1.

Jelaskan dengan kalimat anda sendiri apa yang dimaksud dengan plasma dan mengapa pula
plasma dianggap efektif untuk perekayasaan permukaan. Berikan pendapat Saudara
mengapa teknologi plasma dapat dimasukkan ke dalam ranah kajian nanoteknologi.
Jawaban:
Plasma adalah….The coupling of electromagnetic power into a process gas volume
generates the plasma medium comprising a dynamic mix of ions, electrons, neutrons,
photons, free radicals, meta-stable excited species and molecular and polymeric fragments,
the system overall being at room temperature. This allows the surface functionalisation of
fibres and textiles without affecting their bulk properties. These species move under
electromagnetic fields, diffusion gradients, etc. on the textile substrates placed in or passed
through the plasma. This enables a variety of generic surface processes including surface
activation by bond breaking to create reactive sites, grafting of chemical moieties and
functional groups, material volatilisation and removal (etching), dissociation of surface
contaminants/layers (cleaning/scouring) and deposition of conformal coatings. In all these
processes a highly surface specifi c region of the material (<1000 Å) is given new, desirable
properties without negatively affecting the bulk properties of the constituent fibres (Hal xvi)

Plasma efektif untuk perekayasaan permukaan kareana…

Teknologi plasama dapat dimasukan ke dalam ranah kajian nanaoteknologi karena….

2. Plasma dapat dibedakan menjadi plasma bertekanan rendah dan plasma bertekanan
atmosfir. Mengapa plasma bertekanan rendah dianggap kurang sesuai untuk pemrosesan
bahan tekstil? Meskipun demikian ada pula kelebihannya. Sebutkan apa kelebihannya
dibandingkan dengan plasma bertekanan atmosfir.
Jawaban:
Plasma bertekanan rendah dianggap kurang sesuai untuk pemrosesan bahan tekstil
karena….
Kelebihan plasma bertekanan rendah memiliki kelebihan……………………………. Dibandingkan
dengan plasama bertekanan atmosfir
The advantage of the low-pressure plasma method is that it is a wellcontrolled
and reproducible technique. (No.2b Kelebihan plasma tekanan rendah)

3. Plasma bertekanan atmosfir terbagi menjadi tiga jenis tergantung pada konfigurasi
elektrodanya dan jenis pijaran yang dihasilkan. Jelaskan perbedaan dan kelebihan maupun
 kekurangan masing-masing jenis plasma bertekanan atmosfir tersebut. Gunakan tabel
untuk membandingkan ketiganya. Berdasarkan sifat masing-masing jenis pijaran tersebut
diskusikan pemanfaatan maupun keterbatasan penggunaannya untuk pemrosesan bahan
tekstil.
Jawaban:
Jenis konfigurasi elektroda
No dan jenis pijaran yang Perbedaan Kelebihan Kekurangan
dihasilkan
1 Corona treatment

2 DBD
3 Glow

Pemanfaatan dari sifat masing-masing jenis pijaran tersebut adalah…..

Keterbatasan penggunaannya untuk pemrosesan bahan tekstil untuk pemrosesan bahan
tekstil adalah……….

4. Jelaskan pembentukan plasma. Berdasarkan temperaturnya plasma dapat pula dibedakan

menjadi plasma termal, yaitu plasma bertemperatur tinggi (1000-10000 K) untuk keperluan
industri pengelasan dan metalurgi, dan plasma bertemperatur rendah (suhu kamar).
Jelaskan apa yang membedakan keduanya sehingga masing-masing mempunyai wilayah
temperatur yang berbeda.
Jawaban:
Plasma bertemperatur tinggi (1000-10000 K) adalah…
Plasma bertemperatur rendah (suhu kamar) adalah…..
Perbedaan plasma bertemperatur tinggi dan rendah berdasarkan wilayah temperaturnya
adalah…

5. Berdasarkan efeknya terhadap serat dan polimer proses penyempurnaan apa sajakah yang
mempunyai potensi untuk dikerjakan dengan teknologi plasma? Anda boleh memilih
minimum 5 dari daftar proses dan efek yang terdapat pada buku teks dan jelaskan
bagaimana plasma dapat dimanfaatkan untuk proses-proses tersebut.
Jawaban:
6. Persamaan di bawah ini menunjukkan Hukum Paschen, yaitu suatu persamaan yang
menerangkan hubungan antara tegangan pemburaian gas (Vb) dengan tekanan (p) dan jarak
elektroda (d) pada suatu reaktor plasma.

Jelaskan persamaan tersebut dalam kaitannya dengan pemilihan gas yang digunakan
sebagai medium plasma (misalnya Ar dan He) dan hubungannya dengan p dan d. Jelaskan
pula apa konsekuensi dari hubungan tersebut terhadap pemrosesan bahan tekstil dan apa
yang dimaksud dengan “downstream mode”.
Jawaban:
The technological consequence of Paschen’s Law is that, for a fi xed external applied voltage
(generally determined by the parameters of the power supply and circuit), the inter-
electrode spacing, d, must decrease as pressure rises towards atmospheric if a plasma is to
be struck. So, whereas at low pressure the electrodes can be widely spaced, allowing
generation of large volume plasmas, by the time the pressure has reached atmospheric, d is
of the order of mm. Thus, for example, Vb for the gas argon, a technologically interesting
gas for plasma textile processing, is about 2.5 kV at atmospheric pressure if the inter-
electrode gap is 5 mm. (Hal 88)

it makes it diffi cult or impossible to pass very thick fabrics through the plasma region for
treatment. Inpractice, thin to medium thickness fabrics are fully treatable within the inter-
electrode gap and very thick fabrics can be treated in what is called ‘downstream’ mode.
Here, the plasma is generated in the narrow interelectrode gap or in jet form, and is blown
outside that region by gas flow directly onto the fabric, which can be of any thickness. (Hal
88)

7. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan “glow to arc transition” dan apa konsekuensinya pada
pemrosesan bahan tekstil.
Jawaban:
The third physical phenomenon to play a strong role in the exploitation of APP for textile
processing is the glow-to-arc transition. This is a notorious instability in atmospheric-
pressure plasmas and is the major problem in the generation of large volume,
homogeneous, cool APP. The phenomenon is directly related to the current density (A/cm2)
of the plasma. As long as current density remains below a threshold, the plasma remains
well behaved, i.e. uniform over a large volume and close to room temperature. However,
on passing the threshold for glow-to-arc transition, two changes occur in the plasma. Firstly,
the discharge dramatically constricts, shrinking to a fraction of the glow volume. Secondly,
 the plasma moves from non-thermal equilibrium to become thermal plasma. Both of these
effects render the plasma useless for textiles. (hal 96)

Technologically, this means that plasma engineers must design their systems to avoid the
glow-to-arc transition and restrain current densities below the transition threshold. This, for
example, limits the power than can be coupled into a plasma volume which, in turn, affects
plasma chemistry and process times. (hal 96-97)

8. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan “liquid precursor coating” dan bagaimana hal tersebut
dapat dimanfaatkan untuk modifikasi permukaan bahan tekstil dan fabrikasi tekstil
fungsional.
Jawaban:
The liquid precursor coating treatment is a step-change advance in surface engineering
power and sophistication beyond gas precursor coating similar or greater in magnitude to
the difference between controlled atmosphere treatment and ambient air processing. The
use of liquid precursors opens up a huge new range of chemical and biological capabilities
for APP. (Hal 120)

by changing the liquid in the delivery system, a totally different process delivering a new
surface function is enabled. (Hal 120)
The Dow Corning Plasma Solutions process has the acronym ‘APPLD’ (atmospheric pressure
plasma liquid deposition). Here, the only precursor limitation is the viscosity of the liquid,
which must be low enough for the liquid to be readily atomised into droplets ∼20–50 μm
diameter. Typical viscosity values are ∼30 centistokes. Obviously, if the target process
involves molecular polymerisation, the precursor molecules must be capable of such, i.e.
they must be able to open bonds and engage in cross-linking. The Dow Corning process
involves ultrasonic or other nebulisation of the liquid flow and direct injection of the
resulting droplet stream into the plasma region. The fabric or fi bre is passed through the
plasma region containing the droplets and in a single step, the surface is activated and the
precursor monomer is polymerised and chemically bonded to the surface to form a
functional coating. Figure 4.18 shows this schematically: (Hal 121)
9. Jelaskan gambar di bawah ini berdasarkan teks pada sub-bab dimana gambar tersebut
berasal:

10. Diskusikan metode penyempurnaan tolak air pada bahan tekstil yang biasa dilakukan di
industri dan bandingkan dengan penyempurnaan menggunakan plasma (Chapter 7).
11. Bagaimanakah plasma dapat memberikan keuntungan perlakuan dan perbaikan serat wol?
12. Jelaskan gambar berikut di bawah ini berdasarkan teks pada sub-bab dimana gambar
tersebut berasal:
 Detailed and systematic evaluation of the nature and intensity of free radicals generated on
polysaccharides, by coupling ESR kinetics with computer simulation, allowed identification of the precise
nature of the plasmacreated free-radical sites. It was demonstrated that all possible four
hydroxyalkyl radicals (1, 2, 3, and 7) are generated as primary structures through the hydrogen
abstraction mechanism, but with a preference at C2 and C5 carbon atoms. The radicals formed at C4 and
equivalent C6 were unstable, i.e. they underwent spontaneous thermal dehydrogenation resulting in
acylalkyl radicals, whereas radical C1 was stable even at temperatures as high as 120 ºC.
An in-depth ESR study of Ar plasma-induced polycarbohydrate radicals in powdered cellulose
and amylose demonstrated a signifi cant difference between the ESR spectra from the two anomeric
polymers. The spectra of the plasma-exposed cellulose contained a large amount of an isotropic triplet
(ca 2.8 mT hyperfine splitting constant (HSC)) in addition to the doublet, whereas plasma-irradiated
amylose contained only a negligible amount of the triplet. This triplet is assignable to the hydroxylalkyl
radical C2 and/or C3 of the glucose units of cellulose. The lack of triplet formation in the amylose was
considered due to the suppression of hydrogen abstraction at C3 in the helical tertiary structure of
amylose. It was also shown that the polycarbohydrate radicals react rapidly with oxygen under open
laboratory conditions, whereas monocarbohydrate radicals are stable even at elevated temperatures.
This difference was ascribed the difference in the
Polymorphic forms between poly- and monocarbohydrates. The structure of the plasma-induced
radicals in cellulose and the reaction sequence are illustrated in Figure 10.2( Bab 10)

13. Apakah implikasi dari gambar di bawah ini?

Argon plasma-treated cellulose surfaces

Several studies of O2 and Ar plasma treatments of Whatman filter paper indicate that identical
surface functionalities are created but through different reaction mechanisms. Relative percentage
surface areas of nonequivalent carbon peaks of high resolution XPS data collected from argon plasma-
treated samples, indicate that new surface functionalities are formed compared with unmodified
cellulose. In addition to the C—OH, C—O—C (286.6eV) cellulose peaks, the existence of OKCKO (288.7
eV) and O—CO—O (290.4 eV) binding energy can also be noticed. Plasma-induced surface modification
at higher RF powers involves mainly the diminution of the O—C—O linkages of the pyranosidic unit
through the cleavage of the C1–C2 bonds. The formation of ketone and aldehyde functionalities as a
result of the ring opening process, demonstrated by high resolution XPS data from Ar-plasma-treated
samples, substantiate the suggested reaction mechanisms (see Figure 10.3). The oxidation processes of
Ar plasma-treated cellulose are related to plasma-created free radicals, which initiate postplasma
oxidation reactions under open laboratory conditions. The suggested reaction mechanism for argon
plasma-induced molecular fragmentation of cellulose is shown in Figure 10.4. (Bab 10)