSF), Swiss National Science Foundation, German Research Foundation, the German
Ministry for Education and Research, KEMENRISTEKDIKTI
Understanding magmatic processes and interior structure beneath the Merapi Volcano)
through seismic monitoring (46 active seismometers) and other geophysical and
geological methods)
International research consortium consisting of institutions from Indonesia (ITB, UGM,
and Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources), France (ISTerre, ISTO, Laboratoire
Magmas & Volcansm, Chambery University, iPGP), US (USGS) and Germany (GFZ)
Research Collaboration (Pilot Study for Carbon Capture Sequestration, Gundih)
http://ccs-gundih.fttm.itb.ac.id/
Jay Wellik (US Geological Survey) Prof. Jerome MARS (GIPSA-LAB, France)
“Volcano Eruption Prediction” “Signal Processing”
SCHLUMBERGER
“Seismic Data Acquisition, Processing and Interpretation”
Peluang Kerja
Geosains di Industri Minyak
Geosains di IndustriTambang
Bidang Pekerjaan alumni Teknik Geofisika
Misi
1. Mampu memberikan jasa pendidikan, penelitian dan pengabdian di bidang Teknik Geofisika kepada masyarakat,
dengan mutu peringkat satu di tingkat nasional dan internasional.
2. Mampu dan mendukung dunia pemerintahan, dunia akademik, dunia usaha dan masyarakat Indonesia untuk menang
dalam persaingan internasional di bidang Teknologi Geofisika.
3. Turut membangun masyarakat industri dan informasi Indonesia di bidang Teknologi Geofisika yang tangguh.
Sesuai standar nasional pendidikan tinggi di Indonesia, setiap lulusan program sarjana terapan teknik geofisika
diharapkan mampu mempunyai keterampilan diantaranya sebagai berikut,
1. Mampu menerapkan pemikiran kritis, logis, sistematis dan inovatif dalam konteks pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan
sesuai dengan bidang keahliannya.
2. Mampu mengkaji implikasi pengembangan teknologi geofisika berdasarkan kaidah, tatacara dan etika ilmiah dalam
memberikan solusi atas permasalahan dalam bidang keahlian geofisika berdasarkan hasil analisa dan informasi atau
data.
3. Mampu bertanggung jawab atas pencapaian hasil kerja kelompok supervise dan evaluasi terhadap penyelesaian
pekerjaan yang ditugaskan.
Lulusan sarjana teknik geofisika diharapkan mampu menjadi calon ahli yang mampu menerapkan keilmuan geofisika
dalam dunia kerja yang berkaitan dengan keahliannya. Seorang lulusan teknik geofisika diharapkan dapat bekerja dalam
explorasi sumberdaya alam seperti minyak dan gas bumi, mineral dan juga dibidang mitigasi kebencanaan seperti
gempa dll.
KETUA PRODI
TEKNIK
GEOFISIKA
Dr. Warsa, S.Si., MT.
Kurikulum 2018 Program Studi Sarjana Teknik Geofisika
memiliki 3 jalur pilihan, yaitu
1. Migas
2. Geofisika Terapan & Eksplorasi
3. Seismologi
terdiri atas 144 SKS dan terbagi atas dua tahap, yakni:
▪ Tahap Persiapan Bersama (TPB) : 2 semester, 36 sks
▪ OMEGA Software – perangkat lunak untuk pengolahan data seismik dan desain akusisi seismik.
Laboratorium Seismologi dan Geodinamika | Kepala Laboratorium : Afnimar, Ph.D
Penelitian: Analisis kegempaan untuk memahami karakteristik gemabumi, model kecepatan bawah permukaan dan geodinamika bumi
secara umum. Penelitian meliputi penentuan parameter gempabumi, penentuan mekanisme sumber gempabumi, pencitraan bawah
permukaan dan geodinamika.
Laboratorium Characterization and Modeling Physical Properties of Rocks | Kepala Laboratorium : Prof. Satria Bijaksana
Penelitian: Rekonstruksi paleoclimate, environmental magnetism, dan karakterisasi magnetik batuan vulkanik.
Peralatan:
Penelitian: Analisis kegempaan (event) pada gunung api dan panas bumi meliputi penentuan lokasi event, penentuan model kecepatan satu
dimensi, serta pencitraan bawah permukaan gunung api dan panas bumi menggunakan model kecepatan gelombang body dan ambient
noise. Pencitraan bawah permukaan pada gunung api memiliki tujuan untuk menganalisis sumber dan distribusi magma. Di sisi lain,
pencitraan bawah permukaan pada lapangan panas bumi memiliki tujuan untuk memodelkan panas bumi.
Peralatan: Magnetometer, Paulin Altimeter, Kompas Geologi, Magnetometer, Seismograf, Gravity Meter, EM Radar, GPS, VLF, Sonic Viewer,
Magnetometer, Osciloskop
Laboratorium Geofisika Teknik dan Lingkungan | Kepala Laboratorium : Dr. rer. nat. Ir. Wahyudi
Laboratorium geofisika teknik dan lingkungan terfokus pada pemanfaatan metode geofisika dalam menangani berbagai permasalahan
teknik/engineering dan lingkungan. Aplikasi metode geofisika dalam bidang ini dapat diterapkan dalam mencitrakan kondisi bawah
permukaan dalam pembangunan infrastruktur, mitigasi bencana, monitoring, groundwater, pencemaran.
Peralatan : Pada laboratorium ini ditunjang dengan beberapa peralatan dalam melakukan akuisisi atau pengolahan data seperti Ground
Penetrating Radar (Shilded dan Non-Shielded), EMP-400, Seismik Refraksi,dsb.
Laboratorium Geofisika Reservoar| Kepala Laboratorium : Prof. Sigit Sukmono
Laboratorium Geofisika Reservoar menyediakan perangkat lunak dan keras kelas atas yang diperlukan pada geofisika eksplorasi dan
pengembangan, khususnya untuk mendukung pemodelan bawah permukaan Geologi, Geofisika, dan Reservoir (GGR) terintegrasi untuk
eksplorasi minyak-gas bumi. Penelitian saat ini yang didukung oleh Laboratorium Geofisika Reservoir adalah: Pengolahan dan pemodelan
seismik anisotropik untuk eksplorasi minyak-gas bumi di air dalam di Indonesia dan Teluk Meksiko.
TERRA
Terakreditasi A